英语范文及翻译（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：英语片段及翻译

Bikes or Cars

Americans like to go out by car.Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors.

As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places.

Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places.So they need cars to go shopping and go to work.And they also like traveling far.Thus a car brings them great convenience.On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets.They don't need a car to go to work or go shopping.

I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won't cause pollution.

自行车还是汽车

美国人喜欢乘汽车外出。尽管越采越多的中国人拥有了汽车，但大部分中国人仍喜欢骑自行车， 这是由很多因素决定的。

众所周知，自行车靠人力，行进慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而 对于汽车来说，虽然它依靠发动机行进很快，但它必须停在停车场。

多数美国人生活在郊区，远离市区及工作地点，所以他们需要汽车来购物、上班，并且他们也喜 欢驾车远行。因此汽车给他们提供很大方便。相反，多数中国人居住在工作地点和市场附近，他 们不需要开车去上班或购物。 我喜欢骑自行车外出，因为它花费少而且容易使用。最重要的是 自行车不会引起污染。

An Ideal Friend Friends can be claified into two kinds, good friends and evil friends. Evil friends lead us astray and may destroy our life, while good ones drive us towards the right and make our life succeful.

Two of them exist in our daily life.However, ideal friends exist in people's mind.They should be diligent, succeful and loyal.When you need help, they will stand beside you and be delighted to give you a hand.Also

you can share your happine and sorrow together.

In my opinion, friends can share something but they also should keep their own secrets.So I wish my friends wouldn't interfere in my privacy too much.On the other hand, my friends should have Something in common with me, at the same time something special.In this way we can attract each other and learn from each other.

理想的朋友

朋友可以分为两种，益友和狐朋狗友。狐朋狗友会使我们误入歧途，毁了 我们的一生；而益友会使我们明辨是非，使我们成功。

日常生活中这两种朋友都存在。然 而，在人们心目中仍存在理想的朋友。这种朋友勤奋、成功并忠诚。当你需要帮助时，他们会与 你并肩作战，伸出援助之手。他们还可以与你分享快乐与痛苦。

我认为朋友要分享一些东 西但也要保留自己的秘密，所以我希望我的朋友不会过多地介入我的私事。从另一方面来说，我 的朋友和我应有共同之处，同时又有各自的特点。这样我们才可以互相吸引，互相学习。

Keeping Water Sources Clean

Who is willing to drink the polluted water? It can cause us to be ill and even to die.We can't wait for a moment to protect our water sources. The water we use comes from oceans, lakes, rivers or streams.But many of these water sources are getting seriously polluted.Towns and cities are pouring dust into the water.

1 Many people are throwing all kinds of dirty things into the water.Factories are pouring waste material into the water. Therefore, water sources have become so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink or to use.Now it is high time that we should do something to protect our water environment from being polluted.

保持水源清洁

污染的水会使人生病甚至死亡， 有谁愿意喝这样的水呢?我们要保护水

源，刻不容缓。我们用的水来自海洋、湖泊、河流或小溪，但这些水源有许多正受到严重的污染。 城镇乒把大量的尘埃排入水中， 许多人正把各种； 各样的脏物投进水中， 工厂正把废物排入水中。 因此，水源已经污染严重，其中一些不适合再饮用。现在到了．采取措施保护水环境使其免受污 染的时候了。

How to Get Along Well with Others

In our daily life, we have to come into contact with people in every walk of life.Therefore, it is very important for us to know how to get along with other people.To get well along with others and win their friendships, we must observe strictly the following words.

To begin with, we need to be honest with others and shouh{ always say what we mean.Lies will surely make people stay far away from us in the long run.After all,honesty is the best policy.Second, we have to be humble enough.If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other's respect, not to mention "friendship" Finally, we must not be selfish.We should learn how to show concern for others.

As long as we abide by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others.

怎样与人相处

在我们日常生活中，不免会有与人打交道的时候，所以对我们采说懂 得怎样与人相处是很重要的。要想与别人很好相处，并赢得友谊，就必须做到以下所述：

首 先，要诚实守信地对待别人，说谎一定会使人远离你，诚实是最好的策略。其次，就是要有足够 的虚心。假如我们在公共场合自傲，我们很难赢得别人的尊重，更不用提友谊了。最后，我们不 能自私，我们必须友善待人，我们必须关心别人。

当我们遵守上述所说的去与人相处，你 就会发现：与人相处其实并不难。

The Way to Stay Healthy

Health is most important for any of us.]n order to stay healthy, we need some common knowledge.

First]y, pay attention to the diet.We should eat lots of fruit and vegetables, because they are rich in fiber and Iow in fat.As a proverb says, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." So fruit is good for health.Don't have a lot of food that contains too much fat, such as butter.Meanwhile, sweets should be eaten in proper quantity, because too much sugar does harm to us.Don't drink too much coffee,either.

Secondly, exercise is neceary.Regular exercise can help us keep from getting fat.People who do running every day usually have stronger hearts than who don't.

Finally, form good living habits.We should sleep for about 8 hours at night,and never work too hard.Over work and little sleep will lead to illne.What's more, stay away from cigarettes.

These are the things we should pay attention to so as to stay healthy.

保持健康的方法

健康对我们任何人来说都是最为重要的。为了保持健康，我们需 要一些普通的知识。

首先，注意你的饮食。我们应该吃大量的水果和蔬菜，因为它们富含 纤维素并且脂肪含量较低。正如一句谚语所说：“一天一个苹果不求医。”因此水果对健康有益。 不要吃太多富合脂肪的食物，比如说黄油。同时，应当适量地吃甜食，因为糖过多对我们人体不 利，也不要喝太多的咖啡。

其次，锻炼是必需的；经常性的锻炼能使我们保持身材；通常

2 每天跑步的人的心脏要比那些不跑步的人更强壮。

最后，养成良好的生活习惯。我们晚上

应该睡八小时， 不要过分辛苦地工作。 过度劳作和睡眠不足将导致生病。 而且， 不要吸烟。

以

上这些方面我们都该注意，这样才能保持健康。

We Must Face Failure

As we all know, "Failure is the mother of succe." But few people can really understand what the saying means.

In the world, I am sure that no one dare say he hasn't met any trouble all his life.So we must face failure.In fact, failure is not fearful, but important thing is how to face it correctly.Facing failure, people will never take their fate lying down.They will try their best to work harder and harder until at last they succeed.

Not being courageous to face setbacks, people have no chance to enjoy the pleasure of succe.So they have nothing to do but feel sad and empty all day and all night.In fact, they lose the chance of succe themselves.My friend, whenever in trouble, please remember, "Failure is the mother of succe." 我们必须面对失败

我们都知道：“失败是成功之母。”但真正理解这句话的人却不

多。

我相信，世界上没有一个人敢说他一生中从没遇到过任何麻烦。因此，我们必须面对 失败。其实，失败并不可怕，重要的是如何正确看待它。敢于面对失败，人们将不再由命运摆布。 他们将全力以赴的辛勤工作，直到最后成功。

不敢面对挫折，人们也就没有机会享受成功 的喜悦。他们会无所事事，终日沮丧而空虚。事实上，是他们自己把成功的机会丧失了。

朋友们，无论何时你遇到了困难，请记住：“失败是成功之母 Nowadays, the phenomenon of drunken driving has arouse wide concern among the public.Especially the young generation living in metropolis, tend to drive after drinking, ignoring the fact that this behavior may pose underlying threat to their precious life and may even endanger others Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon.Firstly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before ，where they will drink strong wine.Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.Secondly, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, paengers and pedestrians, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths.Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars means a grievous waste of money, time and resources.The legal aspects to strengthen management, strict, I believe that will reduce the phenomenon of drunk driving 如今，这一现象的酒后驾车引起了公众广泛的关注。特别是年轻一代生活在大都市，往往饮酒后驾驶，忽略了一个事实，这种行为可能构成潜在威胁 他们宝贵的生命，甚至可能危及他人。 一般来说，有几个原因可以解释这个现象。人们参加更多的活动或宴会比以往任何时候，他们将在那里喝烈性酒。然后，他们可能喝醉了，但继续开车。其次，这一行为将直接威胁到安全的司机，乘客和行人，造成交通事故，受伤甚至死亡。此外，治疗受伤和修补破车手段严重浪费金钱，时间和资源。

因该在法律方面加强管理，严格对待，我相信会减少酒后驾车的现象

英译汉部 Beauty (excerpt) 美(节选)

Judging from the scientists I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those whom I've read about, you can't pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty.“I don't know if it's the same beauty you see in the sunset,” a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is a physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars.He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac's⑴ equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity.“They're so beautiful,” he says, “you can see immediately they have to be true.Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, “Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”

我结识一些科学家（包括伊娃和露丝），也拜读过不少科学家的著作，从中我作出推断：人们在探求自然规律的旅途中，须臾便会与美不期而遇。一个朋友对我说：“我不敢肯定这种美是否与日落之美异曲同工，但至少，两者带给我的感受别无二致。” 我的这个朋友是一位物理学家，他大半辈子都在致力于破解群星内部的秘密。他向我讲述了当年邂逅科学之美时的狂喜：那是当他生平第一次顿悟狄拉克的量子力学方程式，或是洞彻爱因斯坦相对论的方程式时的感受。“那些方程式是如此动人，”他说道，“只消看一眼你就会明白，它们一定是正确的，或者说---至少，它们的指向是正确的。” 我好奇一个“动人的”理论是个什么样，他的回答是：“简约、和谐、典雅，有力。”

Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious.The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it's comprehensible.How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole.We're a long way from understanding everything, but we do understand a great deal about how nature behaves.Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees.An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes.

那些打动我们的理论，往往受到自然之母的肯定，其中奥妙不可言宣。诚如爱因斯坦所言：这个世界最让人费解之处就在于：它是能够被了解的。想想这一切是多么地不可思议：在一个不起眼的星球上，生存着一种拥有短暂生命的两足

4 生物，然而，正是这些微不足道的小生物，不但测量出了光速，而且把原子层层剥开，还计算出了黑洞的引力。人类虽然尚未全知全能，但是，关于大自然的脾性，我们所知道的确实不能算少。人类经过世世代代的努力，猜想出各种定理公式，并在实践中检验它们，然后惊讶地发现：大自然竟然与我们不谋而合。这就像一位建筑师在薄薄的图纸上绘制出设计方案，依此建造的高楼大厦，竟能够经受住地震的洗礼考验，依然耸立。

⑴ Dirac: 迪拉克，保罗·阿德利安·莫里斯1902-1984英国数学和物理学家。1933年因新原子理论公式与人分享诺贝尔奖。

We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to bounce meages from continent to continent.The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton⑵.

我们发射一枚人造卫星，它便帮助我们将讯息传遍世界各地。而我，正在一台机器上记录下这些文字，这台机器包涵着人类思想的精髓---对物质世界运作方式的真知灼见---每一次敲打键盘，这些真知便化为字母跳入屏幕；当我注视着屏幕，架在鼻梁上的眼镜则是根据光学原理配制而成的，而对这一理论进行详细论证的开山始祖则是艾萨克·牛顿。

By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God.Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unneceary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one.While they share Newton's faith that the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things.You can do science without believing in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.

通过对万物造化的深入观察，牛顿相信自己正追随着上帝的笔触。如今的科学家大都摒弃了“造物主”一说，认为那是无稽的假设，即使不全盘否定，至少也认定那是不可能得到验证的假说。诚然，他们坚信牛顿的看法---世界受一套整合的法则所支配，但问题在于，发轫之始，这些法则是如何开始掌管世界的？对此，身为科学家的他们也无从知晓。在科学的疆界，我们可以拒绝相信上帝的存在，但我们不能否认万物之法的存在。

I spent my teenage years scrambling up the mountain of mathematics.Midway up the slope, however, I staggered to a halt, gasping in the rarefied air, well before I reached the heights where the equations of Einstein and Dirac would have made sense.Nowadays I add, subtract, multiply, and do long division when no calculator is handy,

5 and I can do algebra and geometry and even trigonometry in a pinch, but that is about all that I've kept from the language of numbers.Still, I remember glimpsing patterns in mathematics that seemed as bold and beautiful as a skyful of stars.

少年时，我曾试图攀登数学之颠。可惜才到半山腰，便开始步履踉跄；空气稀薄，使我气喘吁吁，不得不停下脚步，而爱因斯坦和狄拉克的方程式却仍旧远在高处。现在的我，若是手边没有计算器，便通过心算处理加减乘除；有必要时，我还能应付代数、几何，甚至三角运算；但是话说回来，数字世界留给我的也就只有这些零星点滴了。不过，我至今仍然记得曾在数学王国里浅尝到的无穷变幻---大胆、迷人，犹如群星漫天。

⑵ Isaac Newton: 牛顿 (1642-1727) 英国物理学家、数学家。

I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty.Language can create its own loveline, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftne of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova⑶.Eva's wedding album holds only a faint glimmer of the wedding itself.All that pictures or words can do is gesture beyond themselves toward the fleeting glory that stirs our hearts.So I keep gesturing.

每当我尝试着将美付诸于文字时，我便极为深刻地意识到：文字的力量是多么有限。语言自有其灵动可人之处，可它却无法传达大千世界的绚烂。正如一方相片框不住一只鹰的迅捷，也再现不了一颗超新星毁灭时的壮丽。伊娃的婚礼相册仅仅留存了一丝微弱的光芒，以见证婚礼现场的光鲜夺目。相片和文字能够做到的最多只是描摹那些瞬息即逝的、那些让我们心潮涌动的光芒。于是，我一直都在努力描摹。

“All nature is meant to make us think of paradise,” Thomas Merton⑷ observed.Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds.Even 15 billion years or so after the Big Bang⑸, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation⑹, only a few degrees above absolute zero⑺.Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe.To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.

托马斯·梅尔顿说过，“世间造物之神奇无不令人联想到天堂乐土”，因为创世纪本身就是一出永不落幕的表演；其间芳华之美悠游自在，无穷无尽。有些美显而易见，容易为我们所捕捉，但另一些则不然：若要欣赏她们，我们得付出一

6 点努力。宇宙大爆炸在一百五十多亿年后的今天仍余波未平，爆炸当时所释放的能量（即使这些能量看起来似乎微不足道）仍以背景辐射现象的形式存在着。由此，我得出一个观点：人类对美的体验中暗含着秩序和力量的影子，而这些秩序和力量充斥着整个宇宙空间。测量背景辐射，我们需要精密仪器；而衡量美，则需要动用我们的聪慧和所有敏锐的感官。

⑶ supernova: 超新星，一种罕见的天文现象，表现为一恒星中的绝大部分物质爆炸后，产生能放射极大能量的极为明亮而存在时间极短的物体。

⑷ Thomas Merton: 默顿，托马斯1915-1968美国天主教教士和作家，其作品主要是关于当代宗教和世俗生活的，包括 《七重山》（1948年）和 《无人为孤岛》（1955年）。

⑸ the Big Bang: 创世大爆炸按照大爆炸理论，标志宇宙形成的宇宙爆炸。

(6) background radiation: 背景辐射,又名3K宇宙背景辐射，是60年代天文学上的四大发现之一，它是由美国射电天文学家彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现的。该学说认为，大爆炸之初，宇宙的温度高得惊人。随着宇宙膨胀的进行，其温度不断降低，到现在平均只有绝对温度２．７度（相当于零下２７０．４６摄氏度）左右。

(7) absolute zero: 绝对零度在此温度下物质没有热能，相当于摄氏-273.15度或华氏-459.67度。

Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower.You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or che, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird's wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute.For most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.By paying attention, we learn to savor all sorts of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts.This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage, for the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators.But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and croword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space.

任何人都能在一颦一笑，一花一草中体验快乐。但是，发现数学之美、物理之绝、象棋之妙的眼睛并不是与生俱来，而欣赏树木形态、鸟翼构造、或是悠扬笛声的心灵也非浑然自成。我们需要点拨和引领。纵观历史传承，这样的点拨和引领往往来自长者，籍此，年轻人学会专注；因为专注，我们领略到万千形态的美，无论是量子力学中精妙的理论，还是棉被上漂亮的拼花图案。正是出于对美的强烈偏爱，才使得人类在物种进化的追逐比拼中处于上风。因为人类能够辨识

7 出美的事物，而我们的祖先则因循这一标准选择伴侣，寻找食物，躲避敌人。如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力，那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。然而，惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头：我们谱写交响曲，创造字谜游戏；在我们的手中，顽石诞生为雕像，时空归依为坐标。

Have we merely carried our animal need for shrewd perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or have we stumbled onto a deep congruence between the structure of our minds and the structure of the universe?

这一切究竟来源于何？仅仅是我们将本能的敏锐感知力推向了荒谬的极致，还是我们不经意间摸索到了扎根于人类思想和苍茫万物间那深刻的一致性？

I am persuaded the latter is true.I am convinced there's more to beauty than biology, more than cultural convention.It flows around and through us in such abundance, and in such myriad forms, as to exceed by a wide margin any mere evolutionary need.Which is not to say that beauty has nothing to do with survival: I think it has everything to do with survival.Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us.

我相信后者是正确的。我坚信美不仅仅存在于生物学和文化习俗中。美我们身边流淌，充盈、润泽着我们的心田；而其量之充沛，形态之多变已经远远超越了进化本身的需要。我这样说并不意味着美和生存毫无干系；恰恰相反，我相信美和生存之间有着千丝万缕的联系。如果说是自然造就了我们，那么，是美通过自然滋养了我们。

It reminds us of the shaping power that reaches through the flower stem and through our own hands.It restores our faith in the generosity of nature.By giving us a taste of the kinship between our own small minds and the great Mind of the Cosmos, beauty reaures us that we are exactly and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe.I find in that affinity a profound source of meaning and hope.A universe so prodigal of beauty may actually need us to notice and respond, may need our sharp eyes and brimming hearts and teeming minds, in order to close the circuit of Creation.

无论是一朵花或是一双手，都让我们联想到美的创造力量。美让我们重拾信念---相信自然对于我们的无私恩惠与慷慨。美在人类渺小的心灵和宇宙伟大的精魂之间，化身为一座沟通的桥梁，并以此让我们不再怀疑：在这片恢宏的宇宙中，在这颗璀璨的星球上，人类的存在实为天工之作，神明之意。宇宙和人类对于美的共识，给予我生存的意义与希望。我们的宇宙中，美无处不在；她等待着我们敏锐的眼睛、充实的心灵，和泉涌般的智慧，去发现美，去回应美，由此成全造物的圆满。

译者注：

本文为美国当代作家司各特·罗素·桑达（Scott Ruell Sander，1945-）所写。桑达出生于美国田纳西州(Tenneee)的孟菲斯(Memphis)。1963年，他就读于布朗大学(Brown University), 其后，又就读于剑桥大学（Cambridge University）并获得文学博士。1971年，他携妻子(就是本文一开始提到的Ruth，而Eva则是作者的女儿)迁往印地安那州(Indiana)的布鲁明顿(Bloomington), 并在那里的印地安那大学(Indiana University)任教至今。印地安那的自然风光给予他创作的灵感，他在作品中对于自然的生动细致描写充分体现出他对环境的关注。本文选自他新近出版的作品《寻找希望》（Hunting for Hope）。（编辑：李吉琴）

The Literature of Knowledge and the Literature of Power byThomas De Quincey 知识文学与力量文学托 马斯·昆西

What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtle, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book.Little logic is required to disturb that definition.The most thoughtle person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one eential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or profeional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature; but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books.The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mind—to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent.The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare's plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences that witneed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.我们所说的“文学”是什么呢？人们，尤其是对此欠考虑者，普遍会认为：文学包括印在书本中的一切。可这种定义无需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人

9 也很容易明白，“文学”这一概念中有个基本要素，即文学或多或少都与人类普遍而共同的兴趣有关；因此，那些仅适用于某一局部、某一行业或仅仅处于个人兴趣的作品，即便以书的形式面世，也不该属于“文学”。就此而论，文学之定义很容易变窄，而它同样也不难拓宽。因为不仅有许多跻身于书卷之列的文字并非文学作品，而且与之相反，不少真正的文学著作却未曾付梓成书。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道，这种篇什浩繁且对民众精神影响极广的讲坛文学，这种对世人起告戒、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示作用的布道文学，最终能进入经楼书馆的尚不及其万分之一。此外还有戏剧，如英国莎士比亚最优秀的剧作，以及雅典戏剧艺术鼎盛时期的全部主流剧作，都曾作为文学作品对公众产生过影响。这些作品在作为读物出版之前，已通过观看其演出的观众而“出版”了（这正是“出版”一词最严格的意义）。在抄写或印刷都非常昂贵的年代，通过舞台形式“出版”这些剧作远比将它们出版成书效果更佳。

Books, therefore, do not suggest an idea coextensive and interchangeable with the idea of Literature; since much literature, scenic, forensic, or didactic (as from lecturers and public orators), may never come into books, and much that does come into books may connect itself with no literary interest.But a far more important correction, applicable to the common vague idea of literature, is to be sought not so much in a better definition of literature as in a sharper distinction of the two functions which it fulfills.In that great social organ which, collectively, we call literature, there may be distinguished two separate offices that may blend and often do so, but capable, severally, of a severe insulation, and naturally fitted for reciprocal repulsion.There is, first, the literature of knowledge; and, secondly, the literature of power.The function of the first is—to teach; the function of the second is—to move: the first is a rudder; the second, an oar or a sail.The first speaks to the mere discursive understanding; the second speaks ultimately, it may happen, to the higher understanding or reason, but always through affections of pleasure and sympathy.Remotely, it may travel towards an object seated in what Lord Bacon calls dry light; but, proximately, it does and must operate—else it ceases to be a literature of power—on and through that humid light which clothes itself in the mists and glittering iris of human paions, desires, and genial emotions.Men have so little reflected on the higher functions of literature as to find it a paradox if one should describe it as a mean or subordinate purpose of books to give information.But this is a paradox only in the sense which makes it honorable to be paradoxical. Whenever we talk in ordinary language of seeking information or gaining knowledge, we understand the words as connected with something of absolute

10 novelty.But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds: it exists eternally by way of germ or latent principle in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed, but never to be planted.To be capable of transplantation is the immediate criterion of a truth that ranges on a lower scale.Besides which, there is a rarer thing than truth—namely, power, or deep sympathy with truth.What is the effect, for instance, upon society, of children? By the pity, by the tenderne, and by the peculiar modes of admiration, which connect themselves with the helplene, with the innocence, and with the simplicity of children, not only are the primal affections strengthened and continually renewed, but the qualities which are dearest in the sight of heaven—the frailty, for instance, which appeals to forbearance, the innocence which symbolizes the heavenly, and the simplicity which is most alien from the worldly—are kept up in perpetual remembrance, and their ideals are continually refreshed.A purpose of the same nature is answered by the higher literature, viz.the literature of power.What do you learn from Paradise Lost? Nothing at all.What do you learn from a cookery book? Something new, something that you did not know before, in every paragraph.But would you therefore put the wretched cookery book on a higher level of estimation than the divine poem? What you owe to Milton is not any knowledge, of which a million separate items are still but a million of advancing steps on the same earthly level; what you owe is power—that is, exercise and expansion to your own latent capacity of sympathy with the infinite, where every pulse and each separate influx is a step upwards, a step ascending as upon a Jacob's ladder from earth to mysterious altitudes above the earth.All the steps of knowledge, from first to last, carry you further on the same plane, but could never raise you one foot above your ancient level of earth: whereas the very first step in power is a flight—is an ascending movement into another element where earth is forgotten.由此可见，书之概念与“文学”之概念不可相提并论，互相替换，因为许多文学作品，如戏剧演出或演讲者，雄辩家的说教和辩论，也许永远都不会付印成书，而不少印成书册的作品却可能与文学趣味并不相关。不过更为重要的是，要纠正人们对文学普遍的模糊观念，与其去为文学找一个更好的定义，不如更明确地划分文学的两种功能。在那两个被我们统称为文学的庞大社会媒体中，可以分辨出两种不同的功能。两种功能可能混合，而且经常混合，但各自又具有一种绝缘性，而且天生就互相排斥。这二者之一乃“知识文学”，之二则为“力量文学”。知识文学的作用在于教诲，力量文学的功能在于感化。前者可谓舵艄，后者则是桨桡

11 或蓬帆。前者只有助于纯粹的推理悟解，后者则总是通过愉悦之情和恻隐之心的影响，最终激发出更高的悟性，或曰理性。远而望之，仿佛它可以通过培根称之为“理性之光”中的某个目标，近而观之，方知它必须通过那道被世人七情六欲之蒙蒙薄雾和闪闪彩虹包裹的“感性之光”发挥其作用，不然它就不再是一种“力量”的文学。世人对文学这两个更为重要的作用思之甚少，所以如果有人说赋予知识是书本平庸或次要的用途，此说便被视为悖论。但只有在悖论亦真这个意义上，此说方为悖论。每当我们用平常语言谈论求学求知的时候，总以为这些字眼与某种绝对新奇的事务有联系。然而，能在人类关注的事物中占据极高地位的真理之所以伟大，就在于它对最卑微者而言也绝非新奇；无论在最卑微者还是最高贵者心中，真理永远都以种子或潜在原理的方式存在，他只需去培育或发现，而无需去种植或创造。能够被移植是判断一个真理属于低级真理的直接标准。除此之外，还有一种比真理更珍贵的东西，那就是力量，或曰对真理的深切认同。举例而言，儿童对社会有何作用呢？儿童的无助、天真和单纯所唤起的怜悯、柔情和种种特殊的爱慕之意，不仅可强化和升华世人与生俱来的仁爱之心，就连那些在上帝眼中最为珍贵的品质，诸如唤醒宽容的柔弱、象征神圣的天真、以及超凡脱俗的单纯，也都会在永恒的记忆中得以保持，其完美典范亦会不断更新。更高层次的文学，即力量的文学，要实现的正是与此相同的目的。从弥尔顿的《失乐园》中你能获取什么知识呢？一无所获。从一本烹调书中你能学到什么呢？从每一段中你都能学到某种新的知识，某种你不曾知晓的知识。可你能因此而认为那本微不足道的烹调书比那部神圣的诗作更高明吗？你应该感谢弥尔顿的不是他给了你什么知识，因为获取一百万条互不相干的知识，也不过是在茫茫尘世向前走了一百万步；你应该感谢的是他给予你“力量”，使你能发挥并拓展与无限世界产生共鸣的潜能。在无限世界中，每一次脉动和心跳都是上升的一步，犹如沿雅各的天梯从地面攀向远离凡尘的神秘高处。知识的步伐，自始至终都让你在同一层面行进，但绝不可能使你从古老的人间尘世上升一步；而力量迈出的第一步就是飞升—— 升入另一种境界，一种使你忘却凡尘的境界。 （集体讨论 曹明伦、吴刚 执笔）

An Experience of Aesthetics by Robert Ginsberg 审美的体验 罗伯特·金斯伯格

I climbed the heights above Yosemite Valley, California in order to see the splendid granite mountain, Half Dome, in its fullest view.Approaching the edge through the woods I was filled with heightened expectation.I saw the ruin of a cabin and my approach caused the alignment of the chimney on this side of the valley with the

12 shorn mountain acro the valley.I stopped.Something happened.The stone verticals corresponded, one human-shaped, the other natural.The human site was still engaged in sightseeing.I was on its side.I saw the famous sight through the eyes of the ruin.I had come expecting beauty; I discovered an unexpected dimension to the beauty of the scene/seen.

为了饱览壮丽的花岗岩山峰半穹顶的全景，我登上了加州约塞米蒂谷的高地。穿过树林，走近山沿，心中充满美的期盼。远远望见一处小屋的废墟，走到近前，只见山谷这边的烟囱与横穿山谷的陡峭山崖恰好连成一线。我停下脚步，奇观出现了：两道石壁遥相呼应，一边人工打造，一边浑然天成。人造景观这边仍供观光游览，我此时就身临其境。透过小屋的废墟，我看到了著名的景观。我怀着对美的期盼而来，不经意间却发现了美的另一番天地。

In this experience I had been seeking the aesthetic.I knew I would find it, for I had seen post cards in advance and was following the trail map.The seeking took considerable effort and time.It was a heavy investment.I was not going for the scientific purpose of studying rock formation, nor was it for the recreational purpose of exercising my limbs in the fresh air, though that exertion added intensity to the experience and was its context.Primarily, I was going for the scenic wonders.No wonder that I would take delight in seeing Half Dome.The expectation elicited the outcome.I was suitably prepared.No distractions of practical consideration — or theoretic — detracted from my concentrated expectancy.Indeed, the world all around me on the climb contributed to the context for my goal.I was on the terrain of Nature in a national park, following the trail to a viewpoint upon a celebrated natural formation.Each step in the climb not only brought me closer but obliged me to sense the altitude.Moving through the thick woods was in anticipatory contrast to the great gap of the valley and the starkne of the treele granite boulder.

这次旅程中我一直在捕捉一种美感。我知道会如愿以偿，因为我事先看过一些有关的风景明信片，循着山路示意图一路找来。这样的寻找费时费力，投入颇大。我此行的目的既不是出于对科学的动机来研究岩石的结构，也不是出于娱乐消遣的考虑在清新的空气中舒展肢体——尽管这次跋涉加深了我对美的体验，而且是这番体验的不可或缺的环节。我来这主要是为了览胜，因此见到半穹顶自然欣喜不已。有什么样的期盼就有什么样的结果。我有备而来，心无旁骛，一心期盼着美景，不受任何实际或假设因素的干扰。真的，在攀登过程中，我周围的一切都为寻美营造了氛围。我登上了国家公园的天然山地，循着山道前来观赏闻名遐迩的大自然的鬼斧神工。攀登中的每一步不仅使我距目标越来越近，也使我感受到

13 海拔越来越高。不出所料，穿行在茂密的树林中，登上大峡谷寸草不生的花岗岩巨石，两种不同境界给人以强烈的反差。

My spirit and my senses were heightened.I was keenly aware of the world, eager to experience it.My senses were willing to be gratified by their fullest exercise.Hence my eye was sharp, but so was my ear and my nose, I was open to experiencing aesthetically.And on the way I did take minor pleasure in a bird's song, a tree's sway, and a cloud's contortion.I was in the world considered as potential aesthetic realm.Any pleasing feature that appeared would be welcomed.And that welcoming mode drew forth pleasing features.A tonic subjective at-homene with the world pervaded my feelings.I was in the right mood to enjoy Nature.

我精神抖擞，感官敏锐。我真切地感受到周围的一切，急于体验这一切，渴望在最充分的感官体验中得到最大满足。因此我不但目光敏锐，听觉和嗅觉也十分灵敏——我敞开心扉，尽情地体验着美的滋味。沿途所见所闻，哪怕是一点小小的愉悦，鸟雀鸣唱、树影婆娑、云卷云舒，都着实让我动情。置身于这样一个处处蕴含着美的王国，我随时准备接纳任何不期而至的景色。这样一种心态更促生了令人赏心悦目的景致，一种心旷神怡的回归自然之情在我心中油然而生。这样一种心情最适于欣赏自然美景不过了。

Then the unexpected happened.I had no thought in reaching the natural heights that a human structure would be present.Normally, I would have avoided any such structure as I directed my steps toward the natural view.In retrospect it makes sense that a service building be present at the trail end.It may have had facilities for visitors and played an interpretive role.But the building was not present when I arrived.It was absent though its ruin was present.And that ruin spoke to my experience as related to what I had come to see.If I had been trudging on in a dulled state, paing the time in surroundings — like those of the railway station — that did not draw interest, I might well have mied the chimney, walked past it as if it were another tree on the way to the goal.The heightened intensity of my sensibility allowed the chimney to be integrated into the experiencing aesthetically.Readine was all.The extraterrestrial aesthetician would explain that the creature it was observing on the trail was a specimen of an aesthetic being whose experiencing apparatus for the aesthetic was on full alert.The individual was completely given over to the enjoyment of its experience.And while headed in the direction of an anticipated goal it was nonethele open to enjoying anything that came its way.Something quite unexpected came its way, and it was ready to attend to it, getting the maximum aesthetic value out of the encounter.

14 The creature was embarked on an adventure in experience.Given the wide range of acceible natural wonders in the national park, the individual in the right mood was bound to make gratifying discoveries.

接着，出乎意料的景观出现了。我怎么也不曾想到，在抵达天然高地时竟然会出现一处人工建筑。在通常情况下，我要是徒步参观某处自然景点，一定会绕开这类建筑。回想起来，在山路尽头有一座服务性建筑也全在情理之中。这小屋也许曾为游客提供过方便，起过导游讲解作用。可我来到高地时，小屋不见了。虽有断垣残壁，房屋却荡然无存。而正是这片废墟使我体验到此行览胜的真正含义。如果我当时兴致索然地一路跋涉，比如像在火车站那样的地方消磨时光，周围的事物一点也不引人注意，那么我很可能会错过烟囱，只当它是沿途路过的又一棵树罢了。而现在，我的感悟力增强了，烟囱作为一道景观融入了审美体验的始终。一切取决于心态。如果一个天外美学家看到我这模样，可能会认为，它观察到的路上这个怪人准是个充满审美细胞的动物，其审美感官正处于极度警觉的状态。他已完全沉浸在审美体验所带来的愉悦之中。他朝着既定的目标行进，同时又不放过闯入视野的任何景致。奇观乍现，立即映入眼帘，他便从中发掘出最大的审美价值。此人正在经历一次美的历险。有国家公园这般天地，随处可见自然奇现，心境舒畅的游人必定会获得心满意足的发现。

What are the contents of the aesthetic discovery? Formal properties of beauty may be pointed to in what I saw: the verticals as distinctively shaped and gathering space about them, and the interplay between the two kinds of vertical shapes over the enormous intervening space.The pleasure of perspective entered, for though the chimney is miniscule compared to Half Dome, my approaching it from the trail made it aume visual and spatial dignity equal to the mountain.Complexity of human meaning is encountered with poignant irony.The chimney is an enduring marker of the human value placed on the mountain visible from this point.Here human hands raised stones to shelter an experience of pure stone.So I have come to the right place; I am at home.But the human occupation has been lifted; our presence has turned to stone.Nature has reclaimed its elements.Half Dome presides over the petrifaction of the world.Chimney and mountain are in dialogue as I sense the switching between their perspectives.I am present in ruin and in unity.这次审美体验的发现是什么？我所目睹的景致或许可以说明美的外在特征：悬崖峭壁，造型奇特，给人以强烈的空间感，两道石壁形状迥异，广袤交错，凌空矗立。此外，还有透视效果带来的愉悦：虽然与半穹顶相比石烟囱显得非常渺小，但我从山道这边靠近，看上去无论在视觉上还是空间上其气势都一点儿不亚于半

15 穹顶。人类的复杂意图受到了辛辣的讽刺。从这一视点看过去，那烟囱是人的价值置于大山上的一道永久性标记。人类在那里垒石筑屋，以观苍石。这样看来，我来对了地方，我找到了归宿。不过人类对自然的占据被消除掉了，我们的存在与石头融为一体。大自然索回了自己的要素，半穹顶主宰着石头的世界。我感受到两种不同景致的交替，仿佛听见烟囱在和大山对话。我站在小屋废墟上，也置身于和谐统一中。 （集体讨论 许建平执笔）

A Person Who Apologizes Has the Moral Ball in His Court by Paul Johnson

谁给别人道歉，谁就在道义上掌握了主动 保罗·约翰逊

I have sympathy for the butler in The Big Sleep.Marlowe detects him in a contradiction and asks him aggreively, "You made a mistake, didn't you?" To which the man replies, sadly and sweetly, "I make many mistakes, sir." And so do I.I am, by instinct and training, a very specific writer, and so my errors are numerous.Recent ones include mipelling Geoffrey Madan's name —I phoned the printers with a correction but my page had already gone to pre — and crediting Richard Tauber with Donald Peers's signature-tune, "By a babbling brook" (Tauber's, of course, was "You are my heart's delight").I apologise for these mistakes, and for others in the past, and for those to come.我同情《长眠》这部影片中的男管家。马洛探长发现了他讲话前后有矛盾，就逼问道：“你犯了一个错，对不？”管家伤感而乖巧地答曰：“我犯下的错可多去啦，先生。” 我又何尝不是如此呢？我有点灵气并且训练有素，写起东西来旁征博引，力求翔实，自然就言多语失喽。最近犯下的错误包括把杰弗瑞·马丹的名字拼写错了——我给印厂打了个电话，把更正告诉他们，可是我的那页已经开印了；我把唐纳德·皮尔斯的信号曲“在潺潺的小溪旁”安到了理查德·陶波的头上（陶波的信号曲自然是“你是我心中的喜悦”。）对于这些错误，以及过去犯的错误和今后会犯的错误，在下这厢有礼啦。

Disraeli thought that, in politics, apologies don't work.I see why.Such being the nature of parliamentary conflict, an apology in politics merely leads to fresh accusations and further demands for embarraing details.I once said to Harold Wilson when he was prime minister, "It would be a good idea, Harold, to admit the government's mistakes occasionally, and apologise." He replied, "That's a shrewd suggestion, Paul, and I entirely agree with it." (Harold being Harold, I knew an

16 untruth was coming.) "The trouble is, though, I can't actually think of any mistakes, and so there's nothing to apologise for." Which was to make Disraeli's point, though in a Wilsonian way.

迪斯累里首相认为在政治问题上，给别人道歉行不通。我明白个中的缘由。议会斗争的本质就是如此，在政治问题上，道歉只会招致新的诘责和进一步要求交待让你左右为难的详情。还是哈罗德·威尔逊担任首相的时候，有一次我向他进言：“哈罗德，偶尔承认一下政府的错误，并且道个歉，不失为一个好主意吧。” 他答道：“你这个建议高，保罗，本人完全赞同。”（哈罗德毕竟是哈罗德，我知道一句言不由衷的话就要脱口而出了。）“然而难办的是我实在想不出有哪些错误，因此，也就没有甚么好道歉的喽。” 这正是以威尔逊的方式表达出了迪斯累里的意思。

Apologise is one of those words which has effectively reversed its original meaning.Its origin, in the Greek lawcourts, was jurisprudential: it signified the speech for the defence in which the prosecution's case was answered point by point.It retained its original meaning until at least the 16th century.Thus Sir Thomas More, after resigning from office, drew up his "Apologie of Syr Thomas More, Knyght; made by him, after he had geuen ouer the office of Lord Chancellor of Englande".Today we would say vindication.Only gradually did the word acquire the connotation of excuse, withdrawal, admiion of fault and plea for forbearance.It still bore its original meaning in theology: Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua was not an apology at all but a vigorous rebuttal of Charles Kingsley's charges.Dickens's unfortunate statement about his reasons for splitting up with his wife, which his friends begged him not to publish, was self-destructive precisely because it was halfway between the two meanings: half defiant vindication, half admiion of guilt.有那么一些词儿，已经彻底演变得与本义完全相反，“Apologise”即是其中之一。该词的本义，在希腊法庭上，具有法理学意义：该词即指辩护词，在辩护过程中，对于诉讼方的指控，逐一予以回答。其原义至少到了16世纪还一直保留着。托马斯·莫尔爵士在挂印辞官之后，就是这样撰写了他的“托马斯·莫尔爵士之辩护词；辞去英格兰大法官之职后所作。”今天我们会使用“Vindication”（辩白，辩护）一词。只是渐渐地“Apologise”这个词才获得了“原谅、撤回所说的话、承认错误并请求宽恕”之含义。在神学中该词仍保留原来的意义：纽曼的《为吾生辩》（Apologia pro Vita Sua）根本就不是什么道歉，而是对查尔士·金斯菜的指控所作的强硬辩驳。讲狄更斯与其妻分手理由的那篇倒霉的陈词（其友人求他不要发表），就是自毁其身，恰恰是它介于两个意义之间：一半是倔强的辩白，

17 一半是承认有愧。

No doubt everyone has to apologise for his life, sooner or later.When we appear at the Last Judgment and the Recording Angel reads out a list of our sins, we will presumably be given an opportunity to apologise, in the old sense of rebuttal, and in the new sense too, by way of confeion and plea of repentance.In this life, it is well to apologise (in the new sense), but promptly, voluntarily, fully and sincerely.If the error is a matter of opinion and unpunishable, so much the better —an apology then becomes a gracious and creditable occasion, and an example to all.An enforced apology is a miserable affair.毋庸置疑，任何人都要为自己的一生辩护，不管是今生还是来世。当我们出席最后的审判时，记录天使诵读出所罗列的我们的罪孽，我们作了忏悔并请求宽恕，这样大概会被给予辩白（这个词的老义）和表示歉意（它的新义）的机会。在今生中，道歉（新义）是桩对的事， 但是要做到及时、要心甘情愿、要完完全全、要诚心诚意。如果过错是看法上的事，并且错不当罚，那最好不过——说一声“对不起”就成了一个显示大度的机会，可赞可叹，众人之楷模也。而被迫去道歉，那可就难受了。

Newspaper apologies nearly always seem inadequate.The most audacious one I know was brought back from America by the artist Edward Burne-Jones to show his friend Lady Homer of Mells.It read: "Instead of being arrested as we stated, for kicking his wife down a flight of stairs, and hurling a lighted kerosene lamp after her, the Revd.James P.Wellman died unmarried four years ago." This sentence is remarkable for the enormity of the error and the succinctne of the correction — not, be it noted, an apology, for the law of libel, in the United States as in England, offers no redre to a dead person.I suspect the extract is from the New York World when it was a sensational paper owned by Pulitzer.For reasons which a recent biography of him does not clarify, he had a particular hatred for clergymen of all denominations, and frequently exaggerated or invented discreditable news items about them.He also discovered that such items invariably put on circulation.报社的道歉几乎从来是不到位的。据我所知，最为厚颜的一次是艺术家爱德华·伯恩 — 琼斯从美国带回来，让他的友人麦尔斯庄园的洪纳夫人看的，曰：“詹姆士·P.维尔曼神甫没有像我们所述说的那样，因为将妻子一脚踹下了楼梯，随后又将一支点燃的煤油灯朝她掷去而被逮捕，而是于四年之前过世，从未婚娶。”对于如此之大的错误，而更正又如此之简短，这一句话可谓妙矣也哉——请注意，这算不上是“赔礼道歉”，因为在美国（正如在英国一样），根据诽谤法，是不给

18 死人纠错的。我猜想这条剪报取自《纽约世界报》，曾是一家轰动的报纸，由普利策拥有。不知何故（最近有关普氏的传记并未澄清）他尤其痛恨各个教派的教士们，经常将一些诋毁他们的新闻段子加以渲染，或是编造出一些这样的段子。他还发现此类新闻段子总是会使发行量剧增。

The most famous apology in history was made to a much maligned, though far from innocent, cleric: Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII.He had become involved in what is known as the Investiture Dispute, a fierce Church-State Kulturkampf, revolving round the appointment of bishops.His chief opponent, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV — not a nice man but not a monster either — had called him an impostor, an antipope, an Antichrist and I know not what, but had got the worst of it in the armed struggle that followed.Henry decided to purge his excommunication and get the interdict on his territories withdrawn by apologising and doing penance.The Pope had sought the protection of Counte Matilda of Tuscany, then the world's richest woman, and prince of startling beauty, taste and wisdom.He was sheltering at her stupendous mountain stronghold of Canoa, not far from Modena, and the Emperor had to climb there barefoot, in the depths of winter, to make his kowtow.Why has this amazing story not been the subject of a great opera? Perhaps it has.Needle to say, the apology was insincere and the tragic story ended in tears on both sides, the Pope's bitter last words being: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in exile." But the fact that the Church was slow to canonise this remarkable man suggests that to begin with it did not accept his version of events.A century later.Henry II of England was locked in mortal struggle over the same iue with Becket, and also apologised after he caused the archbishop's murder.This, too, was in some degree insincere, and trouble broke out afresh soon after Henry had donned sackcloth.Becket was at least as intemperate as Hildebrand, but he not only got his halo but did so in the fastest time on record.But then he was a martyr, and they always move to canonisation faster than any other category of saint.历史上最为有名的“道歉”是向一位神职人士所致：此公乃是希尔得布兰德，即教皇格列高利七世，他被人诋毁多多，然而也并非无辜。他卷入了史书所记载的“授职争议”，即一次围绕教会与国家之间有关任命主教问题的激烈的“文化冲突”。他的主要对手就是神圣罗马帝国的皇帝亨利四世——他算不上是个好人，但也不是什么魔鬼——他称教皇是个骗子、伪教皇、假耶稣，还有一些不知道是什么样的骂名，但是在随后的武装冲突中，他却为此一败涂地。亨利四世决定向教皇请罪，表示诲意，以此希冀教皇解除将其逐出教门的惩罚，并撤回在其领土

19 上的授权禁令。教皇寻求托斯坎尼区的玛蒂尔达伯爵夫人的庇佑，这位伯爵夫人是当时世界上最富有的女人，一位倾国倾城，睿智聪颖，极有品味的郡主。教皇躲进了她那气势恢宏的山间城堡，它建在离摩德纳市不远的卡诺萨。皇帝不得不在隆冬季节赤脚攀上城堡，前去叩头谢罪。 这样一个令人拍案叫绝的故事却不曾成为一个大歌剧的主题，未知何也？或许已经有了。毋庸赘言，这次道歉并非真心实意，而悲剧则是以双方眼泪洗面告终。教皇临终时痛楚地说：“吾爱正义而恶不公：故而吾死于流放。”但是，教会迟迟不将这位杰出的人封为圣人，此事表明他们从一开始就未曾接受他对事件的说法。一个世纪之后，英格兰的亨利二世与贝克特大主教在同一问题上打得你死我活，不可开交；在他指使谋杀大主教之后，也做了道歉。这在某种程度上也并非诚心诚意，在亨利二世披上麻衣去忏悔之后，麻烦再度出现。贝克特主教至少也和希尔得布兰德一样放纵无度，然而他不但得到了光环，而且是以有史记载以来最快的速度得到的。再说啦，他算是个殉道者，这些殉道者比起其他类圣人，其被封圣的速度要快得多。 When I was an editor, I always preferred to apologise promptly, whatever the merits of the case, rather than face the expense and, more importantly, the time-consuming complexities and debilitating worry of litigation, libel being one of the least satisfactory branches of the law.When we took a crack at Dr Bodkin Adams, believing him to be dead, and his joyful lawyer phoned me the next morning to tell me he was very much alive, I settled the matter there and then for the sum (if I remember correctly) of ￡450 and an apology.So my advice to editors is, get shot of claims quickly, unle the plaintiff's demands are manifestly unreasonable.我还是编辑的时候，无论情况如何，我总是选择立马道歉，而不是去面对诉讼过程中所发生的费用，更为重要的是，去面对费时耗神的诉讼过程中产生的复杂情况。诽谤法是法律当中最不尽人意的部分。我们曾拿鲍德金·亚当姆斯医生开涮，还以为他已经死了；莅日，他的律师喜滋滋地打电话给我，告诉我亚当姆斯医生还活得好好的，我立时以一笔450 英镑 （如果我没记错的话）的赔偿费和一句道歉的话了结此事。所以，我对编辑们的忠告是：对于赔偿要求要立马了结，除非原告的要求太离谱。

Besides, there is something distinguished about a ready apology.It is the mark of a gentleman, more particularly if it is not neceary.It is the opposite of revenge.Bacon wrote, "In seeking revenge, a man is but equal with his enemy, but in forgiving him, he is superior, for it is a princes' part to pardon." So, the person who apologises freely has the moral ball in his court.此外，随时准备好一句道歉的话，是一种高尚行为，特别是在没有必要道歉时而

20 道歉，更显示出一个绅士的特质。道歉与报复相对。培根有云：“夫图报复焉，汝与汝仇等：苟汝恕之，则汝优於汝仇焉；盖宽恕也，王者之风也。”由是，谁把“对不起”常挂在嘴边，谁就在道义上掌握了主动。 （集体讨论 范守义 执笔）

On Going Home by Joan Didion 回家 琼·狄迪恩

I am home for my daughter's first birthday.By "home" I do not mean the house in Los Angeles where my husband and I and the baby live, but the place where my family is, in the Central Valley of California.It is a vital although troublesome distinction.My husband likes my family but is uneasy in their house, because once there I fall into their ways, which are difficult, oblique, deliberately inarticulate, not my husband's ways.We live in dusty houses ("D-U-S-T," he once wrote with his finger on surfaces all over the house, but no one noticed it) filled with mementos quite without value to him (what could the Canton deert plates.mean to him? How could he have known about the aay scales, why should he care if he did know?), and we appear to talk exclusively about people we know who have been committed to mental hospitals, about people we know who have been booked on drunk-driving charges, and about property, particularly about property, land, price per acre and C-2 zoning and aements and freeway acce.My brother does not understand my husband's inability to perceive the advantage in the rather common real-estate transaction known as "sale-leaseback," and my husband in turn does not understand why so many of the people he hears about in my father's house have recently been committed to mental hospitals or booked on drunk-driving charges.Nor does he understand that when we talk about sale-leasebacks and right-of-way condemnations we are talking in code about the things we like best, the yellow fields and the cottonwoods and the rivers rising and falling and the mountain roads closing when the heavy snow comes in.We mi each other's points, have another drink and regard the fire.My brother refers to my husband, in his presence, as "Joan's husband." Marriage is the claic betrayal. 我回家给女儿过周岁生日。我所说的“家”，并非指丈夫，我和小宝宝在洛杉矶的家，而是指位于加州中央谷地的娘家。这样区分，尽管麻烦，却很重要。丈夫不是不喜欢我娘家的人，但是在我娘家却颇不自在。因为我一回去，就染上了娘家人的习惯，说起话来故意吞吞吐吐、拐弯抹角、令人费解，完全有别于丈夫的习惯。我们住在灰蒙蒙的屋子里（丈夫曾用手指在落满灰尘的地方都写上了“灰

21 ——尘”两个大字，只是没人注意），里面还摆满了纪念品，可在丈夫眼里这些东西毫无价值（粤式细瓷点心盘对他来说能有什么意义？他怎么可能了解分析天平？即使他了解，他又何必在意？）。在他看来，我们好像尽在那谈熟人，哪个被送进了精神病院，哪个被控酒后驾车。还谈财产，特别是地产、土地和地价，C-2区制规划及评估，还有高速公路的出入口，等等。弟弟弄不明白，我丈夫怎么连很平常的“售后回租”这种房地产交易的好处也不懂？丈夫也觉得奇怪，在我娘家为何听到这么多人最近被送进了精神病院，或是因酒后开车被控？其实丈夫不明白，我们谈售后回租和依法征用公共用地的时候，是在用娘家人特有的语言谈论最来劲的东西，像金黄色的田野、棉白杨、时涨时落的河水，以及下大雪时封闭的山路。话不投机，索性接着喝酒，默默注视着炉火。弟弟当着我丈夫的面，称他为“琼的丈夫”。结婚啊，从古到今，都意味着背叛。

Or perhaps it is not any more.Sometimes I think that those of us who are now in our thirties were born into the last generation to carry the burden of "home," to find in family life the source of all tension and drama.I had by all objective accounts a "normal "and a "happy " family situation, and yet I was almost thirty years old before I could talk to my family on the telephone without crying after I had hung up.We did not fight.Nothing was wrong.And yet some namele anxiety colored the emotional charges between me and the place that I came from.The question of whether or not you could go home again was a very real part of the sentimental and largely literary baggage with which we left home in the fifties; I suspect that it is irrelevant to the children born of the fragmentation after World War II.A few weeks ago in a San Francisco bar I saw a pretty young girl on crystal take off her clothes and dance for the cash prize in an "amateur-tople" contest.There was no particular sense of moment about this, none of the effect of romantic degradation, of "dark journey," for which my generation strived so aiduously.What sense could that girl poibly make of, say, Long Day's Journey into Night? Who is beside the point?

或许，现在情况变了。我有时想，我们这些三十几岁的人，注定成为承担“家”的重负、并经受家庭生活中种种紧张和冲突的最后一代人。在别人的眼里，无论从哪方面看，我都曾拥有一个“正常”而“幸福”的家。然而，直到将近三十岁以前，我与娘家人通电话后总是要哭鼻子。我们没吵过架，也没出过岔子。但一丝莫名的忧虑，浸染了我和生我养我的家之间的情感纠葛。五十年代我们离家时，背负着一个装着伤感、多半是书籍的行囊。还能回家吗？这个问题便是行囊中实实在在的一部分。我想，这个问题大概与二战后破碎家庭里出生的孩子无关。几个礼拜前，在旧金山的一个酒吧里，我看见一位吸了毒的漂亮姑娘，脱去衣服跳

22 舞，仅仅是为得到一场“业余无上装”比赛的现金奖励！这没有什么特别的意思，与浪漫沉沦沾不上边儿，与我们这一代人所趋之若鹜的“黑暗之旅”也沾不上边儿。那位姑娘呀，你对《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》作何理解？到底是谁离题了？

That I am trapped in this particular irrelevancy is never more apparent to me than when I am home.Paralyzed by the neurotic laitude engendered by meeting one's past at every turn, around every corner, inside every cupboard, I go aimlely from room to room.I decide to meet it head-on and clean out a drawer, and I spread the contents on the bed.A bathing suit I wore the summer I was seventeen.A letter of rejection from The Nation, an aerial photograph of the site for a shopping center my father did not build in 1954.Three teacups hand-painted with cabbage roses and signed "E.M.," my grandmother's initials.There is no final solution for letters of rejection from The Nation and teacups hand-painted in 1900.Nor is there any answer to snapshots of one's grandfather as a young man on skis, surveying around Donner Pa in the year 1910.I smooth out the snapshot and look into his face, and do and do not see my own.I close the drawer, and have another cup of coffee with my mother.We get along very well, veterans of a guerrilla war we never understood.

这个不相干的问题困扰着我，在我返回老家后尤为明显。走过每个角落，打开每个食橱，转身驻足间，我一次次地面对过去，思绪不宁，及至疲乏不堪，我还是漫无目的地逐个房间走着。我决意正视过去，清理出一个抽屉，把东西摊在床上。一件我十七岁那年夏天穿的泳衣；一封《民族》周刊的退稿信；一张从空中拍摄的选址照片，1954年父亲曾打算在那里建购物中心；还有三只茶杯，上面有手绘的百叶蔷薇，并签有祖母名字的两个首字母E.M.。我不知道该如何处理1900年手绘的茶杯和《民族》周刊的退稿信，也不知道该如何处理祖父1910年的几张快照。照片里的祖父青春年少，踩着滑雪板，在察看唐纳山口。我抚平照片，注视着祖父的脸，依稀看到自己的影子，又似乎没有。我关上抽屉，陪母亲又喝了一杯咖啡。我们现在相处得很好，就像打过游击战的老兵一样，真不明白过去为何有龃龉。

Days pa.I see no one.I come to dread my husband's evening call, not only because he is full of news of what by now seems to me our remote life in Los Angeles, people he has seen, letters which require attention, but because he asks what I have been doing, suggests uneasily that I get out, drive to San Francisco or Berkeley.Instead I drive acro the river to a family graveyard.It has been vandalized since my last visit and the monuments are broken, overturned in the dry gra.Because I once saw a rattlesnake in the gra I stay in the car and listen to a country-and-Western station.

23 Later I drive with my father to a ranch he has in the foothills.The man who runs his cattle on it asks us to the roundup, a week from Sunday, and although I know that I will be in Los Angeles I say, in the oblique way my family talks, that I will come.Once home I mention the broken monuments in the graveyard.My mother shrugs. 日子一天天过去，我没拜访任何人。我开始对丈夫晚间打来的电话感到害怕，不光是因为他老是跟我讲洛杉矶的情况，见到谁啦，哪些信件该回啦，等等，而洛杉矶的生活距离我似乎已遥远了啊！还因为他问我在做什么，有点拘束地建议我出去走走，开车去旧金山或伯克利。我却驾车去了河对岸的一块家族墓地。自我上次来过之后，墓地被破坏了，墓碑断裂，翻倒在枯草丛里。以前我曾在草丛里见到一条响尾蛇，所以这次我待在车上，收听乡村与西部音乐台的广播。后来我同父亲开车去了他在山麓小丘上的农场。为他放牛的人请我们下周日来看他赶拢牛群。尽管我明明知道那时我已回到洛杉矶了，但我还是以家里人绕弯子的方式说要来。一回到家里，我就提起了墓地里的断碑。母亲耸了耸肩。

I go to visit my great-aunts.A few of them think now that I am my cousin, or their daughter who died young.We recall an anecdote about a relative last seen in 1948, and they ask if I still like living in New York City.I have lived in Los Angeles for three years, but I say that I do.The baby is offered a horehound drop, and I am slipped a dollar bill "to buy a treat." Questions trail off, answers are abandoned, the baby plays with the dust motes in a shaft of afternoon sun.

我去看望姑婆们。其中几位把我当成了我的堂妹，或她们早逝的女儿，我们回忆起一位亲戚的轶事，上次相见是在1948年。她们问我是否还喜欢住在纽约市。其实我在洛杉矶已经住了三年，但我还是说喜欢纽约。她们给我女儿带苦味的薄荷糖吃，还塞给我一块钱“再买点好吃的。”慢慢地，问题少了，回答也就省了。女儿在午后的一缕阳光里，欢快地抓弄着尘埃。

It is time for the baby's birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party.In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is preed against the slats, with mine.She is an open and trusting child, unprepared for and unaccustomed to the ambushes of family life, and perhaps it is just as well that I can offer her little of that life.I would like to give her more.I would like to promise her that she will grow up with a sense of her cousins and of rivers and of her great-grandmother's teacups, would like to pledge her a picnic on a river with fried chicken and her hair uncombed, would like to give her home for her birthday, but we live differently now and I can promise her nothing like that.I give her a xylophone

24 and a sundre from Madeira, and promise to tell her a funny story.女儿的生日聚会开始了——有白蛋糕，草莓蜜饯冰激凌，和一瓶从别的聚会上留下来的香槟。晚上，女儿睡着后，我跪在小床边，面颊贴着她那紧挨着床栏的小脸蛋。女儿性情开朗，相信别人，对于家庭生活的陷阱既不知晓，也无防范。也许，我还是让她少过这种生活吧。我倒是愿意给与她更多别的东西。我倒愿意许诺让堂兄弟姊妹的手足之情、潺潺流淌的小河、以及外曾祖母的茶杯伴着她成长；愿意答应带她去河边野炊，认她披散着头发，啃炸鸡；愿意给她一个真正的家作为生日礼物。但是，我们的生活不同了啊，我无法许诺给予她这一切！我只给了她一把木琴和来自马德里的背心裙，还答应给她讲个有趣的故事。

（集体讨论 方开瑞 执笔）

The Making of Ashenden (Excerpt) by Stanley Elkin 艾兴登其人（节选）斯坦利·埃尔金

I've been spared a lot, one of the bleed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.There is no secret, of course; most of what happens to us is simple accident.Highish birth and a smooth network of appropriate connection like a tea service written into the will.But surely something in the blood too, locked into good fortune's dominant genes like a blast ripening in a time bomb.Set to go off, my good looks and intelligence, yet exceptional still, take away my mouthful of silver spoon and lapful of luxury.Something my own, not paed on or handed down, something seized, wrested—my good character, hopefully, my taste perhaps.What's mine, what's mine? Say taste—the soul's harmle appetite.我一直活得无忧无虑，深得上帝垂爱，至少算个幸运儿，少数人才享有的尊荣富贵，我垂手得之。就像百岁人瑞总有人讨教，我的秘诀也总有人探询。当然，秘诀谈不上，人间之事大多纯属偶然。高贵的出身、顺畅的关系网有如凭遗嘱继承的茶具，随我所用。当然，我的幸运也有某种与生俱来的因素，一种血液里固有的强势基因；它像定时炸弹，到时就会爆炸。一旦爆炸，我出类拔萃的相貌和智慧将会使口衔银匙、满堂金玉的身世完全微不足道。我的成功源自我自己特有的东西，不是祖传的福荫，是某种我拼命抓住、努力得到的东西——我良好的性格或品味。那么，究竟什么才是我自己特有的东西?是什么呢?是品味吧一一那种无害的心灵欲求。

I've money, I'm rich.The heir to four fortunes.Grandfather on Mother's side was a Newpert.The family held some good real estate in Rhode Island until they sold it for

25 many times what they gave for it.Grandmother on Father's side was a Salts, whose bottled mineral water, once available only through prescription and believed indispensable in the cure of all fevers, was the first product ever to be reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration, a famous and controversial case.The government found it to contain nothing that was actually detrimental to human beings, and it went public, so to speak.Available now over the counter, the Salts made more money from it than ever.我有钱，我富足，我继承了四笔遗产。外公姓纽波特，纽家在罗得岛坐拥不菲房产，后来以高出原价好多倍出手。奶奶姓索尔茨。她的家族生产的瓶装矿泉水，一度只能凭医生处方才能买到，据说是治各种发热症所必需，是联邦食品药品管理局有史以来审查的第一宗产品。那个案例名噪一时、颇具争议。政府发现它没有对人体有害的东西，也就上市了。现在谁都可以在商店买到，索尔茨家族因此赚得钵满盆满。

Mother was an Oh.Her mother was the chemical engineer who first discovered a feasible way to store oxygen in tanks.And Father was Noel Ashenden, who though he did not actually invent the match-book, went into the field when it was still a not very flourishing novelty, and whose slogan, almost a poem, "Close Cover Before Striking"(a simple stroke, as Father liked to say), obvious only after someone else has already thought of it (the Patent Office refused to iue a patent on what it claimed was merely an instruction, but Father's company had the meage on its matchbooks before his competitors even knew what was happening), removed the hazard from book matches and turned the industry and Father's firm particularly into a flaming succe overnight—Father's joke, not mine.Later, when the inroads of Ronson and Zippo threatened the busine, Father went into seclusion for six months and when he returned to us he had produced another slogan: "For Our Matchle Friends." It saved the industry a second time and was the second and last piece of work in Father's life. 家母随外婆姓欧。外婆是化学工程师，成功开发了罐装氧气。家父是诺尔•艾兴登。尽管纸板火柴不是他发明的，但当它还是个新玩意儿、不怎么旺销时，他就人了这个行业。他的推销广告颇有诗意：“阖盖一划火自来”(就像父亲常说的，轻轻一划就成)。很显然，这是拾人牙慧(专利局因此拒发专利证，说这只不过是句使用说明。但父亲的公司在对手还懵然不觉时，就抢先把这句广告词印在火柴盒上)。正是这句推销广告消除了纸板火柴使用时的危险，使整个行业，特别是父亲的火柴公司，一夜之间生意火了起来——这是父亲的玩笑而非我本人的幽默。后来，荣升和芝宝打火机打人市场，火柴生意受到威胁。父亲于是隐退，半

26 年后推出了另一句广告词：“我友(有)火柴”，父亲因此第二次拯救了火柴业，这也是父亲一生中第二个也是最后一个成就。

There are people who gather in the spas and watering places of this world who pooh-pooh our fortune.Après ski, cozy in their wools, handsome before their open hearths, they scandalize amongst themselves in whispers."Imagine," they say, "saved from ruin because of some cornball sentiment available in every bar and grill and truck stop in the country.It's not, not..."

那些整日泡在温泉浴场、休闲胜地的人对我们的财富嗤之以鼻。他们滑雪回来，换上温暖舒适的羊毛衫，神气活现地坐在壁炉前嘀嘀咕咕嚼舌头：“想想看，”他们说，“他没有完蛋，还不是因为郊野的酒吧、烧烤店、卡车场总有些人对纸板火柴恋恋不合。不是因为„„”

Not what? Snobs! Phooey on the First Families.On railroad, steel mill, automotive, public utility, banking and shipping fortunes, on all hermetic legacy, morganatic and blockbuster blood-lines that change the maps and landscapes and alter the mobility patterns, your jungle wheeling and downtown dealing a stone's throw from warfare.I come of good stock—real estate, mineral water, oxygen, matchbooks: earth, water, air and fire, the old elementals of the material universe, a bellybutton economics, a linchpin one.

不是因为什么？这帮势利眼！呸！什么第一家族！什么铁路、钢厂、汽车、公共设施、银行和航运方面的财富！什么秘密遗产！什么贵贱婚配！什么豪门世家！你们改变了地图、地貌、甚至改变了社会流动的格局，可你们弱肉强食，巧取豪夺，跟战争相差无几。我这才叫来路正宗——房地产、矿泉水、氧气、火柴：土、水、气、火，物质世界古老的四大元素。这才是核心经济，这才是关键经济。 It is as I see it a perfect genealogy, and if I can be bought and sold a hundred times over by a thousand men in this country—people in your own town could do it, providents and trailers of hunch, I ble them, who got into this or went into that when it was eight cents a share—I am satisfied with my thirteen or fourteen million.Wealth is not after all the point.The genealogy is.That bridge-trick nexus that brought Newpert to Oh, Salts to Ashenden and Ashenden to Oh, love's lucky longshots which, paying off, permitted me as they permit every human life! (I have this simple, harmle paranoia of the good-natured man, this cheerful awe.) Forgive my enthusiasm, that I go on like some secular patriot wrapped in the simple flag of self, a profeional descendant, every day the closed-for-the-holiday banks and post offices of the heart.And why not? Aren't my circumstances superb? Whose are better? No

27 boast, no boast.I've had it easy, served up on all life's silver platters like a satrap.And if my money is managed for me and I do no work—le work even than Father, who at least came up with those two slogans, the latter in a six-month solitude that must have been hell for that gregarious man ("For Our Matchle Friends": no slogan finally but a broken code, an extension of his own hospitable being, simply the Promethean gift of fire to a guest)—at least I am not "spoiled" and have in me still alive the nerve endings of gratitude.If it's miserly to count one's bleings, Brewster Ashenden's a miser.

在我看来，我出身完美。如果这个国家有一千人百余次买卖我的股票——跟你同住一城的人可能会这么做；有远见的人，跟着感觉走的人，我祝福他们!当每股还只有八分钱时，他们就买进了我的这种或那种股票——我对我原有的一千

三、四百万，就很满足了。毕竟财富不是关键，关键是出身。桥牌般复杂的姻缘让外公走进了外婆的生活，奶奶嫁给了爷爷，家父娶了家母。父母姻缘巧合的爱情造就了我，就像别人的爱晴造就了一个个鲜活的生命！(我这个性良好的人也有这种朴素而无害的追问到底的执拗，这种对自己生命的由衷的敬畏。)原谅我有如此热情，像一个无宗教信仰的爱国者，处处强调自我，或者像一个职业继承人，每天心无所系，有如放假关门的银行和邮局。为什么不呢?我的条件不优越吗?还有比我条件更好的吗?这不是吹牛，根本不是。我的一切来得太容易，犹如一位大老爷，一切都有人用银盘奉上。钱有人管，不用工作一一我比父亲工作还少，他起码还炮制了两句广告词，第二句还是他退隐半年的结果。对于像他那样好热闹的人来说，那半年简直是人间地狱(“我友（有）火柴”，说到底并不算什么广告词，而是个被破解的密码，是他殷勤个性的延伸，是他的好客之火，是普罗米修斯的圣火)。即便如此，我起码没被“宠坏”，浑身还洋溢着感恩之情。如果数数自己的福气也算是小气的话，那我布鲁斯特·艾兴登就是个小气鬼。 This will give you some idea of what I'm like: 简单给您说说我的为人：

On Having an Account in a Swi Bank: I never had one, and suggest you stay away from them too.Oh, the mystery and romance is all very well, but never forget that your Swi bank offers no premiums, whereas for opening a savings account for 5,000 or more at First National City Bank of New York or other fine institutions you get wonderful premiums—picnic hampers, Scotch coolers, Polaroid cameras, Hudson's Bay blankets from L.L.Bean, electric shavers, even lawn furniture.My managers always leave me a million or so to play with, and this is how I do it.I suppose I've received hundreds of such bonuses.Usually I give them to friends or as gifts at

28 Christmas to doormen and other loosely connected personnel of the household, but often I keep them and use them myself.I'm not stingy.Of course I can afford to buy any of these things—and I do, I enjoy making purchases—but somehow nothing brings the joy of existence home to me more than these premiums.Something from nothing—the two-suiter from Chase Manhattan and my own existence, luggage a bonus and life a bonus too.Like having a film star next to you on your flight from the Coast.There are treats of high order, adventure like cash in the street.

说到在瑞士银行开户：我从没开过，建议你也别开。当然，那种神秘感觉和浪漫色彩挺不错的。但记住，瑞士银行从不提供任何礼品。相反，如果你在纽约第一国民城市银行或别的优质机构开一个5000美元或更多的储蓄帐户，你就可以得到精美礼品，像什么野餐篮子啦、苏格兰冷饮啦、宝丽来相机啦、名牌毛毯啦、电动剃须刀啦，甚至还有草坪家私。我的经理们总给我留个百儿八十万元什么的玩着花，我顺手就到银行开个户。估计类似的赠品我已有几百件了。我常拿它们送朋友或作为圣诞礼物送给门童和家里的勤杂人员。但我也经常留下自用。我不是抠门的人，这些玩意儿我当然买得起——也去买过，我喜欢购物一一但不知为什么，这些赠品给我带来了无与伦比的快乐。从无到有——大通·曼哈顿银行送的男士小行李箱是这样，我的人生也是这样；行李箱是赠品，人生也是赠品。那感觉就像在从西岸回来的飞机上，发现邻座是个电影明星。生活中总有这种难得的乐事，就像大街上捡钱那样刺激。

Let's enjoy ourselves, I say; let's have fun.Lord, let us live in the sand by the surf of the sea and play till cows come home.We'll have a house on the Vineyard and a brownstone in the Seventies and a pied-à-terre in a world capital when something big is about to break.(Put the Cardinal in the back bedroom where the sun gilds the bay at afternoon tea and give us the courage to stand up to secret police at the door, to top all threats with threats of our own, the nicknames of mayors and ministers, the fast comeback at the front stairs, authority on us like the funny squiggle the counterfeiters mi.) Re-Columbus us.Engage us with the overlooked, a knowledge of optics, say, or a gift for the tides.(My pal, the heir to most of the vegetables in inland Nebraska, has become a superb amateur oceanographer.The marine studies people invite him to Wood's Hole each year.He has a wave named for him.) Make us good at things, the countertenor and the German language, and teach us to be as easy in our amateur standing as the best man at a roommate's wedding.Give us hard tummies behind the cummerbund and long swimmer's muscles under the hound's tooth so that we may enjoy our long life.And may all our stocks rise to the occasion of our best

29 poibilities, and our humanne be bullish too.

我常说，我们要玩得开心，要及时行乐。上帝啊，让我们住在海边吧，踏沙，冲浪，嬉戏，直至永远。我们要在马萨葡萄园岛有一套独栋别墅，在纽约七十几街有一套褐石豪宅，在某个世界之都有个安乐窝，以便就近亲临大事的现场。(请红衣主教住最里边的卧室，下午茶时分的阳光将海湾镀上金色，同时给我们增添勇气，直面门外的秘密警察，以我们的威胁来消除一切外来的威胁，报出达官贵人们的诨名，在门口与他们唇枪舌战，那种威势，就像纸币上古怪的防伪线条，无法模仿。)我们要像哥伦布再世。我们要致力于别人忽略的东西，如光学的某一方面或研究海潮的某种能力。(我有个朋友，在远离海洋的内布拉斯加州继承了蔬菜种植业，却成了一位出色的业余海洋学家。研究海洋的专业人士每年都请他去伍兹霍。有一种海浪以他的名字命名。)让我们擅长点什么吧，无论成为男高音歌手还是掌握德文。让我们轻松地做业余专家，就像在室友的婚礼上做伴郎那样容易。让我们的腰带下有结实的小腹，泳衣里有游泳健将的强劲肌肉，这样我们会安享长命天年。让我们的股票天天猛涨，让我们做人也牛气冲天。 Speaking personally I am glad to be a heroic man. 私下里说，我很乐意做个英雄人物。

I am pleased that I am attractive to women but grateful I'm no bounder.Though I'm touched when married women fall in love with me, as frequently they do, I am rarely to blame.I never encourage these fits and do my best to get them over their derangements so as not to lose the friendships of their husbands when they are known to me, or the neutral friendship of the ladies themselves.This happens le than you might think, however, for whenever I am a houseguest of a married friend I usually make it a point to bring along a girl.These girls are from all walks of life—models, show girls, starlets, actrees, tennis profeionals, singers, heirees and the daughters of the diplomats of most of the nations of the free world.All walks.They tend, however, to conform to a single physical type, and are almost always tall, tan, slender and blond, the girl from Ipanema as a wag friend of mine has it.They are always sensitive and intelligent and good at sailing and the Australian crawl.They are never blemished in any way, for even something like a tiny beauty mark on the inside of a thigh or above the shoulder blade is enough to put me off, and their breaths must be as sweet at three in the morning as they are at noon.(I never see a woman who is dieting for diet sours the breath.) Arm hair, of course, is repellent to me though a soft blond down is now and then acceptable.I know I sound a prig.I'm not.I am—well, claical, drawn by perfection as to some magnetic, Platonic pole, idealism and

30 beauty's true North.很高兴我深得女人青睐，但谢天谢地，我绝非好色之徒。尽管已婚女人有意于我时——这是常事——我会感动，但多责不在我。我从不鼓励这样的一时冲动，还会尽量让她们恢复平静，以便保持与她们的夫君一一如果认识的话――的友谊，或者与她们本人的适度关系。不过，这种事比你想像的要少，因为每次我到已婚明友的府上做客，都刻意携一位靓女同行。这些女孩各行各业都有：模特啦、舞女啦、新星啦、演员啦、职业网球手啦、歌手啦、富家女啦什么的，还有自由世界许多国家外交官的女儿们，真的是形形色色。我的玩伴往往都像一个模子铸出来的，几乎都是个子高挑、肤色健康、身段苗条、金发碧眼的可爱美人，用我一个喜欢调侃的朋友的说话，她就像歌中走出来的“来自伊帕内玛的女孩”。她们都敏感聪慧，擅长玩帆船和澳式自由泳。她们完美无瑕，因为即使是大腿内侧或锁骨上边的美人痣也让我扫兴。她们还必需呵气如兰，即使在凌晨三点也要像正午时分那样清新(我从不约见节食的女人，因为节食会使她的呼吸带酸味儿)。自然，腋毛令我反感，金色细软绒毛倒是偶尔可以接受。听起来我有点自命不凡。但我不是。我是那种，怎么说呢，正统的人，喜欢尽善尽美，像被某种磁力吸引着，去追求那种柏拉图式的理想的、纯粹的美妙。 （集体讨论，蒋骁华、孔昊执笔）

31 Beyond Life 超越生命[美] 卡贝尔 著

I want my life, the only life of which I am aured, to have symmetry or, in default of that, at least to acquire some clarity.Surely it is not asking very much to wish that my personal conduct be intelligible to me! Yet it is forbidden to know for what purpose this universe was intended, to what end it was set a-going, or why I am here, or even what I had preferably do while here.It vaguely seems to me that I am expected to perform an allotted task, but as to what it is I have no notion.And indeed, what have I done hitherto, in the years behind me? There are some books to show as increment, as something which was not anywhere before I made it, and which even in bulk will replace my buried body, so that my life will be to mankind no lo materially.But the course of my life, when I look back, is as orderle as a trickle of water that is diverted and guided by every pebble and crevice and gra-root it encounters.I seem to have done nothing with pre-meditation, but rather, to have had things done to me.And for all the rest of my life, as I know now, I shall have to shave every morning in order to be ready for no more than this! 我愿此生，我唯一确知的此生，能和谐地度过；若此愿不遂，至少也该活得有几分清醒。希望自己之所作为能被自己了解，这肯定不算要求过分。不过有些奥秘却不容你去了解，诸如宇宙宏旨之所在，乾坤归宿在何方，我为何置身于此间，于此间该做何事等。我隐约觉得此生被指望去履行一项既定使命，但这是项什么使命，我却一无所知。而且真正说来，我在过去的岁月里又有过什么作为呢？有那么几本书可显示为生命之赢余，可显示为在我创作其之前这世间未曾有过的东西，其体积甚至可置换我入土后的那副躯壳，从而使我生命之结束不致给人类造成物质损失。但当回首往昔，我发现自己的生命历程就像溪流之蜿蜒漫无定向，触石砄草根则避而改道，遇岩缝土隙则顺而流之。我似乎做任何事都未经事先考虑，而是任凭事务来摆布自己。且据我眼下所知，在我的整个余生，我每日清晨得剃须也仅仅是为了翌日清晨得剃须。

I have attempted to make the best of my material circumstances always; nor do I see to-day how any widely varying course could have been wiser or even feasible: but material things have nothing to do with that life which moves in me.Why, then, should they direct and heighten and provoke and curb every action of life? It is against the tyranny of matter I would rebel—against life's absolute need of food, and books, and fire, and clothing, and flesh, to touch and to inhabit, lest life perish.No, all that which I do here or refrain from doing lacks clarity, nor can I detect any symmetry

32 anywhere, such as living would auredly display, I think, if my progre were directed by any particular motive.It is all a muddling through, somehow, without any recognizable goal in view, and there is no explanation of the scuffle tendered or anywhere procurable.It merely seems that to go on living has become with me a habit.我总想善用身边的物质环境，因时至今日我也不知有任何迥异之做法会更为明智可行。然身外之物与涌动于我心中的那种生命毕竟无关。既如此，为何人之一举一动又常为身外之物所引所趋，所扬所抑？我所厌恶的正是这种物质之主宰——这种为了生命苟存于世而对食物、书本、炉火、衣衫等身外之物以及灵魂借以寓居之肉体的纯粹需求。的确，我在世界之全部所为或忍而不为之事都不甚明了，无论何处我都看不到丝毫和谐，而我认为，我的人生历程若有任何特定目标之指引，定会显现出那种明澈和谐。但不知何故，我眼前无可辨之目标，一直在浑然度日，而且对这种蹉跎或茫然也无从解说。活下去似乎已成了我的一种习惯，仅此而已。

And I want beauty in my life.I have seen beauty in a sunset and in the spring woods and in the eyes of divers women, but now these happy accidents of light and color no longer thrill me.And I want beauty in my life itself, rather than in such chances as befall it.It seems to me that many actions of my life were beautiful, very long ago, when I was young in an evanished world of friendly girls, who were all more lovely than any girl is nowadays.For women now are merely more or le good-looking, and as I know, their looks when at their best have been painstakingly enhanced and edited.But I would like this life which moves and yearns in me, to be able itself to attain to comeline, though but in transitory performance.The life of a butterfly, for example, is just a graceful gesture: and yet, in that its loveline is complete and perfectly rounded in itself, I envy this bright flicker through existence.And the nearest I can come to my ideal is punctiliously to pay my bills, be polite to my wife, and contribute to deserving charities: and the program does not seem, somehow, quite adequate.There are my books, I know; and there is beauty "embalmed and treasured up" in many pages of my books, and in the books of other persons, too, which I may read at will: but this desire inborn in me is not to be satiated by making marks upon paper, nor by deciphering them.In short, I am enamored of that flawle beauty of which all poets have perturbedly divined the existence somewhere, and which life as men know it simply does not afford nor anywhere foresee.我希望生活中有美。我曾在落日余晖、春日树林和女人的眼中看见过美，可如今

33 与这些光彩邂逅已不再令我激动。我期盼的是生命本身之美，而非偶然降临的美的瞬间。我觉得很久以前我生活行为中也充溢着美，那时我尚年轻，置身于一群远比当今姑娘更为友善可爱的姑娘之中，置身于一个如今已消失的世界。时下女人不过是多少显得有几分姿色， 而据我所知，她们最靓丽的容颜都经过煞费苦心的设色缚彩。但我希望这在我心中涌动并期盼的生命能绽放出自身之美，纵然其美丽会转瞬即逝。比如蝴蝶的一生不过翩然一瞬，但在这翩然一瞬间，其美丽得以完善，其生命得以完美。我羡慕一生中有这种美丽闪烁。可我最接近我理想生活的行为只是付账单一丝不苟，对妻子相敬如宾，捐善款恰宜至当，而这些无论如何也远远不够。当然，还有我那些书，在我自己撰写以及我可随意翻阅的他人所撰写的书中，都有美“封藏”于万千书页之间。但我与生俱来的这种欲望并不满足于在纸上写美或从书中读美。简而言之，我所迷恋的那种无暇之美，那种天下诗人在忐忑中发现存在于某处的美，那种世人所知的凡尘生活无法赐予也无法预见的美。

And tenderne, too—but does that appear a mawkish thing to desiderate in life? Well, to my finding human beings do not like one another.Indeed, why should they, being rational creatures? All babies have a temporary lien on tenderne, of course: and therefrom children too receive a dwindling income, although on looking back, you will recollect that your childhood was upon the whole a lonesome and much put-upon period.But all grown persons ineffably distrust one another.In courtship, I grant you, there is a paing aberration which often mimics tenderne, sometimes as the result of honest delusion, but more frequently as an ambuscade in the endle struggle between man and woman.Married people are not ever tender with each other, you will notice: if they are mutually civil it is much: and physical contacts apart, their relation is that of a very moderate intimacy.My own wife, at all events, I find an unfailing mystery, a Sphinx whose secrets I aume to be not worth knowing: and, as I am mildly thankful to narrate, she knows very little about me, and evinces as to my affairs no morbid interest.That is not to aert that if I were ill she would not nurse me through any imaginable contagion, nor that if she were drowning I would not plunge in after her, whatever my delinquencies at swimming: what I mean is that, pending such high crises, we tolerate each other amicably, and never think of doing more.And from our blood-kin we grow apart inevitably.Their lives and their interests are no longer the same as ours, and when we meet it is with conscious reservations and much manufactured talk.Besides, they know things about us which we resent.And with the rest of my fellows, I find that convention orders all our dealings, even

34 with children, and we do and say what seems more or le expected.And I know that we distrust one another all the while, and instinctively conceal or misrepresent our actual thoughts and emotions when there is no very apparent need.Personally, I do not like human beings because I am not aware, upon the whole, of any generally distributed qualities which entitle them as a race to admiration and affection.But toward people in books—such as Mrs.Millamant, and Helen of Troy, and Bella Wilfer, and Mélusine, and Beatrix Esmond—I may intelligently overflow with tenderne and careing words, in part because they deserve it, and in part because I know they will not suspect me of being “queer” or of having ulterior motives.我也渴望柔情——但对生活如此奢求难道不是自作多情？我发现世人彼此间从不相互喜欢。的确，作为理性动物，他们为何要相互喜欢呢？婴儿当然都有权得到短期柔情贷款，而且在童年时期还会有逐日递减的柔情进账，然而你回忆往事时就会发现，童年大体上是一段孤独寂寞且屡屡受骗的时期。但成人都莫可名状地相互猜疑。我承认，男女求爱时会有一时间的失常，而这种失常往往装扮成柔情蜜意，因此有时还让人误以为是真情，但更多时候会变成男女间无休止争斗的伏笔。你会注意到，已婚男女通常不会柔情缱绻，双方能以礼相待就不错了，除两性身体接触外，夫妻关系往往都不愠不火。以我妻子为例，我横竖都觉得她就像斯芬克司，一个永远也猜不透的谜，而我想也没必要去探究她那些秘密。并且就像我并无欣慰地述说的一样，她对我同样知之甚少，对我的私事也没有表现出任何病态的兴趣。但这并非说一旦我罹病，她会因惧怕传染而置我于不顾，也并非说万一她溺水，我会因不善游泳而不下水施救。我的意思是说，除非到紧要关头，我俩会彼此容忍，和睦相处，但绝不会想到更进一步。我们与亲属的关系也势必日渐疏远。因各自生活已不同，彼此情趣已相异，故见面时存心话说三分且多说套话。再说他们还知晓我们不想被别人抖露的底细。至于其他熟人，甚至包括未成年人，我发现彼此间交往全然是蹈常袭故，我们的所言所行似乎都不会超出对方之所料。我知道我们始终都互不信任，虽然有时毫不必要，我们仍本能地隐藏或伪装真实的思想感情。就我个人而言，我不喜欢人类，因为从总体上看，我不知这个物种有何共同的品质使其值得被人钦慕。但对书中那些人——例如米拉曼特夫人、特洛伊的海伦、贝拉·威尔弗、比阿特丽克丝·埃斯蒙德等——我却能不失理性地满怀柔情，表达一腔爱慕之意，这一则是因为她们值得我爱慕，二则是因为我知道她们不会怀疑我“变态”或别有用心。

And I very often wish that I could know the truth about just any one circumstance connected with my life.Is the phantasmagoria of sound and noise and color really paing or is it all an illusion here in my brain? How do you know that you are not

35 dreaming me, for instance? In your conceded dreams, I am sure, you must invent and see and listen to persons who for the while seem quite as real to you as I do now.As I do, you observe, I say! and what thing is it to which I so glibly refer as I? If you will try to form a notion of yourself, of the sort of a something that you suspect to inhabit and partially to control your flesh and blood body, you will encounter a walking bundle of superfluities: and when you mentally have put aside the extraneous things—your garments and your members and your body, and your acquired habits and your appetites and your inherited traits and your prejudices, and all other appurtenances which considered separately you recognize to be no integral part of you,—there seems to remain in those pearl-colored brain-cells, wherein is your ultimate lair, very little save a faculty for receiving sensations, of which you know the larger portion to be illusory.And surely, to be just a very gullible consciousne provisionally existing among inexplicable mysteries, is not an enviable plight.And yet this life—to which I cling tenaciously—comes to no more.Meanwhile I hear men talk about "the truth"; and they even wager handsome sums upon their knowledge of it: but I align myself with "jesting Pilate," and echo the forlorn query that recorded time has left unanswered.我还常常祈愿，愿我能了解关于我生活的哪怕任何一点真相。这变化的声色光彩是在真正掠过，还是我脑海中的一种幻觉？譬如你何以知晓此刻我不是你梦中之幻象？毫无疑问，你在你坦言的梦中肯定遇见过人，且眼观其行，耳闻其声，当时他们于你肯定就像现时之我一样真实。注意，我说像现时之我一样真实！那么，我这口口声声称之谓的“我”又当是何物？若你设法去感知你自己为何物，那种你觉得寓于你体内并肆意支配你肉体的东西又为何物，那将有一大堆活生生的多余物与你不期而遇——诸如你的衣衫裙袍、手足躯干、习性胃口、禀性偏见以及其他所有附属物，那些你逐一视之便会承认其并非你不可或缺的多余之物——而若是你从心中将这些多余物抹去，那在你珍珠色的脑细胞了，在你最终的寓所之中，几乎就只剩下一种感知能力，可你知道，这种感知多半都是幻觉。而毋庸置疑，仅仅作为一种极易受骗的知觉，暂居于神秘莫测的迷幻之中，这并非一种令人羡慕的境况。然而这种生命——这种我死死黏附的生命——也不过如此这般。但与此同时我却听世人在谈论“真理”，他们甚至花大价钱为其所知的真理担保；可我愿与“爱逗趣的彼拉多”为伍，重复那几个几乎没法回答且上千年来无人回答的疑问。

Then, last of all, I desiderate urbanity.I believe this is the rarest quality in the world.Indeed, it probably does not exist anywhere.A really urbane person—a mortal

36 open-minded and affable to conviction of his own shortcomings and errors, and unguided in anything by irrational blind prejudices—could not but in a world of men and women be regarded as a monster.We are all of us, as if by instinct, intolerant of that which is unfamiliar: we resent its impudence: and very much the same principle which prompts small boys to jeer at a straw-hat out of season induces their elders to send miionaries to the heathen…

最后我还企求高雅。我认为高雅乃世间最珍贵的品质。其实然，高雅或许并不存在于现实之中。真正的高雅之士虚怀若谷，闻过则喜，不会被非理性的盲目偏见所左右，而在这个被庸男俗女充斥的世界，这等高雅之士只能被视为怪物。仿佛是出于天性，我们所有人都容不得稀罕之事，都恨其不守规矩；而正是依照与此极其相似的准则，小男孩嘲讽不合时令的草帽，他们的父辈则给异教徒派出传教士„„（集体讨论，曹明伦 执笔）

37 Envy by Samuel Johnson 论嫉妒 [英]塞缪尔·约翰逊 著

Envy is almost the only vice which is practicable at all times, and in every place — the only paion which can never lie quiet for want of irritation; its effects therefore are everywhere discoverable, and its attempts always to be dreaded. 嫉妒几乎是唯一一种随时都能大行其道的恶习，唯一一种不会因缺乏刺激而平息的强烈感情，因此其影响随处可见，其攻击性也总是令人生畏。

It is impoible to mention a name which any advantageous distinction has made eminent, but some latent animosity will burst out.The wealthy trader, however he may abstract himself from public affairs, will never want those who hint, with Shylock, that ships are but boards.The beauty, adorned only with the unambitious graces of innocence and modesty, provokes, whenever she appears, a thousand murmurs of detraction.The genius, even when he endeavours only to entertain or instruct, yet suffers persecution from innumerable critics, whose acrimony is excited merely by the pain of seeing others pleased, and of hearing applauses which another enjoys.一提到某位因其所长而才出众的名流，就会有人发出隐伏于心的妒意。富商不管怎样超脱于公共事务，也不乏有人像夏洛克那样，说商船不过是一堆木板，暗示其财富由风浪摆布者不足以谓之富人。（1）美女纵然仅以端庄素雅为装饰，其出现也会引起众人私下里的猜忌和诽谤。至于天才人物，即使他们只想展示令人愉悦的自然万象，或只想说明无可争辩的科学原理，也难免会招致众多批评者的诋毁，而批评者之尖刻仅仅是因为见不得别人欣然陶然，听不到别人所享受的掌声。 The frequency of envy makes it so familiar that it escapes our notice; nor do we often reflect upon its turpitude or malignity, till we happen to feel its influence.When he that has given no provocation to malice, but by attempting to excel, finds himself pursued by multitudes whom he never saw, with all the implacability of personal resentment; when he perceives clamour and malice let loose upon him as a public enemy, and incited by every stratagem of defamation; when he hears the misfortunes of his family, or the follies of his youth, exposed to the world; and every failure of conduct, or defect of nature, aggravated and ridiculed; he then learns to abhor those artifices at which he only laughed before, and discovers how much the happine of life would be advanced by the eradication of envy from the human heart.嫉妒之频频出现使我们队其熟视无睹，使我们很少想到其卑鄙险恶，除非自己碰巧也遭人妒忌。倘若遭妒忌者从不招惹怨恨，而只想凭真才实学超凡出众，那当

38 他发现自己被一群他觉得与之并无不可化解之个人恩怨的民众纠缠之时，当他发现自己被种种诽谤伎俩煽动起来的铺天盖地的恶意丑化成社会公敌之时，当他得知自己家庭之不幸和少时的愚行而被公诸于众，自己所有的不端行为和性格缺陷都被夸大和嘲笑之时，他便能学会憎恶那些他此前只是一笑置之的伎俩，并发现若能从世人心中根除嫉妒，人们会怎样更多地感受生活之幸福。

Envy is, indeed, a stubborn weed of the mind, and seldom yields to the culture of philosophy.There are, however, considerations which, if carefully implanted and diligently propagated, might in time overpower and repre it, since no one can nurse it for the sake of pleasure, as its effects are only shame, anguish, and perturbation.It is above all other vices inconsistent with the character of a social being, because it sacrifices truth and kindne to very weak temptations.He that plunders a wealthy neighbour gains as much as he takes away, and may improve his own condition in the same proportion as he impairs another's; but he that blasts a flourishing reputation, must be content with a small dividend of additional fame, so small as can afford very little consolation to balance the guilt by which it is obtained.嫉妒实乃人们心中难以根除的野草，它极少接受理性之教化。不过，只要循循善诱且坚持不懈，迟早会有理性之思将其制服，毕竟没人会为了取乐而心怀嫉妒，因嫉妒之后果只有羞耻、苦闷和不安。较之其他所有恶习，嫉妒与人的社会属性最为相悖，因为它会蝇头小利而牺牲真诚和善良。一个人若是抢劫其富有的邻居，他所得之物即他所劫之物，其境况之改善与其邻居境况之恶化恰成正比；但一个人若是毁损他人的盛名，他只能满足于得到的那盛名分给他的一点点红利，而与他行恶而产生的负疚感相比，其获利之少几乎不可能给他带来慰藉。

（1）参见莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》第1幕第3场开始时夏洛克对巴萨尼奥说的那番话。集体讨论，曹明伦执笔）

四川外语学院第七届“语言桥杯”翻译大赛获奖译文选登

These aspects of her personality I came to know gradually over the coming months.What struck me first were the outward things, her animation and expreivene.I couldn't tell whether this was something she was born with, or whether the projection of emotion which she had learned as an actre had become second nature.When indignant, her eyes would flash fire, when happy she would laugh unrestrainedly like a child.I quickly changed my preconceived notions about the "inscrutablene" of Orientals.

在接下来的几个月里，我逐渐了解了她的这些个性特点。首先给我留下深刻印象的，是她种种外在的表现：活泼开朗，能言善谈。我不知道这是她的天性使然，

39 还是因为当过演员，表情达意早已成为她的第二天性。她气愤时，两只眸子会冒出怒火；高兴时，却又像个孩子似的开怀大笑。我原先以为东方人都是“神秘难测”的，认识她之后，很快便改变了这个先入之见。

...She had not remarried because she had not found anyone for whom she could care enough and who would respect her independence.„„因为找不到一个既让她喜欢、又尊重她的独立性的男人，她一直没有再婚。至少，在我出现在她的面前之前是这样。我俩初次相识就立即被对方的外貌所吸引。

Not, at least, till I came along.Our physical attraction was immediate and mutual.But more than that, we shared an identity of interests and found pleasure in each other's company...不过，除此之外，我们还有着共同的兴趣爱好，觉得走在一起很开心。„„ We sat in tea gardens amid flowering shrubs and fanciful pavilions and sipped green "Dragon Well" tea and cracked watermelon seeds.We wended through the City God Temple, with its many shops of marvelous handicrafts connected by a zigzag bridge around a lotus pond.我们坐在绿树红花和亭台楼阁掩映下的茶园里，一边抿着碧绿的龙井茶，一边嗑着西瓜子儿。我们在城隍庙徜徉，那里有很多出售精美的手工艺品的店铺；一座绕着荷塘迂回而行的九曲桥，把商铺连在一起。

And we met in her flat with a few other Chinese friends and talked in low voices, with the radios turned on loud against poible eavesdroppers, about who had just been arrested, or what bookstores had been raided, or whether more revolutionaries had been executed, and what the news from the Liberated Areas was.Sometimes we could pick up Yen’an on my short-wave set.我们时常在她的公寓房间里和几个中国朋友聚会。为防窃听，我们只得低声交谈，同时把收音机开得很响。我们谈论谁刚刚被捕了，哪几家书店被查抄了，是不是又有革命分子被处死，以及来自解放区的消息。有时我的那台短波收音机可以收听到延安电台的广播。

She had no doubt about our compatiblene, and if our future was unsure, so was the future of everyone in China.Nor did my "foreignne" seem to present any problems.She had got used to my appearance, and recovered from the initial shock of seeing me in a raglan sleeve topcoat on finding, when I took it off, that I had shoulders after all.In fact she had become bemused to such an extent that she thought I was quite nice-looking.No one stared when we appeared in public together, nor did I, for some

40 reason, attract the crowds which often trailed other foreigners, awestruck by their outlandish garb and, by Chinese standards, huge noses.Her family offered no objections whatever.她深信我俩意气相投。我们两个人也许前路渺茫，但是在中国何尝不是人人如此。我的“洋人相”似乎也不成问题。起初看到我穿着套袖的轻便大衣，她颇为惊愕，及至我脱掉大衣，她发现原来我也长着两只肩膀，这才回过神来。如今，她早已习惯我的这副洋人相了。事实上，她简直不知如何看待我的长相，竟至于觉得我长得挺好看的。我俩一起在公共场所露面时，没有人盯着我们看；不知何故，我也没有吸引人群围观。洋人一身奇装异服，还有按中国人的标准显得特别高的鼻子，都使中国人感到惊异，因此他们常常喜欢尾随洋人。她的家人一点儿也不反对我俩交往。

Absence of racial or religious prejudice is traditional in China.For two thousand years foreigners had been encouraged to settle in the Middle Kingdom and practice their religions and retain their customs.There was some talk among the rustics that all foreigners had red hair and blue eyes and walked without bending their knees.But those who had actually seen them knew better.None of her compatriots was shocked, though some perhaps wondered why she chose a foreigner when there was so many Chinese around.传统上，种族歧视或宗教偏见在中国是不存在的。两千年来，“中央王国”一直柔怀远人，鼓励外国人在这片土地上定居、信教，并且保留他们的风俗习惯。乡下人中间有传言说洋人全都赤发碧眼，而且直着腿走路。但是，亲眼见过外国人的那些人知道，事实并非如此。看到我这个“异类”和她在一起，她的同胞无人感到震惊，尽管有些人也许会想：她的身边有那么多中国人，为什么偏偏选中一个老外？ (香港大学中文学院 汪宝荣)

41

42

中译英部分

在义与利之外

Beyond Righteousne and Interests “君子喻以义，小人喻以利”。中国人的人生哲学总是围绕着义利二字打转。可是，假如我既不是君子，也不是小人呢？

“Men of virtue are concerned whether they behave righteously while virtuele men are concerned about their personal interests.” The Chinese philosophy of life can hardly go beyond the continuous debate over righteousne and interests.But what am I concerned about if I am

neither a man of virtue nor one without it?

曾经有过一个人皆君子言必称义的时代，当时或许有过大义灭利的真君子，但更常见的是借义逐利的伪君子和假义真信的迂君子。那个时代过去了。曾几何时，世风剧变，义的信誉一落千丈，真君子销声匿迹，伪君子真相毕露，迂君子豁然开窍，都一窝蜂奔利而去。据说观念更新，义利之辨有了新解，原来利并非小人的专利，倒是做人的天经地义。

There was once an alleged age of righteousne, in which all men were of virtue.Maybe, few of them were really men of virtue, who vindicated righteousne by sacrificing their own interests.However, most of them were either pharisees, who pursued their personal interests in the name of righteousne, or pedants, who believed in fake morality.Such an era had already elapsed.There was once a period of time when the ethos deteriorated overnight and people’s belief in righteousne greatly declined.Consequently, men of virtue vanished, pharisees revealed their impudent faces and pedants suddenly disenchanted.All people rushed for their own interests.It was said that people had renovated their values and they had endowed their conceptions of righteousne and interests with new contents.For them, the pursuit of personal interests is not a patent right of men without virtue but the primary principle followed by all human beings.“时间就是金钱！”——这是当今一句时髦口号。企业家以之鞭策生产，本无可非议。但世人把它奉为指导人生的座右铭，用商业精神取代人生智慧，结果就使自己的人生成了一种企业，使人际关系成了一个市场。

我曾经嘲笑廉价的人情味，如今，连人情味也变得昂贵而罕见了。试问，不花钱你可能买到一个微笑，一句问候，一丁点儿恻隐之心？

Nowadays “Time is money” is a popular slogan.It is reasonable for entrepreneurs to adopt it in their production management.However, if we substitute commercial spirit for life wisdom, taking this slogan as a motto to guide our life, we tend to regard our

43 life as busine and our relationship, market.不过，无须怀旧。想靠形形色色的义的说教来匡正时弊，拯救世风人心，事实上无济于事。在义利之外，还有别样的人生态度。在君子小人之外，还有别样的人格。套孔子的句式，不妨说：“至人喻以情。”

I once derided the human kindne for its cheapne.But at present it has become costly and infrequent.Can you buy a smile, a greeting or a particle of sympathy without money? However, there is no need to reminisce.In fact, various preaches of righteousne are helple to the rectification of current social malpractices and the salvation of present public morals.Beyond righteousne and interests, there are other life values.Apart from men of virtue and virtuele men, there are men with other personality.A remark by Confucius might be quoted here, which says: “A perfect man apprehends affection.”

义和利，貌似相反，实则相通。“义”要求人献身抽象的社会实体，“利”驱使人投身世俗的物质利益，两者都无视人的心灵生活，遮蔽了人的真正的“自我”。“义”教人奉献，“利”诱人占有，前者把人生变成一次义务的履行，后者把人生变成一场权利的争夺，殊不知人生的真价值是超乎义务和权利外的。义和利都脱不开计较，所以，无论义师讨伐叛臣，还是利欲支配众生，人与人之间的关系总是紧张。

Righteousne and interests seem opposite on the surface but in nature they have something in common.“Righteousne” requests people to devote themselves to the abstract social noumenon while “interests” impels them to pursue the mundane loaves and fishes.Both of them ignore people’s spiritual life and as a result, they shade their real “selves”.“Righteousne” instructs people to dedicate themselves to the society and turns their life into the performance of an obligation while “interests” tempts people to appropriate material profits and makes their life become a scramble for rights and profits.Neverthele, the real value of life lies beyond righteousne and interests.As both righteousne and interests can hardly escape from calculation and consideration, the interpersonal relations are always strained no matter when a justice army supprees a rebellion or when all flesh are dominated by an appetite for personal interests.

如果说“义”代表一种伦理的人生态度，“利”代表一种功利的人生态度，那么，我所说的“情”便代表一种审美的人生态度。它主张率性而行，适情而止，每个人都保持自己的真性情。你不是你所信奉的教义，也不是你所占有的物品，你之为你仅在于你的真实“自我”。生命的意义不在奉献或占有，而在创造，创造就

44 是人的真性情的积极展开，是人在实现其本质力量时所获得的情感上的满足。创造不同于奉献，奉献只是完成外在的责任，创造却是实现真实的“自我”。至于创造和占有，其差别更是一目了然，譬如写作，占有注重的是作品所带来的名利地位，创造注重的只是创作本身的快乐。有真性情的人，与人相处唯求情感的沟通，与物相触独钟情趣的品味。更为可贵的是，在世人匆忙逐利又为利所逐的时代，他接人待物有一种闲适之情。我不是指中国士大夫式的闲情逸致，也不是指小农式的知足保守，而是指一种不为利驱、不为物役的淡泊的生活情怀。仍以写作为例，我想不通，一个人何必要著作等身呢？倘想流芳千古，一首不朽的小诗足矣。倘无此奢求，则只要活得自在即可，写作也不过是这活得自在的一种方式罢了。

If “righteousne” represents an ethical value of life and “interests”, a utilitarian attitude towards life, the “affection” that I have mentioned represents aesthetic attitude towards life.It claims that we should behave frankly and properly and all of us should maintain our real temperament.You are neither the teachings that you believe in nor the resources that you are poeed of, but your true “self”, which is the very reason why you are yourself.The value of life does not consist in dedication or poeion, but creation.Creation is the outspread of one’s true temperament and the affectional satisfaction that one obtains when achieving his/her eential potence.Creation differs from dedication in that the former is the realization of the true “self” but the later, only the fulfillment of the exterior responsibilities.As for creation and poeion, the difference between them is distinct at a glance.For instance, in writing poeion means the concern for the fame and the status brought by works but creation means the concern for the happine of writing itself.A person with true temperament only seeks for emotional communication when getting alone with others while he is only in deep love with the taste of sentiment when in contact with things.More importantly, he is always in a tranquil mood in such an era when others scramble for personal interests and are driven by material benefits.It is neither the leisurely and carefree mood of the Chinese scholar-bureaucrats nor the content and conservative mood of the petty farmers, but a quiet mood free from hollow fames and material interests.Still take writing as an instance.I can hardly figure out why one must produce as many famous works as he can.An enduring poem is enough to make one renowned forever.Without such an extravagant hope, one only needs to live to his content.Writing is just one means to such an end.

肖伯纳说：“人生有两大悲剧，一是没有得到你心爱的东西，另一是得到了你心

45 爱的东西。”我曾经深以为然，并且佩服他把人生的可悲境遇，表述得如此轻松俏皮。但仔细玩味，发现这话的立足点仍是占有，所以才会有占有欲未得满足的痛苦和已得满足的无聊这双重悲剧。如果把立足点移到创造上，以审美的眼光看人生，我们岂不可以反其意而说：人生有两大快乐，一是没有得到你心爱的东西，于是你可以去寻求和创造；另一是得到了你心爱的东西，于是你可以去品味和体验？当然，人生总有其不可消除的痛苦，而重情轻利的人所体味到的辛酸悲哀，更为逐利之辈所梦想不到。但是，摆脱了占有欲，至少可以使人免除许多琐屑的烦恼和渺小的痛苦，活得有器度些。我无意以审美之情为救世良策，而只是表达了一个信念：在义与利之外，还有一种更值得一过的人生。这个信念将支撑我度过未来吉凶难卜的岁月。

George Bernard Shaw once said: “There are two tragedies in our life.One is that you have not obtained what you love while the other is that you have obtained what you love.” I took his remark for granted and admired him for his easy and witty expreion of the lamentable plight in life.But when carefully relishing it, I discover that the stand of this remark is still poeion, which is the very reason why there are two tragedies: the affliction of not satisfying one’s appetite for poeion and the vacuity of satisfaction.If we regard creation as our stand and have an aesthetic vision for life, can’t we say that there are two enjoyments: one is that you have not attained what you love and you can continue your pursuit and creation while the other is that you have attained what you love and you can commence your appreciation and experience? Certainly, there are always some agonies in our life and the sufferings experienced by those who value affection but despise profits are out of the consideration of those who pursue interests.However, if we can get rid of the appetite for poeion, we, at least, can avoid a great deal of inconsiderable vexations and trivial afflictions and live a life of more tolerance.Rather than intending to suggest the aesthetic affection as an excellent tactics of salvation, I merely expre such a belief that there is a life more worthy of living beyond righteousne and interests.This faith will support me through the precarious and unpredictable future.

读书苦乐 杨绛

The Bitter-Sweetne of Reading Yang Jiang 读书钻研学问，当然得下苦功夫。为应考试、为写论文、为求学位，大概都得苦读。陶渊明好读书。如果他生于当今之世，要去考大学，或考研究院，或考什么“托福儿”，难免会有些困难吧？我只愁他政治经济学不能及格呢，这还不是因

46 为他“不求甚解”。

Reading and studying regularly calls for a painstaking effort, whether it is meant for paing an exam, writing a thesis or pursuing an academic degree.T'ao Yuanming, a famous scholar in Jin Dynasty, who doted on reading, might probably feel baffled if he were living today and had to take exams for getting into universities or graduate programs or to score well in such tests as the TOEFL.I'm afraid he might fail the exam in Political Economics, as the result of his motto "staying content with superficial reading".我曾挨过几下“棍子”，说我读书“追求精神享受”。我当时只好低头认罪。我也承认自己确实不是苦读。不过“乐在其中”并不等于追求享受。这话可为知者言，不足为外人道也。

I was "cudgeled" for a couple of times, being reprimanded for reading "to seek spiritual indulgence." At the time, I had to bow down my head and confe my sin, and I have to admit as well that I've never made any painstaking effort in reality.Neverthele, "enjoying reading" doesn't mean seeking indulgence, whose truth can only be shared with like-minded people, but goes beyond those without similar experiences 我觉得读书好比串门儿——“隐身”的串门儿。要参见钦佩的老师或拜谒有名的学者，不必事前打招呼求见，也不怕搅扰主人。翻开书面就闯进大门，翻过几页就升堂入室；而且可以经常去，时刻去，如果不得要领，还可以不辞而别，或者另找高明，和他对质。不问我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外，不问他属于现代古代，不问他什么专业，不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑，都可以挨近前去听个足够。我们可以恭恭敬敬旁听孔门弟子追述夫子遗言，也不妨淘气地笑问“言必称‘亦曰仁义而已矣’的孟夫子”，他如果生在我们同一个时代，会不会是一位马列主义老先生呀？我们可以在苏格拉底临刑前守在他身边，听他和一位朋友谈话；也可以对斯多葛派伊匹克悌忒斯的《金玉良言》思考怀疑。我们可以倾听前朝列代的遗闻逸事，也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。反正话不投机或言不入耳，不妨抽身退场，甚至砰一下推上大门——就是说，拍地合上书面——谁也不会嗔怪。这是书以外的世界里难得的自由！

I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Visiting a well-respected teacher or paying homage to a renowned scholar doesn't necearily require appointment in advance and we won't feel as if we were disturbing him.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited; and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as

47 frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying "good-bye" or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.We can sit in, in due reverence, and listen as Confucius' disciples recount their master's legacy of teachings, or playfully ask Mencius, who likes to prattle about nothing but kindne and justice, whether or not he would become a pious Marxist preacher, should he live in our time.We can stay by the side of Socrates at his execution and listen to him talking to his friend, or harbor doubt as we ponder the truth of Discourse by Epictetus, a Stoic Philosopher.We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.壶公悬挂的一把壶里，别有天地日月。每一本书——不论小说、戏剧、传记、游记、日记，以至散文诗词，都别有天地，别有日月星辰，而且还有生存其间的人物。我们很不必巴巴地赶赴某地，花钱买门票去看些仿造的赝品或“栩栩如生”的替身，只要翻开一页书，走人真境，遇见真人，就可以亲亲切切地观赏一番。

For Hu Gong (or Master Gourd), a master herbalist in ancient China, a magical gourd of his contains the entire world.Likewise, every book, be it a novel, a play, a biography, or a book of traveling notes, of journals, and of even eays or of poems, contains a world of its own, with its own sun, moon, and stars and its own live characters between heaven and earth.There is really no need trotting all the way to places and paying admiion fees, merely to view imitations or vivid "substitutes", when we can simply open a book and find ourselves in real situations and meet real characters for a close contact.尽管古人把书说成“浩如烟海”，书的世界却真正的“天涯若比邻”，这话绝不是唯心的比拟。世界再大也没有阻隔。佛说“三千大千世界”，可算大极了。书的境地呢，“现在界”还加上“过去界”，也带上“未来界”，实在是包罗万象，贯穿三界。而我们却可以足不出户，在这里随意阅历，随时拜师求教。谁说读书人目光短浅，不通人情，不关心世事呢！这里可得到丰富的经历，可认识各时各地、

48 多种多样的人。经常在书里“串门儿”，至少也可以脱去几分愚昧，多长几个心眼儿吧？

Despite the ancient saying about books being like a vast ocean, the distant world of books could be actually deemed as close as a next-door neighbour, which is not merely an idealistic metaphorical aertion.For in the world of books there are no longer any barriers.The Buddhist notion of "One Buddha- world" is extremely enormous.But what about the extremities of the world of books? It consists of "the present realm", "the past realm", and "the future realm", encompaing everything in each of the three great realms, acro whose borders we can go back and forth with great ease.We can read and experience all we care to read and experience, and learn from masters any time we want, without venturing outdoors at all.Who says that book-lovers are near-sighted, inflexible and indifferent to worldly affairs! In the world of books, we can enrich our experience and get to know all kinds of people from different times and places.Those who visit the world of books frequently can at least rid themselves of some ignorance and gain a certain degree of wisdom.可惜我们“串门”时“隐”而犹存“身”，毕竟只是凡胎俗骨。我们没有如来佛的慧眼，把人世间几千年积累的智慧一览无余，只好时刻记住庄子“生也有涯而知也无涯”的名言。我们只是朝生暮死的虫豸（还不是孙大圣毫毛变成的虫儿），钻入书中世界，这边爬爬，那边停停，有时遇到心仪的人，听到惬意的话，或者心上悬挂的问题偶有所得，就好比开了心窍，乐以忘言。这“乐”和“追求享受”该不是一回事吧？

It is a pity that our physical body, invisible as we visit the world of books, is after all confined to this mundane world.Without the insight of Buddha, who takes in all the human wisdom accumulated over thousands of years at one glance, we have to comfort ourselves by what Zhuang Zi has said: "Human life-span is finite whereas knowledge is infinite." We are but insects with a fleeting lifetime (not even the insects the Monkey King turned into with his hairs), crawling our way into the world of books, pausing hither and thither, becoming speechle with exultation when we accidentally bump into a much-admired person or hear a few soothing words or occasionally find an answer to a pending question.I wonder if this sense of "joy" can be called "seeking indulgence in pleasure".（集体讨论 史志康 执笔）

想起清华种种

王佐良

49 Reminiscences of Tsinghua Wang Zuoliang

我只是清华几万校友中的一个，现已不在清华工作，然而一说起这所学校，至今仍像年轻时候一样兴奋，话也像说不完似的。

I am just one of the thousands of alumni of Tsinghua University, and although I am no longer working there, every time Tsinghua is mentioned, I would get as excited as when I was young, and can't seem to stop talking about it.

清华吸引人的究竟是什么？它有很好的校园，设备，但这些别校也有；它的历史也不很长，世界大学中，成立已几百年的有的是；想来想去，还是由于清华的人，或者说清华人和中国历史的特殊关联。

What is it that makes Tsinghua so attractive? Its beautiful campus? Its advanced facilities? But all these are not lacking in other universities.Or its long history? But a good many universities in the world even boast histories of several hundred years.Having thought it over and over again, I come to the conclusion that it is the people of Tsinghua, or rather, the special relationship between its people and Chinese history, that makes it so attractive.说起清华人，我怀念我的老师们。大学一年级，俞平伯、余冠英两先生教我国文，一位教读本，一位教作文，都亲切而严格，有一次余先生指出我把爬山虎写成紫荆的错误，但又要我多写几篇给他看。二年级，贺麟老师教我西洋哲学史，见了我长达百页的英文读书报告不仅不皱眉，反而在班上表扬我；正是在他的指导之下，我读了不少古希腊哲学家著作的英译，真有发现新星球似的喜悦。温德老师在工字厅讲意大利文艺复兴时期艺术，打开许多画册让我们传阅，幽默地然而严格地区分画的优劣。同样难忘的事还多，那时候日本军队已在华北城市大街上演习，而清华的师生们则在学术上特别争气，不久又在政治上发动了公然反日的一二九运动。

Speaking of the Tsinghua people, I cherish a lot of sweet memories of my teachers.As a freshman, I was taught Chinese language and literature by Profeor Yu Pingbo and Profeor Yu Guanying in reading and writing respectively.They were both encouraging and rigorous with me.Once Profeor Yu Guanying pointed out that I had mistaken creepers for redbuds and encouraged me to write more for practice.As a sophomore, I was taught History of Western Philosophy by Profeor He Lin.He did not frown at my one-hundred-page long book report in English, but rather praised me in cla.It was under his guidance that I read a great deal of ancient Greek philosophers in English translation, the delight from which was just like that of discovering a new planet.I was also taught Italian Renaiance by Profeor Winter in

50

推荐第2篇：英语作文及翻译

-PK请以公司经理（K.Green）的名义给公司全体员工发一份内部通知，内容包括： 1时间：2011年3月1日 2事由：营销经理职位招聘

3内容：由于业务需要，公司拟招聘营销经理一职；现有具体招聘条件，内容见附件；请员工仔细阅读并自愿提出申请；提交申请的时间:本月底前。 注：请将上述内容写成一段文字，不得逐条罗列。

Word for reference:员工：staff employee 事由：Re 附件：attachment 招聘：recruit Memo To:All staff Employees From :K.Green Re:Recruting Marketing Manager Date:Marth 1,2011 In order to the busine more effectively ,our company is to recruit a marketing manger .the employees are asked to read the requirement to the position of marketing manager in the attachment carefully and turn in your applications before the end of this month.

说明：假设你是公司职员张华，给经理Mr.Simth写了一张假条。 时间：2010年6月19日

1咳嗽特别厉害，想去医院看医生看病；

2因本周末大部分工作已经结束，故星期五请假一天； 3看完病后，会给经理打电话； 对由此造成的不便表示歉意。 To:Mr.smith From:zhang hua Date:june 19th 2009 Subject :leave of absence Dear Mr.smith , I would like to ask for a leave of absence for one day on june 20th ,this Friday .I am having a bad cough and have to go to see the doctor .As most of the work of this week has been finished ,I think a one-day leave on this Friday might be ok .I apologize for the inconvenience my absence from work may cause .I will call you after seening the doctor.I will be very grateful if you grant my leave .

Yours, Zhanghua

说明：假设你叫Jerry,刚刚得知你的朋友Barton升职为部门经理。现写了一封祝贺信，内容包括：

1对Barton 的升职表示祝贺； 2赞扬Barton 的工作成绩； 3展望美好的发展前景； 4再一次表示祝贺。

Word for reference:升职：be promoted to 部门经理：department manager Dear Barton: I am so pleased to learn that you have promoted to the position of department Manager .I’m really proud of you .You are so efficient and this promotion is recognition of your remarkable work .I believe this position will be a totally new beginning for you .I am very confident that you will meet the responsibilities and make more achievements in your work.Please accept my warmest congratulations.

Truly yours, Jerry

请以赵燕的名义写一封求职信

赵燕，23岁，毕业于江州技术学院，主修企业管理，各门课程都很优秀。学过速记与打字，速度各为每分钟90字和每分钟70字。请为她拟出一份给BK公司的自荐信，希望能在该公司谋得总经理秘书一职。请注意书信的格式。写信的日期为2011年7月25日。

My name is Zhao Yan,23 years old ,graduating from Jiangzhou Technical College.I major in Busine Administration and get excellent achievement in all my leons,I have ever learnend shorthand and typing .The speed of each is 90 words and 70 words per minute respectively.I hope to be the secretary of the general manager of your company.Looking forward to receiving yours reply. Sincerely yours, Zhao Yan

我公司总经理王海先生一行将于下月出访英国，计划于12月28日抵达伦敦。想请贵公司预订一个带浴室的单人房间和两个带浴室的双人房间。此外，王先生希望能在1月29日活30日上午会见贵公司的进口部经理，不知可否，请尽快答复，不胜感激。 Dear sir/Madam, Mr.Wang Hai ,the general manager of our company ,together with the relevant aistants ,is visiting U.K.next month and plans to be in London by December 28th .So we would like you to help us a single room and two double rooms with bath .At the same time ,Mr.Wang would like to meet your Import Department manager on the morning of December 29th or 30th and wonder whether it would be convenient or not.We should be most grateful to have your reply as soon as poible. Yours faithfully, Li Lu (Secretary of the company)

说明：以公司行政办公室的名义写一则通知。

通知内容：号召全体员工向乡村小学学生捐款献爱心。由各部门负责人将捐款收齐在本周五前交到行政办公室。此外，公司将在6月1日儿童节那天由总裁带领员工代表去慰问丁香小学的师生，希望大家踊跃报名。 通知时间：2011年5月18日 Word for reference: 行政办公室 administrative office 捐赠donate（捐款 donation） 员工代表 staff representative Notice May 18,2011 In order to show our affection to rural pupils,all the staff are required to donate at least 50 yuan and all the department manager collect the donations and then hand them in to administrative office before this Friday.In addition ,some staff representatives to be led by the president will pay a visit to Dingxiang Primary School on Children‘s Day .come to participation if you are willing to. Administrative Office

假如你是南京大学营销学专业的毕业生，名叫王海。从报纸上得知一家公司正在招聘销售人员。请写一封求职信，内容包括： 1简单介绍自己的情况； 2表示有意向进入该公司； 3希望早日得到答复。

Marth 20,2011 Dear sir/Madam, I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the newspaper for a salesperson .I have great pleasure in applying for the part.I graduated from Nanjing University and my major is Markietng.I enclose my resume showing details of my qualifications,experience and personal data.I look forward to hearing from you and appreciate your consideration of my applicaton.Best wishes ! Yours faithfully, Wang Hai

说明：假如你是对外贸易公司人力资源部门经理peter jones 的秘书李斌，请发送电子邮件给票务中心，内容是：peter jones 计划预订一张由南京飞往深圳的机票；要求机票为12月15日当天或者前后几天；商务舱；机票及预算费已委托建设银行，请对方把账单交给建行。

Word for reference:对外贸易公司：foreign Trade Corporation 人力资源部：Human Resources Department 票务中心：Tickets Center 商务舱：busine cla 预约费：booking fee From :Li Bin To:Tickets Center Subject :Reservations for a Flight Dear Sir or Madam : Mr .Peter Jones,manger of our Human Resources Department,would like to fly from Nanjing to Shenzhen on busine .We would be grateful if you would book one busine cla seat on a flight leaving Nanjing on or about December 15th .Construction Bank has been instructed to pay the fare and booking fee.Please submit your account directly to them .We appreciate your early confirmation. Sincerely yours , Li Bin Secretary to Mr.Peter Jones Nanjing Foreign Trade Corporation

说明：假定你是科达公司的Peter Johnson,刚从纽约出差回来，请给在纽约的Linda Black 小姐写一封感谢信。 1感谢她在纽约期间的热情接待；

2告诉她纽约给你留下了美好的印象，你非常喜欢美国……，参观银行，学校和工厂后学会了很多…...; 3期待再次与她见面。

注意：必须包括对收信人的称谓、写信日期、发信任签名等基础格式。 Oct ,29,2009 Dear Mi Linda Black , Thank you very much for the great hospitality that I received from you when Iwas in New York ,I had a good time there and New York made a wonderful impreion on me .Ilike the beautiful scenery and the fashion shows very much .And I have learned a lot about America after visiting the banks,factories and schools.Thanks again for your hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you again verysoon. Yours sincerely, Peter Johnson

说明：

根据下列信息，以外语系的名义写一张通知。

1．9月20日（星期二）下午三点在多功能厅会议室听芝加哥大学彼得 ·布朗博士主讲“英语语言文化研究”（Research on English Language and Culture）.2.要求本系学生准时出席，勿迟到早退，遵守会场纪律，请勿吸烟。 3.出通知日期为9月15日。

NOTICE Students of the foreign language Dapartment are requested to attend a lecture on “Research on English Language and Culture”by Dr.Peter Brown of the University of Chicago ,U.S.A,in the meeting-room of the Multi-function hall ,at 3:00 p.m.,on Tuesday,Sept.20.The audience are not supposed to arrive late or to leave before the lecture is over ,and should obey the rules of the meeting .Nor are they supposed to smoke. Foreign Language Department

Sept .15,2009

说明：根据下列中文信息拟一封询价信和一封报价信。 询价信（Letter 1）: 1.发信人：Mr .David Hush 2.收信人：Mr.Zhang Han 3.发信日期：2011年4 月18日

4.内容：Mr.David Hush 欲购买Mr.zhang Han 所在的Lenovo 公司生产的联想日笔记本电脑（Lenovo Notebook Computer）,写信了解有关价格以及售后服务的情况。

报价信（Letter2）: 1.发信人：Mr.Zhang Hua 2.收信人：Mr.David Hush 3.发信日期：2011年4月22日 Letter 1 Apr.18th 2011 Dear Mr.Zhang Hua, I am interested in the Lenovo Sunrise Notebook Computer maker by Lenovo Company.Send me your latest catalogue and price lists for your machine,please.I would be obliged be if you would tell me anything about the after-sale services. Yours sincerely, Mr .David Hush

Letter2 Apr .22nd ,2011 Dear Mr.David Hush , Thank you for your interest in our company’s Notebook Computers.We have enclosed here the catalogue and price list ,and the Lenovo Company will provide excellent services for the clients.Besides,we allow a special discount on large order.We look forward to your order soon. Yours respectfully, Zhang Hua

说明：

你是辽宁大学的一位教授，李力。你的学生田刚要申请去佛罗里达 大学学习。请为他写一封推荐信。必须包括对收信人的称谓、写信日期、发信人的签名等基本格式。 Word for reference: 学士学位 ：a bachelor’s degree 优异的成绩:outstanding marks 勤奋：diligence 坚忍不拔：perseverance 潜力：potentiality 学术的：academic Letter of Recommendation Liaoning University Shenyang 110031 China January 23,2011 Dear Sir, This letter is on behalf of one of my best students,Mr.Tian Gang,who studied in Liaoning University .There he earned a bachelor’s degree and graduated with outstanding marks .As one of his teachers ,I was very impreed with his diligence and his perseverance in his students.Besides,he was quick in response,able to think clearly and wisely and approached academic problems in a systematic and original way ,hence I have perfect confidence in his high potentiality for academic study and independent research.I am sure that you enjoy being in aociation with him.I think that Mr.Tian Gang would do well in his future program and that you would enjoy having him as student. Yours sincerely, Li Li Profeor of Liaoning University

推荐第3篇：英语作文及翻译

一、国庆60周年

新中国成立60周年来，我国发生了翻天覆地的变化，请你据此写一篇120字的英语作文，谈谈自己的感想。 要求:

1.列出生活中反映一两件家乡变化的事, 如购新车、住新房等。

2.列出最近发生的一两件国家大事，如成功举办奥运、“神舟七号” 顺利升空等。

3.要表达出你的喜悦和自豪之情，并谈谈你的感想。

Great changes have taken place since our country was founded 60 years ago.In the past we lived in the small and old houses and now we move into new broad ones which are more than one hundred square meters.At the same time, many families have own their new cars.

Besides, our country hosted the 29th Olympic Games succefully in 2008 and we took the first place in winning gold medals.Another inspiring event was that the Shenzhou Ⅶ was sent into space smoothly, which shows our scientific research get great achievements.

We are very happy and proud of all these achievements.I am sure our country will become even stronger and richer.I love our motherland very much.Let’s work hard to make contribution to our country in the future.

二、金融危机下大学生就业

当今我国大学生就业成功率很低，除了全球性的金融危机影响外，还有就是大学生对工作的选择。有的人认为应该优先选择自己喜欢的工作，而不是自己擅长的;另一部分人相反。你班学生就此事进行讨论，请客观地介绍情况并谈谈你的看法。

观点理由

1.一部分人 喜欢比擅长重要。 兴趣是最好的老师，精通与擅长的可能性会大大增加等。

2.另一部分 擅长比喜欢重要。 擅长更容易成功，后天努力培养兴趣。

3.你 ......

注意：1.短文须包括所有要点, 可适度发挥。

2.开头已为你写好, 但不计人总词数。3.词数:120左右。

Recently the students in our cla have discued the following topic: which is more important for college graduates to choose jobs, being interested in it or being good at it?

Some agree that the love of job is very important because interest is the best teacher.People are often willing to do what they like doing.If you are not good at it in the beginning, you can work hard and gradually improve your skills to make you good at it.Others hold their view that if you are good at it, you have more chances to achieve succe very soon.While you work, you can do all you can to gain the interest in it little by little.

From my point of view, I think we should make full use of our strengths to change them each other regardle of the fact that you like it or you are good at it.

三、低碳经济下的环境保护

“低碳经济”是一个具有广泛社会性的经济前沿理念，最早是在2003年英国政府发布的能源白皮书《我们能源的未来：创建低碳经济》正式提出的。低碳经济包括低碳发展、低碳产业、低碳技术和低碳生活等经济形态，是指在不影响经济发展的前提下，通过技术创新和制度创新，降低能源和资源消耗，尽可能最大限度地减少温室气体和污染物的排放，实现减缓气候变化的目标，促进人类的可持续发展。

Protection of Environment

1.目前环保还存在着许多问题。

2.为了保护环境，

3.各国政府做了大量的工作。

4.我的看法。

There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years.One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil.the polluted air does great harm to people’s health.The polluted water causes diseases and death.What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities.

To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot.Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution.Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.

In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures.First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education.Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution.Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished.We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.

四、不吃早餐不好(No Breakfast No Good)

Now a lot of students go to school in a hurry so that they have no time to have breakfast.But not having breakfast will do harm to their health and their study.

Having no breakfast will throw the normal work of our digestive system into confusion.As a result, it will do harm to our health.And at our age it is high time for us to grow up.So our bodies are in great need of energy.If we don\'t have breakfast,there will be not enough energy to supply.This may stunt our growth.

What\'s more, it is a long period between breakfast and lunch.Breakfast provides us with the energy needed for the cla.Without breakfast we cannot get along well with our claes.So for the sake of our health and our study, we must have breakfast.

不吃早餐不好

现在很多学生上学很匆忙，以至于没有时间吃早餐，但不吃早餐会有害于学生的健康和学习。来源:作文网

不吃早餐会扰乱我们消化系统的正常工作，从而对我们的身体健康产生危害。这个年龄段正是我们长身体的时候，所以我们的身体需要大量的能量。如果我们不吃早餐，就不会提供足够的能量，这会阻碍身体的发育。 另外，早餐与午餐之间。的时间很长。·早餐可以为我们提供上课所需的能量，不吃早餐会影响我们上课。所以，为了我们的健康和学，习，我们必须吃早餐。

五、如何交朋友（How to Make Friends) How to Make Friends Everyone needs friends.A friend can give us help and share our difficulties and happine.But how can we make friends? First, to make friends, you must be friendly to others.Smile at others and you are sure to get a smile in return.You should try to make a stranger feel at home wherever he happens to be.Think more of others than of yourself and never judge a person by his appearance and clothes.Second, friends should negotiate instead of quarrel.When you don\'t agree someone, please discu with him.Finally, never believe in those who leave you when you are in trouble.And never leave your friend when he is in trouble.Remember, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Friends should be faithful to each other.So long as you can put your friend\'s interests in front of yours, you will have a lot of good friends.(162 words) 如何交朋友人人都需要、朋友。朋友可以给我们以帮助，与我们共事困难和快乐。但是，怎样交朋友呢? 交朋友首先要对别人友善。你对别人微笑；肯定别人也会报以微笑。要使陌生人感到亲切，关心别人要比：关心自己为重，决不以貌取人。其次，朋友之间应该商量而不是争吵。当与别人有分歧时，要和他一起讨论。最后，不要相信那些在危急关头背离你的人，也不要在朋友危难时离开他。记住：患难之中见真情。朋友应该以诚相待。只要你把朋友的利益置于你的利益之上，你就会拥有好多好朋友。

六、请以 The Sport I like Best 为题，写一篇 120 个词左右的议论文。

作文地带提示：

1.乒乓球不仅是一种运动而且是一门艺术。

2.有人认为打乒乓球不用花力气，我却不以为然……

3.你经常发现球快速运动，运动员的动作很美。

4.虽然我打乒乓球不是很好，但对此颇感兴感。它能使我们强身健体，学会合作。

The Sport I like Best

Of all the sports， I like table-tennis best.I think it is not only a sport but also an art， because it is a game that needs strength and skill.

Some people think that playing table-tennis needs little strength， but I don\'t think so.In playing table-tennis， we should judge the direction of the ball， and hit it back with great strength so that we can win the game.At the same time we need to pick up the ball which falls to the ground.So after one game you will be very tired if you have tried your best.

But， as a sport， I think it is more like an art.In the game， you can often find the ball moving quickly， and each of the players\' movements is very beautiful.

So I like the sport very much.Though I can\'t play it very well， I still show great interest in it.I think playing table-tennis can build our bodies， keep us healthy and train our brains.What\'s more， it an help us to learn to co-operate with each other.So I like it very much.

七、(我们为什么学习英语Why we learn English)

Why we learn English The English language has become an international language because it is used by people in the most countries in the world now.In the open times, if you want to do busine with foreigners, you must English because most of them speak and write in English, English is one of the working languages at international meetings, Today, most of valuable books are written inEnglish, If you know mush English, you will read newspapers and magazines in English and learn a lot of knowledge about interaction better.You also can do What you should do for the world peace.English is very important to us, but many students don\'t know why ;hey should learn it.I hope that all the students should pay more attention to English study and use it freely.( 133 words)

我们为什么学习英语 因为世界上大部分国家的人都使用英语，现在英语已经成为一种国际性语言。在改革开放中，如果你想要和外国人做生意，你必须学习英语，固为他们中的大部分人都是用英语说和写，国际会议的语言也是英语。今天，重要的书籍多是以英语出版的，如果你懂得更多的英语，你就可以读英文报纸和杂志，学习更多的国际知识，你就可以为世界和平做出你应该做的贡献。英语对我们很重要，但许多学生不知道他们为什么要学习英语，我希望所有学生都应该重视英语学习井运用自如。

八、On the Internet

在日常生活中，因特网起着越来越重要的作用。请根据下表所给提示为某英文报写一篇题为On the Internet的征文稿。因特网的主要用途信息 看国内外新闻、获取其他信息通讯 发e-mail、打电话学习上网上学校、阅读各种书籍、自学外语娱乐 欣赏音乐、观看体育比赛、玩棋牌游戏生活 购物注意： 1.征文稿必须包括表内所有信息，行文连贯通顺； 2.词数100－120词； 3.标题已给出，不计入总词数。

On the Internet

The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.（2分）On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well.（4分）We can also send meages by e-mail, make phone calls（4分）, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn foreign languages by ourselves.（4分）Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports matches and play che or cards.（4分）On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends with them.（4分）In a word, the internet has made our life more colorful.

九、2007年4月29日上午10点，全国亿万学生阳光体育活动在各地大中小学校同时进行，江苏省1，100万学生积极参与了这项活动 教育部提倡：1.每天锻炼一小.2.健康生活五十年.3.幸福生活一辈子

请你根据以上提示，用英语准备一份发言搞，向同学们讲述一下阳光体育活动的有关情况，并就高三学生是否需要每天花一小时锻炼，谈谈你的看法及理由。

参考词汇：阳光体育活动 a national sports program;

教育部 the Ministry of Education

Good afternoon, everyone.

On the morning of April 29,2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of students from primary , middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national student sports program.Eleven million students in Jiangsu took an active part in this program.

The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.

Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise.Although we take an hour a day for exercise.It is well worth it.Taking exercise helps us build up body and keep a clear mind.Therefore, we can work more efficiently.

Thank you!

十、Getting up Early ts a Good Habit

Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be vigorous the whole day.

In fact, spring is the best seasonof a year; morning is the best time of a day.In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than at any other time of the day.If we do some exercises or only take a short walk in the morning, we will be full of energy the whole day.Also we will have enough time to prepare our work of the day if we get up early.In short, getting up early can do us a lot of good.

Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it.We will certainly benefit a lot from it.早起是个好习惯

从古代起，早起就一直被视为好习惯。很久以前，人们就认为如果我们早睡早起，一整天都会精神饱满。

实际上，一年之际在于春，一日之际在于晨。早晨空气最新鲜，人们的状态通常也最好。很多人可能都有这样的经历，那就是早上记东西比其他任何时间都能记得快、记得准确。如果我们早上做些运动或散步，这一天我们都会精力充沛。而且如果我们能够早起，就会有充足的时间准备一天的工作。总之，早起对我们非常有益。

让我们记住早起是个好习惯，并尽量保持这种习惯，我们必将从中受益不少。

推荐第4篇：英语课文及翻译专题

英语课文及翻译

第一单元

第三段 成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格。

为了能迅速走红，代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。

他们究竟是怎么成功的，大多数人也都说不上来。

尽管如此，艺术家仍然不能闲下来。

若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊，他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。

公众的热情消磨以后，就会去追捧下一个走红的人。

有些艺术家为了不落伍，会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动，但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。

公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。

第九段

对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒，我要说：祝你们好运。

但是，遗憾的是，你会发现这不是你想得到的。

狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一条尾巴而已。

获得成功的人常常发现成功对他来说弊大于利。

所以要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴，而不是拼命去获得成功。

做那些你为之感到骄傲的事情。

可能在有生之年你默默无闻，但你可能创作了更好的艺术。

第二单元

第四段

事实上，当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影，不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时，他确实很头疼。

他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来：在 1936 的《摩登时代》里，他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。在片中，他扮演一名侍者，满口胡言乱语，听起来不像任何国家的语言。

后来他说，他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育，但已经没落的绅士。

但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音，那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了，

而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的，但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。

第四单元

第四段 然而毋庸争辩，通信技术将是区分输赢的关键因素。

看一看俄罗斯的情况吧。

由于其坚实的数学和科学教育基础，它应该在信息时代有繁荣的发展。

问题是，它的国内电话系统是一堆生锈的20世纪30年代的老古董。

为了解决这一问题，俄罗斯已经开始铺设光纤电缆，并制定了投入400亿美元建设多项通信工程的战略计划。

但是由于其经济陷于低迷，几乎没有资金来着手解决最基本的问题。

第五段

与俄罗斯相比，在未来10年中，中国大陆计划对通信设备投入1,000亿美元。

从某种意义上说，中国的落后成了一种有利因素，因为这一发展正好发生在新技术比铜线电缆系统更便宜的时候。

到1995年底，中国除了拉萨以外的省会都将有数字转换器和高容量的光纤网，

这意味着其主要城市正在具备必需的基础设施，成为信息高速公路的主要部分，使人们能够进入系统，获得最先进的服务。

第六单元

第三段

高尚的道德标准说起来容易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢？

早些时候，一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿，并进行其他一些可疑运作，如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。

这家汽车公司否认了这些指控，后来指控也被撤销了。

然而，当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说：“瞧，我们这一行竞争激烈，

每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。

如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴，谁会有损失呢？

我们不这样干，别人也会这样干的。

第八单元

第五段

身边总有人提醒我自己是奴隶的后代，

但这并没有使我沮丧。

奴隶制是60年前的事了。

解放黑奴的这场手术很成功，病人的情况也不错，谢谢。

这场使我从黑奴变为美国公民的可怕战争喊道“各就位！”

内战后的那段时期说“预备！”我的上一代人则喊“跑！”

就像一场赛跑一样，我飞速起跑，决不可中途停步，伤心回望。

身为黑奴是我为文明生活所付出的代价，而作出这一选择的并不是我。

世界上再没有什么人有过比这更大的争取荣耀的机会了。

想想将要获得的新生活，而且我们不会有任何损失。不管我做什么，都可能得到双倍的嘉奖，或是双份的责难。想想这一点，知道这一点都令人激动不已。

占据国内舞台的中心可真刺激，而台下的观众则不知是喜是忧。

第十单元

第三段

《时代周刊》最近的封面故事列举了目前关于智能的一些看法，报道说：“新的人脑研究表明，衡量人的智能的真正尺度可能是情感，而不是智商。”

《时代周刊》称之为“情商”的情感智能的根本意义可从企业管理专家卡伦?波尔斯顿的话中窥见一斑：“顾客对企业说„我可不在乎是否你的每个员工都毕业于哈佛，我只愿意与能理解我、尊重我的企业打交道。‟”

第八段

综合考虑他人的看法。

大脑研究表明，人们对外界的看法受到遗传基因及个人经历的局限。

学会吸纳他人有用的观点是一种扩大自己见识的方式。

下次如果有人对某件事与你有不同的看法，比如对某个有争议的政治事件，停下来想想这其实是生活阅历使然，应把它看作一种感知能力的馈赠。

推荐第5篇：英语优美段落及翻译

Unit one A An artist who seeks fame is like a dog chasing his own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it.The cruelty of succe is that it often leads those who seek such succe to participate in their own destruction.艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。

Fame\'s spotlight can be hotter than a tropical jungle—a fraud is quickly exposed, and the preure of so much attention is too much for most to endure.It takes you out of yourself: You must be what the public thinks you are, not what you really are or could be.The performer, like the politician, must often please his or her audiences by saying things he or she does not mean or fully believe.名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。骗局很快会被揭穿，过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。它让你失去自我。你必须是公众认可的那个你，而不是真实的你或是可能的你。艺人，就像政客一样，必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。

One drop of fame will likely contaminate the entire well of a man\'s soul, and so an artist who remains true to himself or herself is particularly amazing.You would be hard-preed to underline many names of those who have not compromised and still succeeded in the fame game.一滴名气之水有可能玷污人的心灵这一整口井，因此一个艺术家若能保持真我，会格外让人惊叹。你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协，却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜。

Unit three B I hadn\'t noticed the five men performing at the side of the stage as an introduction to the show.\"They\'re seated cro-legged on a rug, dreed in loose white cotton shirts and large black trousers, with fabric around their waists that has been dyed bright red.Three are young lads, one is middle-aged and one is elderly.One beats a small drum, another plays a wooden stringed instrument, and the other three have smaller, violin-like pieces they play with a bow.\" 我并没注意到舞台那头的五个人，他们在奏着演出的开场乐曲。“他们盘着腿坐在小地毯上，身着宽松的白色棉布衬衫和肥大的黑裤，腰系染成鲜红色的布带。他们中三个是年轻小伙子，还有一位中年乐手和一位老年乐手。他们中一个击鼓，另一个奏着木制的弦乐器，另外三个用琴弓拉着一种类似小提琴但要小一些的乐器。”

Unit five A Loneline may be a sort of national disease here, and it\'s more embarraing for us to admit than any other sin.On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero.The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they venture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas.Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town.Now, that\'s character for you.孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病，我们羞于承认它，甚于其他任何罪恶。而另一方面，刻意选择独处，拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃，却是美国式英雄的一个特点。孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险，征服广袤的荒野时，并不需要有人陪伴。梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋，有意疏离城市生活。现在，你应有这样的个性。

Inspiration in solitude is a major commodity for poets and philosophers.They\'re all for it.They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out, at least for an hour or even two before they hurry home for tea.独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家们最有用的东西。他们都赞成独处，都因能够独处而自视甚高，至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。

Thoreau had his own self-importance for company.Perhaps there\'s a meage here: The larger the ego, the le the need for other egos around.The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company.梭罗以自尊自重为伴。也许这里的启示是：自我意识越强，就越不需要其他的人在周围。我们越是感觉谦卑，就越受孤独的折磨，感到仅与自己相处远远不够。

Unit seven A Once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the \"races\" are remarkably alike under the skin.The variation among individuals is much greater than the differences among groups.In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories advocating the genetic superiority of any one population over another.如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等表面特征的基因，不同的“种族”在外表之下相似地令人吃惊。个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际上，那种认为某一种群比另一种群的基因更优越的理论是毫无科学根据的

B The not too surprising result was that the children whose parents were simply supportive were happier than average but were not particularly intense in their concentration when studying or working on something.The children who fared best were those whose parents were both supportive and stimulating.These children showed a reasonable level of happine and were very alert during periods of study.结果并不太出人意外。支持型父母的孩子所感到的快乐程度高于平均水平，但学习或做事时精力却不是那么高度集中。表现最好的孩子的父母结合了支持和激励型的教育。这些孩子显示了相当不错的快乐感，在学习过程中反应也很敏捷。

There is general agreement that genuine biological differences exist between individuals; geniuses need to be lucky in both their genes and their parents.The most significant implication would seem to be that while most people are in a good position to fulfill their biological potential—barring serious illnees or a poor diet during childhood—it is far from certain that they will grow up in an environment where that capacity will be developed.人们普遍认为，个体之间存在着生理差异，要成为天才必须幸运地既拥有天才的基因，又拥有能造就天才的父母。最重要的启示似乎是：尽管大多数人都有条件很好地去发挥他们的生理潜能──除非童年时得了严重疾病，或饮食太差──但是，他们能否成长在一个能开发其能力的环境中则很不确定。

Unit eight A On the ground before you is the pile it held—so much like the piles in the other bags, could they be emptied, that all might be combined and mixed in a single heap and the bags refilled without altering the content of any greatly.A bit of colored gla more or le would not matter.Perhaps that is how the Great Stuffer of Bags filled them in the first place—who knows? 面前的地上则是袋中所装的那堆东西──与其他袋子中所倒出的东西几乎一模一样，如果把它们混成一大堆，再分装到各自的袋中，也不会有多大的不同。多少有点有色玻璃片也没有什么关系。也许当初上帝这个装袋者往我们各自的袋中填塞时正是这么做的，谁知道呢？ Unit ten A What is the most valuable contribution employees make to their companies, knowledge or judgment? I say judgment.Knowledge, no matter how broad, is usele until it is applied.And application takes judgment, which involves something of a sixth sense—a high performance of the mind.员工对公司最有价值的贡献是什么，是知识还是判断力？我说是判断力。不管知识面有多宽，如果得不到应用，就毫无用处。而知识的应用需要判断力，判断力涉及某种第六感觉──思维的高度运用。

But the latest research seems to imply that without the software of emotional maturity and self-knowledge, the hardware of academic training alone is worth le and le.但最新的研究似乎表明，缺乏情感成熟和自我了解这一软件，纯学术性的培训这一硬件越来越没有价值。

B By the time the children reach high school, something remarkable has happened.A survey of the children\'s parents and teachers found that those who as four-year-olds had enough self-control to hold out for the second piece of candy generally grew up to be better adjusted, more popular, adventurous, confident and dependable teenagers.The children who gave in to temptation early on were more likely to be lonely, easily frustrated and inflexible.They could not endure stre and shied away from challenges.到这些孩子上高中时，引人注目的事发生了。对这些孩子的家长和教师所作的调查发现，那些四岁时就能克制自己，坚持等到第二块糖的孩子长大后通常有较强的适应力，更合群，更富有进取心、自信心，也更可靠。那些老早就经不住诱惑的孩子更容易变得孤独，容易受挫，缺乏灵活性。他们受不了压力，逃避挑战。

For most of this century, scientists have worshipped the hardware of the brain and the software of the mind; the mey powers of the heart were left to the poets.But brain theory could simply not explain the questions we wonder about most: Why some people just seem to have a gift for living well; why the smartest kid in the cla will probably not end up the richest; why we like some people virtually on sight and distrust others; why some people remain upbeat in the face of troubles that would sink a le resistant soul.What qualities of the mind or spirit, in short, determine who succeeds? 在本世纪大部分时间，科学家们一直重视大脑这个具体之物和思维这个无形之物，而把情感这一纷乱的力量留给诗人去谈论。但大脑研究理论就是无法解释我们最想弄清的问题：为什么有些人似乎就是有过上好日子的才能；为什么班里最聪明的孩子很可能最终并不是最富有的；为什么我们几乎仅凭第一眼印象就喜欢有些人，而对另一些人则信不过；为什么有些人面对困难仍能保持乐观，而另一些人则坚持不住，沉沦下去。一句话，思维或精神的何种素质决定人的成功？

推荐第6篇：背约英语造句及翻译

【背约造句】

1。 Will he break the treaty and yet escape？

他背约岂能逃脱呢？

2。 But they like men have transgreed the covenant ： there have they dealt treacherously against me。

他们却如亚当背约，在境内向我行事诡诈。

3。 They must inevitably experience the in fractions and interruptions which all alliances all times have experienced。

这些联盟必定会经历古往今来所有联盟都曾经历过的背约和中断盟约的遭遇。

4。 But like Adam they have transgreed the covenant ； There they have dealt treacherously against Me。

何6：7他们却如亚当背约、境内向我行事诡诈。

5。 Approximately 10。5 cm down from the nape。 Use the armhole seams as a guide Measure generously。

颈背以下约10。5cm处，以袖窿缝为界，量得稍松点。

音标：bèiyuē

解释：违背以前的约定；失信，{交朋友的好处英语作文}，{网上学作文哪家好}

推荐第7篇：传媒英语视频英语及翻译

Unit 01 School life

单位01学校生活 Clip 1 Healthy eating 夹1健康饮食

Woman 1: The schools are doing it because they’ve got to promote healthy eating and I think it’s the right meage. But I think really they should target the parents beforehand, because I think it’s quite sad for the children to have things in there and then to take them away.

女人1:学校正在做它,因为他们必须促进健康饮食,我认为这是正确的信息。但我真的认为他们应以父母事先为目标,因为我认为它很悲伤的孩子在那里,然后拿走。

Woman 2: I think it’s a good idea. I think children should eat healthy while they’re at school. Treats should be at weekends or after school.

女士2:我认为这是一个好主意。我认为孩子们应该吃健康,而他们在学校。治疗应该在周末或放学后。

Man 1: So what is allowed in children’s lunch bags? Well, here I have an array of food. Good and bad.

男士1:允许孩子们的午餐袋是什么呢?好吧,在这里我有一个数组的食物。好的与坏的。 Man 2: Sandwiches, pasta, fruit and nuts are fine. Sweets, crisps, fizzy[1] drinks and chocolate though are set to be taken away.

男人2:三明治、面条、水果与坚果都很好。[1]糖果、薯片、碳酸饮料与巧克力虽然将被带走。

Clip 2 Grants for school buildings 夹2资助学校建筑

Voice-over: The building work continues but for how much longer? They’re ready to start a second phase of refurbishment here, but the college may have to send the builders home. 画外音:建设工作持续多久?他们准备开始第二阶段的翻新,但大学可能送回家的建筑商。 Woman 1: We’ve just come up onto the roof of the old building and as you can see there, that is the new building we’ve been working on for two years and we’re just about to move into the refurbishment of this great two-lifted building.

女人1:我们刚到旧建筑的屋顶,正如你所看到的,这是我们的新建筑了已经工作两年了,我们即将进入这个伟大的two-lifted建筑的翻新。

Voice-over: The principal of South Thames College told me what would happen of she doesn’t get the money for the new building project.

画外音:南泰晤士学院的校长告诉我将会发生什么她不把钱的新建筑项目。

Woman 1: I will have already committed six and a half to eight million pounds that will then be the College’s debt. And this building would no longer work because the services would be cut off and this will have to be muffled.

女人1:我将已经承诺六个半至八百万英镑,将高校的债务。与这个建筑将不再工作,因为服务被切断,这将会是低沉的。

Voice-over: From hair dreing to forensic science—over 20,000 students and adult learners come here. Some claes are in the old listed building. But the basement floods and the heating breaks down and that’s why they wanted to give it a refurb.

画外音:从头发穿着法医科学杂志20000名学生与成人学习者来这里。一些类是列出的老建筑。但地下室洪水与加热分解,这就是为什么他们想给它一个refurb。 Clip 3 The increasing tuition fee 夹3增加学费

Voice-over: University fees paid by these students are capped at around 3.000 pounds a year. But the government is due to review the situation and the body representing the boes of England’s universities has a suggestion, to increase fees to 5,000 or even 7,000 pounds a year. 画外音:大学学费支付的这些学生不超过每年约3.000英镑。但政府将审查情况与身体代表英格兰的大学有一个老板的建议,费用增加到5000甚至7000英镑一年。

Woman 1: We have a world-cla reputation that needs to be maintained. Students, I think quite rightly, expect a very high-quality higher education. And that has to be paid for. 女人1:我们有一个世界级的声誉,需要维护。学生,我认为不错,期待一个非常高质量的高等教育。,必须支付。

Woman 2: Today’s second-year students will leave university with debts of more than 17,000 pounds on average. Under one of the schemes being discued today, that amount will increase to more than 26,000 pounds, a sum that could take quite a few years to pay off.The question is, would this increase actually put young people off from applying to university in the first place. 女士2:今天将离开大学二年级学生平均拥有超过17000英镑的债务。下一个计划正在讨论今天,数量将增加到超过26000磅,一笔,可能需要好几年时间还清。问题是,这将增加实际上把年轻人从申请大学的首位。

Man 1: Potentially yes. Yes, I would have to ae my personal situation at that time. But I think it will put a lot of people off as it’s a huge amount of money.

男士1:可能是的。是的,我将会评估我的个人情况。但我认为这将使很多人,因为它是一个巨大的数量的钱。

Woman 3: I’m doing a history degree so I have about eight hours of contact a week. So as for my money being wasted, whereas medical students have lots of labs and lots of money on them, so I think it would kind of cause me to think twice about going to university and which university I go to and where.

女3:我正在做一个历史学位,所以我一周大约有八个小时的接触。所以我的钱被浪费,而医学生有很多实验室与很多钱,所以我认为它会使我的考虑上大学,大学我去何地。

Man 2: Well I think it is breathtakingly arrogant of university vice chancellors to be talking about doubling the level of tuition fees and the level of graduate debt in the middle of a receion. I think they need to get out of their ivory tower to look at what is going on with the economy now. Students are in increasing hardship already and leaving tens of thousand of people graduating with even bigger amounts of debts is reckle and irresponsible.

男人2:我认为这是惊人的傲慢的大学副校长谈翻倍的学费与研究生水平的债务水平的衰退。我认为他们需要走出象牙塔,看看现在的经济。学生已经越来越困难,造成成千上万人毕业与更大的债务是鲁莽与不负责任的。

Voice-over: Introducing tuition fees in the first place was controversial and difficult so the government is unlikely to rush to increase them now. Annabel Roberts. ITV News.

画外音:首先引入学费有争议与困难,政府不太可能急于增加。安娜贝利·罗伯茨。英国独立电视台新闻。

Clip 4 Graduates facing difficult time 夹4毕业生面临困难时期

Voice-over: Students setting out on life’s journey are feeling the economic strain before they’ve even secured their first job. For as the economy contracts, graduates vacancies have fallen for the first time in three years.

画外音:学生设置了生命的旅程感到经济压力之前,他们已经获得了第一份工作。随着经济合同,毕业生的职位空缺三年来首次下降。

Woman 1: Most of the other people that I know in my degree, in my course, they’re still struggling to find jobs.

女人1:大部分的人,我知道在我的学位,我的课程,他们仍在努力找工作。

Voice-over: Diphian Serran is a final-year student hoping for a first-cla degree and praying for a good job. So far, despite numerous interviews and an impreive CV, she’s had bad luck. 画外音:Diphian Serran是一流的学位与毕业学生希望祈求一份好工作。到目前为止,尽管大量的访谈与一个令人印象深刻的简历,她的坏运气。

Woman 1: Very bad luck. Unfortunately. I’ve gone through the interview stage of many, so to the final stage. But once I reach there, I often get, either get rejected or it’s, you know, “we’ll let you know”.

女人1:很坏运气。不幸的是。我经历了许多的面试阶段,所以到最后阶段。但是当我到达那里,我经常收到,会拒绝或者是,你知道,我们将让你知道。

Voice-over: The downturn in manufacturing and the meltdown in the financial services mean that nearly half of the employers expect to hire fewer graduates this year. That means the competition on campus has ever been tougher.

画外音:制造业的衰退与金融服务的崩溃意味着将近一半的雇主希望雇佣毕业生今年少了。这意味着校园竞争更严格。

Woman 2: This is the generation of university students who were born and bred in the economic boom. But they are graduating in the economic bust. Recruitment’s down, salaries are frozen. This is crunch time in every sense.

女士2:这是一代的大学学生生于斯,长于斯的经济繁荣。但是他们毕业经济萧条。招聘的,工资冻结。这是关键时刻在每一个意义。

Man 1: These times are a lot tougher than they had been the last 10, 15, poibly even 20 years. But employers are still recruiting. The brains of today are the profits of tomorrow. The question is whether the graduates are able to adjust their expectations to the realities of the labor market.

男士1:这段时间有很多比他们过去10,15日,甚至20年。但雇主仍在招聘。今天是明天的利润的大脑。问题是毕业生是否能够调整他们的预期的现实劳动力市场。

Voice-over: For this final year engineering student, the reality is still great. Vacancies in the engineering and public sectors are on the rise. Will’s found a job in a bank. His starting salary is 42K.

画外音:这最后一年工程学生,现实仍然是伟大的。工程与公共部门的职位空缺在上升。将在银行找到了一份工作。他的起薪是42公里。

Man 2: There are still opportunities down there for people being smart or, kind of risk savvy enough to get them so it’s just, you know, it’s more difficult but it’s not impoible.

男人2:仍有机会在那里人聪明,或者这种精明的风险足以让他们只是,你知道,这是更困难,但这不是不可能的。

Voice-over: The generation who never had it so good as children may find the economic realities harder as adults. Penny Marshall. News at Ten. Warwick University.

画外音:一代从来没有这么好的孩子会发现经济现实困难的成年人。马歇尔。十点钟新闻。华威大学。

Clip 5 Value of a degree 夹5学位的价值

Voice-over: ‘Tis the season when 400,000 bright young things write off hoping their dreams will come true. Not a letter to Santa, but a university application form. The government wants half of all our young people to experience the wonderful world of the undergraduate. The joy of learning, of student life, the thrill of graduation, the invitation to high-powered, exciting careers.

画外音:“在这个季节400000年轻有为的人写希望他们的梦想成真。不是写给圣诞老人的信,但大学申请表。政府希望我们一半的年轻人经验本科的美好的世界。学习的乐趣,学生生活,毕业的兴奋,邀请的,令人兴奋的职业。

The reality can be rather different. A few years ago these telesales staff would have been school leavers. Today this publishing firm employs only graduates. Same job, similar salary, different qualifications.

现实可能相当不同。几年前,这些电话销售员工是毕业生。今天这家出版公司只雇佣毕业生。相同的工作,类似工资,不同的资格。

Man 1: Fifteen years ago we would’ve probably said the basic requirements would be A-levels. Because that would be the benchmark we would’ve expected our new employees to have achieved. You know now we see the benchmark is being the degree. So I think the very fact that there are far more students leaving university looking for jobs, enables us to specify a degree today whereas we wouldn’t have done 15 years ago,

男士1:15年前我们就可能已经表示将高级水平的基本要求。因为这将是基准我们已经将我们的新员工会实现。你知道现在我们看到了基准的程度。所以我认为的事实有更多学生离开大学找工作,使我们能够指定一个学位今天而15年前我们不做了, Voice-over: Thirty-five per cent of graduates enter the world of work in a job that doesn’t need a degree. And many get stuck in careers they don’t like. Asked what they did want to do, 47% hoped for jobs in media, advertising or PR.Other popular careers include design—favored by 21% of women—and computing, picked by 23% of men. But over 10% of media studies graduates are currently unemployed. It’s the same for design studies. And even worse in computing. Unpopular careers include engineering. Only 9% of students mention that. And yet unemployment amongst civil engineering graduates is only 2.9%.

画外音:百分之三十五的毕业生进入职场的工作并不需要学位。与许多困在他们不喜欢的职业。问他们做想做的事情,47%希望工作在媒体、广告或公关。其他受欢迎的职业包括design-favored妇女的21%计算,得到了23%的男性。但超过10%的媒体研究毕业生目前处于失业状态。这是相同的设计研究。甚至更糟的是在计算。不受欢迎的职业包括工程。只有9%的学生提到。然而,失业率在土木工程毕业生只有2.9%。

At today’s graduate recruitment fair, thousands of students were searching for jobs. But engineering stands were typically deserted. And those that did enquire often lacked relevant qualifications. The engineering industry believes in encouraging yet more school leavers to go to university may be an expensive indulgence.

今天的毕业生招聘会上,成千上万的学生找工作。但是工程通常是空无一人。与那些询问常常缺乏相关的资格。工程行业相信鼓励更多的中学毕业生上大学可能是一个昂贵的嗜好。 Man 2: Universities argue that we are not training, we are educating. We are creating people who can think. Now, if we are just producing philosophers and thinkers, I don’t think we are going to resolve the economic needs of this country. I mean, that would be absolutely silly, quite frankly.

男人2:大学认为我们不是训练,我们是教育。我们在创建能想到的人。现在,如果我们只是生产哲学家与思想家,我不认为我们要解决这个国家的经济需求。我的意思是,这将是绝对愚蠢的,坦白地说。

Voice-over: There are now 60,000 different degree courses in Britain. The biggest increase in so-called cheap degrees, usually humanities or social sciences, which don’t require equipment or laboratories. Universities get money for how many students they have and extra cash if they can woo school leavers from poor and deprived backgrounds. Students are saddled with debts, justified by government on the basis that acro a lifetime, a degree is worth an extra 400,000 pounds. But is it?

画外音:在英国现在有60000个不同的学位课程。所谓便宜的度,最大的增加通常人文科学或社会科学,不需要设备或实验室。大学获得的钱他们有多少学生与额外的现金,如果他们可以吸引毕业生来自贫困与贫困家庭。学生背负债务,政府合理的基础上,在有生之年,一定程度上是值得额外的400000英镑。但真的是这样吗? Man 3: There are two flaws in the government’s figures. Firstly they’re based on the percentage of graduates going through our education. Those figures were in a small per cent.In a couple of years’ time one in every two people will go through higher education of that age group. The second big fundamental problem is they were based on an employment market where there was a job for life, Things have changed.

人3:在政府的数据有两个缺陷。首先他们基于比例的毕业生经历我们的教育。每分钱。这些数据是在一个小几年的时间每两人将经历一个年龄组的高等教育。第二大根本问题是他们是基于一个就业市场那里有一份工作,事情发生了变化。

Voice-over: Here at this plumbing school in North London, about 20% of the cla are graduates who’ve decided to retrain. Many come from just the kind of backgrounds government wants to encourage into higher education. But their experience is hardly an advert.

画外音:在这管道的学校在伦敦北部,约20%的类毕业生已决定重新培训。许多来自背景的政府希望鼓励高等教育。但他们的经验并非一个广告。

Man 4: By the time I graduated I would say there weren’t the jobs there. So in hindsight, it probably was a waste of time, yeah.

人4:我毕业的时候我想说没有工作。事后看来,它可能是浪费时间,是的。 Man 5: So how much money do you reckon you can earn as a plumber?

人5:所以你认为你能挣多少钱作为一个水管工呢? Woman1: Well, they say between 50 to 75 thousand in about 10 years’ time. 女士一:好吧,他们说在50到7.5万之间大约10年的时间。 Man 5: 75 grand[2]? 人5:75大[2]吗? Woman 1: Approximately, yes. 女人1:约,是的。

Clip 6 School disciplines (David Cameron’s speech, 31 July 2007) 夹6学校学科(大卫•卡梅伦的演讲,2007年7月31日) So going back to my question, how do we translate our values into action? To reprise[3] those values, families as the origin of society, the role of schools in backing up and adding to the leons of home, the need for clear boundaries and for rules of behavior, the diversity and the differentne of children, the obligation to help the most vulnerable and disadvantaged.

所以回到我的问题,我们如何将我们的价值观转化为行动?重获新生[3]这些价值观,家庭是社会的起源,学校在备份的作用,增加家里的教训,需要清晰的界限与规则的行为,多样性与与芸芸众生的孩子,义务帮助最脆弱与弱势群体。

Earlier this month I spoke about families. Most of all, we need to encourage stable parental relationships for example, as has been suggested, through removing the bias through against cohabitation in the benefits system and using the tax system to support married couples.

本月早些时候,我谈到的家庭。最重要的是,我们需要鼓励稳定的父母的关系为例,有人建议,通过消除偏见对同居的福利制度与利用税收制度来支持已婚夫妇。

Yesterday I spoke about special educational needs. We need to radically reform the statementing proce to give parents what they need, including a more sensitive and flexible system of categorising special needs. Parents need greater choice between specialist schools and mainstream schools. And until the system is properly balanced, we believe we need a moratorium[4] on the closure of special schools.

昨天我谈到特殊教育需求。我们需要从根本上改革声明过程给父母他们所需要的东西,包括一个更加敏感的与灵活的特殊需要进行系统的分类。父母需要更多的选择之间的专业学校与主流学校。直到系统适当的平衡,我们认为我们需要暂停[4]在特殊学校的关闭。

Today I want to explain something of what we\'ll do to improve behaviour in the mainstream schools.

今天我想解释的东西我们会做些什么来改善主流学校的行为。

Sometimes people who discu education give the impreion that some sort of incredibly complex alchemy. It isn’t. We know what works because we see it, in our own country and oversees. The best schools, whether they are private schools, academies, grammar schools, comprehensives, have some simple things in common. Most of all, they have an independent ethos and clear rules on acceptable behaviour.

有时人讨论教育给人的印象,一些极其复杂的炼金术。它不是。我们知道工作因为我们看到它,在我们自己的国家与监督。最好的学校,无论他们是私立学校,学院,文法学校,综合学校,有一些简单的共同点。最重要的是,他们有一个独立的精神与明确的规则在可接受的行为。

Schools should be places where teachers teach and children learn7克或更多的午餐。 Woman 1: And for supper?

女人1:与吃晚饭吗? Woman 2: About 1 gram of salt probably in the fish and chips, but that’s without any salt added, so if you add salt at the table then you will obviously be increasing that. Bread and butter pudding 0.6 grams of salt. So a total for supper could be 2 grams or more.

女士2:约1克盐可能鱼与薯条,但这是没有任何盐补充道,所以如果你加盐在餐桌上你就会明显增加。面包与黄油布丁0.6克的盐。所以总共吃晚饭可以2克以上。 Voice-over: Bringing the day’s total to over 10 grams of salt.

画外音:当天的总数超过10克盐。

Clip 5 Exercises help you keep fit 夹5练习帮助你保持健康

Voice-over: No one wants to end up as an oversized cardboard cut out. But this is what could happen if you don’t get a grip on those Christmas excees PDQ. Today, a succeion of poor souls who dragged themselves back from lard猪油 land, were congratulated by their guru, Rosemary Conley, on losing anything from 6 to 10 stones. Losing another person, in effect. 画外音:没有人希望最终作为一个超大号的纸板剪下。但这是会发生什么,如果你不把握这些圣诞过度PDQ。今天,一个接一个的可怜的灵魂拖着自己从猪油猪油土地,被他们的大师,祝贺迷迭香康利,失去任何东西,从6到10的石头。失去另一个人,实际上。

Woman 1: I feel so proud of them and it is the highlight of what we do. It’s what we’re about. But usually it’s some event like you’re going off to Alton Towers and you get stuck in a ride or you see yourself on video or a photograph. Those are often triggers that make you thinks: This is it; I’m not going to go there. I’ve had enough of being big and now I’m going to do something about it.

女人1:我感到很自豪,这是我们所做的亮点。这就是我们。但通常是一些事件像你去奥尔顿塔,你困在一程,或者你看到自己在视频或照片。那些经常被触发,使你认为:就是这样,我不会去那里。我已经受够了被大,现在我要去做点事情。 Voice-over: But becoming healthy obviously has to be a lifestyle change for good, which is why ITV is campaigning to get Britain on the move and make walking, rather than driving, the choice. Today, Karen Church has launched her Round Britain Great Walk, which we can join in at any stage.

画外音:但成为健康显然是一种生活方式的改变,这就是为什么英国ITV是竞选活动在这一举动,让走路,而不是开车,选择。今天,凯伦教会发起了她轮英国伟大的走,我们可以在任何阶段加入。

Woman 2: I just think that, you know, to get out, to be able to do something with your family, and at the same time raise money for charities or causes close to your hear, you know, that’s just a positive way to start 2005, I think.

女士2:我只是觉得,你知道,离开,能够做一些与你的家人,同时为慈善机构筹集资金或原因接近你听的,你知道,这只是一种积极的方式开始2005,我想。

Voice-over: Now is the time of year to take out your gym membership, buy a stunning workout suit and never go again. But this year will be different. Make a personal trainer happy and see it through for once.

每年的画外音:现在是时候拿出你的健身会员,买一个惊人的运动套装,再也不会去了。但今年将有所不同。让一个私人教练快乐,通过这一次看到它。

Man 1: While you come into the gym and having a good workout around, it actually boosts your whole metabolism. So that when you’re going away, you’re gonna be burning extra energy while you’re away from the gym at the same time. And it can also take you into a fat burning energy system at the same time as well. So, there’s a lot of benefits from just coming to the gym.

男士1:当你进入健身房与有一个好的锻炼,它实际上提高你整个的新陈代谢。所以,当你要离开时,你会燃烧额外的能量在你离开健身房在同一时间。,它还可以带你进入一个脂肪燃烧能源系统在同一时间。所以,有很多的好处从健身房。

Woman 3: The thing is about going to the gym, or working out in any way, no matter how much you hate it—and believe me, I do—it’s always worth it afterwards. You feel great and you look an awful lot better.

女人3:问题是去健身房,或以任何方式工作,不管你有多恨——相信我,我做的总是值得的。你感觉很好,你看起来很好。

Woman 4: I wouldn’t have looked in the shop window. I would have even not trained thought that people won’t sit next to me because I’m big. I’m fat. There’s no room next to me. Now, at first I started doing a bit of double take... Who’s that, rather than it was me. And yesterday I went to buy a pair of Gap jeans size 12 and the buzz. And my husband bought me some lingerie女内衣 for Christmas and it was too big, because he bought me a size 14. And I was like, gosh! And he even he was like. Oh right, OK, fine. It’s great.

女人4:我也不会看了看橱窗。我甚至不会训练认为人们不会坐我旁边,因为我大了。我很胖。我旁边没有房间。现在,起初,我开始做一些双把…那是谁,而不是我。与昨天我去买一双牛仔裤尺寸差距12与兴奋感。与我丈夫给我买一些内衣女内衣为圣诞节,它太大了,因为他给我买了14码。我就像,天啊!甚至他他就像。哦,好,好。这是伟大的。

Man 2: Since I’ve lost loads of weight, I’ve taken on motorbike racing quite seriously, a bit of road racing, lots of motor cro and I’ve got me a bit of an expert status at motor cro, which has just been one of my dreams for a long time, which is fantastic. But there’s lots of other things, like I can fit on fairground游乐场 rides, where I couldn’t fit in them before. And I can just do things with my daughter and just be more active. I go cycling. I go to the gym without feeling embarraed about being at the gym.As I would never have done anything like that before. 人2:因为我已经失去了很多体重,我承担的摩托车赛车很严重,公路自行车赛,很多汽车十字,我有我的专家地位在电动机十字架,刚刚是我的一个梦想很长一段时间,这是奇妙的。但是有很多其他的事情,比如我可以在游乐场游乐场游乐设施,我无法融入他们。与我与我的女儿可以做事情,只是更加活跃。我去骑自行车。我去健身房不感觉尴尬在健身房。我不会做任何事情之前。

Voice-over: Liz Wickham. London Tonight. Kensington Roof Gardens. 画外音:利兹韦翰。今晚伦敦。肯辛顿屋顶花园。 Clip 6 Stre reducers

夹6压力还原剂

Voice-over: The first stop on my quest for celebrity stre beating tips was the Cabinet office. I’ve been told that Mo Mowlam had interesting methods. Although nothing prepared me for what I was about to discover inside her office.

画外音:第一站在我追求名人压力击败技巧是内阁办公室。我已经告知莫Mowlam有趣的方法。虽然我是什么,我一点准备都没有发现她的办公室内。

Woman 1: I have a lot of those little stre balls, which you get given at conferences, which I don’t use. I throw them at people when I have absolute stre.

女人1:我有很多这些小压力球,这在会议,我不使用它。当我我扔在人绝对压力。 Woman 2: Have you actually done that?

女士2:你真的做到了吗? Woman 1: Oh yes. My servant is quite used to it.

女人1:哦,是的。我的仆人很适应它。

Woman 2: During the Northern Ireland peace talks, did you ever throw it at people?

女士2:北爱尔兰与平谈判期间,你有没有把它扔在人? Woman 1: Oh no, no, no. I do it more here now. In the Northern Ireland you wouldn’t, it was too serious. You just kept going.

女人1:哦,不,不,不。我现在在这里。在北爱尔兰你不会太严重。你只会不断。

Voice-over: But Mo’s secret weapon for fighting stre is hidden in a cupboard in the corner of her office.

画外音:但Mo的秘密武器战斗压力是藏在一个柜子里在她办公室的角落里。

Woman 1: You see, I have a dartboard and I don’t put faces up. I have numbers attached to people when I get frustrated.

女人1:你看,我有飞镖靶,我不要把脸。我有与人当我沮丧。 Woman 2: Oh. And can you give us any...

女人2:哦。你能给我们任何… Woman 1: NO. 女人1:没有。

Woman 2: You couldn’t tell us which number the Prime Minister is? 女士2:你不能告诉我们哪个首相数量? Woman 1: If you ask me one more question it may be yours. 女人1:如果你问我一个问题,它可能是你的。

Woman 2: But which moments though, give me an example when you’ll be tempted to have a game of darts? 女士2:但时刻,给我一个例子,当你想要有飞镖的游戏吗? Woman 1: I’m done now. I’m off to my next meeting. I think you’ve got enough. Okay chaps, see you later.

女人1:我现在做的。我要去参加我的下一次会议。我认为你有足够的。好的家伙,再见。 Voice-over: I made a hasty retreat before Mo could use me for target practice.

画外音:我做了一个匆忙撤退之前,莫能使用我为目标的实践。

Woman 2: Now I’m off to meet Sir Alastair Morton, who used to run the Euro tunnel and now he runs the Shadow Strategic Rail Authority. And rail as we know is a pretty streful busine to be at the moment. So I’m here because I think he’s going to have some top tips.

女士2:现在我去满足阿拉斯泰尔•莫顿爵士曾经运行欧元隧道,现在他跑影子战略铁路局。与铁路业务我们所知道的是一个相当大的压力。所以我在这里,因为我认为他会有一些提示。 Man 1: It’s much better to cut down on the amount of stre that is developing than it is to try and vent the consequences of the stre. You’ve had the stre into you by that time. And I know that over the years cumulatively I’ve undoubtedly felt the effects of stre. There’s no doubt about that. When I left Euro tunnel after nearly 10 years of considerable difficulty, I pretty well had enough; I mean that is a fair statement. I would say I have a really good personal aistant, who in effect is your manager and is paid to be your manager, to manage the logistics of your life, the acce to your time and so on. And frankly to help you in a million and one ways in the cause of the day. That makes a lot of stre off if you’re not trying to do the small changes of life as well as the more important things.

男士1:最好是减少的压力正在开发比发泄压力的后果。你的压力了。我知道多年来累计我无疑感到压力的影响。毫无疑问。当我离开欧元隧道经过近10年的相当大的困难,我很好有足够的,我的意思是这是一个公平的声明。我想说我有一个非常好的私人助理,实际上是你的经理,是谁支付你的经理,管理你的生活的物流,访问你的时间等等。坦白说在一百万零一种方法帮助你的原因。使一个很大的压力如果你不努力生活的微小的变化以及更重要的事情。 Voice-over: Of course you can always try autogenic[13] training, which is what Shebah Ronay—actre and former star of Holly oaks—does when life gets on top of her.

画外音:当然,你总是可以试着自生训练[13],这是就给Ronay-actre、冬青oaks-does前明星当生活上得到她。

Woman 3: You try and rid your mind of all the annoying things that just keep coming in. I mean ten minutes is actually really a long time to concentrate on not nothing, but on yourself and on your body and on just observing yourself. You can have little meages that you can give yourself like, “I’m calm” or ”I’m happy” or “there’s nothing to worry about” or whatever it is that you want or even something based on something that might be putting you streed later in the day. Like “I won’t have any problem having this interview”.

女人3:你试着与你的头脑摆脱烦人的事情继续进来。我是说十分钟实际上是真的很长时间集中精力,但在你自己与你的身体与只是观察你自己。您可以没有消息,你可以给自己喜欢的,“我平静”或“我很高兴”或“没有什么可担心的”或任何你想要的,甚至一些基于一些,可能会把你强调当天晚些时候。“我不会有任何问题在这次采访”。

推荐第8篇：英语统考翻译及写作

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。The Book I Like Best\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Favourite Food\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。The Job I Like\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Favorite Sport\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My English Study\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Hometown\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

选择一个你想旅游的地点，并安排旅行计划。你应包括下列内容：

1.说明你想旅游的地点；

2.说明你为什么选择这个地点；

3.描述你的旅行计划。\"无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。How to Keep Healthy\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。How to Overcome Difficulties in My English Studies\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Dream\"

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。The One I Love Most”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Hobby”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。About Health & Wealth”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

My Favorite Means of Getting Information

1．现代社会获取信息的方式很多

2．我最喜欢的获取信息的方式” 无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Favorite Hobby”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。Difficulties in Studying English”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Ideal Job”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。My Activities in Leisure Time”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80

词的短文。About Doing Physical Exercise”无

88 \"写作 Instructions:建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。About TV Ads”无

89 Who would say like this?\"谁会这样说呢？ “

89 What time shall we leave?\"我们何时出发？”

89 We are going to play golf this Sunday.\"我们这个星期天要去打高尔夫球。” 89 Do you want to go out or stay at home?\" 你想出去还是留在家里？”

89 The TV set cost me $200.\"这台电视机花了我200美元。”

89 I am glad to hear the good news.\"听到这个好消息我很高兴。”

89 He sits there listening to music.\"他坐在那儿听音乐。”

89 He didn\'t understand what the teacher said.\"他不懂老师所说的话。”

89 The couple enjoyed their holiday very much.\"这对夫妇假期过得很快活。”

89 The store opens from 7 am.to 8 pm.\"这个商店从上午7点到下午8点开门营业。” 89 If you have time, you can come to my office.\"如果有时间，你可以来我的办公室。” 89 The teacher told the students to sit down quietly.\"老师叫学生们安静入座。” 89 I am not satisfied with his answer.\" 我对他的回答不满意。”

89 I can\'t finish the task within 1 hour.\" 1小时内我不能完成这个任务。” 89 We are going to have an English party today.\" 今天我们将有一个英语聚会。” 89 Please tell me what to do next.\"请告诉我接下来做什么。”

89 Please get off the bus at the next stop.\"请在下一站下车。”

89 You should arrive at the airport at 10 am.\"你该在上午10点到机场。”

89 Do you have anything to say?\"你有什么要说的吗？”

89 What can I do for you?\"我能为您做点什么？”

89 I am very much interested in sports.\"我对运动很感兴趣。”

89 Could you show me the way to the train station?\"你可以告诉我去火车站的路吗？” 89 Do you know where the post office is?\"你知道邮局在哪儿吗？”

89 Could you tell me how to get to the bank?\"你可以告诉我如何去银行吗？”

89 Could you tell me how to go to your university? \"请你告诉我如何去你的大学，可以吗？” 89 When I was young, I liked singing and dancing.\"年轻时，我喜欢唱歌跳舞。” 89 The question is too difficult to answer.\"这个问题太难回答。”

89 I haven\'t enough money for the coat.\"我的钱不够买这件上衣。”

89 David will get a birthday gift from his sister.\"戴维将从他的姐姐那里得到一份生日礼物。” 89 Please give me your homework before leaving.\"请在离开前将你的作业交给我。” 89 What is the color of your new computer?\"你的新电脑是什么颜色？”

89 What did you do last week?\"上星期你干什么了？”

89 What a beautiful T-shirt you have!\"你的T恤衫真漂亮！”

89 My watch is five minutes fast.\"我的表快了五分钟。”

89 We must arrive there on time.\"我们必须准时到那儿。”

89 Can you finish your work in time?\"你能及时完成工作吗？”

89 I lost my keys on my way to work.\"在去上班的路上，我的钥匙丢了。”

89 When did you get up yesterday morning? \"你昨天早上几点起的床？”

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89 I had lunch with a friend of mine.\"我和我的一个朋友一块吃了午饭。” I finished my work at 6 pm.\"下午6点我干完了活。” I didn\'t sleep well.\"我没睡好。 “ I\'m sorry to hear that.\"听到这消息我很遗憾。 “ I heard she got married last week.\"我听说她上星期结婚了。” I take a walk in the early morning every day.\"我每天一大早出去散步。“ We have known each other for 6 years.\"我们认识有六年了。 “ I watched TV all night yesterday.\"我昨天看了一夜电视。” The movie began when we got there.\"我们一到那儿电影就开演了。” When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.\"我到车站时，火车已经开了。 “ He knew the time of the meeting.\"他知道开会时间。” How long has she lived there?\"她在那儿住多久了？ “ Where did you go for dinner yesterday?\"你们昨天去哪儿吃饭了？ “ When will he come to see you?\"他什么时候会来看你？ “ Our teacher always encourages us to speak English bravely.我们的老师总是鼓励我们大胆讲英语。 You must always remember not to cheat in exams.你们必须记住永远都不要在考试时作弊。 This pair of shoes cost me 260 yuan.这双鞋花了我260元钱。 How long will it take us to get there?我们到那儿要用多长时间？ I\'m now a distance education student.我现在是一名远程教育学员。 The little boy wanted to exchange his toy car for my cake.这个小男孩想用他的玩具小汽车换我的蛋糕。 These five boys failed in their English exam last term.这五个男同学上学期的英语考试没过。 One can never succeed without enough confidence in himself.一个人如果对自己没有足够的信心就不可能成功。 The price of gasoline will come down in Chinese market.中国市场上的汽油价将会下降。 Don\'t you think smoking is harmful to your health? 你不认为抽烟对你的身体有害吗？ I have no interest in what they say about me.我对别人怎么说我不感兴趣。 I don\'t know who broke the window.我不知道谁打破了窗户。 It is known to all that exercises are good for health.众所周知，锻炼有益于健康。 Not all Americans are interested in sports, of course.当然， 并非所有美国人都对运动赶兴趣。 I think the picture shows us how fruit is neceary to life.我想这幅图是告诉我们水果对生活是不可缺的。 Does the computer have instructions on it?电脑上面有使用说明吗？ You can buy water inside.你可以在里面买水喝。 I think everyone knows how to swim.我想每个人都知道如何游泳。 I\'ll have to try using the search engines.我得试着用这个搜索引擎。 Did you get that E-mail from me?你收到我发的那封电子邮件了吗? Wang Li\'s father has taught English here since he has graduated from Peking University.王丽的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。 Please give this book to whoever comes first.请把这本书给最先来的人。

89 Though it was late, they kept on working.尽管已经很晚了，他们还在继续工作。 89 Bill hit his car into a wall last night.昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。

89 Would you please help me with this heavy box?你能帮我抬一下这个很沉的箱子吗？

89 Apples here like water and sunshine.这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。

89 Fred was such a hardworking student that he soon came out first in the cla.弗瑞德是一个学习十分用功的学生，以至于不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生。

89 Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years.泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了。

89 You needn\'t go there anymore.He already knows about it.你不必去了，他已经知道那件事了。

89 As is known to all, China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 91 她对英语很感兴趣。She is very interested in English.

91 他个子比我高。He is taller than I.

91 昨天下雨了。It rained yesterday.

91 请把门打开。Please open the door.

91 你经常看书吗？Do you often read books?

91 桌上有一支笔。There is a pen on the desk.

91 学生们现在正在唱歌。The students are singing now.

91 我们总是乘公共汽车上学。We always go to school by bus.

91 火车终于到达北京了。The train finally got to Beijing.

91 他们打算明天去公园。They are going to the park tomorrow.

91 我是中国人。I am Chinese.

91 欢迎到北京来。Welcome to Beijing.

91 能给我些水吗？May I have some water?

91 能帮我叫辆出租车吗？Could you call a taxi for me?

91 图书馆在哪里？Where is the library?

91 我爱我的祖国。I love my country.

91 去银行我该坐哪辆公交车？Which bus should I take to the bank?

91 您能慢一点儿说吗？Would you speak more slowly?

91 这个多少钱？How much is this?

91 我吃饱了。I am full.

推荐第9篇：英语高中演讲稿及翻译

英语演讲搞,有中英文对照,有中文翻译,大学,中学,适用 succe for me hello, everyone! good afternoon! i am very glad to have the chance to make this speech.my topic is: how to achieve succe.first of all, let us see a story. why arent we tired of this story so beautiful, so unrealistic (??nri??l?st?k), i would say, so unimaginative ([??n??m?d??n?t?v])? how can a story like that can endure generations of repetition? the reason, i think, is that a typical (?tipik?l) succe story like this is so close to our daily life.moreover we can understand so deeply, it is not just a story, but a good will from people’s inner heart.by implication, we see a 4-step definitions of succe: 1 ) a goal to be set.as represented by the beautiful prince.so you’d better find your prince as soon as poible; 2 ) challenges to be meet, as represented by the three tasks.only if you directly meet the challenge, can you be thank you! 译文:成功之我见

“很久以前，有个国王，他的女儿貌美如花。老国王向所有来求婚的男士提出了三个任务作为挑战，而每一项任务都异常艰巨，

几乎不可能完成。一天，来了一位年轻英俊的王子??”好了，下面的故事你们都知道了。三项任务在不同的版本中各不相同，但关键部分的情节都如出一辙:王子成功地过关，得到了公主的芳心。而故事的结局也都一样，最后一句都写道:“从此他们幸福地生活在一起。

为什么我们对如此美妙、如此不切实际,而我要说,如此缺乏想象力的东西这么乐此不疲呢?这样的故事又如何能够经历几代人的重复?我想，因为它是典型的成功的例子。故事的思想性很强，具有代表性。通过故事带给我们的启示，我们认识到了成功定义中的四个步骤;第一，目标的设定，有如故事里美丽的公主;第二，所遇到的困难和挑战，就像三大任务;第三，克服困难的过程，故事中青年经历重重难关可以作为象征;第四，就是成功的果实，如同幸福的婚姻。篇2：英语演讲稿(带翻译)_励志·哲理 we are the world ,we are the future someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”.i don’t know who wrote these words, but i’ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. we are young.“how to spend the youth?” it is a meaningful question.to answer it, first i have to ask “what do you understand by the word youth?” youth is not a time of life, it’s a state of mind.it’s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees.it’s the matter of the will.it’s the freshne of the deep spring of life. a poet said “to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour.let’s show our right palms.we can see three lines that show how our love.career and life is.i have a short line of life.what about yours? i wondered whether we could see our future in this way.well, let’s make a fist.where is our future? where is our love, career, and life? .yeah, it is in our hands.it is held in ourselves. we all want the future to be better than the past.but the future can go better itself.don’t cry because it is over, smile because it happened.from the past, we’ve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher.we’ve learnt that we can’t choose how we feel, but we can choose what about it.failure doesn’t mean you don’t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way.failure doesn’t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder. as what i said at the beginning, “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”.the past has gone.nothing we do will change it.but the future is in front of us.believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us.and from today on, let’s be the owners of ourselves, and speak out “we are the world, we are the future.”

世界是我们的，未来是我们的 一些人说“我们正在读一本无穷的书中的第一章的第一节。”我不知道谁写了这些话，但是我一直很喜欢它，因为它提醒了我，我们能够创造我们想要的未来。 我们是年轻的。“怎样度过青春？”这是个有意义的问题。为了去回答它，我首先要问“从?青春?这个词中你能理解到什么？” 青春不是人生的一个时期，而是精神的一种状态。青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，。青春是生命的深泉在涌流. 一位诗人说“从一粒沙看世界，从一朵花看天堂，把无限放在你的手掌，永恒在一刹那里收藏”。让我们伸出右手，我们可以看到手掌中的展示我们的爱，事业和生活的三条线。我在生活方面这条线很短，那你们的呢？我想知道我们是否可以用这种办法去看我们的未来。好的，让我们一起握拳。我们的未来在哪儿？我们的爱、事业和生活在哪儿？告诉我！是的，它们就在我们的手中。它们被我们自己掌握着。

我们所有人都希望未来能比过去更美好，但是未来能自己变得更好。不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。从过去来看，生活是艰苦的，但我们是更坚强。我们知道我们不能选择感觉，但是我们能选择和它相关的东西。失败并不意味着你不拥有成功，它只意味着你应该用另一种方式去做这件事。失败并不意味着你应该放弃，只意味着你应该更加努力。

正如我在前面所说的“我们正在读一本无穷的书中的第一章的第一节。”过去的已经过去，无论我们无力改变，但是未来却在我们前方。相信“我们给了世界什么，世界也将给我们”。并且从今天起，让我们一起做我们自己的主人，一起大声说出“世界是我们的，未来是我们的。”篇3：中国梦英语满分演讲稿带翻译 china dream, with each one of us. dream is the sun, it makes people from impetuous to solid, from the hesitation to the firm, and on the road to succe. dream is powerful, it is the life source of forward momentum; lofty dreams can inspire a life all potential.because of this we will go to dream, to grasp the dream, the pursuit of dreams. i believe that as long as all of our young people unite together and perform our own functions that study hard in school and work hard after we graduating from university .we must be able to achieve our great dream meanwhile enrich ourselves unwittingly! my dream, our dream, to improve the chinese dream.let us unite together to realize chinese nations great rejuvenation to struggle! to you the day of my dreams to realize, is standing at the time of china. 中国梦，我们每一个人的梦

梦想是美丽的,是心底最美丽的期望,所以梦也成为我们长久以来的信仰。 梦想是太阳,它使人们从浮躁到沉稳,从犹豫到坚定,带领我们驰骋在成功的路上。 梦想是强大的,它是人生前进的动力，崇高的梦想可以激励生活的潜力。 因此我们要坚定梦想,抓住梦想,追求梦想。 2012年12月29日，习近平主席提出中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。他说：中国梦就是实现国家繁荣富强和人民幸福安康。我们的人民热爱生活，期盼有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗卫生服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境，期盼孩子们能成长得更好、工作得更好、生活得更好。人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标。

我时常问我自己，我可以为我们伟大的中国梦做些什么？众所周知：少年智则国智，少年富则国富，少年强则国强！在这里“富裕”一词应理解为：丰富我们的知识储备。作为新一代的青年人，在座的每一位都肩负着实现中国繁荣富强的使命。你可能会说这也许夸大了我们的作用，但是我想说，你错了。如果我是一颗小小的螺丝钉，那我们的中国梦就是一个复杂而又多功能的机器。通过这个例子我想说：我个人虽然渺小，但是我也是必不可少的。

我相信只要我们每个人团结起来并且做好我们的本职工作，在学校好好学习知识，毕业后步入社会后努力工作。我们一定能够实现我们的中国梦，在此期间我们也会不知不觉地丰富了我们自己。

我的梦想,我们的梦想,汇聚成中国梦。让我们携起手团结一致共同为实现中华民族的伟大复兴而奋斗！我们的梦想实现的那一天,将站在中国的时间。篇4：大学英语演讲稿(含翻译) how to be popular most people would like to be popular with others, but not everyone can achieve this goal.what is the secret to popularity? in fact, it is very simple.the first step is to improve our appearance.we should always make sure that we stay in good shape and dre well.when we are healthy and well-groomed, we will not only look better but also feel better.in addition, we should smile and appear friendly.after all, our facial expreion is an important part of our appearance.if we can do this, people will be attracted to our good looks and impreed by our confidence. 如何才能受人欢迎

大部分的人都想受人欢迎，但是并非每个人都能达到目标。受欢迎的秘诀何在?事实上是很简单的。步骤一，先改善我们的外表。我们得确保自己很健康，并且穿着体面。当我们既健康又穿戴整齐时，不仅看起来更有精神，自己也会觉得好多了。此外，我们要保持微笑并表现得很友善。毕竟，脸部表情是外观很重要的一环。如果我们能做到这一点，别人会被我们的美好外表所吸引，并对我们的自信印象深刻。

另一个重要步骤，就是培养对别人的体贴。永远以他人为重，并把别人的利益放在自己的利益之前。当个好听众也是很重要的;如此一来，别人才能很自在地对我们吐露心事。然而，不管我们做什么事，绝对不要说闲言闲语。最重要的是，要做自己，不要当虚伪的人。只有对人真诚又尊重时，才能赢得他人的尊敬。如果我们能做到以上几点，我相信受人欢迎是指日可待的事。

learn how to say no weve all been taught that we should help people.it is the right thing to do and will make us popular with others.it may even win us favors in return.however, we must be realistic.we cant say yes to every request.if we did, we would fail or go crazy for sure.sometimes we simply dont have the time to help.in this case, we must know how to say no politely. 学习如何说不

我们都被教导说，我们应该要帮助别人。这是应该做的事，而且这样做会使我们受人欢迎。它甚至会为我们赢得一些回报。但是，我们必须要实际一点。我们不能答应每一个要求。如果我们这么做，我们就一定会失败或发疯。有时候我们确实没有时间去帮忙。既然如此，我们就必须知道如何有礼貌地说不。 当我们需要说不的时候，有个办法我们可以试试。首先，我们应该要说实话。假如我们真的办不到某件事，我们就应该说不。第二，我们应该记得要客气地拒绝对方的要求。我们

必须清楚地表达，但态度也必须真诚并且表示同情。一个真正的朋友会谅解的。最后，我们不必为了说不而觉得有罪恶感。有时候拒绝别人才是我们应该做的事。它可以替我们自己和别人，都省下许多麻烦。总而言之，我们无法一直取悦每个人。拒绝请求是人生的一部分。

how to sell yourself by following the advice above, you are bound to make a good impreion on potential employers.then you will be able to choose the best opportunity for you and take that first step towards succe. 如何自我推销

在这个竞争激烈的社会中，为了得到你想要的工作，知道如何自我推销是很重要的。也就是说，你必须能够销售你最好的特点，并把你最好的一面呈现出来。毕竟，第一印象定江山。

要在面试时表现出好的一面，你可以做几件事情。首先，要看起来像个赢家。穿着保守而体面，会使你看起来像是就要成功了。第二，要能清楚地表达。仔细地考虑每个问题，并据实回答。记得要和对方有目光接触，并保持良好的姿势。你必须看起来专注而自在。第三，态度要积极而有自信。对你的能力有信心，并对你的未来感到乐观是很重要的。最后，要充分准备。递上一份专业的简历，并准备好详细解释每件事。 遵照以上的建议，你就一定会给可能成为你老板的那些人，留下好的印象。然后你就可以选择对你而言最好的机会。并踏出迈向成功的第一步。 responsibility is a badge of honour for youth (96年“21世纪杯全国大学生英语演讲比赛”二等奖获得者，北京外国语大学徐义成) im grateful that ive been given this opportunity, at such a historic moment, to stand here as a spokesman of my generation and to take a serious look back at the past 15 years, a crucial period for every one of us and for this nation as well. though it is only within my power to tell about my personal experience, and only a tiny fragment of it at that, it still represents, i believe, the root of a spirit which has been eential to me and to all the people bred by the past 15 years. in my elementary years, there was a little girl in the cla who worked very hard but somehow could never do satisfactorily in her leons. the teacher asked me to help her, and it was obvious that she expected a lot from me.but as a young boy, restle, thoughtle, i always tried to evade her so as to get more time to enjoy myself. one day before the final exam, she came up to me and said, could you please explain this to me? i want very much to do better this time.i started explaining, and finished in a hurry.pretending not to notice her still confused eyes, i ran off quickly.nat surprisingly, she again did very badly in the exam.and two months later, at the beginning of the new semester, word came of her death of blood cancer.no one ever knew about the little task i failed to fulfill, but i couldnt forgive myself.i simply couldnt forget her eyes, which seem to be asking, why didnt you do a little more to help me, when it was so easy for you? why didnt you understand a little better the trust placed in you, so that i would not have to leave this world in such pain and regret? i was about eight or nine years old at that time, but in a way it was the very starting point of my life, for i began to understand the word responsibility and to learn to always do my duties faithfully and devotedly, for the implications of that sacred word has dawned on me: the mutual need and trust of people, the co-operation and inter-reliance which are the very foundation of human society. later in my life, i continued to experience many failures.but never again did i feel that regret which struck me at the death of the girl, for it makes my heart satisfied to think that i have always done everything in my power to fulfill my responsibilities as best i can. words like individuality and creativity are getting more emphasis and more people are rewarded for their hard work and efforts.such is the era in which this generation ,grows and matures. such is the era in which this generation will take over the nation from our fathers and learn to run it.yet in the meantime, many problems still exist. we learn that crimes take place in broad daylight with crowds of people looking on and not aisting.we hear that there are still about 1 million children in this country who cant even afford to go to elementary schools while enormous sums of money are being squandered away on dinner parties and luxury cars. we buy shoddy medicines, or merely worthle junk in the name of medicines, that aggravate, rather than alleviate our diseases since money, many people believe, is the most important thing in the world that must be made, even at the expense of morality and responsibility. such an era, furthermore, demands, that we are a generation with a clear perception of our historical responsibility and an aggreive will to take action and solve the problems.history has long been preparing these qualities in this generation and it is now calling us forward to give testimony to our patriotism and heroism towards this nation and all humanity. standing here now, i think of the past 15 years of my life as an ordinary student.probably ill be an ordinary man for the rest of my life.but this doesnt discourage me any, for i know that with my sense of responsibility and devoted efforts to always strive, for the best, its going to be a meaningful and worthwhile life that i will be living. i cant ever forget that little girl in my cla who couldnt had the same opportunities as any of us here to enjoy a wonderful life today and a hopeful world tomorrow. it is the sacred responsibility of this generation to face up to the challenges of the new century and to devote our sweat and blood, our wisdom and paion, to the historic cause of making this nation a greater and happier land for every one of us. we are not going to evade that responsibility.we are going to let people down.and people, far and near, will hear of us.frost will be brought to their backbones and tears to their eyes when our stories are told and retold, so let us go forth, my fellow members of this luckily chosen generation, and meet the new century in victory and glory. 责任感——青年人荣誉的标志

站在台上面对大家，我心情十分激动。好像是在参加一次历史性的长征。我们今天面对的远不只一场竞赛或角逐。这是才华出众，生气勃勃的中国青年的一次聚会。我们是青年一代的代表。为迎接新世纪的到来，我们正在从各方面作好准备。

在这一历史时刻，能有机会代表同龄人在此认真地回顾于国于己都至关重要的过去的15年，我感激万分。

尽管只能谈谈个人经历，而且只涉及其中一个小小的片段，但我相信，它仍然折射出对我和在过去15年间一同成长起来的青年人都不可缺少的一种思想基础。 我上小学时，班上有位小姑娘，学习非常刻苦而成绩却不尽人意。

老师要我帮助她。看得出，她也寄厚望于我。但我那时还是个小男孩，坐不住，不懂事。我老是me避她。以便有更多时间自己玩。

期末考试前一天，她来求我说“请你给我讲解一下行吗?这次我很想考得好一点。”我开始给她讲解，不一会儿便草草收场，假装没有察觉她迷茫的眼神，一溜烟儿地跑开了。不出所料，这次她又考砸了。两个月后，新学期依始，传来她死于血癌的消息。我没有完成那项小小的任务，无人知晓。但我却不能原谅自己。她的眼睛令我难以忘怀，仿佛在责问我，“你为什么不愿多帮助我呢?这对于你来说，并不费事。你为什么不能理解我对你的信赖，而让我带着痛苦和遗憾离开这个世界?” 我当时才八九岁。但从某种意义上讲，这件事成了我生活的新起点。因为我开始体会到“责任”二字的意义，并尽心尽力地学着完成自己的义务。我也逐渐领会了这个神圣字眼的深刻内含:人与人之间的彼此需要和信任、合作和依赖正是人类社会存在的基础。

之后，我在生活中又经受过多次失败，但那小姑娘之死所引起的懊悔，心里却不曾再现。想到自己做每一件事都能尽职尽责，一种满足之感便油然而生。

此事及类似的多起事件改变了我，完善了我。当我长大成人，我开始领悟周围发生的一切变化。我发现，从某种意义上说，社会跟我一样，正处在一个自我完善的时期。新建筑、新商品、新款式一天一个样。新思维、新信息、新技术层出不穷。即便万里相隔，人们在转瞬之间即可相互交谈。社会竞争越演越烈。

人们越来越强调个性和创造性。越来越多的人因工作努力而受到奖赏。这就是当今的时代，一代新人由成长迈入成熟的时代。这是我们这一代人接替父辈治国安邦的时代。然而，我们也面临很多间题。 据悉，坏人在光天化日之下作恶，周围的群众居然袖手旁观，无动于衷。我还听说，目前我国尚有100万儿童连小学也上不起，而巨额资金却拿去举办奢侈的宴会和购置豪华的轿车。

我们常常买的是劣质药品，或名曰药品实为一文不值的废物，非但不能除病去痛，反而会使病情加重。在某些人看来，世上金钱最宝贵，只要能赚钱，不惜牺牲道德和责任。

因而，这个时代赋予我们的是更强烈的竞争和效率意识，使我们更善于批判性地思考和创造性地行动。

此外，这个时代要求我们这一代人必须认清自己肩负的历史重任，下定决心，采取行动，解决上述问题。长期以来，历史一直在我们这一代人身上培养着这些品质。现在，历史呼唤我们挺身而出，以实际行动向全民族及全人类证实我们的拳拳爱国之心和大无畏的英雄主义。 此刻，我站在讲台上回顾15年来的学生生活。今后的岁月，我很可能平平淡淡地度过。但这丝毫不会让我心灰意冷。因为我知道，凭借强烈的责任感和精益求精的不懈奋斗，我将追求一种有意义的生活，一种不枉此生的生活。

此刻，我站在讲台上回顾过去，15年来祖国取得的巨大成就激励着千千万万的同龄人。我们之中大多数人将与名利和权力无缘。只有极少数人或许会后世留芳。对此我们丝毫也不会在意。因为我们知道，世界在观望，世界在倾听。在这个大量机遇和激烈竟争并存的时代，我们国家究竟去向何方，整个世界都在关注。

我永远不会忘记班上那位小姑娘。她本应该却没能和在座各位一样享受今天美好的人生和明日充满希望的世界。

接受新世纪的挑战，把我们的血汗、智慧和热情奉献给建设祖国、造福人民的伟大历史事业。这就是我们这一代人的神圣职责。

我们决不逃避责任，决不辜负人民的期望。我们的业绩将四海传扬。我们的故事将被反复讲述，定会令人惊叹不已，以至热泪盈眶。

有幸与时代为伍的朋友们，让我们勇往直前，以胜利的姿态迎接光辉灿烂的新世纪的来临! 演说者简介】刘欣(1975一)，南京大学外国语学院英语系学生，在1995年底的校级英语演讲赛中脱颖而出，代表南京大学参加1996年3月22日在北京举行的“21世纪杯全国大学生英语演讲比赛”.以《选择的重要性》为题发表演说，夺得比赛第一名。 knowing the consequences of choice over the past spring festival, i got involved in a family dispute.right before i got home, four satellite channels of cctv were added to the 14 channels we had already had.in prime time at night, they all had interesting shows.therefore, the five of us-my parents, my sisters and i-had to argue over what to watch.finally, we agreed that we should watch the most interesting programme...if we could agree what that was. however, all of us there remember that for a long time after we had tv, there were only one or two channels available.the increase in options reveals an important change in our life: the abundance of choice. fifteen years ago we all dreed in one style and in one colour.today, we select from a wide variety of designs and shades. fifteen years ago, we read few newspapers.today, we read english newspapers like the篇5：3分钟英语演讲稿带翻译3篇 my chinese dream 我的中国梦 i am very glad to stand here to give thier a short speech.today my topic is that the youth are the future of motherland 很高兴站在这里做这篇短小的演讲，我演讲的主题是青年是祖国的未来。

在准备英语演讲比赛的时候，我本想简单地从网上搜索一些文章作为我演讲的内容。我看过很多文章，有著名主持人的、北大教授的、大学生的，也有初中生的。但是看完之后，我放弃了当初的想法，我甚至为当初的想法感到有一些羞愧。因为今天我站在这里向大家演讲的主题，是一个庄重而严肃的主题；是一个充满荣耀与自豪的主题；是每一个中华儿女共同期盼的主题。每个人都有属于他们自己的中国梦，而我，当然也有一直萦绕在心怀只属于我的中国梦。

so what?s my chinese dream ? finally i will announce. we had learned a lot of knowledge and understood a lot of truth in the book.we had a basic concept to our country at that time.we know that our country is full of sunshine , and we are the future of our country, and our dreams are to be the hope of our motherland. 我的中国梦是什么样的？先卖个关子。

记得刚刚上学那会儿，我们天真无邪。在课本里，我们学到了很多很多知识，也明白了很多很多道理，我们对祖国也有了一个最基本的概念。我们知道我们的祖国到处充满阳光，正在慢慢发展，而我们，就是祖国未来的花朵，未来的希望。我们梦想将来能够成为祖国的希望。

这，是我们最初的中国梦。最真诚的我们，最真诚的梦。

但是，不知道什么时候开始，我们长大了，生活似乎一下子变得和以前不太一样了，与此同时，虽然我们很不想承认但是却又不得不承认的是，我们的思想，我们的为人处世观，我们对我们祖国的看法，也潜移默化中慢慢开始了转变。我们的社会变得到处充满欺骗、冷漠、勾心斗角、压力、腐败、险恶，我们变得暴躁，不冷静，愤世嫉俗。我们的国家，似乎也开始变得千疮百孔。而好多我们亲爱的祖国委以重任培养的青年学生们变得轻浮、急躁，更别提什么梦想，什么中国梦了？ are we sick, or is our dear motherland sick? 我很惊讶，当大街上有老人摔倒，我们不敢再去扶起；我很难过，当有人做了好事被报道，更多的人说他做作；我很伤心，当我看到我们众多的青年人变得冷漠、市侩、欺诈以及缺乏理想。

到底是我们病了，还是我们亲爱的祖国病了？ i dont want to talk about the construction of our country politics, and also speak impaioned speech on the diaoyu island event .i just want to appeal young people,showing the side of youth,good and confidence.we must learn to organize our own thoughts, correct our own concept, and change our direction to the right side in future life.china dream actually lies in our young generation, especially of the intellectuals. 我的中国梦，不想大谈政治，也不想对钓鱼岛事件发表慷慨激昂的演讲。我只想呼吁，呼吁我们年轻人，呼吁我们祖国的希望能够将我们的青春一面，将我们的善良一面，将我们的自信一面好好展现出来。我们要学会整理自己的思想，端正自己看问题的观念，摆正自己的人生方向。我们的中国梦实际上正掌握在我们自己手上，掌握在我们年青一代，尤其是知识分子手上。

也许，一个人，是渺小的；但是当他和祖国联系起来时，就是伟大的。也许，一个梦想，是渺小的，但是当它成为祖国的梦想时，就是不可估量的。也许，我无法用自己一个人的力量撬起整个中国，但是我们千千万万年轻人一起为祖国的梦想去奋斗时，我们的祖国就足以令世界颤抖、动容。 i dream to construct our beauty china with millions of young people who have the same dream.we do it without exaggeration but only with persistence. 我梦想和万千具有相同梦想的年轻人去建设我们的美丽中国，没有虚浮，只有执着，只有奋斗，只有勇于担当。这就是我的中国梦！ that is my speech,thanks everyone. 我的演讲就到这里，谢谢大家。 we are the world ,we are the future 世界是我们的，未来是我们的 someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”.i don?t know who wrote these words, but i?ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be.we are all in the position of the farmers.if we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest.if we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. 一些人说?我们正在读一本无穷的书中的第一章的第一节。?我不知道谁写了这些话，但是我一直很喜欢它，因为它提醒了我，我们能够创造我们想要的未来。 we are young.“how to spend the youth?” it is a meaningful question.to answer it, first i have to ask “what do you understand by the word youth?” youth is not a time of life, it?s a state of mind.it?s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees.it?s the matter of the will.it?s the freshne of the deep spring of life. 我们都是农夫。如果我们播下好的种子，我们将会丰收。如果我们的种子很差，有很多草籽，收割的将是无用的庄稼。如果我们什么也不播种，什么收获也没有。 youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease.this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 .nobody grows old merely by a number of years .we grow old by deserting our ideals.years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul .worry , fear , self –distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust . 我们是年轻的。?怎样度过青春??这是个有意义的问题。为了去回答它，我首先要问?从‘青春’这个词中你能理解到什么?? 青春不是人生的一个时期，而是精神的一种状态。青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，。青春是生命的深泉在涌流. whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ?s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what?s next and the joy of the game of living .in the center of your heart and my heart there?s a wirele station : so long as it receives meages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young . a poet said “to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour.several days ago, i had a chance to listen to a lecture.i learnt a lot there.i?d like to share it with all of you.let?s show our right palms.we can see three lines that show how our love.career and life is.i have a short line of life.what about yours? i wondered whether we could see our future in this way.well, let?s make a fist.where is our future? where is our love, career, and life? tell me.yeah, it is in our hands.it is held in ourselves. 一位诗人说?从一粒沙看世界，从一朵花看天堂，把无限放在你的手掌，永恒在一刹那里收藏?。几天前，我有了一个听讲座的机会，从中我学到了很多东西。现在，我想把这些与大家共享。让我们伸出右手，我们可以看到手掌中的展示我们的爱，事业和生活的三条线。我在生活方面这条线很短，那你们的呢?我想知道我们是否可以用这种办法去看我们的未来。好的，让我们一起握拳。我们的未来在哪儿?我们的爱、事业和生活在哪儿?告诉我!是的，它们就在我们的手中。它们被我们自己掌握着。

推荐第10篇：船员常用英语及翻译

船员常用词语及翻译

一、RANKS OF SHIP’S CREW(船员职务)

CREW

船员 CAPTAIN（MASTER）

船长

CHIEF OFFICER OR CHIEF MATE（FIRST MATE）

大副 SECOND CHIEF（OR SECOND MATE）

二副 THIRD OFFICER （OR THIRD MATE）

三副 ASSISTANT OFFICER

驾助

RADIO OFFICER （RADIO 报务员OPERATOR, WIRELESS OPERATOR） PURSER (CHIEF PURSER) 管事, 事务长 CLERK

事务员

BOATSWAIN OR BOSUN

水手长 CASSAB

副水手长 QUARTERMASTER

舵工 COXSWAIN

舵工,艇长 ABLE SEAMAN

全能水手,一水 A.B.(ABLE BODIED SEAMAN) 全能水手

E.D.H., D.H.U.

全能水手 (E.D.H.: Engine and Deck Hand?) O.S.(ORDINARY SEAMAN) 普通水手,二水 SEAMAN, MARINER

普通水手,海员 DECK BOY

甲板员 ENGINEER

轮机员 CHIEF ENGINEER

轮机长,大车,老轨 SECOND ENGINEER

大管轮,二车,二轨 THIRD ENGINEER

二管轮,三车,三轨 FOURTH ENGINEER

三管轮,四车,四轨 ASSISTANT ENGINEER

轮助 MECHANIC

机工 FIREMAN

生火 CLEANER OR WIPER

清洁工

CHIEF STEWARD (OR CATERING OFFICER)

大管事 SECOND STEWARD

二管事 CHIEF COOK

大厨 SECOND COOK

二厨 SUPERNUMERARY

额外人员 SHIP’S COMPLEMENT

船上的定员 DECK SERANG

水手长 DECK TINDAL

副水手长 SEACUNNY

舵工

二、NAMES OF MARINE ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR ( 船务机关名称及工作人员) HARBOUR ADMINISTRATION BUREAU (OR HARBOUR BUREAU)

港务局 THE JOINT INSPECTION PARTY-INWARD AND OUTWARD

进口联合检查组 HARBOUR SUPERVISION OFFICE

港务监督 THE CUSTOMS

海关

FRONTIER INSPECTION STATION

边防检查站 QUARANTINE OFFICE (S0ERVICE)

卫生检疫所 ANIMAL AND PLANT QUARANTINE SERVICE

动植物检疫所

CHINA COMMODITY INSPECTION AND TESTING BUREAU(CCITB)

中国商品检验局 CHINA MARINE BUNKER SUPPLY CORPORATION

中国船舶燃料供应公司 CHINA NATIONAL CHARTERING CORPORATION(ZHONGZU)

中国租船公司 CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING AGENCY

中国外轮代理公司 CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING COMPANY (COSCO)

中国远洋运输公司 CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING COMPANY CHARTERING DEPARTMENT(COSCHARD)

中国远洋轮船公司租船部 (“中远租”)

CHIAN OCEAN SHIPPING TALLY COMPANY

中国外轮理货公司

CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING SUPPLY CORPORATION(SUPCO.)

中国外轮供应公司 THE ~ OFFICE OF THE REGISTER OF SHIPPING OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

中华人民共和国船舶检验局~办事处

PERSONNEL JOINT INSPECTION PARTY

联检小组 CUSTOMS OFFICER

海关官员 HARBOUR OFFICER

港务监督员

FRONTIER DEFENCEOFFICER (INSPECTOR ,GUARD)

边防检查组 QUARANTINEOFFICER(DOTOR)

卫生检疫员 CUSTOMS BOARDING OFFICE

登轮官员 CUSTOMS SEARCHING PARTY

海关检 DOCKER

码头工人(广义) LONGSHOREMAN

码头工人(在岸上装卸) STEVEDORE

码头工人(在船上装卸) FOREMAN

装卸队长 PILOT

引水员

CARGO SURVEYOR

商品检验员 MARINE OR SHIP SURVEYOR

验船师 CHIEF TALLYMAN

理货员 WATERMAN

加水工人 AGENT

代理

三、MARINE LOADING AND DISCHARGING GEAR AND HARBOUR FACILITIES

（海运装卸机械工具和港口设施） BARGE

驳船 BEACON

航标灯 BELT CONVEYOR

皮带运输机 BOARD PALNK

木版 BRIDGE CRANE

桥吊，装卸桥 BUNKERING TANKER

供燃料船 BUOY

浮筒，浮标

CAN HOOK，BARREL SLING

吊桶钩 CANVAS

帆布 CANVAS SLING

吊货帆布袋 CARGO TRAY

吊货盘 CARGO RUNNER

吊货钢丝绳 CHAFING PLATE

防擦板 CHAFING MAT

防擦席 CHAIN SLING

链条吊索 CRANE

吊车 COLD STORAGE

冷藏仓库 CONVEYOR BELT

传送带 CROWBAR

撬杠 CUSTOMS LAUNCH

海关关艇 DOLPHIN

系缆桩 DUNNAGE

垫仓物料 ELECTRIC CRANE

电吊 ELEVATOR

升降机 FERRY BOAT

轮渡船 FIRE BOAT

消防船 FLOATING CRANE

浮吊

FOOTBOARD

踏板 FORK - LIFT

铲车，叉车 FUNNEL

漏斗 GANGBOARD

跳板 GANTRY CRANE

龙门吊

GARBAGE(SLUDGE,SEWAGE) BOAT

垃圾船 GRAB

抓斗 GRAIN ELEVATOR

吸粮机 HAMMER

铁锤 HANDCART

手推车 HARBOUR LIGHT

港口灯标 IRON NAIL

铁钉 LANDING PIER

登岸码头 LIFTING MAGET

西铁吊具 LIGHTER

驳船 LIGHT HOUSE

灯塔 LIGHT SHIP

灯船 MANILA ROPE

白棕绳 MAT

席子 MOBILE CRANE

流动吊车 MOORING ANCHORAGE

系泊锚地 MOORING BUOY

系泊浮筒 MOTOR LAUNCH

小汽艇 NYLON ROPE

尼龙绳 OIL HOSE

输油软管 OPEN YARD

露天货场 PERSONNELBOAT

交通艇 PILOT BOAT

引水船 PLATE HOOK

钢板吊钩 PONTOON

浮码头 PONTOON BRIDGE

浮桥 QUARANTINE ANCHORAGE

检疫锚地 QUARANTINE VESSEL

检疫船 REFRIGERATOR CAR

冷藏车 ROPE SLING

绳吊索 SAW

锯

SEMI-PORTAL CRANE

半门吊 SHIFTING BOARD

防动板 SIGNAL TOWER

信号台 STEAM LAUNCH

小汽艇 STEEL WIRE

钢丝绳 TOWER CRANE

塔吊 TRACTOR

牵引车 TRAFFIC BOAT

交通艇 TUG BOAT(MOTOR TUG)

拖轮 WAREHOUSE

仓库 WATER BOAT

供水船 WATR LEVER INDICATOR

水深标尺 WIRE CARGO NET

钢丝网络 WIRE SLING

钢丝吊索

四、VARIOUS KIND OF VESSELS （各种船舶） AIR CUSHION CRAFT

气垫船 BAGE-CARRIER

载驳货船 BULB-BOWED SHIP

球鼻首船 BULK-CARRIER

散货船 CARGO LINER

定期货船 COLLIER

散货船 CREW BOAT

（船员）联络船 DIESEL BOAT

柴油机船 DRY CARGO SHIP

干货船 DUMB LIGHTER

驳船（没有机器的） FREIGHTER

货船 OIL BARGE

油驳 ORE CARRIER（ORE SHIP）

矿砂船 REEFER（REFRIGERATOR SHIP）

冷冻船 SALVAGE VESSEL

救助船 GRAIN CARRIER

运量船 ICE-BREAKER

破冰船 LIGHT SHIP

未载货的货船

LUMBER CARRIER（TIMBER CARRIER） 运木船 MEAT SHIP

肉类船 MOTO SHIP

内燃机船 OCEAN-GOING VESSEL

远洋船 SISTER SHIP

姐妹船 STEAM SHIP

蒸汽机船 STOR CARRIER

补给船 TANKER（OIL TANKER）

油驳 TRAWLER

拖网渔船

五、MAJOR MARINE PAPERS AND CERTIFICATES（主要船务单据及证书） （1）PAPERS单据

APPLICATION FOR BUNKERS

加(燃油)申请书 APPLICATION FOR TALLYMAN

理货申请书 BILL OF LADING

提单 BOOKING NOTE

订舱单 BOAT NOTE

订载单 CARGO RECEIPT

交货收据 CARGO TALLY SHEET

理货记数单 COPY

副本

DAMAGED CARGO REPORT

货物残损报告书 DECLARATION

申报单 DELIVERY ORDER

交货单 DOCK RECEIPT

码头收据 GANG RECORD

工班报单 HATCH(CARGO)LIST

分舱单 INWARD MANIFEST

进口舱单 LICENSE

许可证 MATE’S RECEIPT

收货单 NOTICE OF ARRIVAL

到货通知书 MOTICE OF CLAIM

索赔通知 NOTICE OF READINESS 准备就绪通知书 ON-SPOT RECORD

现场记录 ORIGINAL

正本 OUTWARD MANIFEST

出口舱单 PARCEL RECEIPT

小包收据 SAILING ORDERS

开航通知

SHIPPER’S EXPORT DECLARATION货物出口申请书 SHIPPING LIST

装货通知书 SHIPPING PERMIT

准运单 SHORT/OVERLANDED CARGO LIST

货物溢短单 SHORT/OVERLANDED CARGO REPORT 货物溢短报告单 TALLY DAILY REPORT

理货日报告 TALLY SHEET

理货单 TALLY SHIFT REPORT

理货工班报告 ( 2 )CERTIFICATES

( 证书,证件) CERTIFICATE OF FREEBOARD

干舷证书 CERTIFICATE OF HEALTH

无疫证书 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN

产地证书

CEITIFICATE OF PORT REGISTRY

船籍港证书

CERTICFICATE OF SURVEY

船舶检验证 CLASSIFICATION CERTIFICATE

船级证书 DERATTING CERTIFICATE

除鼠证书 DERATTING EXEMPTION CERTIFICATE 免予除鼠证书 INSPECTION CERTIFICATE

验讫单

INTERNATIONAL LOADING CERTIFICAT国际载重线证书 MARITIME DECLARATION OF HEALTH 航海健康申明书

NAVIGATION CERTIFICATE SEAWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE 适行证书 OUTWARD CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE

出国证书

PANAMA CANAL TONNAGE CERTIFICATE

巴拿马运河吨位证书 PASSPORT

护照

SAFETY RADIO TELEGRAPHY CETIFICATE

无线电报安全证书 SHIP’S SAFETY CERTIFICATE

船舶安全证书

SUES CANAL SPECIAL TONNAGE CERTIFICATE 苏伊士运河专用吨位证书 TONNAGE CERTIFICATE

吨位证书 TONNAGE DUES CERTIFICATE

吨税证书 WIRELESS INSPECTION CERTIFICATE无线电安全证书

六、THE STRUCTURE OF A SHIP(船舶结构) ACCOMODATION

房间 ACCOMODATION LADDER

舷梯 AERIAL(ANTENNA)

天线 AFT PART(AFTER PART)

船尾部 AFTER-PEAK

后尖舱 AIR SIREN

汽笛 ALDIS LAMP

闪光信号灯 ALLEYWAY

走道 ANCHOR

锚 ANCHOR CHAIN

锚链

AUXILIARY MACHINERY

辅机 BILGE

船底沟 BINNACLE

罗盘支架 BITTS(BOLLARDS)

系缆柱 BLOCK

滑轮

BOOM

吊杆 BOW

船头 PORT BOW

左舷船头 STARBOARD BOW

右舷船头 BREAK

夹板台阶 BRIDGE

船桥,驾驶台 BROW

(从船上到岸上的)舷梯 BULWARKS

舷墙

BUNKER

燃料舱 CABIN

船舱 PILOT’S CABIN

引水员房间 CABLE

锚链 CAPSTAN

绞盘 CARGO HOLD

货舱 CATWALK

狭窄的舷梯 AWNING

帆布蓬 BAGGAGE ROOM

行李房 BAROMETER

气压表 BASIC LINE

吨位标志线 BALK(BLULK) , BEAM

船梁 HATCH BEAM

舱盖横梁 PORT BEAM

左舷 STARBOARD BEAM

右舷 CHAIN LOCKER

锚链舱 CHRONOMETER

经纬仪 COAMINGS

舱口栏板 COMPASS

罗盘 COURSE RECORDER

航向记录仪 CRANE

起重机 DAVIT

挂艇架 DECK

甲板 BOAT DECK

救生艇甲板 LOWER DECK

下甲板

LOWER TWEEN DECK

二层柜 MAIN DECK

正甲板 POOP DECK

船尾上面的甲板 PROMENADE DECK

保护甲板之上甲板 SHELTER DECK

遮蔽甲板 TONNAGE DECK

量吨甲板 TWEEN(BETWEEN)DECK

二层柜 UPPER DECK

上甲板 UPPER TWEEN DECK

三层柜 DECK HOUSE

甲板室 DERRICK

吊杆 DIESEL ENGINE

柴油机 DOUBLE BOTTOM

双层底

DRAUGHT MARKS(DRAFT MARKS) 吃水标志 DYNAMO(GENERATOR)

发电机 ECHO SOUNDER

测深仪 ENGINE ROON

机舱 ENGIN ROON DEPARTMENT

机舱部 ESCAPE TRUNK

救生道 FAN ROOM

打风间 FALG-STAFF

旗杆 FORECASTLE

船首楼 FORECASTLE HEAD

船头甲板 FOREMAST

头柜 FOREPART

船头部 FOREPEAK

前尖舱 FREEBOARD DECKLING

干舷甲板线 GANGWAY

舷梯 GLASS

(口语)气压表 GUY

稳索

GYRO COMPASS(GYRO)

电罗经 HALLIARD ,HALYARD

旗帜之升降索 HATCH

舱口 HATCH BORD

舱盖板 HATCH COAMING

舱口栏板 HATCH COVER

舱口盖 HAWSE HOLE

锚链孔 HELM

舵轮;舵柄 HAWSER

船缆;锚链 HULL

舱壳

JACK LADDER(JACOB’S LADDER) 软梯,绳梯

JACKSTAFF

船头小旗杆 JIGGER MAST

尾 JUMBO(DERRICK

重吊(杆) KEEL

龙骨 LIFE BELT

救生带 LIFE BORT

救生艇 LIFE BUOY

救生圈 LIFE JACKET

救生衣 LIFE RAFT

救生筏

LIFE-SAVING APPARATUS

救生设备 LOAD LING

载重线,装载水线 MAINMAST

主桅 MAN-ROPE

绳索 MIZZEN MAST

后桅

MONKEY ISLAND

了望台 PILOT LADDER

领港梯子 PISTON

活塞 PLIMSOL’S MARK

载重线标志 POOP

船尾楼 PORT

港口,舱口,左舷 PORT -HOLE

舷舱,舱口 PROPELLER

螺旋桨 PULLEY

滑轮 PUMP

水泵 PURCHASE

绳索,滑轮 QUARTER

船舷的后部 PORT QUARTER

左舷后部 STARBOARD QUARTER

右舷后部 RADAR

雷达 RADIO

无线电

RADIO DIRECTION FINDER 无线电测向器 RADIO ROOM

无线电室 RADIO TRANSMITTER

无线电发射机 RAST

救生筏

RAIL,RAILINGS

扶手,栏杆

RAT-GUARD

缆绳上的防鼠隔 RATLINES

绳梯横索 REFRIGERATED HOLD

冷藏舱 RIG

帆索

RUDDER

舵

SCREW

螺丝钉 SCUPPER

排水管 SCUPPER BOARD

挡水板 SCANNER

雷达扫描设备 SEXTANT

六分仪 SHAFT TUNNEL

地轴弄 SHACKLE

钩环 SHIFTING BOARD

防动板,防舱板 SIGNAL ROCKET

信号火箭 SIREN

汽笛 SLING

吊索 STARBOARD

右舷 STEAM ENGINE

蒸汽引擎 STEERING GEAR

舵机 STEM

船头

STERN

船尾 STOREROOM

贮藏室 TACKLE

滑车,吊具 TANK

液体舱 BALLAST TANK

压载水舱

COFFERDAM TANK

隔离舱, 干隔舱

不当之处，欢迎广大船员兄弟指正！GOOD LUCK AND BON VOYAGE!

第11篇：翻译英语

With an elevation of more than 2000 meters, Lily bulbs, planted by cooperatives,is found in Er’yin mountains of Guan mountain, which is the provenance belonged to Lan Zhou reserve and in the east of Yong Jing county, Gan Su province.Owing to the unique geography in Guan mountains, the period of Lily growth is five years, therefore, all the products here are characterized by white color luscious taste,and full petals.Lily contains so much nutritional goodne such as amylum, proteide, fattine, sweets, calcium, phosphorus,iron, colchicin and other alkaloids.Besides, the dietary property and the officinal value of this flower are extremely high.This flower could also bring the positive effects:antipyretic, antidotal, moistening lung, improving looks, relieving cough and reducing sputum, calming the nerve.Lily has been the superb cuisine among commons as well as in the state banquet from the ancient times; known as “the superb in cuisine, the panax in dishes”, Lily is the first for junketing and presenting.

第12篇：广告英语及翻译复习总结

 成功的广告：

如何引起受众的注意(Attention)，引发其兴趣( Interest)，使之产生欲望(Desire)，从而采取行动(Action)。美国《营销管理人员手册》把这四点作为一则成功广告应该具备的功能，简称AIDA原理。

 广告英语文体的词汇特点

(1) 选用简明易懂的常用词(2)模拟新造词(3)运用动感性动词(4) 大量使用

形容词(5) 运用复合词(6)借用外来词(7)使用缩略语

 广告英语的句法特点

简单句；祈使句；疑问句；省略句

分隔句（disjunctive sentence）

广告商有时利用句号，分号，破折号dash，省略号，连字符号hyphen等将句子切割成几段，将句子分成多条信息单元，以突出产品特色，加强广告的宣传效果。

少用否定句；多用现在时；多用主动语态, 少用被动语态

 大多数广告主要由三部分构成：标题（headline），正文（body），结

尾（end） 成功的广告标题吸引读者的注意力；具有针对性；使读者对内容发生兴趣。 正文（body）：引言、正文主体、结束语三个部分构成。

引言：正文部分的前面一句或者几句话。它是连接标题和正文，使读者由浏览变为阅读的一个转折点。

正文主体在拓展标题的思想时，应当与标题保持一致。

结束语起着总结主题、激发行动的作用。

结尾（end）：由两三个部分构成，即公司的标识图案、公司的口号，有时也加上公司名称的草书。

公司的口号（广告语/广告口号）是整个结尾部分最重要的因素，它出现在整篇广告的最后一行，主要是为了能让读者最后一次了解企业的敬业精神和服务宗旨，树立企业在消费者心中的形象。

广告口号与广告标题不同：

a承担的功能不同

广告口号是为了企业（品牌）、商品和服务一贯而又长期的形象宣传而创作的，它往往是传播对象的核心定位。而广告标题是为了某一具体的广告活动或者广告作品能得到受众的注意，吸引受众阅读正文而写作的。 b表现风格不同

广告口号简洁、易记。语言表达风格体现口语化特征，自然、生动、流畅，具有音韵节奏感。而广告标题要求新颖、有特色、能吸引人。

c运用的时限和范围不同

广告标题是一则一题，运用时间短暂。而广告口号是广告主在广告的长期过程中一贯运用的，运用时间长，运用范围广。

 广告翻译的标准

a是否以原文广告主题思想为基础，通过深刻挖掘原文或借题发挥，或大胆创新而产生的译本。

b“是否能通过广告把有关产品、商品或服务推销出去，能否创造价值”。  目的论和广告翻译

目的论的三条翻译原则：目的原则；连贯原则；忠实原则。

目的原则是目的论的首要原则，认为翻译行为所要达到的目的决定了翻译所应采取的方法策略。

连贯原则也称为语篇内连贯（intratextual coherence），指译文必须符合译入语的表达习惯，能够让译文读者理解，并在目的语文化以及使用译文的交际环境中有意义。（自圆其说）

忠实原则也称为语篇间连贯（intertextual coherence），指译文和原文存在某种联系，并不要求译文和原文在内容上一字不差。

三个原则之间的关系是，忠实原则从属于连贯原则，而二者同时受目的原则的统领。

目的论原则决定汉英广告翻译时：

弃形求洁；变归纳法为演绎法

顺应广告受众的心理世界

汉语重群体倾向，而英语重个体倾向

广告英译要立足消费者，而非企业或厂商

广告英语译文要突出精神需要，而非生理需要。

删减套语强调事实

顺应广告受众的物理世界。

 含蓄原则

广告语言离不开夸张，但不能言过其实，否则就有欺诈消费者之嫌。在广告英语中，一些带有模糊性的词语大量出现，既对商品进行了褒扬，又不显得夸大其辞，同时也免去了直言的尴尬，使消费者在不自觉中产生一种心理上的共鸣。

以模糊译模糊（对等译法）

从理论上来说,在翻译文艺作品的时候,原文为读者留下的想象空间和译文为读者留下的想象空间应该是相同的。

以模糊译精确

Five nine inches in his socks.Ten feet tall in his shoes.(REEBOK)

光脚身高五英尺九英寸。穿上“锐步”身高10英尺。(“锐步”运动鞋) 光着脚丫矮小，穿上“锐步”高人一等!

以精确译模糊

Spoil yourself and not your figure

尽情大吃，不增体重

 广告翻译的方法和技巧

直译法

套译：就是借用译入语中某些惯用结构来进行翻译的一种方法。

Only your time is more precious”than this watch”(手表广告)

“手表诚可贵，时间价更高”

意译法

“意译”是一个相对于“直译”的概念，通常指取原文内容而舍弃其形式，甚至不考虑其表层意思，只将其深层意思用地道的译入语新闻报道地译出。 蚊子杀杀杀。(雷达牌驱虫剂广告词)

A: Mosquito Kill Kill Kill.增补型翻译

译文作无中生有的添加、增补、扩充、引申，甚至联想。

Anytime 随时随地，准时无误。(TNT快递服务)

Continuing study is the key to reaching new heights.(The Open University of Hong Kong 香港公开大学）

锐意进修，勇攀高峰。

浓缩型翻译/欠额翻译

Wherever you are.Whatever you do.The Allianz Group is always on your side.安联集团，永远站在你身边。(Allianz Group安联集团--) 再创型翻译/创译

It happens at the Hilton 希尔顿酒店有求必应

 广告语篇的语境因素

一、语言语境

语言语境即话语上下文。

1.词义误选

2.语序不当这是指译文由于在语序组织方面进行不当调整而造成不能准确地传达原文信息或风格的现象。

二、情景语境

产品或服务；目标受众；传播媒体；时间；图片或短片。

三、文化语境

1.文化误解

2.文化淡漠这是指翻译时只做字面意思的传达、不能积极地靠拢目的语文化从而主动争取目标受众的现象。

 广告语篇中的双关语及其翻译

谐音双关

语义双关

语义双关是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关。

一嗑就开心 (阿里山牌瓜子广告)

语法双关

Which lager can claim to be truly German?

This can.(旁边画有一罐啤酒)

仿拟双关

Two beer or not two beer, that’s a question.—Shakesbeer。

广告双关语的翻译

契合译法

Obey your thirst.服从你的渴望。

分别表义法

如果要把双关语的双层意义完整地表述于译文中，除了采用契合译法外，也可以采取变通手法，将双关语义剥开，拆成两层来表达。

The Unique Spirit of Canada

别具风味的加拿大酒，独特的加拿大精神”

侧重译法

The driver is safer when the road is dry;

The road is safer when the driver is dry.

这则宣传交通安全的广告运用了dry一词的两重词义（干燥的；没饮酒的）构成双关，对司机很有警示作用。

路面干燥，司机安全；司机清醒，道路安全。

补偿译法

大多数的广告双关语都能通过侧重译法译出。但是有时双关语的一层意义译出后，另外一层意义也很重要，但却无法同时译出，这时，可采用一些补偿手段加以弥补。

默默无蚊的奉献。(蚊香片广告一谐音双关)

Mosquito-repelling incense，repells mosquitos in silence．

 广告翻译的语篇处理

一类与国人的生产和意识水平相关，某些国人认为是需要强调或认为是创新的内容，但在英语文化中却或是天经地义, 或者是空缺。这些特质在翻译时可采取弱化、转化或省略等处理方法。

另一类则是与中国人模糊、中庸、求美的文化传统相关, 对应的则是西方人的准确、刻板、求真的文化传统。

本品采用鄂州梁子湖鲜嫩芽茶叶精制而成/，色绿香高，味醇形美/，能明目清肝，养颜健体，减肥益气，生津化痰，是老少皆宜可四季常服的最佳饮料。（某茶饮料广告）

The Lianghu Lake Green Tea is sourced from the finest leaves and produced in the strictest procedures.It comes alive with emerald green color, enchanting aroma and soothing rounded taste.Several cups a day will keep you refreshed and energetic from all day’s work, and save you many of the consults with the doctor.

第13篇：自考英语二电子版及翻译

Unit One What Is a Decision ?

何为决策 ?

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。

Thus the decision-making proce is fundamental to management.Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management proce is decision making.Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider poible future events.Often managers must make a best gue at what the future will be and try to leave as little as poible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions .Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.

因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关， 事实上，有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者不能

1 预测未来，但他们所作的许多决策都要求他们考虑将来可能发生的事情。通常情况下，管理者必须对未来情况作出最佳估测，并且 努力要使偶然事件尽可能少地发生，但是，由于不确定的因素一直存在，所以，决策总是与风险为伴。有时候，拙劣决策的后果并不严重，但在另外一些时候则是非常严重了。

Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.Decision making is the proce of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

选择是指从多个可能性中挑选的机会。如果没有选择，就毋须作决策。作决策就是挑选的过程， 许多决策的选择范围很广。例如，一个学生为了获得学位，他可能会从许多不同的课程中选择从而作出决策。对管理者来说，每项决策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、惯例等等因素的制约， 这些制约存在于各个层次的机构中。

Alternatives are the poible courses of action from which choices can be made.If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.For example, managers

2 sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems.But the tendency to simplify blind s them to other alternatives.

抉择是从中可以作出选择的可能的行动步骤。假如没有可供选择的可能性，这就意味着没有 做过对问题进行彻底调查的工作。例如，管理者有时用两者择一的方式来处理问题，即他们简化复杂问题的手法。但是，这种简化的倾向使他们看不到其他可供选择的可能性。

At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identify ing them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

在管理层，作决策包括了限定和鉴别可供选择的可能性，其限定范围从非常有限到基本无限。

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best — that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are le than optimal for the larger organization.Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit

3 or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.For example, the marketing manager may argue effective ly for an increased advertising budget.In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

决策者必须具备从多个可供选择的可能性中确定最佳选择——即：最有助于实现机构的目标—的手段。机构目标是该机构竭力要达到的最终目标或理想状态。因为个人（和机构）常常对达到目标有着不同的主意，所以，最佳选择就取决于决策者了。在同一机构内的部门或单位经常会作出有利于他们自己而对大单位不甚理想的决策。被称为局部最优化的权衡加强了某一单位或某一功能的优势，却削弱了另一单位或另一功能的优势，例如，市场营销经理会极力要求增加广告预算。然而，在更大的事情策划中，为改进产品而增加科研经费可能会更有益于该机构。

These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department .Different managers define the same problem in different term s.When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.

这些权衡的产生是因为机构希望同时达到多个目标。有些目标比其他的目

4 标更重要，但其重要性的先后顺序和等级却因人而异、因部门而异。不同的管理者对同一个问题持不同的看法。面对一件日常事件时，销售经理常易看到销售问题，生产经理则常易看到生产问题等等。

The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex.In many busine situations different people\'s values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctne of decisions.

多种目标的顺序和重要性也部分地基于决策者的价值观，这些价值观带有个人特色，他人很难理解，因为价值观是不断变化的、极为复杂的。在许多商情中，不同的人对于风险的可接受程度有着不同的价值观，这就造成了决策正确与否的不同意见。

People often aume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.

人们常常以为决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点来看，问题具有多种原因，故而决策有意料中的结果和非意料中的结果。一个机构是一个发展

5 中的实体，今天所作的决策可能会对将来产生深远的影响。因此，有经验的管理者着眼于当前决策的将来效果。

Unit Two Black Holes

黑洞

What is a black hole ? well, it\'s difficult to answer this question , since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape – not even light.So we can\'t see a black hole.A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter .It is only space — or so we think.How can this happen?

黑洞是什么？这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述某一科学现象的术语不足以回答这个问题。天文学家和科学家都认为黑洞是一个太空区域（不是一种事物），落人其中的任何物质都无法逃逸——甚至包括光。所以我们看不见黑洞。一个黑洞能产生强大的吸力，但它却没有物质。它只是空间——或许是我们这么想的。这种现象是怎样发生的呢？

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs.From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime.Supernova were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth

6 and eighteenth centuries.Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star — a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this proce of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same ma and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole .Any matter near the black hole is sucked in.It is impoible to say what happens inside a black hole.Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the \"event horizon.\" We know nothing about events which happen once object s pa this boundary.But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.

从理论论来说，当某些恒星的密度增大到某种程度时就会发生爆炸，爆炸使它们崩溃，有时会产生超新星。从地球上看，一颗超新星看上去像是天空中的一盏明灯，甚至在白天也闪闪发光。超新星是由十

七、十八世纪的天文学家发现的。有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。一颗超新星的崩溃可能会产生白矮星或中子星，其物资的密度非常大以至于在其自身重力的作用下持续收缩。但是，假如这颗恒星非常大（比我们的太阳大得多），那么，这种收缩的过程可能会非常强烈，其结果导致了黑洞的产生。想像一下地球收缩小到有弹球那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸力，你就会对黑洞的力量有某种概念。靠近黑洞的任何物质都会被吸入，根本说不出黑洞里究竟发生

7 了什么、科学家把黑洞的边缘区域称为“事界”。对物质通过这个界线时发生的情况我们一无所知。从理论上来说，黑洞里面物质的表现一定是不大相同的。

For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all.Our space and time law s don\'t seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.Einstein\'s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no \" absolute \" time and space.There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer.They are relative.We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein\'s theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence.It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes.

例如，假如一个人落人黑洞，他可能会认为自己很快就会到达黑洞的中心。然而，位于“事界”上的观察者则认为这个人永远不会到达黑洞的中心。我

8 们的时空法则似乎不适用于黑洞区内的物体。爱因斯坦的相对论是惟－解释这种现象的理论。爱因斯坦宣称物质和能量是互换的，因此不存在“绝对的”时间和空间。根本没有不变的事物，时间和空间的衡量取决于观察者的位臵，是相对的。我们还没有能完全理解相对论的蕴涵。但有趣的是爱因斯坦的相对论为黑洞的假说提供了理论基础，早于天文学家找到黑洞存在的证据。天文学家只是在最近才开始对黑洞作具体的研究。1977年8月，人类发射了一颗卫星收集有关被认为处于银河系中的1000万个黑洞的信息。而且天文学家正在设计一座新天文台，用来研究被认为是黑洞的爆炸恒星。

The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a \"partner\" to the one which we can see in the sky.Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star.Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.

有关黑洞的最有说服力的证据来自对双星系的研究。双星，顾名思义，就是彼此之间的空间位臵相互影响的成双恒星。天文学家已证实在某些双子星座里有一颗隐匿的伴星，即我们从天空上能看到的某颗星的“伙伴”。我们能看见的那颗星被其伴星所吸引，难道产生这么大吸引力的隐匿的恒星就是黑

9 洞？天文学家也还有另外几颗恒星的证据，这几颗恒星也可能有黑洞作伴。

The story of black holes is just beginning.Speculations about them are endle.There might be a maive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.Mankind may one day meet this fate.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.These speculations sound like science fiction .But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers.They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.

有关黑洞的故事刚刚开头，各种各样的假说层出不穷。在我们的星系中心可能存在一个以极快速度吞噬恒星的巨大黑洞。人类总有一天要遭此命运。另一方面，科学家已表明，总有一天，人类会使用非常先进的技术来利用黑洞的能量。这些假说听起来像科幻小说，但宇宙黑洞理论却被许多严肃的科学家及天文学家所接受。他们给我们展示了一个跟我们截然不同的世界，他们对时空的基本认识提出了疑问。

Unit Three Euthanasia : For and Against 安乐死—赞成和反对

\"We mustn\'t delay any longer ...swallowing is difficult ...and breathing, that\'s also difficult.Those muscles are weakening too ...we mustn\'t delay any

10 longer.\"

“我们不能再拖了……吞咽困难……呼吸困难。那部分肌肉也在萎缩……我们不能再拖了。”

These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die.Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.

以上是荷兰人齐思．范．万德尔，德．尤德请求医生帮他结束自己生命时说过的话了，患有严重疾病的范．万德尔当时已不再能够清楚地说话了，他知道自己没有康复的希望，他的病情正在迅速恶化。

Van Wendel\'s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands .The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.

范．万德尔在接受其医生给他打最后致命的一针之前的3个月的情况被制作成影片，去年首次在荷兰电视上播出。此后，该影片被20个国家购买，每次播放时都引起一场全国性的有关安乐死的大讨论。

The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there.However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted.The guideline s demand that the patient

11 is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.

尽管安乐死在荷兰并未合法化，但荷兰仍然是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家。两年前在荷兰议会制定的严格标准下实施安乐死的医生通常不会被起诉。这此指导原则要求：病人正在经受极度的痛苦；没有治愈的机会；病人一再提出安乐死的请求。除此之外，还需有另外一位医生确认是否已达到安乐死的标准，而且，必须向警方提出死亡报告。

Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel\'s doctor, explains how he looks at the question:

\"Well, it\'s not as if I\'m planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun.In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine.But that\'s entirely different from my work as a doctor.I care for people and I try to ensure that they don\'t suffer too much.That\'s a very different thing.\"

是不是应该允许医生结束病人的生命呢？齐思．范．万尔德的医生威尔费雷德．范．奥仁博上解释了对这个问题的看法： “情况并不像我计划用机关枪屠杀一大群人似的，倘若那样，屠杀是我所能想像到的最坏的事情，这与我的医生职业风马牛不相及。我关怀病人并努力使他们不至于遭受太多的痛苦。这完全是两码事。”

Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr.

12 Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that \"in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.They may want a health profeional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family — there\'s nearly always another question behind the question.\"

然而，许多人完全反对安乐死。反对安乐死保健组织主席安德鲁．福格森博士说：“在大量安乐死的病例中，病人实际所要求的是别的东西。他们或许是想要保健专业人员为他们打开与亲人或家人开展思想交流的渠道—－可能请求之后另有他求”。

Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices — special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs.Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn\'t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: \"It\'s very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out.I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.

英国对晚期病人收容所的做法有着根深蒂固的传统。收容所就是指那些关怀临终之人和照顾他们特殊需要的专门医院。英国收容所理事会主席及收容

13 所运动创始人之一的茜茜莉．桑德斯认为，安乐死没有考虑其他关怀临终病人的途径。她还担心允许安乐死会减弱大众对关怀和照顾的需求：“当前社会中的那些老年人、残疾人和受赡养的人很容易感到自已是个负担从而脱离社会。我认为任何法律允许缩短生命的行为都必定使这些人更容易受到伤害”。

Many find this prohibition of an individual\'s right to die paternalistic.Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored.Dr.van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: \"What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven\'t the right.And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death.But there are situations where death is a friend.And in those cases, why not?\"

许多人认为这种禁止个人生死权利的做法是家长作风。尽管他们同意生命是重要的、应该受到尊重，但是他们感到生命的质量不应该被漠视。范．奥仁博十认为人们具有自己选择生死的基本权利：“那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利。当人们病重的时候，我们都害怕他们死亡。但是，在某些情况下，死亡是一位朋友。如果这样，为什么不呢？”

But \"why not?\" is a question which might cause strong emotion .The film showing Cees van Wendel\'s death was both moving and sensitive.His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband\'s interests at heart.Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular

14 example to support the case for euthanasia.Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. 然而，“为什么不呢？”是一个引起强烈感情的问题。展示齐思．范．万德尔死亡的影片既动人又敏感。他的医生显然是他们家的一位朋友；他的妻子心中只有她丈夫的利益。那么，有人就会争辩说用这样一个特殊的例子来支持安乐死是危险的，并非所有的病人都会受到如此高水平的关怀和照料。

Slavery on Our Doorstep

家庭雇佣奴役

There are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics).Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businemen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad.Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.

据统计，在美国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人（由于处理该项事务的政府部门————内政部——没有做过统计，精确数字不得而知）。通常，

15 他们是由外国商人、外交官员和归国英侨带来的。根据设在伦敦的帮助在伦敦工作的外籍家庭佣人的政治组织说，在两万多外籍家庭佣人中几乎有2000人正遭受雇主的剥削和虐待。

The abuse can take several forms.Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment .They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused.And they can have their paports removed, making leaving or \"escaping\" virtually impoible.

虐待有几种形式„家庭佣人常常不允许外出，又得不到任何报酬。他们在身体上、性和心理上遭受凌辱。他们还会被收去护照，使得出走或“逃跑”根本不可能。

The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases.In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that her guilt had not been adequately established.Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, le dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:

今年年初，几个透明度颇高的案例中有关世界各地的家庭女佣的悲惨状况受到新闻媒体的关注。其中一个案例是讲一位菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死，尽管有来自各地的抗议认为她的罪名不足以成立。诸如“反对奴隶制国际组织”之类的团体说，一些不那么戏剧化的其他案例也

16 应同样受到人们的关注，比如莉迪亚．加西亚，一位在伦敦工作的菲律宾女佣的案例。

\"I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.I was supposed to be paid ￡ 120 but I never received that amount.They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.\"

“我是1989年由一位沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。我的报酬应该是 120英镑，但我从未得到过那么多钱。雇主总是威胁要把我遣送回国”。

Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka.The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked.

还有一个来自斯里兰卡名叫库马里的案例。她家主要靠她挣钱维持生计，她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶厂挣一份微薄的工资。因为她发现很难养活她的4个孩子，她才接受到伦敦去做家庭佣人。她说她觉得在伦敦她干活的那家人家眼就像一个犯人：

\"No days off — ever, no breaks at all, no proper food.I didn\'t have my own room; I slept on a shelf with a space of only three feet above me.I wasn\'t

17 allowed to talk to anybody.I wasn\'t even allowed to open the window.My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.\"

“没有休息日——甚至根本没有闲下来的功夫，没有适当的食物，没有自己的房间，睡在一个上面的空间只有3英尺高的架子上。不允许我跟任何人说话，甚至不许我开窗。雇主总是威胁把我的身份报告给内政部或警察局。”

At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure s to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet , getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).

1994年底，英国政府采取新措施来帮助家庭佣人免遭雇主的虐待。措施包括把雇工的最小年龄提高到18岁，使受雇者能阅读并理解通告单，使雇主同意提供适当的生活费用和条件，并写出工作条件和主要的工作条款（受雇者应有此种副本）。

However, many people doubt whether this will succefully reduce the incidence of abuse.For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.(They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special conceion in the immigration rules which allow foreigners to bring domestic

18 staff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.

然而，许多人怀疑该措施能否成功地减少虐待发生率，因为那些企图抗议恶劣生活和工作条件的外籍女佣和家仆所面临的主要问题是他们没有独立的移民身份，因此不能更换雇主（英国移民法的特许条款允许外国人携带家仆）。所以如果抗议的活，他们就冒着被驱逐出境的风险。

Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the Government for.It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.

允许家庭雇工自由寻找不同雇主的同类工作——假如他们这样选择——正是“反奴隶制国际组织”与政府交涉的内容，他们说正是有权改变雇主的这一做法区分了雇佣制和奴隶制。

Unit Five

The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock\'n\'roll, folk music.But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s — more

19 original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.The transformation took place in 1966- 1967.Up to that time, the blues had been an eentially black medium .Rock\'n\'roll, a blues derivative , was rhythmic dance music.Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expreing any radically new states of consciousne.Blues expreed black soul; rock was the beat of youthful energy; and folk music expreed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.

新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。这个变革发生在1966-1967年间。那个时候以前，布鲁斯基本上一直是黑人的音乐表达方式。由它衍生出的摇滚乐是节奏性很强的舞蹈音乐。而民间音乐，既有古老又有现代的，在大学生中颇为流行。这三种音乐形式在音乐和文化方而都各不相同，甚至直到1965年，它们中任何一个都没有表达任何全新的意识境界。布鲁斯表现黑人的心灵，摇滚是年轻活力的节拍，民乐除表现爱情与希望外，还表现反战情绪。

In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation .In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco.In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an

20 extremely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimenting with the blues.Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but eentially as imitators of the Negro style; now it began to be the white band s\' own music.And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis.They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitle range of expreion.

自发的变革出现在1966年到1967年间。在美国，旧金山的年轻摇滚乐队发起了这场变革；在英国，被公认是极其完美和非常独特的披头士摇滚乐队领导了这股新潮流。所发生的情况，如用言词尽可能地表达出来是这样的：首先，分离的音乐传统被结合起来了。鲍伯．狄伦和杰弗逊飞机队演奏民歌摇滚乐，将民歌思想与摇滚节奏结合在一起。白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯。当然，白人音乐家虽然已经一直在演奏布鲁斯，但基本上只是模仿黑人音乐的风格。而现在，它开始变成白人乐队自己的音乐了。所有的乐队都朝着更广泛的折衷主义和结合主义的方向前进。他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄，最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的、几乎有无穷表现力的新音乐。

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The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers.The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the new electronic effects were altogether different — so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been an; sounds like that in the world before.Electronics did, in fact, make poible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings, new techniques made poible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live .Electronic amplifiers also made poible a fantastic increase in volume , the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a \"total\" effect, so that instead of an audience of paive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.

发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。电吉他是一种老式乐器，但新的电子效果迥然不同——如此不同，以致1967年一位新听众可能感觉以前在世界上从没有听过像这样的声音。事实上，电子技术的确能合成那时任何乐器也无法奏出的声音。在录音室录制时，新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果。电子扬声器也能使音量有惊人的增大，音乐变得那么宏亮，那么富有穿透力，极尽人的耳朵承受之能，从而达到了一种“整体”效果。因此，观众不再是被动地听，而是完全参与，他们全身心地感受音乐，如痴如醉。

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Third, the music becomes a multi-media experience; a part of a total environment.The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing pattern s of light, the beginning of the new art of the light show.And the audience did not sit, it danced.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment.

第三，音乐变成一种多媒体的感受，成了整体环境的一部分。舞厅的墙壁上布满变幻无常的灯光图案，这也是灯光表演这门新艺术的开始。观众并不坐着，而是随着音乐起舞。在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感。音乐常在户外演奏，在那儿大自然则提供了周围的环境。

Unit Six

Improving Industrial Efficiency through Robotics

采用机器人技术提高工业效率

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Robots , becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.

机器人在所有发达国家的工厂和其他工业生产部门日益普遍得到应用；机器人通过编制程序和策划在无人干预的条件下完成工业生产任务。

Most of today\'s robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.

目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。机器人还可以用来装卸用于铸造轿车和卡车框架的机械中的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。

Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a leer degree, in other industries as well.There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches.The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry.

除了已在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始出现在别的工业部门，虽然应用的程度低一些。在那里机器人制造电机、小型器具、袖珍计

24 算机甚至手表等。在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。这样的机器人在这一新工业中用来减少职业性伤害。

What makes a Robot a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next.Automatic machines, on the other hand, are not capable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task.

是什么东西决定一个自控装臵是机器人而不是一个自动化机器呢？机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。例如，做电焊工作1个月后，可以重新编制程序而转成下个月做喷漆工作。反之，自动化机器不能有多种不同的用途，它只是被制造成执行一项任务。

The next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions.Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.With the ability to \"see\", robots can identify and inspect one specific cla of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials.When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the

25 camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers.The numbers are part of a grayscale system in which brightne is measured in a range of values.One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255.The 0 is represented by black.The highest number is white.The numbers in between represent different shades of gray.The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.

下一代机器人将有视觉和触觉功能，并且能够做出关键性的决策。在微电子学和计算机技术上有专长的工程技术人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类别的物中辨别和检查出某一特定物体。有一种机器人的视觉系统使用多排光敏材料的数字电子摄像机当一个物体（如机器零件）上的光线照射到摄像机上时，光敏材料能测量光的强度并将光线转变为一系列数字。这些数字是灰度系统的一部分，该系统以数值表示亮度。有的灰度范围为0一15，有的灰度范围为0一255。0代表黑色，而最大的数值代表白色。中间的数字代表不同的灰色程度。然后由计算机计算，并将数字转换成一幅表示该物体形态的图像。迄今尚不清楚机器人会不会有朝一日具有人眼那样的视力。技术人员相信机器人会做到这一点的，但需要若干年的研究。

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Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch.Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products.To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.

从事其他先进技术研究的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手与手指，赋予机器人以触觉。还有的工程技术人员编制新的程序使机器人能确定诸如是否要报废成品中有缺陷的零件。要做到这一点，机器人还应能识别哪些零件有缺陷。

These future robots, aembled with a sense of touch and ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.They can be used to explore for minerals on the ocean floor or deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter.They work as gas station attendants, firemen, housekeepers, and personnel.Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the will have to know about robotics.

具有触觉、视觉并能决策的未来机器人将要做许多工作。它们可用来海底探矿或进入对人危险的矿井深区。机器人还可充当汽车加油站的服务员、消防员、勤杂工以及保安人员等。任何想要了解未来工业的人必须要了解机器人

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Unit Seven

Leisure and Leadership

休闲与导向

Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for ma entertainment and recreation are signs of this increase concern.

观察与研究成果表明，生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲中他们能干些什么。人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。

The term \"quality of life\" is difficult to define.It covers a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food family life, friends, education, material poeions, leisure and recreation, and so on.Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction.to the individual.

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生活质量这一术语不易定义，它包括范围很广，如生活环境、健康、就业、饮食、家庭生活、朋友、教育、物质的占有、休闲与娱乐等等。一般来说，生活质量，特别在个人看来，其意义是由这些不同的生活领域可以供个人享受或者可以使个人满意的程度来衡量的。

As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one\'s spare time leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development.The importance of these varies according to the nature of one\'s job and one\'s life-style.Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.Those with a better education and in profeional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure.

休闲作为空闲时进行的自己认为适当的活动，具有下列功能：放松、娱乐、个人发展。这些功能的重要性随着个人工作性质与生活方式的不同而变化，所以在工作中需要付出很多精力的人，更渴望休闲时放松，而受过良好教育、从事专业工作的人可能更趋向于休闲时寻求娱乐和个人发展，如掌握技巧，培养爱好。

The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.Thus, the following are poible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide \"escape\" from the stre and

29 strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one\'s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people\'s life experiences as portrayed in the programmes.

对休闲的具体利用人与人不同，即使是同一休闲活动，不同的人也有不同的利用方式。下面就是对最常见的休闲方式看电视的不同利用：改变感受来“逃避”工作压力与紧张；更多了解自己周围正在发生的一切；通过对比节目中描绘的他人生活经历，提供机会理解自己。

In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and streful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more \"balanced\" way of life.

在城市社会中，结构紧密、节奏快捷、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活，某种不同性质的经历，不管是看电视还是看鸟，都能导致自我更新和一种更加“平衡”的生活方式。

Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one\'s interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.

由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带来享乐和满足的方式参与某项活动。

Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of

30 such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences.We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the ma media.Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.

我们的喜爱与厌恶、品味与偏爱决定我们选择这样的活动，如：读书、看电影、野营、或者某些文化追求，所有这些活动均与社会环境和学习经历有关。我们通过家庭、学校、工作、和大众传媒获得对不同事物、不同主题的兴趣。基本上说，上述态度相当于一个共识：休闲是生活的一个重要方面；相当于一个信念：休闲能够并且应该充分利用。

Profeional workers in recreation services, too, will find that to impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is eential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways.Hence, it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure.Influence of this kind is a form of leadership.

从事娱乐业的专业工作者也会发现，培养大众积极的休闲态度对促进他们以创造性的，满意的方式利用休闲时间十分必要。因此，可以认为，我们在不同环境中接触的人都可能对形成我们如何处理休闲时间的态度、兴趣、甚至技巧产生影响。这也是一种导向形式。

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Parents, teachers in schools, work aociates and communicator in or using the ma media are all capable of arousing our potential interests.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuit: are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.

父母、学校的老师、工作中的同事、大众媒体的传播上作者都能对我们的兴趣产生潜在的影响。比如，学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定的作用。

Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment, of a balanced development of the person.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.

学校常常把达到个人均衡发展定为它们的教育目标对此追求得越认真，就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度。

Unit Eight

Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure

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喷气飞机时差综合症的预防和治疗

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes acro at some time .But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is.and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be le streful.

喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。但你是否就这样忍受着？如果你能了解喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事以及注意饮食怎样把它的不良作用减少到最小，你坐飞机的紧张程度就会轻些。

The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.It is due lo changes in the body\'s physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.

乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。时差综合症不是对不同时区进行调整的心理后果。它是身体的生理调节机制，特别是激素系统，在不同环境中发生变化所引起的。

Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.He later

33 blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.

是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰．福斯特．杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。

The effects can be used to advantage, too.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.Eentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.

但是乘飞机旅行对身体的影响也可使之对人有利。约翰逊总统曾在关岛主持一次重要会议，整个会议按华盛顿时间进行。白宫的工作人员个个精力充沛，而当地人在这种情况下却得了时差综合症。从本质上说，他们瞬间一下子被运到了美国。

Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.A great number of the body\'s events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.

既然我们懂得了喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在解决它方而有所作为。我们身体的大量活动都按时在一天中的某个时间发生的。很

34 自然它们需要调整。这时两个调节系统相互起作用。

One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.The other belongs in our internal clocks (the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour — yes, 25 — rhythm.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.

一个定时系统根据我们的官能和饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化。另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。正常情况下两个定时系统是同步的，外部的信号会将体内时钟调节到更方便的24小时周期。

If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.

然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再

35 同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时，两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则不同时间报时。和时钟相似，人体可以定时在晚上，而这时太阳正在升起来。

In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.Blood preure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.

经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间一个很容易监测到的节奏是手掌出汗。一个人飞往某个时差为10小时的时区将需要8天的时间重新调节他的手掌出汗情况。血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning (local) and goes to sleep as soon as poible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.

出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。激素皮质醇控制盐和水的排泄，不管人体处于何地，它都是在早晨形成的。但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。这两种激素的分泌时

36 间通常间隔七八个小时，但如果人体在（当地）清晨很早到达目的地并且尽快睡觉，这两种激素将会同时分泌。

What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.Fortunately there is a short cut.It relies on two things — the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic aumptions are:

Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.

Protein in meals stimulates wakefulne, while carbohydrates promote sleep.

Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.

我们对此该怎么办呢？不可能等上4天直到身体习惯新的时区。幸好我们有个捷径。这靠两件东西——利用胃的力量调节其他活动发生的时间和利用咖啡的药理作用。 基本的设想是：

早晨喝咖啡可以延迟体内时钟，晚上可以加快体内时钟，下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。

膳食中的蛋白质引起不眠，而碳水化合物促人人睡。空腹进食有助使体内时钟得到调整。

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Unit Nine

Aging in European Countries

欧洲国家的年龄老化问题

We have to realise how old , how very old , we are .Nations are claified as “aged” when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this.Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe.At the beginning of the I980\'s East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden, West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent.Scotland had 12.3 per cent.Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be — at least, for any future that concerns us now.

我们必须认识到我们有多老了。当一个国家人口中有7%或以上的人满

38 65岁或超过65岁时，就被列为“老龄国”，而大约在1970年前，每一个先进国家就已步人这个行列了。在真正的老龄社会中，有13%以下的人超过65岁的国家全部分布在西北欧。在20世纪80年代初，一些国家（或地区）人口超过65岁的比例如下：东德15.6%，奥地利、瑞典、西德和法国13.4%或超过13.4%，英格兰和威尔13.3%，苏格兰12.3%a，北爱尔兰10.8%，美国9.9%。我们知道我们的社会正在变得更老，一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄——至少对任何能关系到我们现在的未来是这样的。

To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised.There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio — the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can — is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.

除了这些我们现在已经熟知的事实外，还有更多的事实可以补充，而其中一些还是最近才被我们认识到的。有这样一个明显的、似非而是的论点：造成老年人高比例的实际原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。有这样一条经济原则：扶养率——即不能挣钱生活的人依赖能挣钱养家的人的程度——在我

39 们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要有利一些，因为大量尚需扶养的孩子与一定数量不能工作的老年人相比，更是一个负担。人们已认识到这样一个突出历史事实：先进社会的老龄化都是一种突变。

If \"revolution\" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.

如果“革命”是对社会结构的迅速重建，如果社会的年龄构成被看作是社会结构的一个非常重要的方面，那么在欧洲尤其是在西欧社会里，每个超过50岁的人一生中就已经历过一次社会革命了。综合起来，这些事情牵连出的结果刚开始被人们认识。这些事实和情况今年早些时候在法国维希举行的一个世界大会上被视为对科学和政策的挑战而臵于显著地位。

There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.But this is what elementary demography makes clear.Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms.We have among us a very much greater

40 experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue.But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unle we do something about it.

这种观点常遇到反对意见，即正因为西欧和西北欧出生率比别的地区下降得早，而不是因为死亡率方面的任何变化，所以我们的社会才变得如此老龄但初级人口统计学已经把这个问题解释清楚了。当然长寿正改变我们的社会，但这是根据经验而来的说法。我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿，这种情况还将继续下去。但过度的长寿，即便是在富裕的西方，也会遭受贫穷和忽视，除非我们采取一些办法。

If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.The older you are now , of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the highest ages.At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.

如果你现在30多岁，你应当知道你可以期望活到60岁后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。当然，你现在年龄越大，这种比例就越高，如果你是女人，这比例还应该更高。人生的估计寿命是一个飘忽不定的数字，年龄越大越容

41 易有误差。在维希，人口学家们互相转告，他们对一些地方人口情况的估计，如英格兰和威尔上将有多少老年人，这些老人的寿命如何，注定要进行修改，因为这些数字一直呈上升趋势。

Unit Ten

The campaign for election

美国的竞选运动

The winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee.A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, John Anderson in 1980, or Ro Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.

11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人。小党派或独立的候选人，如1968年的乔治．华莱

十、1980年的约翰．安德森，或者1992年和1996年的罗斯．佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一此选票，但几乎没有人可能战胜他们。

42

A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful.Earlier in the twentieth century, this support was so firm and steady that the victory of the stronger party\'s candidate was almost a certainty.Warren G.Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.Party loyalty has declined in recent decades, but more than two-thirds of the nation\'s voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans, and most of them support their party\'s presidential candidate.Even Democrat George McGovern, who had the lowest level of party support among recent nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party\'s voters.

大党提名人具有得到党的忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势．在20世纪早期，这种支持是如此的坚固和稳定以至于强大党派候选人的胜利几乎是不容臵疑的。沃伦．G．哈定在他的俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。近几十年人们对党的忠诚有所减弱，但是这个国家三分之二以上的选民仍自我归属为民主党人或共和党人，并且他们当中的大多数会支持自己党派的总统候选人。甚至于民主党的乔治．麦戈文，他在近期的提名人中所得到的党派支持是最低的，也于1972年时获得了他的党将近团％的选民的支持。

43

Presidential candidates act strategically.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clinton\'s headquarters in Little Rock read, \"The Economy, Stupid.\" The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton\'s chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation\'s slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the iue that defeated Bush.As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.

总统竞选人做事讲究战略。在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有的影响。在1992年的选运动中，在小石城克林顿总部的墙上的一条标语说，“经济，愚蠢。”这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯．卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题。正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米．卡特败与罗纳德．里根时那样，选民很大程度上是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate\'s personal characteristics.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush\'s approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s.A year later, with the nation\'s economy

44 in trouble.Bush\'s approval rating dropped below 40 percent.Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.

候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象。然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录。一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者的形象，但是选民们始终一直关心经济。

The candidates\' strategies are shaped by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congre.Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House representation.Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes (including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congre).To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority.

候选人的战略的形成要考虑到许多因素，包括宪法的这一条款：每个州拥有的选票必须与其在国会中的代表人数相等。于是每个州便有两票选举参议院的代表并根据各州在众议院的代表数，有不同数量的选票。选票总数为538张（包括哥伦比亚特区的3张选票，尽管在国会中它没有投票代表）要

45 赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population, such as California (with 54 electoral votes), New York (33), Texas (32), Florida (25), Pennsylvania (23), Illinois (22), and Ohio (21).Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majority, and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states.Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush\'s 38 percent and Perot\'s 19 percent; but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.

候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜，例如，加利福尼亚州（有54张选票），纽约州（33张），德克萨斯州（32张），佛罗里达州（25张），宾夕法尼亚州（23张），伊利诺斯州（22张）和俄亥俄州（21张）。仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可获得选举的多数，因此，总统候选人花大量的时间在这些州进行竞选活动。在1992年，克林顿仅获得民众选票的43%，相比之下，布什是38%，佩罗是19%；但是克林顿在州选举中获胜。这些州却给了他压倒多数的370张选票，相比之下布什是168张，佩罗则一张也没有。

Unit Eleven

46 Sacrificed to Science ?

是为科学牺牲吗？

Profeor Colin Blukemore works at Oxford University Medical School doing research into eye problems and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits:

科林．布莱克默教授任职于牛津大学医学院，正在对眼睛疾病进行研究他认为，用动物进行研究给人带来了很多好处。

The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics, vaccines and treatments for diabetes, cancer, developmental disorders...most of the major medical advances have been based on a background of animal research and development.

使用动物对于发展麻醉学、疫苗以及糖尿病、癌症、发育失调等疾病的治疗具有至关重要的作用。大部分重大的医学进展都是基于对动物的研究和开发。

There are those who think the tests are simply unneceary.The International Aociation Against Painful Experiments on Animals is an organization that promotes the use of alternative methods of research which do not make animals suffer.Their spokesman Colin Smith says:

Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.People and animals are different in their reactions to

47 drugs and in the way their bodies work.We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.

有些人认为用动物进行试验根本没有必要，反对用动物进行痛苦实验国际协会是一个提倡使用替代的研究方法，使动物免受痛苦的组织、他们的发言人科林．史密斯说，用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关。它常常能产生令人误导的结果。人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同，我们只要看一下几起医疗错误便会明白情况就是这样。

But Profeor Blackmore strees:

It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animals testing, not le.The birth defects (hat the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing.If thalidomide were invented today, it would never he released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.

但是布莱克默教授却强调说，如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。萨立多胺就是一个著名的例子，说明对动物进行的实验应该更多而不是更少。这种药物造成的婴儿先天性缺损就是实验不够的结果。如果萨立多胺是今天发明的，它就决不会用在人身上，因为对怀孕的动物的新试验将会发现这种危险。

Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.This is the Hund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical

48 Experiments.It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals and is aiming for Reduction.Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.In 1981.it established a research programme to improve and expand non-animal testing.Increasingly, new technology is making it easier for us to find alternative methods of testing.Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.Data from previous animal experiments is used lo develop a computer model which will predict what will happen if you add a chemical with an unknown biological effect to a substance.The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.

另一个组织，英文简称叫FRAME，其全称的意思是替代动物药物实验基金会。该组织正在开展替代方法的研究，这个组织承认有很多实验仍然不得不在动物身上进行，但它正致力于减少、改进和代替对动物的实验。1981年时，这个组织确定了一个研究项目来改进非动物试验和扩大非动物试验的范围。新的技术使我们日益容易找到替代的试验方法。可用计算机模型来模拟细胞的活动方式和预报化学药品的毒性。可用从以前的动物实验获取的数据来建立一个计算机模型，这个模型能够预报如果将某一生物效果不明的化学药品添加到另一种物质上将会出现什么情况。计算机模拟的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物的数量。

The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced.In the original test,

49 all the animals in a test group are given a substance until half of them die.The test indicates toxicity.A method using a fixed amount, which gives the same eventual information hut uses fever animals and does not require that they die, may replace the LD50.Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.

The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need Co be used --healthier animals provide better experimental results.For example, it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine, now it takes only 22.Also, lack of money has reduced the number of animals used — they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.

药剂致死剂量50(LD50)试验也可以被代替。在最初的试验中，一个试验组里的全部动物都要给予某种物质，直到其中一半死亡为止。这一试验可以指示出物质毒性的大小。另一种方法是使用固定量的有毒物质，能够给出同样的最终信息，但使用较小的动物并且不需要它们死亡，这个方法可以代替LD50。现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生有毒的生物效果。

用于实验室试验的动物数量在过去20年中已经减少。这部分地是由于采用了替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计得更好，所以需要的动物就

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第14篇：假期计划英语作文及翻译

假期计划英语作文及翻译

A Plan for My Summer Holiday

Summer holiday is coming.How excited! I have made a plan for my summer holiday.First of all, I will go to Hong Kong to visit my aunt.And then I will stay with her for a while.As Hong Kong is the shopping paradise, of course, I will ask my aunt to go shopping with me.I will also eat the delicious food there.And then I will go home.I know that study comes first.So I will finish my homework first.After that I will go out play with my friends.And then I will take a good rest to prepare for my coming back to school.

作文

翻译：

假期计划

暑假即将来临。多么的兴奋啊！我已经为我的暑假制定了计划。首先，我会去香港拜访我的婶婶。之后我会和她呆一段时间。因为香港是购物天堂，当然我会叫我婶婶陪我一起去购物。我还要吃那里美味的食物。然后我就会回家。我知道学习是最重要的。所以回去之后我会先完成我的暑假作业。之后我就会和我的朋友出去玩。再之后我就会好好的休息来为回校做好准备。

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第15篇：高考英语作文及翻译集锦

高中英语作文范文及翻译集锦.......1

一、议论类.........3

自行车还是汽车..........3 吸烟与健康.....4

空余时间的利用.....5 理想的朋友...6 保持水源清洁..7

水污染..8

看电视是一件好事情吗..9 怎样与人相处......11 保持健康的方法...12 火灾原因 ...13 我们必须面对失败....14 金钱能买来幸福吗?..15 不吃早餐不好..16 电子游戏 ....17

二、记叙类.....20

李明是怎样保持健康的?....20 真正的美 ....21 一颗闪亮的星.....22

三、其他类...26

一、议论类

Bikes or Cars

Americans like to go out by car.Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors.

As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places.

Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places.So they need cars to go shopping and go to work. And they also like traveling far.Thus a car brings them great convenience. On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets. They don't need a car to go to work or go shopping.

I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won't cause pollution.

自行车还是汽车

美国人喜欢乘汽车外出。尽管越采越多的中国人拥有了汽车，但大部分中国人仍 喜欢骑自行车，这是由很多因素决定的。

众所周知，自行车靠人力，行进慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而对于汽车来 说，虽然它依靠发动机行进很快，但它必须停在停车场。

多数美国人生活在郊区，远离市区及工作地点，所以他们需要汽车来购物、上班， 并且他们也喜欢驾车远行。因此汽车给他们提供很大方便。相反，多数中国人居 住在工作地点和市场附近，他们不需要开车去上班或购物。

我喜欢骑自行车外出，因为它花费少而且容易使用。最重要的是自行车不会引起 污染。

Smoking And Health

Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world.Not only the old, the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking.Many of them think that smoking is a smart symbol. However, smoking is harmful to one's ,health.It contributes a lot of lung cancer, from which many people have died in the past years.It can also cause many other diseases.In a word, if you smoke, you do h ave a much greater chance of losing your health.Furthermore, scienti fic research shows that smoking is not only harmful to smokers themse lves, but also a threat to public health, especially to women and chi ldren.Therefore, many countries have made laws forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations, hospitals, and so o n Giveup smoking! If you don't smoke, don't start.Give upsmoking for the sake of your health, for the sake of your family, and for the sa ke of the whole world. 吸烟与健康

现在，吸烟是一个世界范围的习惯，不仅老年人、青年人吸烟，就连中学生 也加入到这个行列中来，他们中的许多人认为吸烟是一种潇洒的象征。

然而，吸烟对人的健康是有害的，它会引起肺癌，在刚刚过去的几年中；许 多人因此而丧命，还可能引发其他的疾病。总之，如果你吸烟的话，你就很可能 失去拥有健康的机会，更进一步说，科学研究显示，吸烟不仅危害吸烟者本人， 而且对公共健康来说，也是一个凶兆，尤其是对妇女和孩子。因此，许多国家都 制定了不准在公共场合吸烟的法规，例如：电影院，车站，医院等地。

戒烟吧，如果你还未染上，请不要开始；戒烟吧，为了你的健康，为了你的 家庭的健康，为了整个世界的健康。 Use of Free Time

With the working hours becoming shorter and shorter and holidays

becoming longer and longer, how to spend the leisure time has become a hot topic.

The use of free time often discloses much about one's tastes, va lues, interests and personality.Some may take to the humanities: lit erature, magic, art, and they might be interested in movies and telev ision.Others participate in sports, politics, voluntary work or hobb ies at home.Still others like parties, traveling, .or just loafing.

Obviously, the use of free time is a good means of relaxation, b ut its benefits go beyond this.All things people do in leisure hours enable them to gratify their wishes.This can contribute to intellec tual growth and promote social activities as well.

So the good use of free time will make life rich, colorful and rewarding. 空余时间的利用

随着工作时间的越来越短假日的越来越长，如何度过空甲时间已经成为一个 热点话题。

空余时间的利用往往透露出一个人的品位、价值、兴趣和个性。有些人喜欢 文学、巫术和艺术等人文学科，他们也许对电影、电视感兴趣，另一些人参加运 动、政治、志愿工作或者在家做喜欢的事情，还有一些喜欢聚会、旅游或者只样 生活就没有趣味可言了。我们一直忙于谋生。虽然我们可以通过努力工作取得幸 福、满足和成功，但人不是机器。迷就是说；我们应当适当地休息。如果我们经 常从事远足、跳舞、钓鱼、登山(在空闲时间里)等活动，我们的生活将变得多姿 多彩。另-千方面，如果你只有娱乐而不工作也是不可取的。所以，在人们的生 活中，工作和娱乐应互相结合。为了生活得更快乐，我们应保持工作和娱乐的平衡。

An Ideal Friend

Friends can be claified into two kinds, good friends and evil frie nds.Evil friends lead us astray and may destroy our life, while good

ones drive us towards the right and make our life succeful.

Two of them exist in our daily life.However, ideal friends exi st in people's mind.They should be diligent, succeful and loyal.W hen you need help, they will stand beside you and be delighted to giv e you a hand.Also you can share your happine and sorrow together.

In my opinion, friends can share something but they also should kee p their own secrets.So I wish my friends wouldn't interfere in my pr ivacy too much.On the other hand, my friends should have Something i n common with me, at the same time something special.In this way we can attract each other and learn from each other. 理想的朋友

朋友可以分为两种，益友和狐朋狗友。狐朋狗友会使我们误入歧途，毁了我 们的一生；而益友会使我们明辨是非，使我们成功。

日常生活中这两种朋友都存在。然而，在人们心目中仍存在理想的朋友。这 种朋友勤奋、成功并忠诚。当你需要帮助时，他们会与你并肩作战，伸出援助之 手。他们还可以与你分享快乐与痛苦。

我认为朋友要分享一些东西但也要保留自己的秘密，所以我希望我的朋友不 会过多地介入我的私事。从另一方面来说，我的朋友和我应有共同之处，同时又 有各自的特点。这样我们才可以互相吸引，互相学习。 Keeping Water Sources Clean

Who is willing to drink the polluted water? It can cause us to b e ill and even to die.We can't wait for a moment to protect our wate r sources.The water we use comes from oceans, lakes, rivers or strea ms.But many of these water sources are getting seriously polluted.T owns and cities are pouring dust into the water.Many people are thro wing all kinds of dirty things into the water.Factories are pouring waste material into the water. Therefore, water sources have become so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink or to use. Now it is high time that we should do something to protect our water environment from being polluted.

保持水源清洁

污染的水会使人生病甚至死亡，有谁愿意喝这样的水呢?我们要保护水源，刻 不容缓。我们用的水来自海洋、湖泊、河流或小溪，但这些水源有许多正受到严 重的污染。城镇乒把大量的尘埃排入水中，许多人正把各种；各样的脏物投进水 中，工厂正把废物排入水中。因此，水源已经污染严重，其中一些不适合再饮用。 现在到了．采取措施保护水环境使其免受污染的时候了。 Water Pollution

Today, I read a piece of news in China Daily.It reports that wat er pollution exists not only in Haihe River but aIso in some other ri vers, lakes and seas in our country.

Everyone agrees that water pollution is a serious problem today.

Rivers, lakes and even oceans all over the world are bec0mingpolluted by garbage and dangerous chemicals. Oil and other chemicals can kil l fish and make water unsafe for drinking

Polluted water is a hazard to everyone.

Now more and more people have realized how serious the problem is. Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against p ollution.We've done a good deal of work, but there's still a long wa y to go.We must keep on fighting until we find ways to protect the e nvironment from being polluted, and do away with pollution.We are su re that we'll win the battle.Goodbye, water pollution! 水污染

今天，我读了《中国日报》的一则新闻。据报道，在我们国家，水污染不仅存 在于海河中，也出现在其他河流、湖泊和海洋中。

大家一致认为水污染已是当今的严重问题。世界范围内的河流、湖泊甚至 海洋都受到垃圾和危险的化学制剂的污染。石油和其他化学品可以杀死鱼，使水 变得不能饮用。被污染的水对每个人都是有害的。

现在，越来越多的人都认识到这个问题有多重。我们政府止努力制定措施与 水污染作斗争。我们做了许多工作，但还有很长的路要走。我们要坚持斗争，直 到我们找到解决环境污染的办法。我们相信，我们能打赢这场战斗。再见，水污 染! Is Watching TV a Good Thing

Television has changed people's life much since it was invented.No w it has become an important part of modem life.

People enjoy themselves after hard work by Watching TV.They can see some plays, some stories,some sports matches without going out o f home, and without spending much money in buying tickets.TV progra mmes make people's life more interesting.

People learn much from TV.Students can study by watching some e ducational programmes.People can see news, weather reports; program mes about science and computers.People all over the world can learn from each other and get knowledge when they are watching TV.

But not all the progranunes are ,good enough.Today, there are t oo many programmes about sexy and crime.Some young people become ba d because they learn from the bad people in those programmes.And wa tching TV usually takes too much time.It's not good for people's wo rk and study.It's not good foi' their eyes, either. People all over the world are watching TV.Is watching TV a good thing or a bad one? I think it depends on people themselves. If one can choose good programmes and he doesn't spend too much time on TV, it can be a good thing for him.

看电视是一件好事情吗

电视自从发明后，就大大改变了人们的生活。现在的电视已成为人们生活中 重妻的一部分。

人们通常在辛勤工作后，通过看电视来享受生活。他们足不出户就可欣赏一些精彩的表演、连续剧和体育比赛，也不必花很多钱买票。电视节目使人们的生 活变得更有趣。

人们从电视中学到很多东西。学生能通过看教育节目来学习，人们能看新闻、天气预报、有关科学和电脑的节目。世界各地的人们通过看电视互相学习，相互 了解。

但并不是所有的节目都足够好。如今的电视节目中有太多关于色情和犯罪的 片段。有些青年变坏就是因为受了电视上坏人的引诱。电视看得太多还会耽误时 间，影响学习和生活，对视力也不好。

世界各地的人们都在看电视。看电视是一件好事情，还是一件坏事情呢?我认 为这取决于自己。只要大家有选择，有节制，看电视就是一件好事情。 How to Get Along Well with Others

In our daily life, we have to come into contact with people in e very walk of life.Therefore, it is very important for us to know how to get along with other people.To get well along with others and win their friendships, we must observe strictly the following words.

To begin with, we need to be honest with others and shouh{ alway s say what we mean.Lies will surely make people stay far away from u s in the long run.After all,honesty is the best policy.Second, we h ave to be humble enough.If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other's respect, not to mention "friendship" Finally, we must not b e selfish.We should learn how to show concern for others.

As long as we abide by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others.

怎样与人相处

在我们日常生活中，不免会有与人打交道的时候，所以对我们采说懂得怎样 与人相处是很重要的。要想与别人很好相处，并赢得友谊，就必须做到以下所述：

首先，要诚实守信地对待别人，说谎一定会使人远离你，诚实是最好的策略。 其次，就是要有足够的虚心。假如我们在公共场合自傲，我们很难赢得别人的尊 重，更不用提友谊了。最后，我们不能自私，我们必须友善待人，我们必须关心 别人。

当我们遵守上述所说的去与人相处，你就会发现：与人相处其实并不难。 The Way to Stay Healthy

Health is most important for any of us.]n order to stay health y, we need some common knowledge.

First]y, pay attention to the diet.We should eat lots of fruit and vegetables, because they are rich in fiber and Iow in fat.As a proverb says, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." So fruit is goo d for health.Don't have a lot of food that contains too much fat, su ch as butter.Meanwhile, sweets should be eaten in proper quantity, b ecause too much sugar does harm to us.Don't drink too much coffee,ei ther.

Secondly, exercise is neceary.Regular exercise can help us ke ep from getting fat.People who do running every day usually have str onger hearts than who don't.

Finally, form good living habits.We should sleep for about 8 ho urs at night,and never work too hard.Over work and little sleep will lead to illne.What's more, stay away from cigarettes.

These are the things we should pay attention to so as to stay he althy.

保持健康的方法

健康对我们任何人来说都是最为重要的。为了保持健康，我们需要一些普通 的知识。

首先，注意你的饮食。我们应该吃大量的水果和蔬菜，因为它们富含纤维素 并且脂肪含量较低。正如一句谚语所说：“一天一个苹果不求医。”因此水果对

健康有益。不要吃太多富合脂肪的食物，比如说黄油。同时，应当适量地吃甜食， 因为糖过多对我们人体不利，也不要喝太多的咖啡。

其次，锻炼是必需的；经常性的锻炼能使我们保持身材；通常每天跑步的人 的心脏要比那些不跑步的人更强壮。

最后，养成良好的生活习惯。我们晚上应该睡八小时，不要过分辛苦地工作。过度劳作和睡眠不足将导致生病。而且，不要吸烟。

以上这些方面我们都该注意，这样才能保持健康。

The Cause of fire

As we all know, fire is one of the most terrible killers in ou r modern society.We know that fire is mainly caused by smokers, follo wed by defective insulations and children playing with matches.In 20 02 ,thousands of fire happened all over the country, of which 50 perc ent was caused by smokers who left cigarette-ends everywhere.Those w ho smoke should make sure that the cigarettes are stubbed out before being thrown away.Also, smoking should not be allowed in public plac es.30 percent of fire was caused by defective insulation.Workers sh ould know the importance of good insulation for people's lives.At ho mes we must pay special attention to electric wires and make sure tha t they are safe.20 percent of fire are caused by children playing wi th matches.We should warn children of the danger of playing with mat ches.

No matter what type of the reason it was, there was one thing

in common:carelene.So if everyone in the country is careful enou gh, more fire could be avoided.

火灾原因

我们都知道火灾是现代社会最可怕的杀手之一。火灾主要是由吸烟者、绝缘 不良和孩子玩火柴引起的。在2002年，全国发生了成千上万起火灾，其中50％ 是由于吸烟者随便扔烟头引起的。那些吸烟者应该在扔烟头前确保烟头已经被掐 灭。而且，公共场所应该禁止吸烟。30％的火灾是由于绝缘不良引起的，工作人 员应该懂得绝缘对人们的重要性。在家里时我们应该尤其注意电线，要确保它们 的安全性。20％的火灾是由于孩子玩火柴引起的，我们应该警告孩子玩火柴的危 险性。

不管是哪种类型的原因，它们都有一个共同点：粗心。因此如果国家中每个 人都足够细心，那么更多的火灾是可以避免的。

We Must Face Failure

As we all know, "Failure is the mother of succe." But few peop le can really understand what the saying means.

In the world, I am sure that no one dare say he hasn't met any t rouble all his life.So we must face failure.In fact, failure is not fearful, but important thing is how to face it correctly.Facing fai lure, people will never take their fate lying down.They will try thei r best to work harder and harder until at last they succeed.

Not being courageous to face setbacks, people have no chance to enjoy the pleasure of succe.So they have nothing to do but feel sa d and empty all day and all night.In fact, they lose the chance of s ucce themselves.

My friend, whenever in trouble, please remember, "Failure is the mother of succe." 我们必须面对失败

我们都知道：“失败是成功之母。”但真正理解这句话的人却不多。

我相信，世界上没有一个人敢说他一生中从没遇到过任何麻烦。因此，我们 必须面对失败。其实，失败并不可怕，重要的是如何正确看待它。敢于面对失败， 人们将不再由命运摆布。他们将全力以赴的辛勤工作，直到最后成功。

不敢面对挫折，人们也就没有机会享受成功的喜悦。他们会无所事事，终日 沮丧而空虚。事实上，是他们自己把成功的机会丧失了。

朋友们，无论何时你遇到了困难，请记住：“失败是成功之母。

Can Money Buy Happine?

Can money buy happine? Different people have different opinio ns.Some think yes, while others hold the opposite.

It is true that with enough money one can buy all the things on e wants, and live a life of comfort and security.However, it is equa lly true that lack of money causes great distre.It is a common vie w that "money is the root of all evil." The pursuit of money drives m any people to cheat and steal.In some places there is nothing that c annot be bought with money, resulting in corrupt societies where ever ybody is miserable.

So, money does not necearily mean happine.It all depends o n how it is used.If we make honest and sensible use of money, it can be a stepping-stone to happine l Although money cannot buy happine , it can make happine poible if it is employed sensibly.

金钱能买来幸福吗?

金钱能买来幸福吗?不同的人有不同的回答。有的人认为能，有的人则持相 反的意见。

诚然一个人如果有足够的钱可以买到他想要的所有物品，过上舒适稳定的生 活。然而，同样缺钱往往引起巨大的忧伤。人们常常认为“金钱是万恶之源”， 对金钱的追求驱使许多人去骗去偷。在某些地方，没有钱买不到的东西，导致社 会的腐化堕落。

所以，金钱并不一定就意味着幸福。这取决于怎样使用金钱，如果我们诚信 明智地使用金钱，它将是幸福的基石。尽管金钱买不到幸福，但它可以使幸福成 为可能。

No Breakfast, No Good

Now a lot of students go to school in a hurry so that they have no time to have breakfast.But not having breakfast will do harm to t heir health and their study.

Having no breakfast will throw the normal work of our digestive system into confusion.As a result, it will do harm to our health.An d at our age it is high time for us to grow up.So our bodies are in great need of energy.If we don't have breakfast,there will be not en ough energy to supply.This may stunt our growth.

What's more, it is a long period between breakfast and lunch.Br eakfast provides us with the energy needed for the cla.Without bre akfast we cannot get along well with our claes.So for the sake of our health and our study, we must have breakfast.

不吃早餐不好

现在很多学生上学很匆忙，以至于没有时间吃早餐，但不吃早餐会有害于学 生的健康和学习。

不吃早餐会扰乱我们消化系统的正常工作，从而对我们的身体健康产生危 害。这个年龄段正是我们长身体的时候，所以我们的身体需要大量的能量。如果 我们不吃早餐，就不会提供足够的能量，这会阻碍身体的发育。

另外，早餐与午餐之间。的时间很长。·早餐可以为我们提供上课所需的能 量，不吃早餐会影响我们上课。所以，为了我们的健康和学习，我们必须吃早餐。 Computer Games

Playing computer games takes the teenagers too much time these d ays.So I think computer games should be done away with.They are not hing but a waste of time, money and energy.Teenagers should do valua ble things like reading, studying and going to concerts and museums.

Computer games are bad for both the physical and mental health o f the young.The computer games rooms are very dark, noisy, and the co ntent are unhealthy and violent, and so on.

Therefore, computer games arcades should be banned fi'om cities and towns.

电子游戏

打电子游戏花费青少年太多的时间，所以我认为电子游戏应该被取缔。它们 只是浪费金钱、时间和精力。十几岁的青少年应该做像读书、学习、听音乐会、去博物馆等重要的事情。

电子游戏对青少年的身心健康都有不良的影响。电子游戏室光线黑暗，吵闹， 游戏内容不健康、充满暴力等等。

因此，电子游戏厅应该从城镇被取缔。

Getting up Early ts a Good Habit

Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancien t times.Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be vigorous the whole day.

In fact, spring is the best seasonof a year; morning is the bes t time of a day.In the morning, the air is the freshest and people ar e usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morni ng than at any other time of the day.If we do some exercises or only take a short walk in the morning, we will be full of energy the whol e day.Also we will have enough time to prepare our work of the day if we get up early.In short, getting up early can do us a lot of good.

Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our bes t to keep it.We will certainly benefit a lot from it.

早起是个好习惯

从古代起，早起就一直被视为好习惯。很久以前，人们就认为如果我们早睡 早起，一整天都会精神饱满。

实际上，一年之际在于春，一日之际在于晨。早晨空气最新鲜，人们的状态 通常也最好。很多人可能都有这样的经历，那就是早上记东西比其他任何时间都 能记得快、记得准确。如果我们早上做些运动或散步，这一天我们都会精力充沛。 而且如果我们能够早起，就会有充足的时间准备一天的工作。总之，早起对我们 非常有益。

让我们记住早起是个好习惯，并尽量保持这种习惯，我们必将从中受益不少。 Development and the Environment

It is undeniable that the worsening environment has become the biggest concern of the present-day world.Land resources are dwindlin g because of water lo and soil erosion.Waste gases poison the air we breathe.The rivers and lakes are polluted by waste dumped in them from factories.It is probably no exaggeration to say that deteriora tion of the quality of the environment threatens the existence of man kind itself.

Some people are of the opinion that the environmental problem i s the price we have to pay for economic development.But I do not thi nk that this argument is valid.After all, what is the point of econo mic growth if people's lives are adversely alfected by worsening envi ronmental pollution?

There is plenty of evidence to show that sustainable developmen t can be achieved by balancing economic growth with protection of the environment.The key to achieving this is to make people aware of th e seriousne of the problem.Both governments and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this world a better place to live in, not o nly for ourselves, but also for future generations. 环境与发展

不可否认的是环境恶化已成为当今世界上人们最担心的事了。因为水资源的 浪费和土壤被侵蚀，土地资源逐渐缩小。我们呼吸着有毒的空气，河流和湖泊也 被附近的工厂里排放出来的废弃物严重污染了。不夸大其词地说，环境质量的恶 化很可能威胁人类的生存。

有些人说环境问题是我们为经济发展所付出的代价。对此，我不敢苟同。如 果人类的生活被日益恶化的环境污染所影响的话，那么，经济发展的意义何在?

足够的证据表明：经济发展与环境保护的平衡可以实现可持续发展。关键是 使人们意识到问题的严重性。政府和普通市民两方都应该携手使地球成为更适合 人类居住的地方，这不仅是为我们自己，也是为我们的后代。

二、记叙类

How Li Ming Keeps Healthy?

It's important for us to keep healthy.Li Ming gives us a good exa mple.He always takes exercises.He likes sports such as swimming, ru nning and playing basketball.He goes to bed at ten in the evening an d gets up at six in the morning.He takes care of himself.He takes a bath every day and washes his hands before meals.When he has meals, he eats all kinds of healthy food such as fish, eggs, vegetables and meat.He also eats a lot of fruit.So he looks strong.

Meals used to be the time when family members got together.But now fast food and quick meals are threatening such family get-togethe r.

李明是怎样保持健康的?

保持健康对我们来说是很重要的，李明为我们树立了一个好的榜样。他喜欢 运动，比如游泳、跑步、打篮球等。他晚上十点睡觉早上六点起床。他自己照顾 自己。他每天洗一次澡，饭前洗手。吃饭时，他吃各种各样的诸如鲜鱼、鸡蛋、蔬菜和肉之类的健康食品。他也吃大量的水果。所以他看上去很强壮。

吃饭过去通常在家人团聚时进行，而现在快餐食品和快餐正威胁着这样的家 庭聚会。 True Beauty

Everyone is attracted by beauty and beauty is powerful.But what is true beauty? Perhaps you can get the answer from the following st ory.

This morning I went to the market to buy some vegetables with my parents.On the way we all highly praised a young man in western-sty le clothes and leather shoes who was riding by.But he rode so fast t hat he knocked an old lady down carelely.Instead of stopping, he pr etended not to see this and rode away quickly.We were all very angry with the young man.To our happine, a girl in plain dre ran forw ard at once, helped the lady up and took her home.We all praised the girl.

From this we know we cannot judge a person by his appearance.A

person who is dreed beautifully may not have a beautiful soul.Only a person who has a beautiful soul is really beautiful.

真正的美

每个人都会被美所吸引，荚有强大的力量。但是什么是真正的美呢?或许你可 以从下面的事情中得到答案。

今天早上我和父母一起去市场买蔬菜，路上我们都赞叹一个西装革履的正骑 车经过的年轻人。但是他骑得太快了，不小心把一位老妇人撞倒在地。而他却假 装没看到，飞快地骑走了。我们都生那个年轻人的气。让人欣慰的是，一个穿着 朴素的女孩立刻跑过来，扶起老人并把她送回了家。我们都夸奖这个小女孩。

由此我们知道了，不能通过外表来判断一个人。一个身穿华服的人可能没有 美好的心灵，拥有美丽灵魂的人才是真正美丽的。 A Shining Star

A good teacher is like a shining star to students.Mi Li, my senior middle school English teacher, is a shining star in my life.

When I began my senior middle school years, I had difficulty in learning English.I dared not speak English aloud in public because o f my poor pronunciation and intonation.I could not get high marks and grammar was not right at all.Afraid of being lanughed at,I never put up my hand to answer questions in English cla.When Mi Li found o ut my situation,she encouraged me and lent me a hand,which rapidly im

proved my English.With her help,I became interested in English and ev entually got high marks.

Mi Li,like a shining star,shines in my path of succe. 一颗闪亮的星

一个好老师对学生来说就像一颗闪亮的星。李老师，我高中时的英语老师， 就是我生命中的一颗闪亮的星。

刚上高中时，我英语学得很吃力。我不敢在公开场合说英语，因为我的语音、语调彳艮糟糕，英语成绩彳艮差，语法一塌糊涂。害怕被嘲笑，所以英语课上我 从来不举手回答问题。李老师发现我的情况后，向我伸出了援助之手，并鼓励我。 这一切使我很快提高了英语水平。在她的帮助下，我渐渐对英语感兴趣了，成绩 也提高了。

李老师，就像一颗闪亮的星照耀着我前进的道路。

三、其他类

假设你是李华，住在泉州。你的澳大利亚笔友Eric来信谈到了他所居住的城市， 并希望了解你家乡的情况。请你用英语写一封回信。回信须包括下表中的内容。

自然情况

①位于台湾海峡西岸、风景优美、适合居住

成

就

②近十年来经济发展迅速 ③新建了不少工厂、住房、道路、桥梁等 存在问题

④水、空气、噪音污染 ⑤交通拥挤

对泉州发展的看法

⑥（内容由考生自己拟定）

注意：1. 回信中不能使用“泉州”以外的地名。

2. 词数100左右。信的开头与结尾已为你写好，不计入词数。

参考词汇：台湾海峡Taiwan Straight Dear Eric, It’s very kind of you to write me and let me know about your beautifu l city.Now I’d like to tell you something about my hometown Quanzho u.

The city stands on the west bank of the Taiwan Straight.It is a beau tiful place for people to live in.Its economy has been developing ra pidly in the past ten years.New factories, houses, roads and bridges have been built.More schools and hospitals are available for its pe ople.However, there are still some problems, such as water, air and noise pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours.In my opinion, Quanz hou should develop its economy scientifically.I would also think tha t the growth of its housing construction should be brought under cont rol so that we’ll have a better hometown in future.

Yours,

Lihua 有关英语演讲比赛的通知

下面是有关英语演讲比赛的消息，请据此用英语写一通知。（100词左右）

活

动

英语演讲比赛

( English-speaking Contest )

目

的

提高英语口语

组

织

者

学生会

参加范围

高中（senior) 学生

报名时间

5月25日以前

报名地点

学生会办公室

比赛时间

6月9日下午4：00

比赛地点

教学楼五楼礼堂

( auditorium )

评

讲

前五名优胜者获奖

We are going to have an English-speaking contest for senior students so as to improve our oral English.It will be held in auditorium on the 5th flo or in the teaching building at 4:00pm., June 9th.Those who want to take part in the contest are supposed to come to sign up at the office of the s tudents’ Union before May 25th.All the senior students are welcome to jo in in the contest.The first five winners will be given prizes.Please try your best and get ready in time.

Wish you succe! 写一封回信

假若你是《21th century》报纸的编辑，有一学生向你写了如下的一封信， 请你根据来

信的内容写一封回信，帮他出出主意。字数约为100左右。

Dear Editor,

My physics teacher is very strict with us.I often feel nervous in his claes b ecause we are punished by being made to stand for a few minutes if we can' t answer his questions.It's embarraing

to be made to stand in cla, so I hate physics claes.However, I really want to do well in physics.What shoul d I do?

Yours sincerely

Zhang Ying

Dear Zhang Ying,

I am sorry you are having difficulty with your physics claes.Teachers have many different ways of encouraging students to put in more effort — it seems as though your physics teacher thinks fear is the best way! He does it beca use he thinks it will produce results. If you feel that it is stopping you from d oing your best then you should tell him.You say you want to do well in phys ics and if your teacher knows this, he will be pleased.It is only when student s are not trying as hard as they can that a teacher is forced to take action.I f he is aware of your worries, perhaps he will suggest other ways of helping you improve your work.

Editor 关于某节体育课的有关情况的日记

说明：下面是某节体育课的有关情况。请你据此写一篇日记。

内容要点：

1. 时间： 2003 年 5 月 28 日，星期一，下午

2. 天气：阴

3. 项目：跳远（ long jump ）

4. 过程：

（ 1 ）打上课铃时就在操场集合；

（ 2 ）做准备活动（ warming-up exercises ）；

（ 3 ）听老师讲解并示范；

（ 4 ）我因心情紧张而失败；

（ 5 ）不灰心，反复练习；

（ 6 ）终于跳过三米。

5. 体会：只要有恒心（ perseverance ）就一定能成功。

注意：

1. 内容必须包括所有要点，但不能逐点翻译；

2. 日记格式要正确；

3. 词数 100 左右。 「精品范文」

May 28 Monday Cloudy

This afternoon we had a P.E.leon.Our teacher taught us to pr actise the long jump.When the bell rang， we gathered on the playgro und.After warming-up exercises， the teacher told us the way of long jump and showed us how to do it.Then we followed the teacher and pra cticed one after another.Soon came my turn， bur I felt a bit nervou s.Though I failed the first time， yet Ididn''''t lose my heart.I k ept on practising.At last I was able to jump over 3 meters.

From this leon I came to see that one will succeed if he has pe rseverance.

第16篇：英语作文常用句子及翻译

只要掌握好词组、基本句型，再配上合适的时态，一篇文章就基本完成。以下是小编整理的英语作文常用句子及翻译，欢迎参考阅读!

英语作文常用句子及翻译一

1.There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

2.So precious is time that we can\'t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费。

3.Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

4.The more books we read, the more learned webecome.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

5.There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。

6.It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in ourlife.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

7.The progre of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

8.We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

9.Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

英语作文常用句子及翻译二

1、Time flies.时光易逝。

2、Time is money.一寸光阴一寸金。

3、Time and tide wait for no man.岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。

4、Time tries all.时间检验一切。

5、Time tries truth.时间检验真理。

6、Time past cannot be called back again.光阴一去不复返。

7、All time is no time when it is past.光阴一去不复返。

8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.昨日不复来。

9、Tomorrow comes never.切莫依赖明天。

10、How important athing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

英语作文常用句子及翻译三

1.I will conclude by saying...最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......4.Therefore, in my opinion,it\'s more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discued above,we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discuion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view,it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

9.As far as I am concerned,I completely agree with the former/the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10.Before giving my opinion,I think it is eential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

英语作文常用句子及翻译四

1.As far as ...is concerned就……而言

2.It goes without saying that...不言而喻...

3.It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that...它必须注意到，...

6.It\'s generally recognized that...它普遍认为...

7.It\'s likely that...这可能是因为...

8.It\'s hardly that...这是很难的......

9.It\'s hardly too much to say that...它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

英语作文常用句子及翻译五

1、Time tames the strongest grief.时间能缓和极度的悲痛。

2、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.万物皆有时，时来不可失。

3、Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。

4、People\'s views on … vary from person to person.Some hold that ….However, others believe that….人们对……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……

5、People may have different opinions on…人们对……可能会有不同的见解.6、Attitudes towards(drugs)vary from person to person.人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异.

7、There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视.8、It is high time that we put an end to the(trend).该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.

9、People\'s views on…vary from person to person.Some hold that ….However, others believe that….人们对……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……

10、Recently, the problem of…has aroused people\'s concern.最近,……问题已引起人们的关注.

第17篇：英语谜语及答案带翻译

1．what man cannot live in a house?

什么人不能住在房子里? Key： snowman（雪人） 2．What never asks questions but gets a lot of answers?

什么东西永远不问问题但是却能得到很多答案? Key： dictionary （字典） 3．What question can you never answer \"Yes\" to?

什么问题你永远也不能回答\"是\" Key： Are you dead?（你死了吗?）

4、You have it．You read it．There\'re some pictures in it?

你拥有它，你可以阅读它，它有些图片在里面，它是什么? Key： book（书）

5、A mouse has a large pocket． What is it?

一种鼠有一个大袋子，它是什么? Key： a kangaroo（袋鼠）

6、It has a head ，but no neck．It has a body，but no warmth．NO feet，but can travel? 它有头，但没有脖子，有身体，但不温暖，没有脚，却能旅行。 Key： a car（汽车）

第18篇：英语阅读理解翻译及答案

1.移民遭受失去身份由霍华德·金

语言是相互沟通的一种方式。我们出生时开始学习语言。然而,人们习惯于讲母语,所以移民有很多问题在第一代和第二代,因为他们没有相同的母语。同时,第二代正在失去他们的身份。尤其是在美国,有很多来自不同国家的移民在美国取得成功。因为他们遭受很多找工作等领域,并试图说英语,他们想让他们的孩子讲英语,不仅在学校,还在家里,为了获得更大的成功。因为这种情况下,他们的孩子正在失去他们的族群认同,甚至更多,他们忽略了他们的父母的英语不是很好。

例如,我的姑姑,在芝加哥生活了十五年,有三个孩子,他们都出生在美国。十八岁的女儿讲英语作为母语,她会说韩语也很好。她与她的父母交谈没有问题,但她仍然不了解韩国的笑话,有时有误解。第二个女儿14岁,她不想说韩国人。我的阿姨经常跟她生气,因为她非常美国化,他们不能相互理解。即使我姑妈惩罚她,这个女儿不理解我姑姑说什么。我感到同情我姑姑当我十四岁的表兄说,“妈妈,你的问题是什么?“第三个孩子是一百一十二岁的儿子。他说英语,他的父母和我的阿姨会说韩语,因为她第二个女儿。他和他的父母沟通也有问题。我姑姑正试图教他讲两种语言很好,但是很难他,因为他整天说英语,不明白为什么他应该学会说韩国人。

我认为大多数移民都在试图维持他们在他们的新国家的母语,但这并不有助于找到好的工作。我姑姑不教韩国孩子们为了帮助他们成功在美国,她这么做,希望,帮助他们建立一个韩国的身份。虽然第二代出生在新的国家,他们往往对自己的身份感到困惑,因为他们看起来与众不同,而且,如果他们访问他们的父母的国家,他们可能会觉得不同于其他的人。我的兄弟告诉我,当他们参观了韩国几年前,他们觉得不同于其他韩国人。他们甚至可以感觉到它只是漫步街头,因为他们穿不同的衣服,走是不同的。

我们必须意识到语言是重要的和有价值的原因有很多。移民努力不应忽视了自己的孩子,让孩子明白他们的遗产,教他们父母的语言。这是非常重要的,不仅对家庭的和谐,但也在帮助第二代建立自己的身份。

1。看标题和快速扫描文章。你认为这篇文章是关于什么? (一)学习第二语言。 (B)移民在美国生病

(C)语言及其影响移民的身份。 (D)学校参加移民到美国

2。哪一个语句是不正确根据文章的第一段吗? (一)第二代移民通常渴望学习父母的母语。 (B)通常很难让第一和第二代家庭成员相互沟通。

(C)因为第二代移民的孩子通常只讲英语,他们可能会失去他们的种族身份。 (D)有时第二代移民孩子忽视他们的父母因为语言的差异 3。下面哪个是不正确的18岁的女儿呢? 她出生在美国

只(B)她说英语很好,她的韩国是贫穷。

(C)她比她的弟弟相处更好的与她的父母和其他的姐姐做的。 (D)她不懂韩语的笑话

4。这不是一个理由,14岁的妹妹和她的母亲有问题吗? (一)她不想讲韩语。 (B)她不爱她的母亲。 (C)她很美国化。

(D)她不理解她母亲当她得到惩罚。 5。谁的母亲说韩语吗? (一)她的大女儿。 (B)她所有的孩子。 (C)她的两个女儿。 (D)只是为了她的儿子。

6。为什么作者的姑姑尝试教她的孩子们讲韩语吗? (一)在美国帮助他们成功 (B),以帮助他们找到一份好工作。 (C)来帮助他们建立一个韩国人的身份。 (D)帮助她提高她的韩国语言技巧。 (E)以上。

7。有很多原因,第二代移民可能会对自己的身份感到困惑。下列哪个不是发现的文章吗? (A)他们的美国朋友可能不像韩国——向看到他们。 (B)他们看起来不同于大部分的朋友在美国 (C)如果他们前往韩国比韩国人穿不同的衣服。 (D)如果他们访问韩国,他们甚至比韩国人走路的方式。 8。以下哪一个是最接近的这篇文章的主要思想? (一)第二代美籍散步,服装不同于他们的父母。 (B)许多移民家庭有问题沟通。

(C)移民家庭的语言往往是两种语言的混合物。 (D)第二代韩国移民经常只讲英语。

(E)教学移民儿童父母的母语帮助他们建立他们的种族身份。

2.Yinlan看着坐在桌子周围的人,满意地笑了。每个人都在她的家人看她的孩子,她的孙子,和她的曾孙,只有一个月大。她全家都来庆祝丰收中秋节(节日)。

两天后收获中秋节,Yinlan在睡梦中平静地去世。她的家人很伤心但同时心存感激。他们感到高兴,他们已经能够庆祝丰收和她的最后一次中秋节。每个人都说这是非凡的,Yinlan去世后仅仅两天假期。 实际上,Yinlan去世的时间是不显著的。最近社会学家(社会学家)研究了年迈的妇女死亡率在加州。他们发现收获中秋节前的死亡率下降35%,上升35%。社会学家认为,死亡率的变化显示了思想的力量在身体。丰收的中秋节,家人聚集时,重要的是年长的中国女性。显然有些女性能够推迟(推延)他们的死亡,这样他们可以最后一次庆祝的节日。

这个想法,人们可以推迟他们的死亡的时候并不新鲜。许多家庭亲人紧紧抓住生活的讲故事直到一个重要事件。别人告诉的故事,然而,只是故事。他们不是证明人们可以推迟他们的死亡。社会学家的工作是很重要的,因为社会学家研究的事实,而不是故事。下降的事实和死亡rates-prove上升,人们真的可以推迟他们的死亡。 6。宜兰什么时候死的? 答:在满月的节日。睡觉前。c .中秋节前夕收成。d .几天中秋节后的收获。 7。作者告诉我们宜兰的故事让我们知道_____。 a .收获中秋节年迈的妇女是很重要的 b .中国家庭聚在一起享受收获中秋节 c .家庭往往在满月节伤心

d .人可以推迟死亡的一个重要事件 8。研究发生在哪里? 答:中国。b .宜兰的家。c .节日。d .加州。 9。什么作者描述为“不是新”?

答:社会学家的工作。b .推迟死亡的证据。 满月节。d .推迟死亡的故事。 10。为我们提供了证明什么? 家庭成员的故事。数字显示死亡率。 c .重要事件。d .死亡的推迟

3.一个严格的素食者是一个人在他的生活中从未吃任何来自动物。主要反对素食(素食主义)在长期的基础上是很难得到足够的食物中蛋白质的健身的元素。如果你曾经没有肉或其他动物的食物对于一些数天或数周(说,出于宗教原因)你会发现,你会而虚弱的身体。你高兴的时候太快(禁食)已经结束,你得到你的奖励美味的肉骨粉。

蛋白质是由大约20食物元素称为“氨基酸”(氨基酸),产于大量动物蛋白比植物蛋白。这意味着你必须吃大量的蔬菜比动物的食物为了得到足够的氨基酸。大量的蔬菜食物浪费在这一过程中,从生理(生理学的)的观点没有多少可说赞成终身素食主义。

经济方面的问题,必须考虑。蔬菜食品比动物性食品便宜。然而,因为只有一小部分的植物蛋白用于健身的目的,一个一致的素食者,如果他是获得必要的每天70克(克)的蛋白质,必须吃更大体积的食物比他的消化器官可以轻松处理。不过,公平地说,它必须指出,素食者声称他们需要远远低于每天70克的蛋白质。 1。在一个严格的素食者。 a .很少吃动物产品b .有时吃鸡蛋 c .从不吃任何动物制品d .从不吃蛋白质

2。我们感到软弱当我们去没有肉和其他动物产品_____。

答:因为我们是减少我们的食物。因为我们不得到足够的蛋白质c,因为蔬菜不含蛋白质d .除非我们做大量的运动 3。蛋白质是由______。

答:对20个不同的食品对20个不同的蔬菜 c .各种脂肪和糖d .大约二十种不同的氨基酸 4。生理上,终身素食可能不会好,因为________。 答:它使人们非常薄b .身体必须处理太多的浪费 c .农夫赔钱d .维生素缺乏可能导致疾病 5。一件事支持素食主义是______。 答:蔬菜食物更容易消化动物食物是便宜 c .蔬菜食品便宜d .蔬菜食品含有更多的氨基酸

4.是否应该提倡素食主义对于成年人来说,这绝对是对正在成长发育的孩子不满意,需要更多的蛋白质比他们可以从蔬菜来源。奶(牛奶、蔬菜)的饮食,包括牛奶和奶制品如奶酪、可以,然而,是满意的,只要足够的牛奶和奶制品消费。

肉类和奶酪是最好的可用的动物蛋白来源和明年在牛奶、鱼和鸡蛋。

缓慢而谨慎烹饪肉类更消化和助攻的分解蛋白质含量的身体。煮蔬菜,维生素,特别是水溶性(溶解于水的)维生素C,通过形状不应该失去。

与水果,维生素损失太小是重要的,因为做饭的水通常一起吃水果,水果和天然化学物质有助于保持维生素C。

今天大多数营养(营养)专家会建议一个均衡的饮食包含元素的食物,主要是因为我们需要足够的维生素。维生素时第一次被称为“添加食物因素”在1906年被发现。大多数食物都含有这些其他健康所必需的物质,除了碳水化合物(碳水化合物)、脂肪、矿物质和水。现在西餐中最常见的缺陷是缺少维生素。答案是多样的食物。一个均衡的饮食,有足够数量的牛奶,水果,蔬菜,鸡蛋,肉,鱼或鸡肉(即任何好的蛋白质来源),通常提供的每日最低要求所有的维生素。

6。素食主义是不适合儿童,因为他们在增长。 答:需要更多的蛋白质比蔬菜供应b不能消化的蔬菜 c使用更多的能量比成人无法轻易消化牛奶和奶制品 7。奶素食主义者可以吃_____。

a .奶酪,牛肉,和坚果b胡萝卜、牛奶和米饭

c .土豆、火腿、苹果、和豆类d .西红柿,培根,和橘子 8。缓慢而谨慎烹饪肉类______。 答:保存维生素维生素b .分解 c .更易于消化d .减少了蛋白质含量

9。水果中的维生素损失的原因不是重要的是______。 水果中的维生素a是不被烹饪 b .化学物质通常用于烹饪的水果 c .水果维生素太少是重要的饮食 d .做饭的水通常是吃的水果

10。今天大多数营养专家相信我们所吃的食物应该包含______。 答:肉类比蔬菜多吃青菜,少吃肉类 c .水果、谷物和鱼和肉和蔬菜 尽可能多的不同

5.只要教师未能区分教学和学习,他们将继续进行儿童,孩子只能做的事情。教孩子阅读不是通过阅读。当然也不是无穷无尽的时间对阅读活动。道格拉斯坚持“阅读不能直接教会和学校应该停止试图做不可能的事。”

教与学是两个完全不同的过程。他们在形式和功能不同。教学的作用是创造条件和气候,使孩子们教学设计最有效的系统阅读。教学也是一个公共活动:它可以看到和观察。 学习阅读涉及所有,每个人对印刷的世界语言的意义。几乎所有的它是私人的,学习是一种职业精神,并且这个过程是不向公众开放考试。

如果区分教师和学习者的角色,教学如何帮助孩子在追求知识吗?史密斯有一个主规则对于所有教学指令。“简化学习阅读,这意味着阅读有意义的,令人愉快的和频繁的儿童体验。” 当教师和学习者的角色被认为它们是什么,而当教师和学习者适当满足他们,那么多的压力和失败的感觉就被消除了。学习阅读变得更加容易当教师创造一个环境,让孩子们有机会解决问题学习阅读的阅读。

1。阅读课程的问题,在第一段中提到的是______。 答:这是一个最困难的学校课程 b .太多的时间花费在了对阅读教学 学生花费无数小时的阅读 d .阅读任务分配很少指导 2。如果在阅读的教学会成功。 答:教师可以让学生发展自己的阅读方式 b .教师可以在学校为学生改善条件 c .教师可以设计最有效的系统阅读 可见d .教师可以使他们的教学活动

3。“考试”这个词在第三段最可能意味着“规律”。 答:调查观测控制d .c .怀疑 4。根据短文,学习阅读规律时将不再是一个艰巨的任务。 答:孩子成为高度自我激励教师和学习者的角色是相同的 c .教学有助于儿童对知识的探索 d .阅读丰富了孩子们的经历 5。一篇文章的主要思想是______。 答:教师应该尽可能少在帮助学生学会阅读 b老师应该鼓励学生尽可能广泛地阅读 阅读能力是获得,而不是教 d .阅读是比通常认为的要复杂得多

6.社会通常倾向于关注贫民区学校的消极的一面。许多人喜欢刻板印象(模式化)这些学校,虽然这些通用语句可能是真的在某些情况下,往往是更糟的是大部分的时间。人们认为这些学校的学生收到劣质教育。我的学校,一个市中心的学校名叫圣伊格内修斯,被认为是最好的。人们还认为,暴力发生在日常基础上,在学校本身和附近的城市。我甚至不能记得在圣伊格内修斯一个严重的打击。人认为,教师在市中心的学校缺乏热爱他们的工作进一步恶化这一典型的原型。老师不仅对教学有一个爱,但是他们也能够培养学生对学习的爱。 Borroni太太,我的西班牙语老师。她会经常抽出时间类来告诉她的学生的许多课后活动我们应该参与进来。她喜欢她的工作,以至于她每天放学后呆在温和的活动,如“大赦国际”(一个国际组织,保护人权)和西班牙俱乐部。她的学生,包括我,加入所有的俱乐部,她放缓仅仅因为她让他们如此有趣。

阅读所有这一切之后,大多数人会认为,圣伊格内修斯不应被视为一个真正的“市中心的学校”。虽然这也许有些道理,我认为我的生活非常充实,因为学校的位置在克利夫兰,而不是一个贫穷的郊区。

6。人们经常负面思考什么? 答:市中心的学校。刻板印象。圣伊格内修斯。d .暴力。 7。作者从未记得看到圣伊格内修斯吗? 国际特赦组织。一个严重的打击。 c .西班牙俱乐部。d .差学生。 8。放学后Borroni太太会怎么做吗? 答:给西班牙类。告诉学生活动。

指导学生特殊群体。d .帮助学生热爱学习。

9。为什么这篇文章的读者不认为圣伊格内修斯是一个真正的市中心的学校吗? 答:这不是在中间的城市。它是在一个贫穷的郊区。 它丰富了作者的生活。d .这可能是比别人更好。 10。作者对市中心的学校如何? 答:关于他们的刻板印象是不真实的。 b他们未必全是坏事,因为他们可以好。 c .他们是穷得多比在郊区。 d .的学生有更开明。

7.1913年,美国政府推出了一个大胆的、新的镍。詹姆斯·厄尔·弗雷泽说,他的目标是设计一个硬币,将是“真正的美国人。“搜索符号,他发现没有一个比美国更独特的水牛。选择显示美国原住民在硬币的另一面,弗雷泽说,新的镍有“完美统一的主题。”

生产“水牛”或“印度头”镍币始于1913年2月。一个精压机在费城造币厂(造币厂)开始了硬币,每分钟速度为120一分钟。但是第一个例子介绍了之后,《纽约时报》表示,他们“坏”。 其他评论家表示,这枚硬币的“粗糙”的表面将鼓励造假者(造假币的人)。但最严重的抱怨镍与它无法忍受大量使用。一个硬币收藏者杂志预言最轻微的磨损将删除日期和单词5美分“超越理解。”

1938年,政府举行了一个新的竞争镍想象托马斯·杰斐逊。根据新闻,印度事务的部门没有收到一个投诉从原住民的设计变化。收藏家们似乎并不介意。 1。弗雷泽的眼睛,_____是最独特的。 答:布法罗镍b .C。美国原住民主题的统一 2。在第二款第二句,“媒体”这个词意味着______。 a .b .c .报机出版d .压低

3。一头水牛的设计修改后的______。 答:因为它是无法忍受大量使用 b因为单词5美分“超越理解” c,因为硬币不能迫于费城造币厂 因为硬币上的过高

4。据一位收藏者杂志使用美国本土和水牛是______。 a好主意。一个坏主意c一个完美的想法d .强迫想法 5。看来,新的镍想象托马斯·杰斐逊______。 a .获得很多从收藏家们的好评 美国印第安人中间引起了强烈抗议 c是好的收藏家和美国印第安人 d .是赞扬的收藏家和美国印第安人

8.在早期的海上旅行,海员在长时间航行住咸肉和饼干。很多人死于坏血病(坏血病),血液疾病导致牙龈肿胀,愤怒(铅色的)白色斑点在肉体上和一般的疲劳。有一次,在1535年,一艘英国船只在抵达纽芬兰与船员重病。男性的生命得救了易洛魁人的印第安人(易洛魁印第安人)蔬菜叶子来给他们吃。它被逐渐认识到,坏血病是由于船员的饮食中缺乏的东西。库克船长,在他漫长的探索之旅,澳大利亚和新西兰建立了坏血病的事实可以阻止了给水手们新鲜水果。 如今据悉,含有什么有害的饮食可能会导致严重的疾病如果某些重要元素是失踪。这些元素被称为“维生素”。相当多的这样的物质是已知的和他们得到的是字母识别,a,B,C,D,等等。不同的疾病与特定的维生素的缺乏。甚至一点点缺乏维生素C,例如,维生素最丰富的新鲜水果和蔬菜,被认为是增加我们的感冒的几率。

一个健康的身体所需的维生素通常提供一个好的混合饮食,包括各种各样的水果和绿色蔬菜。只有当人们想住在一个非常限制饮食,说,在长期的宗教禁食(斋戒),或者当试图减肥,它提供缺少的维生素是必要的。 6。因为坏血病会发生下列哪? 答:人们会饥饿。人失去了血液。 人们变得恼火。d .人们感到牙龈疼痛。 7。水手们将如何防止坏血病长途旅行吗? 答:他们带着新鲜的水果。b他们停止在放松的地方。 他们经常发现印第安人帮助。他们经常吃蔬菜叶子。 8。维生素有助于保护我们免受感冒? 答:维生素a b维生素b .c .维生素c D。维生素D。 9。供应我们需要的所有维生素什么健康? 答:任何一个不同的绿色蔬菜。 b .饮食一样被宗教人士。 以字母c .某些重要元素。 d .混合饮食不同的水果和蔬菜。 10。当人们应该服用维生素吗? 当想要健康。当加入一个宗教。 c当节食来减肥。d当防止疾病。

9.你必须面对的事实是,在你的内心你讨厌的思想运动。这是简单的不要离开房间,孩子们通过他们的美好的童年和恼人的青少年友好但有点遥远的成熟度。

,直到突然有一天,远处是绝对的,他们长大了,不见了。然后你会发现自己生活在太大的房子,在其维护消耗太多精力和金钱。当我们发现自己在这种情况下几年前,我们决定当我们仍有之前的力量和情感联系,老房子已经缠绕我们变得过于强大的被打破。虽然您可以移动!但是确保你真的想,不要太频繁地移动。这是一项非常累人的过程。

你的首要任务是要找到一个房子很适合你。一定是更小、更安静、更容易,更方便运输。不是那么小,它将没有空间你最大的家具,和距离附近不远,很多友谊建立起来了。

最后我们发现:维多利亚时代晚期小屋,在房屋的街道,所有小,范围从晚18到20世纪中期。这是足够我们想住的地方附近。它没有地下室(底下层),这是一个伟大的方便老化腿;只有两层:一个为自己和一个朋友,孩子,孙子可以传播自己当他们来到留下来。每层楼有两个房间。一楼有一个厨房,浴室上面。 1。通过______的担忧。 答:为一对新婚夫妇买一所房子 为越来越多的家庭买一栋大房子 c当人们有更多的钱买更好的房子 d .买小房子的老人孩子都离开了家 2。通过暗示了成年子女是_________。 答:更友好的父母当他们长大了

b .远离父母c .友好但不是非常亲密的烦人 3。作者决定搬______。

答:当他的房子给了他太多的工作和成本过高 当他厌倦了他的房子 c当他突然得到了力量 在房子倒塌

4。作者建议人们在自己的情况了。 答:进入一个非常小的房子 b .将最大可能的家具适合的地方 c .不要太多的主要道路 d .选择某个不太吵了

5。根据短文,新房子有_____。 答:两层b .三层c .四层两间浴室

10.教学重要吗?嗯,当然。曾经有一段时间,所有必要的知识可以教年轻的家庭成员。但随着社会变得更加复杂,分工更常见,家人不可能教所需的信息和技能的年轻人成为社会有用的成员。需要专家出现,教学工作是在我们国家,和教学越来越重要的工作已经过去一百年了。今天,我们教师有严格的规定。我们希望所有的孩子能去上学。很多事情告诉我们,教学的确是一个“重要”的工作。

近年来,人们越来越需要教师“负责任”。这意味着公众期待教师成功教学对年轻人的重要信息。今天教师工资,虽然不多,当然远高于他们在过去。这些增长是因为人们已经意识到质量,高度能够教的人,不会这样做,如果他们不提供足够的钱。今天几乎没有人说,“有人会”的老师。公众期望“质量”教年轻人,已取得进展,给的工资,这将使人的能力成为教师。 6。在作者看来,老师准备的工作。

答:做最好的家庭成员对大多数人来说太过复杂 d .c .是免费的规则对社会很重要 7。“老师”的新工作的原因是______。 答:增加劳动b需要专家的重要性

c .政府的严格规定d .在学校的儿童数量增加 8。根据作者,______是当今在增加。 答:需要教师有责任为自己 b .学生需要老师教的责任 进入学校的学生的数量 d .的人把教师的工作 9。我们从这篇文章,在学习。 答:金钱鼓励教师负责

b .钱不是一个负责任的理由成为一个老师 c .钱是一个很好的方式来吸引人们成为教师 d .钱是更高的教师在过去 10。人们很少说这些天怎么样? 答:任何人都可以成为一名教师。正在取得进展。 老师的能力。d .教学质量人的年轻。

11.对大多数人来说学开车,驾驶考试前出现的主要障碍。这也是一个将军谈话当司机聚集的来源。可能有高的故事比任何其他汽车驾驶考试科目;这些故事最引人注目的是旧的再次出现的次数,多年后他们第一次听到,在新和夸张的形式。

所有驾驶考官不得不通过非常严格的选拔过程,其次是至少6周的培训。在这培训部门确保其驾驶是一贯的高标准。

驾驶考试中心是选择以同样的关心。就好,中心和考官镇的城镇。但这是不可能的,因为在地方中心必须有足够的停车位的候选人(考生),有足够的测试路线。路线是精心挑选的,以确保他们都是大致可比较的比例的左和右转,山,行人(行人)口岸等等。所有这一切的目的是确保,尽可能所有候选人的驾驶考试不得不应对同样的条件是否参加考试在纽约和加州。 审查员的工作实际上在不断进行测试检查,监督检查。这是使尽可能确定每个候选人驾驶考试都有一个适当的、平等的机会显示考官,《条例》的话说,“他是主管开车没有危险,考虑到其他用户的道路。“这是所有的考官是关心。 11。可以从通过_________。

答:只要人们学开车在一起,他们经常谈论驾驶考试 b .新的和夸张的故事测试总是出现 c .有更多高驾驶考试比其他任何主题的故事 d .相同的测试出现年后的故事 12。根据短文,驾驶考官_________。 a是六周训练,然后有一个艰难的选择面试 b给出常规驾驶测试自己的监督检查 c .有时有超过六周的培训

d .在选择过程中进行测试,看看他们的驾驶是一个很高的标准 13岁。没有一个在每个城镇,因为在测试中心。 答:一些考官可以偶尔中心永久的中心 b .路线和条件必须到处都是相同的 c .必须有足够的停车位的候选人和考官

d .不是每个城市都能提供足够的测试路线接近永久的中心 14。我们可以从这篇文章来看,______。 答:详细记录每个测试后检查监督检查 b .有时候选人进行监督检查

c .的确,有些考官永远不会通过任何周四下午 d .考官只关心一个候选人的能力 15。从这篇文章可以推断出来,______。 答:到处都有大致相同的条件下测试路线 b .候选人司机通过测试

c .所有候选人在测试期间由考官平等对待 d .一些测试中心没有足够的停车位

12.他帮助别人与艾滋病药物的成本很高。药丸花费很多钱。在非洲,艾滋病药物费用可能超过一个人在一年。与此同时,一些美国医院扔掉大量的药片。一个人,名叫李野生,不认为这是公平的,所以他决定做点事情。

王尔德在旧金山住在一个小公寓里。每个月,他将艾滋病药物,已经扔掉,非洲。他的善举没有注意到在他的祖国。在非洲,他是众所周知的。在非洲许多人把他的电子邮件,询问他所需的药物。

李是一名护士。他知道,价值数百万美元的药物就被扔掉了。五年前他得知他生病了艾滋病病毒。这一发现后,他去非洲度假,看到很多人有艾滋病。访问使他开始向非洲派遣药物。 李与医生在非洲通过邮件、电子邮件和电话。在他们的帮助下,他的名字和地址已经六个非洲国家的一百人。他充满药丸订单和记录什么药丸他发送给他们。他甚至回到非洲,每年一次,看到他帮助的人。

放弃剩下毒品是违法的,是没有许可证分发药物。然而,它不可能他会为他的好心的努力被带上法庭。的人发现他的行为并没有对他造成问题。他们知道,2500万非洲人患艾滋病,他们不想阻止他帮助。

1。为什么不更多的非洲人服用艾滋病药物吗? 他们不想冒被扔掉的东西。 他们不认为这些药物的工作。 带他们时他们不能工作。 他们没有足够的钱。 2。什么野生每个月吗? 答:邮件非洲药物。去非洲旅行。

c .扔掉艾滋病药物。d .非洲人发送电子邮件。 3。五年前野外学习什么? 答:药物就被扔掉了。他染上了艾滋病。 c .非洲人需要药物。d .医院是不公平的。 4。与王尔德有电话吗? 答:旧金山的护士。100生病的非洲人。 美国医生。d .非洲医生。 5。人们怎么看待王尔德的行动吗? 他们认为他不应该违反法律。他们认为他是做的好工作。 他们认为他会被带上法庭。他们认为他是阻止帮助。

13.你觉得早上起床的那么困难的痛苦呢?这可能被称为懒惰,但Kleitman博士有一个新的解释。他证明了每个人都有一个日常能量循环。

当你在小时劳动通过你的工作你可能会说你是“热”。这是真的。一天中不同的时间当你感到最精力充沛的是当你的体温达到峰值时的循环。对某些人来说高峰是在上午(午前)。而对另一些人来说,它是在下午或晚上。没有人发现这是为什么,但它会导致这些熟悉的独白(独白):“起来,约翰!你又迟到了!“麻烦的是,约翰的可能的解释是在他晚上temperature-and-energy峰。很多家庭争吵结束当丈夫们和妻子们认识到这种能量圈的意思,每个家庭成员都有周期。

你不能改变你的能量循环,但是你可以学着使你的生活更好。习惯可以帮助,Kleitman博士认为。也许你在晚上困但是感觉你必须熬夜。在某种程度上抵消(阻碍你的周期比你想的习惯性地熬夜。如果早上你的能量很低,但你有一个重要的工作要做在天,上升不到你通常的时间。这不会改变你的周期,但你会得到蒸汽和更好地工作在你的低点。

获得一个缓慢的开始可以节省你的精力。与一个悠闲的哈欠起床(呵欠)和拉伸。坐在床边一分钟之前把你的脚在地板上。只要可能,在下午做日常工作并保存任务需要更多的能量或浓度(专注)你更清晰的小时。

6。如果一个人发现早起一个问题,最有可能是________。 答:他是一个懒惰的人 他拒绝按照自己的能量循环 c .他不知道当他的能量很低 d .他是在他的高峰期在下午或晚上

7。下列哪个可能导致家庭争吵根据这一段吗? 答:未觉察到的能量周期。 熟悉的独白。

c .家庭成员的能量循环的变化。 d .试图控制其他家庭成员的能量循环。

8。如果想工作更有效地在他早上低点,他应该______。 答:改变自己的能量循环b .克服懒惰 c .d .早点睡觉早起床

9。建议您增加一个哈欠,因为它将________。 答:有助于保持你的能量为一天的工作 b .帮助你获得蒸汽大清早 让你专注于你的日常工作 d .控制你的精力周期 10。当你应该做日常工作? 答:在你的最大时间。b在下午。 刚刚起床。d .当你有最多的能源。

14.几乎比世界上其他任何一个国家,英国必须认真面对向上建筑的问题,也就是说,提供住宿,有相当比例的人口在高的公寓楼。据说英国人反对这种类型的存在,但如果情况是这样,事实上他确实不同于当今世界大多数国家的居民。过去我们自己的公寓已经与低收入群体,他们缺乏明显的规定(供应),比如集中供暖、热水供应,电动升降机从上到下,等等,以及简单的设施等细节(设施)去除灰尘和垃圾和存储场所婴儿车在一楼,发挥孩子的理由在建筑物的顶部,为洗涤和干燥依据。很可能争论关于公寓与(与……相对)个人房屋将继续流行了很长一段时间英国而言。而不幸的是,双方应该有热的感觉只要提起这个话题。那些反对建设公寓的基础情况下主要假设,每个人都喜欢一个人的家和花园和住宿单位成本高。后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费,以及金钱和时间的旅程从郊区住宅的工作。 11。英国必须面临的问题是什么? 答:积木的房屋。把公寓的人。 不同于其他国家。d .帮助低收入群体。 12。下列哪的特性之一是今天的公寓吗? 答:摆脱垃圾的设施。对婴儿b .车厢。 c .给水喝。儿童游乐场。

13岁。下列哪可能会持续很长一段时间根据这一段吗? 答:公寓不会有明显的规定。 房屋会被大多数人的首选。 c .人不会同意单位和个人的房屋。 d .英国将是一个不幸的地方住。 14。为什么人们反对建设公寓? 答:他们认为公寓没有提供任何条款。他们认为公寓是不幸的。 他们认为每个人都喜欢的房子。他们认为每个人都同意。 15。人们反对公寓时忽略了什么? 答:公寓现在有很多规定。b .公寓适合个人的家庭。 c .公寓为生活提供足够的空间。d .公寓人省钱和时间。

15.看来,艺术的生存和持续积极的预估这几天流行音乐的世界,在很大程度上依赖于变化。如果艺术家不能重建自己的形象,他们又面临风险的批评迟钝;不时髦。

这种现象尤其适用于女性。对一个艺术家来说是不够漂亮和性感。这些特征通常也必须改变,重新以避免受到刻板印象的泥潭。

“n”的一个例子摇滚艺术的移动和变化是麦当娜,一位才华横溢的插图的趋势。她最新的光盘(光盘),“记得”,展示(陈列)美妙的流行歌曲和她有如此有效地能够呆在顶部没有递减(降低)信誉(信誉)在她的特定领域。(用于这些目的,我们将忘记她不值得玩性和那可怕的书。) 这个集合展示了她缓和了图像相关(相关的)时间给她的职业生涯的对比和定义。但它提供了不仅仅是岩石时尚历史上的一项研究。也有一个坚实的分类(混合物)高质量的音乐。 它打开最新的大规模攻击”“我要你,淡淡悲伤和忧郁的歌很快搬回去时间早她的歌曲:“为你疯狂”,“这曾是我的游乐场”和“你会看到”。还有一个不错的版本的“爱不再住在这里了。”所以这是一个多剥削(利用的)。 1。这篇文章主要是______。

a对b麦当娜的新记录。对麦当娜的人生故事 c .麦当娜的成功在好莱坞的分析d对麦当娜的事业 2。第1款的重点是告诉读者,艺术家需要______。 答:保持一个图像,公众知道,喜欢b .创建自己生存 c .不惜一切代价避免枯燥d .保持性感的生存 3。你会如何描述作者对麦当娜的态度? 答:基本上是至关重要的。b .消极的。 c .普遍优惠。不加鉴别地欣赏。 4。在第五段的主要规律。 答:是表明,记录是一个浪费钱 b是描述一些故事麦当娜的过去 是介绍麦当娜的新纪录 d .是新记录的内容细节

5。在第二段,“泥潭”能取而代之的是下列哪一个? 答:加强改善。c .限制。d .打扰。

16.作为加拿大双语(双语的)老师,我同意加拿大双语学校已成功地生产功能双语的学生。然而,Whelpton先生的建议,教师在这些学校必须充分双语可能是不必要的。例如,小学教师可以做函数与一个较小的词汇比二级教师。 其次,它怀疑学生将使用英语,因为他们“理解和接受的目的使英语课堂的语言”,这是一个,而无菌的解释。加拿大双语项目工作的一个原因是由于对整个语言学习,也就是说,孩子学习一种语言,(第一或第二),用它来传输(播送)或接收有意义的有趣的消息,真正的和重要的。他们想让他们的需求和欲望,并了解他们周围的世界。双语课程整合语言和内容在一个活动中,含义的方式,这样孩子的动机使用第二语言作为一种工具来发送和接收消息相关的社会和学术利益。

Whelpton先生的第三个参数,一个班上所有的学生都需要在大约相同级别的英语水平(熟练)时切换到英语是不现实的和无利可图。老师组的孩子如何与他人有巨大的词汇量,但语法技能很差,语法正确但可怜的词汇呢?同时,假设学生语言能力相似但不同的学习方式!因此合作学习的概念:学生的个性,才华和弱点(生活更现实的反映)学的更好,因为他们合作(合作),而不是竞争,互相依赖的支持和信息。 6。你会如何描述作者的风格? 答:写在一个学术风格。写新闻的风格。 c写的个人风格。 d .写在广泛研究的基础。

7。你会如何描述作者的态度加拿大双语节目? 答:平衡。缺乏热情。c .支持。d .至关重要。 8。第一作者______。

答:完全同意Whelpton先生的论点 b .同意部分Whelpton先生的论点 c .不同意完全Whelpton先生的论点 d .是压倒性地批评Whelpton先生的论点 9。在第二款“无菌”最近在……方面的意义。 答:不提供信息的b不同寻常的c .夸大d .令人沮丧 10。根据作者加拿大双语项目已经成功了。 答:因为学生接受的目的将英语的语言教室 b因为学生在教室学习,每个人都在同一水平c,因为学生可以自由地使用自己的母语 d .现实生活,因为他们努力的目标

17.在过去,当看到一个女人在办公室看作是令人震惊的足以分散其他人在工作场所,秘书都是男性。

然后是第一次世界大战和男性秘书取而代之的是女性。男人的秘书成为他个人的仆人,指控记住他妻子的生日,她买礼物,带他的西装去干洗店;说谎的电话让他不愿说话,并且,当然,打字、归档和速记。

现在这一切都可能改变。高技术席卷英国的办公室,拿走大部分的日常办公室工作,秘书用来做。 “一旦接管办公室技术一般,工作将再次上升的状态,因为它只涉及到高功率的工作然后男人会想要再做一次。”

所表示的一个高管(男性)最大的一个秘书(秘书的)机构在这个国家。他预言已经在美国。 一旦高技术使得日常秘书工作少,男人将所有这些工作吗?男人应该仔细思考,他们可以走到更好的工作。有很多女性秘书谁将做这项工作以及干什么,只是因为他们可以为老板的妻子买礼物,而是因为他们的效率和训练来应对是男人的文字处理软件和电脑。 11。在第一次世界大战之前,女秘书是罕见的,因为他们___________。 答:取而代之的是男人没有和男性一样严重 个人仆人d .c .是被认为分散别人的注意力

12。一个女秘书已经预期,除了其他职责,________。 答:她的老板的仆人b .清洁她的老板的衣服 c .尽她的老板让她电话她的老板的妻子

13岁。秘书,直到最近,不得不做很多工作现在由______。 答:机器b .其他员工c .仆人的妻子 14。秘书在未来将_____。 a是更好的支付有更高的地位 c d有更少的工作有更多的工作要做 15。作者认为,不久_____。 答:男性和女性将秘书 b .男人比机器会做得更好 c .男性将女性秘书的工作 d .女性大多数办公设备操作

第19篇：英语自我介绍300词及翻译

从小到大我们做过无数次自我介绍，但是往往总是平淡无奇、千篇1律。下面是小编搜集的英语自我介绍300词，希望大家认真阅读！

【1】英语自我介绍300词

My name is weng yu-qian, a girl with long black hair, bright eyes, sparkling, high nose, white skin and slender body.My advantage is that my handwriting is beautiful and my faults are timid.I have many hobbies, such as: drawing, do manual, singing and dancing, but my favourite is singing, after school, I always like singing and walked home, I like the music cla, the teacher didn\'t come, I will sing a song, listen to the teacher attentively, the teacher also praise me, and I listened to, very happy, the in the mind like eating the honey.

Singing has brought me great joy, and I will learn to sing well in the future.

I love to sing and I love to dance.At home, when music comes out, I\'ll twist to the rhythm of music.

On one occasion, my mother took me to Sue out shopping, went to the park, I saw many aunt and elderly grandmother in dancing, I hurried past, crowded in, also follow music accompaniment jumped up, jump up, I ran to my mother\'s side, mother said I jump very beautiful, I\'m flattered.

Do you know me? A little girl who loves to sing and dance.When to make a friend.

我叫翁瑜谦，是一名女生，长着一头乌黑的长长的头发，明亮的眼睛，闪闪发光，高高的鼻子，雪白的皮肤，身材苗条。

我的优点是字写得漂亮，缺点是很胆小。我有许多爱好，比如：画画、做手工、唱歌和跳舞，但我最喜欢的是唱歌，放学的时候，我总喜欢一边哼着歌，一边走回家，我最喜欢音乐课，老师没来时，我就唱起了歌来，专心地听课，老师还夸奖了我，我听了，非常高兴，心里好像吃了蜜一样。

唱歌给我带来了无比快乐，以后，我一定要好好学习唱歌。

我爱唱歌，还喜欢跳舞，在家里，每当音乐响起来时，我就会一边跟音乐的节奏，一边扭起来。

有一次，妈妈带我起诉外面逛街，来到了公园，我看见许多阿姨和上了年纪的奶奶在跳舞，我急忙跑过去，挤到里面去，也跟着音乐的伴奏跳了起来，跳完了，我跑到妈妈的身边，妈妈说我跳得很漂亮，我心里美滋滋的。

你们认识我了吗？一个爱唱又爱跳舞的小女孩。什么时候来交个朋友。

【2】英语自我介绍300词

I am a sunshine girl, I have a wide range of interests.For example: singing, dancing, reading, playing the piano.In school, I am the teacher\'s good helper, at home, I am the father and mother\'s pistachio.To be a member of a large team in the school, earnestly fulfill the duties of the members of the brigade, and always be good at the table.In my study, I was not only active, but also willing to help students to answer some questions.During the next cla, I did not run with my clamates, and played some small games in a civilized manner.

I also actively participated in the activities of the school, such as \"winter forging festival\" rope skipping competition, foreign language festival and so on.Besides, it is worth mentioning that I also participated in the opening ceremony of the foreign language festival.After studying, I spent a lot of time rehearsing with my teachers and clamates, so as to make a contribution to the succe of our foreign language festival.

Now, at the end of the semester, I won the title of \"fukuyama\'s three-star image youth\".I want to thank my teachers and clamates for helping me.Thank you! I will keep trying!

我是一个阳光女孩，我的兴趣爱好很广泛。比如：唱歌、跳舞、看书、弹钢琴等。

在学校里，我是老师的好帮手，在家里，我是爸爸妈妈的开心果。在学校里担任大队委员的职务，认真履行大队委员的职责，时刻作好表率。在学习上，我不但积极主动，还乐于帮助同学们解答一些问题，下课时，我和同学们不奔跑，文明地做些小游戏。

我还积极参加学校的活动，譬如，“冬锻节”跳绳比赛、外语节等。另外，值得一提的是，在此次外语节开幕式上，我也参加了表演。在学习之余，花了很多的时间和老师、同学一起进行排练，为我们外语节的成功举办出一份力。

现在，在学期快结束时，我获得了“福山三星级形象少年”的荣誉称号，在此，我要感谢帮助过我的老师和同学，谢谢你们！我会继续努力！

【3】英语自我介绍300词

Hi! Hello everyone, you must be familiar to me.I am the leader of fukuyama district.I am from the four (1) squadron of a tomboy, I am cheerful and optimistic, helpful, is the teacher\'s good helper, clamates\' good partners.

This time I can be rated as the excellent young pioneers of the district, I am extremely proud and honored, it is inseparable from the teacher to me a little bit of education, trust.For four years now, four years, the teacher\'s voice has echoed through my mind.

I shape the image of fukuyama, civilized etiquette with me.Many times in our cla, the teacher drove the teacher to come.

As a member of the big team, I should lead by example and manage the cla well.After discuing with the members of the squadron, we decided to take the two minutes to prepare the bell and take turns taking the students back with the old poems and the \"three songs\".

In the past few weeks, our cla has obviously improved, and the leadership teachers have not come very often.

I believe that as long as there is a pay, there must be a return!

Hi！大家好，想必你们对我一定不陌生了吧。我就是福山校区的领操员——陈韫喆。

我是来自四（1）中队的一名假小子，我性格开朗乐观，乐于助人，是老师的好帮手，同学们的好伙伴。

这次我能被评为区优秀少先队员，我无比的自豪、荣幸，这离不开老师对我点点滴滴的教育、信任。从不懂事的小娃娃，到现在，四年，老师的声声教诲时时在我脑海中回响。

福山形象我塑造，文明礼仪伴我行。我们班的同学曾多次驱使领导老师“大驾光临”。

我身为大队委员，应该以身作则，带好头管理好班级。经过我和中队委员们的讨论，我们决定在两分钟预备铃的时候，轮流带同学背古诗、“三字歌”。

几周下来，我们班明显有了进步，领导老师也不经常来了。

我相信只要有付出，就一定有回报！

【4】英语自我介绍300词

Hello, everyone.I\'m shen yixuan from the fourth and fifth squadron.It\'s a great honor to be chosen as a three-star image teenager.I am strict with myself in all aspects.I am a lively and cheerful girl, I am also the teacher\'s little helper, clamates\' good partner.I have a good academic record and can be in the top of my cla.I have a wide range of hobbies: painting, playing piano, traveling, singing, reading, photography, etc.I like travel best, it not only brings me beautiful scenery, delicious food, but also brings me endle happine.In tourism, the camera can play a large role, and my other hobby is also falling in love with traveling.I also like reading books, because reading can help me to swim in the sea of knowledge.In cla, I always speak actively and think hard.During the activity, I always play with my clamates.In my spare time, I will help the students who have not come to cla to make up the leons and send them the homework.When other students have problems, I will patiently help them.I will manage the cla when the teacher is engaged.

This is me, a lively and cheerful girl -- shen yixuan.

大家好，我是来自四五中队的沈怡萱，很荣幸能被选为三星级形象少年。

我在各个方面都能严格要求自己。我是一个活泼开朗的女孩、我还是老师的小帮手，同学们的好伙伴。我的学习成绩也不错，能排在班级里的前几名。我的兴趣爱好很广泛：画画、弹琴、旅游、唱歌、看书、摄影等。我最喜欢旅游了，它不仅能给我带来美丽的风景、美味的食品，还能给我带来无穷的快乐。在旅游中，照相机可能起不小的作用，我的另一个爱好摄影也是从旅游中爱上的。我还喜欢看书，因为看书能让我遨游在知识的海洋里。在课堂上，我总是积极发言，开动脑筋思考问题；在活动中，我总是和同学们一起玩耍；在课余时间，我会帮没来上课的同学补课，给他们送去作业；在其他同学遇到问题时，我会耐心的帮助他们；在老师有事时，我会管理好班级。

这就是我，一个活泼开朗的女孩——沈怡萱。

【5】英语自我介绍300词

Everybody is good! I am dong qingyi of the Chinese team.In cla I served as propaganda committee member, serious and responsible work, after repeated practice, see the art and the students seriously tabloid together, decorate the blackboard is fun, and I sincerely hope that the students can go to school from my blackboard to more knowledge! Become a knowledgeable \"little scientist\"! I grew up learning the sketch and cartoon, painting is my strengths, my characters vivid, often praised by the art teacher, so I served as the cla the students agreed to by the art cla representative.At ordinary times I often help others to be happy, help the students who have fallen behind, also be praised by the students! Although DuiWei say, but I never command, harsh criticism bad grades of the students, but with those who get along with clamates, and there is a problem will help them in time, hope that they can improve grades, catch up with the pace of the other students, do a real \"normal people\"! My Chinese and English scores are always at the top of my cla.I am one of the best in my cla, and sometimes I can get the \"gold\" in my cla.\"The book is the ladder of human progre\"! I hope to be able to use the famous phrase that has been popular for several decades to awaken the students to the study, take five (a) cla to the school first, sprint!

大家好!我是五(一)中队的董青怡同学。我在班级里担任宣传委员，工作认真负责，经过一次次的实践，知道了把美术和同学们认真制作的小报结合在一起，布置的黑板报就不失风趣了，同时我真心希望同学们能从我的黑板报上学到更多的知识!成为一个个知识渊博的“小小科学家”!我从小学习素描和漫画，画画可以称得上是我的强项，我笔下的人物栩栩如生，经常受到美术老师的称赞，所以同学们一致同意由我担任班里的美术课代表。

平时我常常助人为乐，帮助成绩落后的同学，也受到同学们的好评!虽然说是中队委，但我从来不命令、严厉的批评成绩不好的同学，而是和那些同学们融洽相处，有问题也会及时帮助他们，希望他们能努力提高学习成绩，追上其他同学的步伐，做一个不折不扣的“正常人”!我的语文和英语成绩也总是名列前茅，在班级里数一数二，有时还能拿到班级中的“金牌”!“书是人类进步的阶梯”!我希望能用这句风靡了几十年的名言唤醒同学们对学习的上进心，带着五(一)班向全校第一，冲刺!

【6】英语自我介绍300词

I am a lively and cheerful girl, I have a black shiny hair, like comb a horse tail.I\'m twelve years old, and I\'m the apple of my eye.My father and mother spoil me.Learning while no one in the cla, I was a minor celebrity, my popularity is very good also, have more than half of the cla are my good friend, and my \"bosom friend\".Not only do I have many friends, but I also have many hobbies, such as: \"drawing, playing games, swimming, reading....

I like reading books best.When I was very young, my father bought me a lot of literacy manuals, and often read me some storybooks.I could say that my childhood was spent in the book sea.As I grew older, my book more and more, and now my house is like a small library, books are everywhere, is my own book, countle put two whole cabinet.

And I am convinced that good books can be with me all my life.This is me, a little girl who loves reading.

我是一个活泼开朗的女孩，我有一头乌黑发亮的头发，喜欢梳一把马尾巴。我今年十二岁了，是家里的“掌上明珠”，爸爸、妈妈平时都爱宠着我。

我在班上的学习虽然谈不上数一数二，却是小有名气，我的人缘也很好，班上有一大半的同学都是我的好朋友，其中还有我的“知心朋友”。我不仅朋友多，而且兴趣爱好也多的不得了，有：“画画、玩游戏、游泳、看书……。

我最喜欢看书了。我很小的时候，爸爸就给我买了许多的识字手册，还经常给我读一些故事书，可以说，我的童年就是在书海中度过的。随着我年龄的增长，我家的书也越来越多，现在我家就象一座小图书馆，到处都是书，我自己的书更是多得数不胜数，整整放了两个柜子。

而我也坚信：好书能伴我一生。这就是我，一个爱读书的小女孩。

【7】英语自我介绍300词

My name is liu tingling.I am 13 years old.I am 1.55 meters tall.Crooked eyebrows, straight nose, lips like peach, smile always reveal shiny teeth.

I have one shortcoming, which is cowardice.Remember once in cla, the teacher to ask questions, I will answer, but can\'t put up your hands to speak, the teacher suddenly called my name, I was nervous slowly stood up, I don\'t like others that answer a colourful, but answer with the voice of incoherent speech as small as ants, evasive, in the teacher\'s encouragement, I finally had finished, the teacher said to me: \"the answer is very good, if the voice again a bit bigger, it would be better.\" I was not nervous after the teacher said.Look at my timid look.

As I grew older, my timid shortcomings gradually changed, and I began to like gouache.Every time I take a pen and paint, I wish I could be a great artist.Yes, I have another advantage.I like reading books.If I\'m idle, I\'ll pick up a book and sit on the couch and read.I am getting better and better now.

Cowardice is my character, drawing and reading is my hobby, my friends, what do you think of me?

我叫刘婷玲，今年13岁了，我身高1.55米。弯弯的眉毛，鼻子端正，唇似绽桃，笑的时候总露出光洁闪亮的牙齿。

我有一个缺点，就是胆小。记得有一次上课，老师提问，我明明会回答，可是不敢举手发言，老师突然叫我的名字，我当时很紧张慢慢的站起来，我不像别人那绘声绘色的回答，而是用语无伦次像蚂蚁那么小的声音回答，吞吞吐吐，在老师的鼓励下，我终于说完了，老师对我说：“回答的很好，如果声音再大一点，那会更好的。”老师说完，着下子我才不紧张些。瞧我那胆小的样子。

随着年龄的增长，胆小的缺点慢慢的改了，我开始喜欢水粉画了。每当双休日我都会拿起笔画画，我多么希望自己能够当上一名伟大的艺术家。对了，我还有一个优点，就是喜欢看书。如果我闲着没事做，我都会拿起一本书，坐在沙发上看书。天长日久，日积月累，我现在学习越来越好了。

胆小是我的性格，画画和看书是我的爱好，朋友们，你们觉得我怎么样呢？

第20篇：翻译一篇英语新闻及心得体会

Iran executes woman who killed her alleged rapist (CNN) -- An Iranian woman convicted of murder -- in a killing human rights groups called self-defense against her rapist -- was hanged to death Saturday, state news agency IRNA reported.Reyhaneh Jabbari, 26, was sentenced to death for the 2007 killing of Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, a former employee of Iran\'s Ministry of Intelligence and Security.The United Nations has said she never received a fair trial.Her execution was originally scheduled for September 30, but was postponed.Amnesty International said the delay may have been in response to the public outcry against the execution.Jabbari was convicted of murder after \"a flawed investigation and unfair trial,\" according to Amnesty International.The U.N.has said Sarbandi hired Jabbari -- then a 19-year-old interior designer -- to work on his office.She stabbed him after he sexually aaulted her, the U.N.has said.Jabbari was held in solitary confinement without acce to her lawyer and family for two months, Amnesty International said in a statement.She was tortured during that time.\"Amnesty International understands that, at the outset of the investigation, Reyhaneh Jabbari admitted to stabbing the man once in the back, but claimed she had done so after he had tried to sexually abuse her,\" the rights group said.\"She also maintained that a third person in the house had been involved in the killing.These claims, if proven, could exonerate her but are believed never to have been properly investigated, raising many questions about the circumstances of the killing.\" Iranian Oscar winner Asghar Farhadi joined scores of Iranian artists and musicians calling for a halt to the execution.In an open letter, Farhadi asked the victim\'s family to pardon her, a poibility under Iranian law.Rights groups have criticized Iran for a surge in executions under Haan Rouhani, in his first year as President.According to the United Nations, Iran has executed at least 170 people this year.Last year, it executed more people than any other country with the exception of China, the world\'s most populous nation.伊朗处死杀死强奸者的女性

(CNN) --一个伊朗女性被判杀罪—她在和强奸者的搏斗中杀死了强奸者—于星期六执行绞刑 国家通讯社IRNA（伊朗共和国通讯社）报道

蕾依哈里·贾巴里，26岁，因2007年杀害前伊朗前安全情报局职员莫尔塔扎·阿布杜拉·萨班迪被处死。联合国指出她未曾得到公平审讯。她的死刑起初定在9月30日 ，但是却延期了。国际特赦组织宣称延期可能是回应公众对这一死刑的公开强烈抗议。通过国际特赦组织得知，贾巴里经过“有纰漏的调查和不公平的审讯”后被判谋杀罪。联合国指出，当时萨班迪雇佣19岁的室内设计师贾巴里在他的办公室工作。当萨班迪强奸她后，她刺向了萨班迪。国际特赦组织在陈述中说，贾巴里被单独拘禁，两个月不能和她的律师和家人联系，她在那段时间里遭到拷打。人权组织宣称：“国际特赦组织明白在调查之初，蕾依哈里·贾巴里承认曾刺向该男子的背部，但是她同时声明她在被性侵犯之后才这样做的，她也曾声称房间里还有第三人参与了这次杀害。如果这些声明可以得到证实或许可以使贾巴里免罪，但是这些声明从未得到正确调查，使该杀人案的很多问题悬而未决。”伊朗的奥斯卡奖获得者阿斯加尔·法尔哈德参与了由多名伊朗艺术家和音乐家组织的队伍，要求停止死刑。在一封公开信中，法尔哈德请求受害者家属在原谅她，在伊朗法律下这或许有可能。人权组织批评了伊朗新任总体哈山·鲁哈尼下达的死刑命令。根据联合国统计数据，伊朗今年处死了至少170人。去年，除人口最多的国家中国以外，伊朗处死的人数多于任何国家。

心得体会：翻译新闻是一项严肃的工作，不能因为篇幅不是很长就掉以轻心。新闻当中所运用的语言都是比较正式的，跟平常的语言习惯不是很一致。还有一个难点就是，英语的语序和汉语的语序并不相同，在表达的时候就比较矛盾。如果想要追求和原文的一致，翻译出来的就不是那么通顺，不符合“达”和“雅”的要求；如果按照汉语的言语习惯翻译出来又感觉偏离原文有点远。因此，翻译的时候要在归化与异化之间做一个恰当的取舍，使译文既行文得体又不偏离原文的意思，然而要做到这两点要求需要译者不断的练习，熟练掌握两种语言的用法。

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