American and British parliamentary system comparative analysis （经管07级工商4班 于少东 20070506）
Abstract: Political institutions (set) belong to Political superstructure areas, generally refers to its socialQualitative adaptation of the national authorities and basic system.\"Political system and human society as the various systems,Is a product of historical development, with time and space mark.\"1300 years ago, British bourgeois revolutionLater, the capitalist countries gradually establish and practice of the democratic politics and promulgated the constitution and constitutionalism, make gradually implementingCapitalism in the fields are developed.Both Britain and the political system has the same theoretical basis: \"natural rights\" theory and \"separation\"Principle; The specific content of political system includes parliamentary system, the electoral system, judicial system, the government system,Civil service system and political party system; etc.All flaunt \"people\'s democracy\", with the main forms of the representative for democracy,Power system running in the separation of powers and the characteristics of \"rule by law\" principle.The most fundamental capitalist countries asHome political system of two typical representative, Britain and the United Kingdom in the maintenance of bourgeois interests, safeguard endowment socialist private ownershipDegrees, carry out the bourgeois dictatorship has the same eence.But in concrete political system level and the two countriesSince the present different characteristics.Key Words: parliamentary system, culture; difference 英美议会制度之比较
摘要：政治制度（Political Regime）属于上层建筑范畴，一般是指与本国的社会性质相适应的国家权利机构和基本制度。\"政治制度与人类社会的各种制度一样，是历史发展的产物，带有时间与空间的烙印。\"1300多年前，英国资产阶级革命后，资本主义国家逐步建立和实践了民主政治，颁布了宪法并逐步实行宪政，使资本主义在各个领域都得到了长足的发展。
英美两国政治制度具有相同的理论基础：\"天赋人权\"学说和\"三权分立\" 原则；政治制度的具体内容都包括议会制度、选举制度、司法制度、政府制度、公务员制度和政党制度等；都标榜\"人民民主\"，以代议制为民主的主要形式； 政权体制都实行分权制衡和\"法治\"原则的特点。而最根本的是作为资本主义国 家政治制度的两个典型代表，英美两国在维护资产阶级利益、维护资主义私有制 度、实行资产阶级专政等方面具有相同的本质。但在具体政治制度层面两国又各 自呈现不同的特点.
关键词：议会制度
文化
差异
British parliamentary system A, introduction The British parliament is known as \"parliament\'s mother.In Britain takes the lead in creating capitalist mode of production, and meanwhile takes the lead in creating a with the appropriate Should the constitutional system, which is the parliament for substantial part of the parliamentary system.The British parliament as the mother of parliament, reason has the following the items.The longest history.1.If the \"model in 1295 convened for the beginning, then parliament\", the British continuous parliamentary practice has so far more than seven hundred years.Only Britain Parliament is concerned, the history of the long world no country parliament can watch with admiration.The British parliament history\'s preciousne is not only lies in its time long, but because it has experienced the contradiction of deep and complex, lies in its place Accumulate experiences and leons of the rich, lies in the parliamentary practice contains seven hundred years of enlightenment.2.Overthrow feudal monarchy struggle extremely fully and succe As with most countries, Britain had long feudal society period and accompanied by the feudal monarchy.However apart is, Also in the feudal monarchy, the British council will tenaciously speared out, and has been indomitable to bind kingship, until the kingship resolutely placed Parliament bargainees under.British Kings feudal autocratic many tendency, have a plenty of dye-in-the-wood despot, and the parliament power bitterest.Therefore, the British parliament In the world know only have kingship and disown parliamentary authority era of kingship, without constraint again in various ways and sceptre struggle.Lawmakers to king please May, right themselves; Borrow the king\'s tax advice, attacking demands and discues the princes and evil king sin.When peace parliamentary struggle can stop the king\'s autocratic through When parliament with a command army, wang jun JueSi war.Parliament was even to abolish the monarchy and republicanism.After about five hundred years of innumerable back Close battle, parliament finally overcome the monarchy and aerial kingship, will be transformed into independent monarchy without ability of conduct national symbol, and make them work for parliamentary supremacy System service.The British parliament for other countries overcome monarchy of similar revolution offers rich experience, one of the most valued is: use parliament financial Right with war beat fretting kingship, king, with overhead operation transformation kingship.3.Create new electoral system Britain from feudal society period already formed a senate election systems, and have been used to the 19th century prophase.The feudal monarchy of parliament The electoral system facilitates the king called parliament, which is beneficial to the rulers and plute rig elections.Parliamentary-based, congre needs to build their own social basis.From 1832 onwards, the British parliament continuous exploration, establish new Congreman electoral.To voters\' property, gender requirements gradually abolished, age requirement reduced to the administrative divisions, narrow basis and determine the constituency between population.Constituency Differences.Results, eighteen years of voters team up.On the other hand, to the senator candidate\'s property, gender, age.Qualification corresponding abandoned Le requirements.Thus, civilian court to ambitious civilians opened the door.Party becomes campaign organizers, it set platform, nominate candidates, Raising campaign funds, stirring voters.Election into voters around the party\'s policies and candidates, and make the authorized choice.Country of voters, candidate People, political party in the election behavior, and to make a standard election disputes render an arbitration.One constituency election a Congreman, attains the simple majority candidate Who was elected.The British parliament before other most countries parliament groping built above new electoral system, one of the many points for one another A national aembly quoted.4.Create melt certainty equivalent maximization model reveal Parliament from a monarch hand taken after the exercise of sovereignty, how sovereignty? Britain and other a few countries facing the constitutional earlier iue The challenge, and initially made answer, namely create British melt certainty equivalent maximization model reveal.The main characteristics of British melt certainty equivalent maximization model reveal displays in: government members by the parliament civilian court majority front seat senator and companions front seat concurrently; 651 zheng Mansion to civilians courtyard bear the collective responsibility and minister personal responsibility; The government arrangement the legislation of parliament.Molten certainty equivalent maximization model reveal originally in the British parliament for overhead king Administrative power, and by the parliament adopted by the executive power control, thus consolidate parliamentary supremacy system.Unexpected is, with modern British government duty Inflation, exercising administrative power of the government, the legislative council gradually manipulation of the parliamentary vote to languish.Practice showed that British melt with certainty equivalent maximization model reveal earlier it created the United States truly, convenient decentralized compared the government policy into legal and then push Do, yet it exceive weakened state parliament in the role of decision-making procedures in parliament\'s image, position adverse very much.In this connection, decentralization System under the U.S.congre to safeguard its addreing intrepid legislative power and financial power; Many cited British parliamentary melt certainty equivalent maximization model reveal increasingly remind ourselves not to fall into The mother of parliament position, they are entitled to usele tit-for-tat proposes must strengthen parliament in state of the decisions control function.5.Founded majority with opposition mode The British parliament first frank recognition in parliamentary parties within the existence, and pre the delegate count how many irrelevance seats to aign its constitutional function.get Civilian court majority seats party to exercise administrative power, namely form, but also obtain organization civilian court of the legislation and the other privileges.Obtain civilian court times most seats party led to become namely magnificence opposition, obtained with majority consultation arrangements civilian court agenda, and have the privilege of Right representing all opposition divides the motion, the government should declare etc, also has the power separate arrangement civilian court part time BianTi, and leadership institute of several civilians Key AD hoc committee.Seats le than other led the opposition parties of the opposition also enjoy certain rights.Overall look, majority leader administrative and legislation Method, the opposition is responsible for supervision and administration.By using the majority -- opposition relation mode, the British parliament MPS to use the pursuit of fame, Make them according to their parties undertake corresponding relationship between constitution responsibilities, broke the former political party system period governmentcongre America\'s top legislature.Composed by the senate and the house of representatives.Congre exercise legislative power.Bill general after putting forward, committee The deliberation, 54%personnel congre to consider programs.A court is paed, to the other house, which in turn after the same program.Bill by After the President signed by the house and senate, If the President doesn\'t veto, or if the veto but the senate 2/3 members, namely formal into through again For the law.Congre also has other powers prescribed by the constitution.As declared power, the right to amend the constitution etc.Houses are equipped with xu Many committee, and set up by senate lawmakers composed of joint committee, congre work mostly in each committee.Commiion is divided into: (1) the SCMM each seion of congre, the number is endle and same, term and each seion of parliament with tenure as two years.The influence are: The house rules, tax, grant, military, judicial and foreign affairs committee, the senate diplomatic, funding, finance, Judicial and military affairs committee.(2) special investigation committee, for the treatment of temporary or set up special problems.(3) joint committee, need to make decisions about the common house and senate is formed.4 the mediation committee, its task is to draw up a bipartisan bill acceptable for.Congre also sets up the total audit room, library of congre Such as the agencies.The senate The President with foreign states treaties and appointed by the President of the senior officials must be approved by the senate, the senate entitled impeachment trial, Entitled to under special conditions check vice President.Senator directly elected by the states voters, each state 2, implement state representation The principle of equality.Existing members 100.Was elected senator must be at least 30 years old, as the U.S.citizens is full already 9 years, was elected For selected residents of the states.Term 6 years, every 2 years re-election l / 3, even for re-election.The vice President of the senate, of course the speaker.The house The house shall have the right to make a financial case and impeachment, be entitled to under special conditions, check the President.According to the state population than the number of representatives Patients were allocated, each state at least 1.According to the 1929 the seats allocation act, will Congreman total fixed for 435 name, and according to The federal ministry of commerce bureau every 10 years, provide states population fluctuant circumstance, readjust states between seats allocated.Against the Member by directly elected, must be aged 25 years old, as the U.S.citizens already filled seven years, was elected as elected residents of the states.let Stage 2 years, may be re-elected consecutively.House speaker by 54%personnel are elected through the meeting.Both senator long-term re-election phenomenon is very popular.Members shall not concurrently aume other government positions.
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