★ contrast
n.对比，对照
vi.形成对比
v.把„„与„„对比
【例句】His black jacket contrasted sharply with his white pants.他的黑夹克和白裤子形成了鲜明的对比。
【同义替换】comparison
【派生】contrastive a.对比的
【真题】By contrast, the proce of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.相比之下，个人成长的过程更难确定。因为从定义上来讲，它是一次旅程，而不是沿途上的某个路标或界标。
★ approach
v.靠近，接近
n.接近;途径;方式，方法
【例1】The time is approaching when we must think about buying a new house.我们要想一想买新房子的事了，时机即将来临。
【例2】The Medical Center will take a new approach to treat mental illne.医疗中心将采用新方法治疗心理疾病。
【构词】ap-(加强)+proach(接近)→一再接近→靠近
【同义替换】near, approximate; method, way, means, channel
【派生】approachable a.可接近的;亲切的 approachability n.可接近性;易接近
【真题1】The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005.第一个也是更为重要的趋势是越来越多的顾客喜欢在外用餐：在外面而不是在家中消费食品饮料的比例从1995年消费总量的32%增长到2000年的35%，到2005年有望增长至38%。
【真题2】Researchers in the late 1960s covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively.研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战：分析、程序、相关(或合作)和创造。
★ proposition
n.主张，建议;陈述;命题
【例1】I think the bo might be interested in hearing your proposition.我认为老板可能会有兴趣听你的建议。
【例2】The geometrical proposition is absolutely tenable.这个几何命题是完全成立的。
【同义替换】aertion; statement, presentation
【派生】propose v.提议;求婚 proposal n.提议;求婚
【真题】All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expreion.同样，没有一个善于思考的人会拒绝接受他们的第一个提议：我们情感生活中的一大改变要求我们改变看法。 ★ appreciate
v.为„„表示感激，感谢;欣赏，评价
【例1】We appreciate the help of our friends.我们对朋友们的帮助心怀感激。
【例2】The profeor quite appreciates her talent for literature.教授非常欣赏她的文学天赋。
【构词】ap-(加强)+preci(价值)+-ate(做)→对价值给予肯定→正确评价，赏识
【派生】appreciation n.感谢;欣赏，鉴赏
【真题1】Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.最重要的是，必须要让这些刚刚长大的孩子感觉到他们受尊敬，并得到一个欣赏他们的家庭的支持。
【真题2】Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.有时候，真正新颖的科学发现被人们所接受和认可将会花好多年的时间。
★ terrify
v.使害怕，使惊恐
【例句】The ghost story terrified the children.那个鬼故事让孩子们非常害怕。
【同义替换】intimidate, frighten, horrify
【派生】terrified a.受惊吓的;感到恐惧的 terrifying a.使人惊吓的;使人感到恐惧的
【真题1】It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarraing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.它(失业)让你经济拮据、内心窘迫，你知道失业救济不仅很少，而且非常难申请到。
【真题2】For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.对于居住于达尔文的现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无需整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。
★ vulnerable
adj.易受攻击的，易受伤害的;脆弱的
【例1】But for this very reason, authoritarian governments are infinitely more vulnerable to interval subversion than other ones.但正是由于这种原因，使得独裁主义政府比起其他政府来非常容易遭受内部颠覆。
【例2】As a result, when the property and stock markets decline, these investors are in an extremely vulnerable position.一旦房地产市场或股市下滑，这些投资者将处于极易受到伤害的地位。
【真题1】Large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.大型动物容易受到环境变化的伤害。
【真题2】They are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他们更容易受到家庭经济变化的伤害。
【同义替换】sensitive, susceptible
【派生】vulnerability=weak point弱点 ★ visible
a.看得见的，明显的，显著的
【例1】Approximately every 11 years the number of visible sunspots reaches a maximum.大约每11年，可看到的太阳黑子数目就会达到一次峰值。
【例2】These services, as well as public education and publicity measures, aim to bring about visible and sustainable improvements.这些服务与公众教育和宣传措施，旨在带来显著和持续的改善。
【构词】vis(看)+-ible(形容词后缀，表“可„„的”)→可见的→看得见的，明显的
【同义替换】noticeable, evident, obvious, apparent
【派生】invisible a.看不见的 visibility n.可见性，明显性 visibly ad.明显地
【真题1】What was le visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.然而，那时还不太明显的是一些抵制信息差异的新的积极因素。
【真题2】Women become worn out from stre more visibly and sooner.女性因压力而更快更明显地疲劳了。
★ range
n.范围，领域;排列，连续;(山)脉 v.排列成行
【例1】It is our company’s aim to continually broaden the range of services.不断地扩大服务范围是本公司的目标。
【例2】This mountain range has many high peaks and deep canyons.这条山脉有许多高峰和深谷。
【同义替换】extent, boundary, region, scope, spectrum
【真题1】The way consumers now approach the proce of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.事实上，如今消费者作出购买决定的方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介之外的广泛因素。
【真题2】Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.但现在，当我们越来越深地理解了我们所受到的各种威胁之后，乌托邦已经变得越来越不受人们欢迎了，这些威胁包括彗星的撞击、大规模的流感和气候的变化。
★ alienate
v.使疏远，使不友好;离间
【例句】The management must never become alienated from the employees.管理层决不能脱离员工。
【构词】alien(不同的)+ate→使不同→使疏远;离间
【派生】alienator n.疏远者;赠与者 alienation n.脱节
★ dedicate
v.奉献;献身于
【例句】She dedicated her life to helping the poor.她毕生致力于帮助穷人。
【构词】de-+dic(说)+-ate(做)→宣称为祖国献身→奉献
【同义替换】devote, contribute
【派生】dedicated a.献身的;专注的 dedication n.奉献，献身
【真题】That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.这就是我们发起Arc的原因，这是用来探究不远的未来的新出版计划。
★ generous
a.宽宏大量的，慷慨的
【例1】He was very generous by nature.他生性慷慨大方。
【例2】He received generous remuneration for his services.他收到一笔丰厚的劳务酬金。
【构词】gener(产生)+-ous(„„的)→产生很多的→慷慨的
【同义替换】liberal, ungrudging; magnificent
【派生】generosity n.慷慨，大方
【真题1】Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.失去工作令人受伤：你不会心里美滋滋地到就业中心去，为慷慨的国家将要让你的收入翻番而喜不自胜。
【真题2】Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance”, conditional on actively seeking a job: no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.相反，申领者仅可以获得有时间期限的“津贴”，还必须满足积极求职这个条件：没有福利，没有保险，只有全欧盟最低的每周71.70英镑的生活保障。
★ legacy
n.遗产，遗赠;先人(或过去)留下的东西
【例句】His weak chest was a legacy of a childhood illne.他那脆弱的胸脯是儿时患病的后遗症。
【构词】leg(送)+-acy→送的东西→遗产，遗留之物
【同义替换】heritage, inheritance
★ philosophy
n.哲学，哲理;人生观，价值观，世界观
【例1】This is an encyclopedia of philosophy.这是本哲学百科全书。
【例2】Enjoy yourself today and don’t worry about tomorrow—that’s my philosophy.且享今朝乐，莫管明朝愁——这就是我的人生哲学。
【构词】philo(爱)+soph(聪明的，智慧)+-y→爱思考的学问→哲学
【派生】philosophical a.哲学的;冷静的 philosopher n.哲学家
【真题】Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy.人类的独特性在于，他们不仅仅有制造工具的能力，而且在制造工具之后还能使用这些工具创造的额外物品——画作、雕塑和建筑——并获得额外的体验——音乐、文学、宗教和哲学。
以上为4课的
