目录
1.kinematic 2.mechanical motion 运动学
3.vector 机械运动 4velocity and speed 向量
5.acceleration 速度和速率 6.laws of conservation 加速度
7.quantities 8.conservation obeying the 守恒定律laws of量
符合守恒定律的9.kinetic energy 10.work 动能11.conservative forces 功
12.potential 保守力external energy inan 的势能
force field 在外力场中13.mechanics of a rigid body 体力学
刚14.motion of a body 15.motion 物体运动 of a bodyof the center of ma 16.rotation 物体质心的运动fixed of a body about
a 动
axis 绕固定轴的物体的运17.molecular 学
physics分子物理18.statistical thermodynamics physics and 19.ma 分子的质量和大小and size 热动力学
of molecules 20.state 统运动状态of a
system proce 系21.internal 系统内能 energy of a system 22.the thermodynamics first law of 律
热力学第一定23.work changes 变体积做功in done
volomeby a 物体通过改body upon 24.temperature 25.equation gas of state 温度
of an ideal 26.statistical physics 理想气体状态方程27.information 统计物理
of probability28.nature of the thermal motion 概率原理form the
theory of molecules29.number 分子热运动的本质molecules 密度
with ofa wall collisions 分子碰撞of 30.preure of a opticsgas on a wall 31.interference 光学
涉
of light 光的干32.interference 光波干涉
of light waves 33.coherence34.ways interference of 相干的
的方法
of lightobserving 观察光干涉the 35.diffraction of light 36.introduction 37.huygens-fresnel 前言光的衍射 更斯-菲涅尔原理 principle
惠38.fresnel zones39.electricity 区域
学和磁学
and magnetism 电40.electric 空中的电场field
in a vacuum真41.electric charge42.coulomb43.system of untis ’s law库仑定律电荷44.rationalized 单位体系 formulasform of writing 形式
正规性合理化的书写45.potential 46.electric stbengthfield 电势
电场。field 47.interaction
system 用的能量of
charges energy 电荷相互作of a 48.relation between electric field strength and potential 势的关系
电场和电49.dipole 50.magnetic field in a vacuum电偶极子
空中的磁场
真51.interaction 的相互作用
of currents 电流52.magnetic field 53.field of a moving charge磁场的区域的电荷的场
移动 54.the 法尔定律biot-savart
law 比奥-萨55.the loreniz force 56.ampere洛伦兹力 57.vortex electric field ’s law 安培定律
58.displacement 涡旋电场 流
current 位移电59.maxwell韦方程式
’s equations 麦克斯60.modern pyisics 61.relativity 62.the background相对性近代物理 63.the ether64.the 太空、以太背景experimentmichelson-morley65.the special theory of relativity迈克尔逊实验
相对论66.theradioactivitynucleusand 67.the 68.nuclearatomic nucleus 原子核和放射性原子核 isotopes 法
原子和同位素的表示方notation and69.the nuclear force 70.radioactivity 核力 关键词放射性 1.Vector
quantity quantity magnitude that has 矢量。both a direction.examples:force,velocitand y,acceleration,and momentum 2.Scalar quantity that has magnitude,but quantity 标量。A no Examples:ma,volume,and direction.speed.
3.Vector to 向量。An arrow drawn vector quantity.scale used to represent a 4.Motion position.
运动 a change of 5.Speed traveled per time 速率thedistance 6.Velocity change position and the direct of 速度
the rate of the quantity.
motion .velocity is vector 7.Acceleration of 加速度in change .
velocity/time velocty:acceleration=change time rate it takes for 8.Force producing 力in motion motion a quantity capable of ora change 9.Net or force
合力more forces.
resultant force the of equivalent two or 10.Newton牛顿第一定律’s first an object remains law of motion at with rest or in uniform motion acted upon by a net a constant velocity unle force.
unbalanced 11.Inertiaif motion.matter that 惯性 .theproperty inertia.
Ma resists in a measure changes in of 12.Newtonmotion ’s second law of F=ma.relates 牛顿第二定律 acceleration.
force to13.Friction that 摩擦力 .the force of contacting media.
opposes the relative motion 14.Ma matter 质量。specifically,it in an The object.more quantity of measurement sluggishne of the is inertia the or exhibits in response to any effort that an object made any way its state of motion.
to start it , or change in 15.Weight due to gravity on an object.
重力.the force 16.Free object fall自由落体.an acting on it.
falling with only gravity 17.Terminal 度.the maximum velocity constant 末速velocity that a non-freely object reaches when a retarding falling force force balances acceleration is zero.
and the the gravitation object’s 18.Momentum product of the ma of an object 动量 .the and its velocity.
19.Impulse of 冲量 .the and the force acting on an product object acts.
the time during which it 20.Elastic collision collision objects in which 弹性碰撞colliding.a deformation or the generation of rebound without lasting heat.
21.Inelastic 撞 .a collision collision in which 非弹性the 碰colliding distorted objects becomeduring the collision.
and generated heat 22.Power work 功率 .the time rate of 23.EnergyP=W/t.
of能量 to do work.
a systemthat .the enables property it24.Rotational that inertia 转动惯量 resist property of an object torotation:if at rest the boby tends any change in its state of to tendsto remain rotating and will remain at rest;if rotating ,it continue upon by a net external torque.to do so unle acted 25.Torqueof 转矩.the product distance,which tends to force and lever-arm ratation.
produce 26.Center average of ma 质心 the single object point position of ma or the considered to be concentrated.where aociated all its ma with canbe an 27.Center average position of weight or the of gravity 重心the single object where the force of gravity point aociated with an canbethe ma.
same considered to act .usually place as the center of 28.Equilibrium state of an object when not acted平衡状态the upon torque.an by a net force or net may uniform be at object rest in or equilibrium moving accelerating .
velocity;that is not at 29.Centripetal center-seeking an force force that 向心causes 力a path.
object to follow a circular 30.Angular a about measure an momentum object’s rotation 角动量specifically a particular rotational inertia the product axis;more of its velocity.for small an object and rotational that is distance compared ma,speed,and ,it is the to product the radial of of rotation.
radial distance 31.Temperatureof 温度permolecule the average kinetic a measure erenge substance,measure in Celsius kelvins.
or Fahrenheit in degrees a or in 32.Absolute lowest poible temperature that zero 绝对零度 .the a temperature substance at which may molecules have-the of minimum kinetic energy.
a substance have their 33.Heatflows from a substance of higher 热能 .the energy that temperature lowertemperature,commonly to a substance of measured in calories or joules.Internal molecular energy .the potential energies,kinetic total of plus all substance.
energy,internal to a 34.Specific 容 .the quantity of heat per unit heat capacity比热ma temperature of a substance by 1 required to raise the Celsius degree.
35.First 热力学第一定律law of thermodynamics a restatement of conservation,usually the law of energy applies as it changes in temperature.the to systems involving added increase to heat external in a internal system equals an system .
work done energy by plus the 36.Adiabatic 程.a proce,usually proce绝热过of expansion compreion,wherein or enters or leaves a system.no heat 37.Second thermodynamicslaw of 律heat will never spontaneously 热力学第二定flow from a cold object to a hot object.also,no completely machine can be converting energy to work;some efficient in input heat.and energy is diipated as to disordered as time goes by.
become finally,all systems tend more and more 38.Heat enginechanges 热机a device that mechanical work.
internal energy to 39.Entropydisorder 熵a energy of a system.measure of the one direction form freely transforms Whenever to another,the from toward of transformation is disorder a one of greater entropy.
and state therefore of greater toward 40.Huygens 理the theory principleby which 惠更斯原light waves point source can be regarded as spreading out from a the secondary wavelets.superposition of tiny 41.Interferencesuperposition 干涉the producing of waves reinforcement regions of cancellation.constructive
and regions of interference reinforcement;destructive
refers to regions of interference cancellation.the refers selected interference to regions of of produces wavelengths interference colors.colors known of light as 42.Diffraction
of 衍射the bending through light around way a an obstacle or dark that narrow slit in such a produced.or fringes colored of bands light and are 43.Polarizationalignment 偏振the that of the electric vectors radiation.such make up electromagnetic vibrations polarized.
are waves said of aligned to be 44.Hologramtwo-dimensional 全息照相a diffraction microscopic three-dimensional pattern that shows images.
optical 45.Electrostatictudy 静电学the relative to one another
of electric changes at rest 46.Capacitorelectrical form device,in 电容its 器.an conducting plates separated by a a pair of simplest paralled small electric charge.
distance,that stores 47.Coulombrelationship ’s law库仑定律 .the force,charge,and among electrical F=kq1q2/d2 alike repelling;if are in if the charges distance are unlike,the force is attractive.the sign,the charges force are is 48.Coulomb of electrical charge.one coulomb 库仑 .the SI unit is 6.25*10 equal 18 tothe total charge of 49.Conductor electrons.
that easily through 异体external electrical force.
flows when which any material subject charge to an 50.Insulator material that resists charge flow 绝缘体any through external electrical force.
it when subject to an 51.Semiconductor poorly conducting material,such 半绝缘体a as germanium,that crystalline better-conducting can silicon be made or the impurities or energy.
addition material a of certain by 52.Charging 电 .the transfer by contactof charge 接触起from one physical substance to another by substances.
contact between 53.Charging 起电 .the change in charge of a by induction 感应grounded electrical influence object,caused of enectric by the charge contact.
close by but not in 54.Electrically 化.term applied to an atom or polarized 电极molecule are in which the charges slightly aligned negative than the opposite side.more so that positive one side or is 55.Electric energetic field电场 .the surrounding region of space object.about a charged point,the a charged field according decreases with distance law,like to field a the inverse gravitational square charged .between oppositely electric parallel plates,the charged region object field placed is uniform.a in the experiences a force.
of an electric field 56.Electric potential energy能the energy a charge poees 电势by electric field.
virtue of its location in an 57.Electric electric potential电势amount volts,and of potential charge,measured energy per the voltage:voltage=electric often called in energy/amount of charge
58.Magnetic force magnets,between and a moving charge.
magnets 磁力between field 59.Magnetic region field around of 磁场.the moving charged particle.
a magnetic magnetic pole influence or a 60.Electromagnet magnet 电磁体a by an electric whose field is produced the current.usually in piece of iron inside the coil.
form of a wire coil with a 61.Ether medium for propagation of light 以太.a hypothetical waves.
62.Michelson-morley
experiment 验.an experiment 迈克尔逊that 莫雷was 实designed through to detect the ether interference.no velocity addition and observed.
effects were 63.Special theory of relativity义相对论einstein’s theory 狭of relativity non-accelerating that deals with systems.
or inertial 64.Principle of relativity 原理all the laws of physics 相对论are the moving same with respect to one another.at a for constant all observers velocity 65.Constancy Charging speed of light in free space is the by光速不变原理 of light the same regardle for all observers source of the motion of the observer.
or the motion of the 66.Time observation dilationmoving of a 时空膨胀clock in the slowly,according to the equation system running more a 67.Length the of observation contractionof a shortening 尺度收缩motion a lengh in the direction of system,according in a moving equation.
to the 68.Twin paradox paradoxtwin returning to earth younger of a space-travelling 自相矛盾the than his earth-bound twin,which is theory of relativity.
predicted by the general 69.Ma-energy 转化方程the changing conversionof 质能ma into versa,according energy e=mc2
to the and equation vice 70.General 广义相对论theory einsteinof ’s theory relativityof relativity accelerated systems.
that deals with 71.Atomic central nucleus 原子核 .the which the core of an atom are located.
protons and neutrons of the atom in 72.Nucleon proton or neutron.
核子a nuclear 73.Nuclide nucleus or nuclear species.
核素a particular 74.Proton number of protons in a nucleus , number质子数the which defines its atoms as being a particular element.
75.Ma numberof the protons and neutrons in a 质量数the sum nucleus.energy of a particle into visible light.
76.Isotopesnuclides with of 同the 位same 素nuclei element or neutrons.
different numbers of 77.Nuclear forceattractive between nucleons.
interaction 核力the strong that acts 78.Radioactivity spontaneous 放射性.the isotopes energetic particles.
with decay the emiion of certain of 79.Alpha 子.a particle particle consisting 阿尔法粒of two neutrons,which protons helium nucleus.
is the and same as two a 80.Beta 子.an electron.
particle贝塔粒81.Gamma 子.a quantum particle or photon 伽马粒of energy.
82.Half-lifetakes for one half of the nuclei of 半衰期the time it a isotope to decay.
sample of a given radioactive 83.Geiger a counter 盖世计数器based common radiation.
on the radiation ionizing nature detector of 84.Dead required timerecover for another detection or for 寿a 命detector the time to count.
85.Scintillation 数器a radiation counter detector 闪光计 based phosphor on the material the ability to convert of a a unified field theory.
fundamental interactions in 86.Elementary 子the fundamental particlesbuilding 基本粒blocks of nature
87.Exchange the responsible elementary particles交换粒子particles forces or interactions.
for fundamental These strong are as follows.for the weak force,the particles;for the electromagnetic force,the gluon;for w and the z force,the gravity,the graviton.
photon;and for 88.Hadron that 强子.any panicle force .
interacts by the strong 89.Quarks with 夸克.subparticles charges fractional hadrons.
thought to electronic make up 90.Electroweak the incorporate single force force弱静电力electromagnetic both believed the to forces.
and weak 91.Grand 原理a unified theory that theorycombines 同一性the forces into a single force .
strong and electroweak 92.Superforceforce that would describe all.超级力a single 句子
1.Thus,the derivative velocity of timethe particle of the with position is the resect vector to 求导
速度是微小位移对时间的
