推荐第1篇：Summary
研修总结
历时两个月的英语远程研修即将结束了。在培训中，本人通过观看视频，听专家讲评, 完成作业，点评文章、在线提问和参加研讨等，丰富了自己的教学理论；提高了自己的教学实际经验；对教育教学工作，尤其是高三英语复习备考有了一种新的理解和认识，现将学习心得总结如下：
首先，在理论上，培训让我进一步加深了对高中英语新课程理念下的复习教学的认识深读和广度。《高中英语新课程标准》指出：“高中阶段的英语教学应该特别强调培养学生运用语言进行交流的能力。注重培养学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题、解决问题和用英语进行思维的能力”。同时，关于教学评价，要“ 促进学生综合语言能力的全面发展”。据此，鲁教授及其他专家提出了基于学生优势备考和基于教材的复习，深读备考，并就新课程理念下高考的各个题型的备考做出了深入浅出的分析与解说，使我们对新课程理念下的高三复习教学有了超越传统的，全新的理解。
其次，在教学实践上，培训使我的教学策略和技能得以提高。通过操作性很强的十个作业，专家的课例示范和主题研讨活动等，我在理论认知的基础上，提高了实际教学的水平，尤其是图式理论基础上，对高三复习备考中题型的设计与讲解的能力，有了全面的发展。
总之,参加了这次培训，意味着我将带着新课程理念、新课程方法率先走进高三英语复习课堂。我要把所学到的知识运用到自己的工作中，在今后的教学中不断进步，最大的促进教育和教学工作。
推荐第2篇：Summary of Macbeth
Macbeth Summary
In a thunderstorm, three witches decide to meet again on the heath \"after the deed is done.\" Next, a captain reports to King Duncan that Macbeth beat Macdonwald in battle.Ro adds that the Thane of Cawdor was traitorous to Scotland during the battle.The three witches confront Macbeth and Banquo on their way home from the battle.They predict that Macbeth will be King of Scotland, and Banquo, though never king himself, will beget rulers.The witches leave and Ro informs Macbeth that he has inherited the title Thane of Cawdor (as also predicted by the witches).Macbeth contemplates the prediction of him being king, and wonders if he should help make it happen.Malcolm reports to King Duncan that Cawdor admitted his traitorous deeds at his execution.The king then warmly greets Macbeth and Banquo.To Macbeth\'s dismay, King Duncan declares his eldest son, Malcolm, Prince of Cumberland (i.e.the next king).At Inverne Castle, Macbeth\'s wife learns of his encounter with the witches and decides that she\'ll persuade Macbeth to fulfill his destiny through foul play.She then learns that King Duncan is coming to her castle to stay the night, strengthening her decision to murder Duncan.Macbeth appears and his wife tells him she\'ll do the foul deed herself.Duncan arrives and Macbeth tells his wife he doesn\'t want to murder Duncan.She talks him into it, adding that they\'ll frame Duncan\'s own guards with the murder.
Past midnight, Macbeth converses with Banquo, then alone, hallucinates that a bloody dagger is in front of him.Macbeth meets his wife and tells her he murdered Duncan.He also begins hearing voices.Macbeth forgets to return the daggers to the king\'s guards, so his wife does it for him, bloodying herself too, as Macbeth loses himself in insanity.They return to their chambers as Macduff and Lennox appear at the castle gates.Macbeth greets them and they ask to see Duncan.Macduff and Macbeth \"discover\" the body.Macbeth accidentally admits of the murder, then recants.Duncan\'s sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, flee to England and Ireland, fearing for their own lives.Subsequently, Macduff and Ro discu that all have decided that
Malcolm and Donalbain bribed the guards to kill Duncan.Consequently, Macbeth is declared king.
At Scotland\'s castle (Forres), Macbeth contemplates how he fears Banquo may give breed to children who may overthrow Macbeth.Macbeth convinces (hires) to men to murder Banquo and his son, Fleance.Macbeth scares his wife by informing her of Banquo and Fleance\'s impending death.The murderers succefully murder Banquo, but Fleance escapes.At dinner, Macbeth imagines he sees Banquo\'s ghost causing his wife to excuse the dinner guests.
On the heath, The three witches make a brew chanting \"double, double, toil and trouble.\" Macbeth approaches and asks three questions.The witches answer: 1.Beware Macduff, 2.None of woman borne will harm Macbeth, and 3.Macbeth will until Birnam Wood come to Dunsinane Hill.Finally, the ghost of Banquo appears, showing his eight future royal offspring.Lennox and another Lord discu that Macduff has gone to England to convince the innocent Malcolm to join arms with Northumberland and Siward against Macbeth.They inform Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England.Macbeth vows to fight them at Fife.Lady Macduff laments that her husband, a traitor, is virtually dead.Villains come and kill her son since he supports his father.In England, Macduff and Malcolm agree to fight together against Macbeth.Ro delivers the devastating news to Macduff that his son and wife are dead.
A doctor and servant observe Macbeth\'s wife\'s sleepwalking and sleep-talking about Duncan\'s death.Menteith, Angus, Caithne, and Lennox discu the impending battle with Macbeth and Birnam wood.An Dunsinane Castle, Macbeth is informed that an army of 10,000 is near.At Birnam wood, Malcolm orders his soldiers to cut the trees and use them as disguises.In the castle, Macbeth learns that his wife has died by her own hand, then learns, to his dismay, that Birnam wood is \"moving\" toward the castle.The army arrives and Macbeth fights and kills young Siward.Next, Macduff and Macbeth fight.Macduff informs Macbeth that he (Macduff) was ripped from his mother\'s womb, and thus not born of woman.Soon after, Macduff kills Macbeth.Macduff then crowns Malcolm the new King of Scotland.
推荐第3篇：英语summary
Fate is sometimes not very kind to policemen like myself.Take as an example the recent trial in which I was involved.When I arrested the young lad I had felt sure he was guilty I had been following him around for a couple of hours and he conduct himself suspiciously.He had been wandering about and it seemed to me that he was looking for an opportunity to steal.When I arrested him, his casual manner only served to confirm my suspicions.I thought I had at last caught the thief who had been troubling the area for so long.
However, my joy was only temporary.When I saw the brilliant solicitor the boy\'s father had hired to defend him, I knew we didn\'t stand a chance.It turned out that the boy was simply a student who was looking for temporary employment before going to university.If only he had been a bit more helpful when we arrested him, he could have saved us all a lot of time and trouble.It\'s enough to make one turn against students!
Despite the vast amount of data available for us to download from the worldwide web, we still face a problem in how to make the best use of it.Data on its own has its limitations.It is only when nature is exposed to fruitful questions that we can hope to uncover her secrets.The evolution of science shows this clearly, with many of the most notable discoveries relying on the ability to view matters rather than simply gathering more facts.In short, half the answer lies in thinking up the right question.
To my mind, in any analysis of the profeions, few can match teaching.One needs to be energetic, certainly, for occasionally it seems one hardly has time to catch his breath.It can mean staying up late in order to get leons prepared on time.Nonethele, I am convinced that the work is more stimulating than that of my administrative colleagues.I certainly would not wish to switch, even though the pay is higher.With teaching, the pace of life is more varied, allowing greater time for reflection and research.Yet most of all it is the chance to see the spark of a fresh idea taking hold in a student\'s mind that is the most rewarding aspect of the job, repaying all one\'s efforts
It is difficult not to be affected by the tale of Sarah Morris.While her physical conditions made it difficult to interpret her speech, from her writing it would be impoible to spot that she suffers from such a severe handicap.Writing slowly with the help of a pointer fastened to her head, her maximum writing speed is no more than eight words per minute.Yet she still manages to write extensively on the team she grew up following.Straining her neck in the gloom of her room, surrounded by her computer equipment and a TV set, she has managed to rise above her situation against all the odds.
I recall that it was something of an embarrament to have my son find me so upset on that Wednesday long ago.He had come home expecting to have the place all to himself, only to find me there, frantic with worry about losing my job.I had aumed that I could master typing in just a few seions, but it took much longer than I had expected.Try as I might, it seemed I just could not catch on to it in time.I suppose I should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as I did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.I felt helple and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end I just had to accept defeat and change jobs.Not that I gave up wanting to type.I went on practicing and eventually mastered it.
The medicines the doctor prescribed for me tasted horrible.They were supposed to bring down my temperature, but when I heard how high it was I was terrified.I thought I was certain to die.I just didn\'t see how I could poibly overcome the illne.I couldn\'t stop worrying about it.All day I just gazed into space, feeling miserable.The fever made me shiver and gave my face a flush I couldn\'t take an interest in anything and felt very detached from everything around me.I thought my father must know I was going to die, but had said nothing, wanting me to keep from thinking about it.Finally I could bear it no longer and asked him how much longer I could live.When he explained my mistake, all my worries slid away.Only then was I really able to take it easy.
I am still trying to figure out why we all behaved so badly on the night my neighbours tried to break into our family bomb shelter.It was frightening for us down there, hearing those we thought of as our friends heading for something to break down the shelter door.Even though we piled up all we could find against the door, I knew it would eventually give way.And it did.
Should I hold it against them? After all, their reactions were born of fear and I would probably have behaved the same way in their shoes.Perhaps it would have been fairer to have drawn lots for who got to use the only shelter in the street, but I was never going to let that happen.I was as scared and selfish as the rest.It seems that underneath we are all more aggreive and greedy than we like to think.
Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of succe.They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers.Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits.Daydreaming of succe, they claim, can contribute to succe.One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be.Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true.Of course, you should not neglect neceary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.
The beauty of the music was in sharp contrast with the reality of the lives led by the singers.Amid all their suffering, a group of Jewish prisoners had found the courage to stage performances of Verdi\'s Requiem.Despite the difficulties and dangers, they threw themselves enthusiastically into rehearsals, which had to be kept a secret.An additional difficulty was that they had only one instrument, an old harmonium.
Their greatest triumph came when they performed before an audience containing the infamous Nazi official, Adolf Eichmann.Their voices swelled with paion as they threw in the faces of the Nazis words which sang of how they would have to pay for their crimes.
If we look at the proce of innovation, we will see how technology feeds on itself, accelerating the pace of technological advance in our own times.Technological innovation is comprised of three stages: invention, application and diffusion.One of the most important characteristics of advanced technology today is the fantastic speed that occurs between each of these stages.For example, nowadays the time it takes to put ideas to work has been greatly reduced.The progre in transportation is a case in point.Likewise, the time between the application and diffusion stages has been radically shorted.This accounts for the acceleration of present-day technology.And this, in turn, generates more feasible ideas.What sort of future will this proce conjure up for us? Will the pace of change exceed our ability to cope with it? Or is it one of our characteristics that we have an impreive ability to adapt to change, no matter how frequent?
Dictation
One of the ways you can encourage children to be creative is to talk things over rather than to give instructions or make a model when they ask for help.If you show a child how to draw a flower or a person, they will try to draw one just like yours.This can be frustrating because no matter how hard children try, their pictures will not be as \"good\" as yours because they do not have the skill that you have.Chances are that children will compare the two pictures and not be happy with their own.They may even decide not to try.Be creative yourself and think of ways to encourage children\'s creativity.
Baseball is America\'s national sport, played mainly by men.It developed in the mid 19th century from the British games of rounders and cricket.Baseball is also popular in Japan and several Latin American countries, and has been an Olympic sport since in 1972.Softball is similar but uses a large, softer ball and is popular with women.Many Americans play baseball for fun because players do not have to be strong like football players or tall like basketball players.Some people think baseball is too slow, but the team managers often change their players and plans during the game, and there are many exciting plays.Many American families enjoy going to a Sunday afternoon double-header, that is, two games between the same two teams in one day.
The Terezin concentration camp was established by the Nazis in an 18th century fortre in Czechoslovakia on November 24, 1941.More than 150,000 Jews paed through the camp during its four-year existence, which was used as a holding area for eventual murder in Auschwitz.By 1943, rumors began circulating in the international community that the Nazis were exterminating Jews in gas chambers, and that the conditions of the concentration camps did not permit survival.The Nazis rebuilt parts of this camp to serve as a \"showpiece\" for propaganda purposes.Flowers were planted there.Shops, schools, and a cafe were built.When an investigating commiion of the International Red Cro came to visit, they did not see a typical concentration camp.In July 1944 the Nazis made a documentary propaganda film about life in this camp.After the movie was completed, most of the Jewish \"actors\" were shipped to their death at Auschwitz.
推荐第4篇：Work Summary
工作总结
时光飞逝，美好的大学生活匆匆过去，经过半年的忙碌和工作，本人的毕业论文已近接近尾声，由于经验的匮乏，难免有许多考虑不周全的地方，如果没有导师的督促指导，以及周围同学们的支持，想要完成这篇论文是非常困难的。
本篇毕业论文是在“十一五”保障房建设成果上进行系统分析，结合中国保障房制度，法律以及西方国家的经验和教训，就我国保障房建设过程中的作用，积极意义，存在的问题以及解决途径作深入阐述，并展望未来“十二五”期间的保障房建设。以下是我的工作安排： 第一周(2.27—3.5 ) 确定工作方式、工作大纲，
第二周(3.6—3.12 ) 完成毕业开题报告，选题报告，任务书。
第三周(3.13—3.19) 加快资料收集，完成外文翻译。
第四周(3.20—3.26 )尽快了解国内外本课题的研究状况，完成文献综述。 第五周(3.27—4.2 ) 完成论文的前言第一章。
第六周(4.3—4.9) 完成论文第二章。
第七周 （4.10—4.16） 完成论文第三章。
第八周(4.17—4.23 ) 完成论文第四章。
第九周(4.24—4.30) 完成论文第五章。
第十周(5.1—5.7 ) 完成论文第六章，结论。
第十一周 (5.8—5.14) 完善全稿、完成论文统稿。
第十二周 (5.15—5.21 ) 毕业设计完成撰写，毕业设计印刷、装订。
第十三周 (5.22—5.28 ) 评阅教师完成评阅。制作答辩PPT，准备毕业答辩。 第十四周 (5.29—6.4) 安排毕业答辩，给出毕业论文成绩，并整理归档。
此次毕业设计可以说是某种程度上的一种尝试，通过查阅大量的有关保障房的资料之后，使我对我国保障房政策，住房保障法律，以及西方国家住房保障的体制等等有了深入而系统的了解，这对我的论文起到了十分重要的帮助。当然，这篇论文并不能称得上是最完美的作品，但至少在某种程度上对我国保障房建设过程中的问题有过探讨和评价，与此同时，毕业论文也是对我大学四年学习情况的一次检验。
在这里首先要感谢我的导师刘昭阳教授。他平日里工作繁多，但在我做毕业设计的每个阶段，从筛选题目到查阅资料，草稿的确定和修改，中期检查，定稿，ppt制作等整个过程都给予了我悉心地指导和谆谆教诲，并且在我遇到困难的时候总是鼓励我，让我坚持下去，为这次毕业论文的顺利完成提供了非常必要的帮助。
在这里我还要感谢大学四年来的所有老师，为我们打下工程管理专业知识的基础；同时还要感谢所有陪伴我走过四年的同学们，正是有了你们的支持与鼓励，此次论文才会顺利完成。
总之本次毕业论文的编制过程使我受益匪浅，提高了查阅资料的能力，提高了电脑软件的应用能力，巩固了书本知识，是理论结合实践的最好的实战演练。
推荐第5篇：chapter7 summary
Chapter 7 summary
1.An export subsidy by a small country leads to the rise of domestic price, which will in turn
lead to a decrease of consumer surplus and an increase of producer surplus.Government expenditures increase because of export subsidy.The imposing country suffers a deadweight lo.
2.The deadweight lo of an export subsidy by a large country is greater than that of a small
country, as the increase of exports by a large country leads to a drop of world price which deteriorates its terms of trade.
3.Production subsidy is different from export subsidy in that it provides a payment based on all
production regardle of where it is sold.The price paid by the consumers remains equal to the free trade price, and there is no consumer surplus lo.But producer surplus increases because of the price they receive is the sum of the consumer price and the subsidy.Government revenue decreases because of the subsidy.The net welfare effect is a deadweight lo.From the perspective of the whole social welfare, production subsidy is better than export subsidy.But production subsidy requires more expenditure by the government than export subsidy.
4.Other measures regarding export promotion are: devaluation of home currency, commodity
dumping, special trade zones and export promotion programs.
5.There are several objectives of restricting exports.Export taxes and quotas are the two major
approaches.The effects of an export tax in a small country are: consumer surplus increases, producer surplus decreases, government revenue increases and the whole welfare effect is a deadweight lo.But the whole welfare effect of an export tax in a large country might be positive.If the exporting country is a large country, the reduced supply of exports on the world market results in an increase in the international price.Thus, the export price for the exporting country rises, the terms of trade of the country improve.Other effects to the country are the same as in the setting of a small country.
6.The effects of an export quota are similar to those of an export tax.The difference is no
government revenue is neceity collected.The recipient of the quota rent is unclear.
7.There are several objectives of promoting import.Promotion measures include import
subsidies, consumption subsidies on imported products and production tax on the import-competing industries.
8.The most important determinants of the succe of trade sanctions are: the number of
imposing nations, the degree of economic, political and cultural ties between the target nation and the imposing nation(s).
Export subsidy
Price subsidy
Production subsidy
Devaluation of home currency
Sporadic dumping
Predatory dumping
Persistent dumping
Bonded warehouse
Special trade zone
Trade sanctionsExport tax
推荐第6篇：Summary of Camille
Summary of the lady of Camille
I have read a famous novel written by Alexander Dumas, which is called the lady of Camille.
Dumas (27th, July, 1824 – 27th, November, 1895) was a French author and dramatist; also he was the illegitimate son Alexander Dumas, père.He was raised by his seamstre mother until his father legally recognized him and aumed responsibility for his care.The novel was adopted by his own experience.Dumas was so sad of his lover’s death that in the memory of his favorite he wrote this novel.The name of the hero, Armand Duval, is a thin disguise for he himself.
The novel told a sad love story.It has impreed readers from all aver the world deeply.Many are moved by the true love between hero and heroine.It is written in a flashback.The whole story was known by a long conversation between Armand Duval and the writer.
Marguerite is a poor girl once lived in the countryside.For her family, she goes to Paris, where she starts her crazy and miserable life.She is such a beautiful lady that noblemen in Paris scramble to gain her favour.She has become a popular lady.She loves to bring a bunch of camellia with her wherever she goes, so she is called “the lady of Camille”.
Marguerite has developed a pulmonary disease.For curing the disease, she goes to drink the waters.She meets a noble girl who has the similar appearance and figure with her.But the poor girl dies soon.So a duck, the father of the dead girl, offers all her expense in daily life on one condition that she changes the way of life now.But, she can’t do it, the old duck cuts down half of the money; as a result, Marguerite is in debt.
When she comes back to Paris, she meets a young middle cla lover Armand Duval who does the unpardonable thing of falling jealously in love with her and breaking all convention of what\'s expected between a courtesan and her admirers.He, of course, has 英译091 成琪 200910812020pc 第 1 页 2013/3/28
no way of sustaining the standard of living which she is accustomed.
She is moved by Armand Duval’s enthusiasm, she wants get rid of the boring life in Paris and lives with Armand in the countryside.She decides to raise a sum of money alone, so she asked Armand to leave for one night.Then in her new house, a confrontation between the jealous Armand and her rich admirers and \"benefactors\" takes place.For the first time she sticks up for her lover -- making a life choice -- and they are left indignantly and alone.
Armand becomes depreed, his career seems doomed by the intolerance of French society, and he knows that he will never be able to support Marguerite to the level of life she deserves.Unbeknownst to Armand, his father comes to plead for Marguerite to leave Armand to save both his son\'s reputation and that of his younger innocent sister -- whom is also tainted by the scandal.To prove her love, she agrees and leaves Armand.She returns to Paris where she despairingly throws herself back into her old lifestyle.Armand can\'t believe she has left and searches for her -- finally finding her in Paris in the arms of a new lover.He is sad to see such a scene and decides to give up her.
Time paes.The two accidentally meet again in public.Marguerite is now in the company of another beautiful courtesan and Armand begins paying court not to her but to her friend trying to strike back at Marguerite out of his own sense of hurt.Deathly ill, Marguerite visits Armand one last time to plead for stopping humiliating her, and they make love again -- both unable to deny the paion for each other.But Marguerite is haunted by guilt that she can only harm Armand and remember her promise to his father -- she abandons him yet again as he sleeps.
Armand is incensed when he wakes.Finding Marguerite at a grand ball with all society around, he approaches her and hands her an envelope stuffed full of money and says something really hurts Marguerite, who collapses as he walks out.
Abandoned by all her friends from the humiliation of Armand’s
action, exposed publicly for what she really is, she dies pennile, painfully and alone--cast off by all the men that were once infatuated with her.
In prologue, Armand is given Marguerite\'s diary in which he finally learns of her illne and her undying love for him along with the extent of anguish that he caused.
推荐第7篇：Summary of “Inclined to liberty”
Summary of “Inclined to liberty”
By Kevin (Xiong Feng, 200873518)
People seem to be born with inclination towards either liberty or mastery.We gain comfort when someone else agrees with our beliefs.I am inclined to liberty.When my guests challenged my beliefs at the dinner party, I began to search for the answer.So I wrote this book to help codify my thoughts and beliefs.
The proposition of that night each containing the notion of unfairne and the obligation to right it actually shows a rooted resentment for the rich.We tend to blame people for what we don’t have, because we read and hear the aertions in the media everyday.The media often distort the stories, and the politicians use campaign themes to make us blame one group for the ills of another.In reality, no one owes us a life free of misery.We should be thankful for the rich.Because of their big contribution to the grand profits, the prices become lower.
In political arena, most people view the use of physical force as a proper way to offer aid.They believe the state can provide prosperity for everyone simply by creating and distributing wealth.The state’s taxation and iuing fiat money makes the people who are producing real goods have to pay for all the free benefits that others receive.Also, the recipients become more and more dependent on the free lunches and tend to produce le.
Since democracy encourages everyone to empre opinions about other people’s busine, almost every human act is restricted by some regulations.However, regulations do more harm than taxation.They divert human energy from productive actions to nonproductive actions, which later increases the end cost to consumers.
If everyone receives the same share of the total production, regardle of individual
production, the people who produce and contribute most to the community will naturally lower their contribution to the average, which is opposite to the state’s real desire.
In a voluntary exchange, both parties gain in well-being, because in free markets, the earning of wealth depends on those who see value in the earner’s goods or services.But we tend to focus on only the gain of the seller.
Money can increase the efficiency of trade, but it cannot create prosperity.If the government keeps on iuing money, the unit value of the money will fall, harming mainly the savers, especially the elderly.Wealth is measured by what you can get with the money.One person’s wealth depends on what one does to increase his productivity.Equalizing wealth will only result in reducing real earnings for everyone, especially the poorest.Income quintile tiers are a natural distribution phenomenon.With the increase in a country’s level of freedom, the income of each quintile actually increases largely.The income figures which show the earning gap is worsening do not take population mobility and the value of money into consideration.The figures only help the free riders to ask for mare free benefits and higher tax rates for the rich.
In a free market, the wealthy people have contributed much more than what they’ve got by “representing revolutionary new ideas which push technology, create and facilitate markets, invent ways to increase productivities, or entertain us in new ways.” As a result, everyone is better off.Also, the people with greater talent or skill have more production.Then the sum of all production is raised, which shows a society’s prosperity.
The employers hire employees to make profits.So it is fair for them to fire employees to increase profits.“The jobs that do not generate goods or services valued by others will not generate prosperity.” Such is the make-work jobs in the war which lower the production of the
whole.The division of labor allows everyone gets the job which is well-suited, thereby increasing the individual prosperity and the prosperity of the community.With job restrictions, the cost of goods and services rises, which consequently prevent the creation of new jobs.Short workweeks and rigid job legislation only will reduce productivity, which forces people to circumvent the laws.
Marx’s unrealistic promises resemble religion.Marxists endorse the concept of mastery over others, which, in fact, is a quest for social and political power.Marx, like many other do-gooders wanted to reform the world they despised, but failed to understand causality and human nature.
All political camps support intrusion into the individual’s personal affairs, which is totally wrong.Actually, prosperity evolves spontaneously, despite the state’s restrictions.Taxation and subsidies reduce the free market efficiency of competition and incentives.Inequality is natural, because those who are the lease well off will gain from those who are better off.The aets that people gain will be spent, invested, and distributed more wisely than the state would.The political proposals which prevent peaceful activity, in fact, support violence, contrary to human liberty.Without the state equalizing consequences, people make judgments more carefully, because they bear the cost of their own mistakes.Social order is formed by the laws of causality that govern the effects of our actions.Those who try to engineer society against human nature will definitely fail and may lead to a disaster, as history has told us.
It is the people, not the state that can produce.And for many people, wealth is for more than money and material poeions.That’s why I say “liberty is won when you accept the idea that you are the sole master of your life.”
推荐第8篇：总结summary写法
总结
定义
对较长作文的基本思想的简要重述。
长度
取决于你的目的。摘要可以是：
短如一句话（一句简短的陈述）或长达30%的篇幅的原文（详细摘要）。
目的
作家：
为读者捕捉他们对文章的理解：
评估作者对这篇文章的理解
帮助决定他们是否需要阅读原始文章的要求
确保你对主流思想的掌握减少了对最基本的措辞的解释和说明。
过程（1）
预览作品标题/副标题
第一段和最后几段
其他项目
头或小标题图片、图表或图表斜体或粗体打印过程（2）
彻底阅读文章，不要放慢速度，不要后退。
马克要点及关键支撑细节
特别注意预览中提到的所有项目。寻找定义，例子，和枚举的过程（3）
工作认真仔细重读重读你已经确定的最重要的领域
把注意力集中在其他可能错过的关键点上。 记笔记的主要思想
关键支撑点
过程（4）
准备第一稿（1），在摘要的开始处确定工作的标题和作者。在括号内包括出版日期。例如，“超越性别神话”？
（时间1998年10月19日），Margot Hornblower州„”的过程（4）
准备初稿（2）不要写太详细的摘要。请记住，摘要的目的是将原始工作还原为其主要工作。
要点和必要的支撑细节。
过程（4）
准备初稿（3）用自己的话表达要点和重点支持细节。请勿模仿
原作风格。过程（4）
准备第一稿（4）从材料中引用来说明要点。同时，限制你的报价。一
一个段落摘要不应包含多于一个或两个引用的句子。
过程（4）
准备第一稿（5）修改你的初稿，注意有效写作的原则（统一），
连贯、简洁和过渡）。
写论文的最后草稿。
策略
关键是用你自己的话来概括整篇文章，而不是
按照作者描述的那样组织和/或措辞
推荐第9篇：summary学术英语
A summary of Text 12
Title:How Radiation Threatens Health
Author:Nina Bai
Source:Scientific American, 15 March, 2010
Summary:
The radiation leaks at Fukushima makes people feel worried, and it’s neceary to know that the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.Every person is exposed some background radiation from natural but only beyond this level people can get radiation sickne.At the same time, the radiation which takes different forms is produced by different heavy isotopes.On the other hand, the exposure time is so important that high single dose of radiation can do much more harm to human than the same dosage accumulate overtime.Last but not least, the government should remember the Chernobyl’s leons but we’d better not do too many extra measures to make people feel scared.(124 words)
推荐第10篇：summary ofUnit 1
A summary of the hidden side of happine
In our normal life, we all encounter more or le unhappy accidents.We all want to be happy, but things don’t go this way.Life is full of adversity and pain.However, what doesn’t kill you can actually make you stronger.
People who get into great adversity, such as diseases, are shown a great spirit to struggle for surviving.Through these struggles, they are aware that happine is not all in human life.Some people even feel that what they used to believe is usele, such as time, money, self-image, perception.To be happy and to nurture other life is all we need to do.
Although some guys are not lucky enough to walk out of the disasters, many of the poor people find a better life.The hidden side of happine teaches them how to live a better life.This is the circle: self-lo, confusion, and finally a new sense of mastery.For parents, having a baby is one of the life’s biggest challenges.Not good for the beginning, but they will love to live with their child in the end.
So, it’s poible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face.
第11篇：Summary of A Rose for Emily
Summary of “A Rose for Emily”
In his short story “A Rose for Emily”, William Faulkner tells the life and death of Mi Emily Grierson.The story begins with the description of Mi Emily\'s funeral.Town people all came to her house: men out of respects and women for curiosity.There had been no one around Mi Emily for many years except a negro servant.Mi Emily, whose life was manipulated by her father, was the last descendent of the old noble Grierson family.
After her father\'s death, Mi Emily was crushed.The town\'s mayor freed her from all taxes because her father had loaned money to the town.But the next generation diatisfied with this tradition.The new mayor wrote to Mi Emily himself and a group of Aldermen even came to her house, but all of them were refused.
Mi Emily once hung around with a Yankee named Homer Barron who loved free life and had no intention to settle down .One day Mi Emily went to the druggist to get some poison without providing any reason.People thought she was going to kill herself, but she did not die.Instead, people later found that Mi Emily was deserted by Homer Barron who had gone away.Because he had not been seen again.
Since then, Mi Emily had been living a completely estranged life.One of the few links with the outer world was that once a foul smell developed from the high and mighty Grierson.Some people had to cro Mi Emily\'s lawn and sprinkled lime there.The foul went away weeks later.
However, now, people could look around her old, dusty and smelly house.They opened her room which had been enclosed for a very long time.Astonishingly, they found the fleshle dead body of Homer Barron: it had been hidden by Mi Emily on her bed for decades of years.
第12篇：summary of the old man and the sea
Summary of the Old Man and the Sea
I read this novel long time ago.This short novel is created by Ernest Hemingway , one of the greatest fiction writers in 20 century.
The whole story is setting in the small fishing village at Cuba.There is an old slender widower called Santiago with his tiny fishing boat and a young boy named Manolin.After 84 days he got nothing from the Gulf Stream.Santiago lose Manolin’s accompany.However, Manolin still admired and believed his old legendary friend without any doubt.He was only person who really take care of this old man with his love and respect.At 85th day, the old man decided to go fishing again with his never lost confidence and metallic will .After all the preparation, Santiago went out for fishing again.Then he got a gigantic marlin ! He quickly made a decision to get this precious and began the tug of war between him and that huge marlin.At the beginning, he could not help that his tiny boat was floating fellow the trace of marlin\'s swimming because of marlin\'s thousands of pounds weight.This was lasting all night.When the sun was rising , this marlin emerged out of the sea .It was bigger than his boat and extremely beautiful.This endle battle didn\'t cease until the dawn of the second day.After the 12th time marlin strenched the boat, the old man used his fishing fork ended up its life with his exhausted body.Unfortunately, the trace of fresh blood attract sharks\' coming.On his way home, the old man had to fight with those greedy and furious sharks in order to saving his looth by stopping their chasing and eating.Although he used up all he could use, the sharks only left him the wreck of his marlin.He was with nothing home but big marlin\'s skeleton at the dawn.Everyone was shocked by him. Manolin went to him after he was back home.Manolin was crying when he found that he could not wake the old man up from deep sleeping.After his leaving, the old man felt sleep again and dreamt the African lion again.
How to get a happy marriage After I finished my reading task which named The transformation of Marriage, my head just like filled with a thousand feeling.I think some opinions of the marriage mentioned in the text is twisted, like homosexual and polygamy.However , the form of marriage that has been approved by more morden civilization than any other through the ages has been monogyny.So, the only question is how to choose a person and keep you in the state of happine.Although a happy marriage can be a bit hard to find, here are some suggestions make sure you remain as much in love with your spouse as when you got married.
1 Spend private time together.Make a date at least once a week to do something as a couple.Take a walk, play a game, get some exercises, watch a movie or go to the zoo.spend time with just the two of you, and get to know each other all over again. 2 Spend time apart.Taking time for yourself to do the things that interest you will make you happier and more fulfilled, therefore making you easier to live with and more interesting to your spouse.
3 Have a journal in a prominent place.Write each other love notes about anything, including what you love about each other, memories of your first date, or a thank-you for housework.
4 Don\'t fight in front of other people.It embarraes you both and endanger your relationship.It also may prevent you from being completely honest.If iues come up while company is present, either go into a separate room to talk, or agree to discu the iues later.
5 Listen.Talk to one another about everything and nothing.Ask about your spouse\'s day, and listen to the answers.Ask how your spouse feels, and tell him or her how you feel.Respect each other\'s comments.Make sure you understand what is being said by clarifying statements.
6 Don\'t insult or make fun of your spouse\'s relatives or friends.Even if it\'s just in fun, these comments can hurt your spouse and your relationship.
7 Give your spouse the benefit of the doubt.For example, if he is late getting home, aume that he is stuck in traffic and cannot get to a phone, not that he is merely being inconsiderate.
Having a great marriage takes work from beginning to end.When the effort ends, the marriage might also.However, by following the above steps, the marriage has a much greater chance of succe.
第13篇：The summary of Gone With the Wind (500字)
Before the civil war broke out, Mi Scarlett, the daughter of Tara Manor fell in love with Ashley, the son of a manor.But Ashley chose Scarlett\'s cousin, Korea Melanie for a life partner.Out of envy, Scarlett married Korea Melanie\'s brother Charles.Soon, the war broke out.Ashley and Charles were on the battlefield, and Charles died in the war.Scarlett became a widow, but her heart has still been in love with Ashley.At a ball, Scarlett met a busineman Rhett.He looked defiant, and he showed love to Scarlett, but was rejected.Scarlett also kept showing her love to Ashley, but also was rejected.Witneed the horror of the upheaval, Scarlett became more mature.When the army preed on to the border, Scarlett cried to Rhett to help to escort her and Melanie who just gave birth back to Tara.But Rhett told Scarlett that he would attend the confederate battle, and he left a pistol and say goodbye to Scarlett.So Scarlett had to brave enough to drive the carriage return to Tara.The house now has been washed out by the union army soldiers first, and her mother died in terror.
Before long, the war was over, but life is still poor.Scarlett met with a nouveau riche frank who was going to marry her sister, in order to revive the bankrupt estate, she cheated the man to marry with her.Later, Rhett restored freedom with money because of bribery, Then the two people accidentally meet, and had the love-hate relationship again.Frank and Ashley joined the anti-government secret organization.Once they were surrounded by the union army, Frank was shot dead and Ashley fled with injure, he back to Melanie with Rhett’s help.So Scarlett became a widow once again.At this time, Rhett proposed to her, and finally she married with Rhett ,the man always loved her.
A year later, the daughter Bonnie was born, and Rhett put all love to bonnie.Scarlett looked through the photos of Ashley accidently, and was found by Rhett, which finally led to the rupture of their love.
When Scarlett told Rhett that she was pregnant again, Rhett asked skeptically about who is that child.Scarlett was in shame and very angered to Rhett, but rolled down the stairs accidentally and caused miscarriage.Rhett felt guilty, and determined to make it up with Scarlett.But while they were talking, their younger daughter Bonnie riding fell dead accidently.At the same time, unfortunately things also happen in another family, Melanie was seriously ill because of overwork.Shortly before her death, she confided her husband Ashley and her son to Scarlett.Ashley, the man faced with sadne but have no response, it made Scarlett finally understand that Ashley, the man she loved was not exist actually, the man she really needs was Rhett.
When Scarlett back home and was going to tell Rhett that she was really loved him, but Rhett was already no longer believe in her.She decided to keep on her land, and to create a new life.She looked forward to the beautiful tomorrow.
第14篇：国际贸易英语 沃尔玛summary
Wal-Mart : The high cost of low price
The video has exposed the truth behind Wal-Mart’s low price,
which global consumers must know .Low price is the key advantage for Wal-Mart to attract consumers to go shopping there.Now it has become one of the biggest retail chains in the world, making great fortune, creating countle jobs , promoting the global economy and so on .it is an amazing and succeful company.However，it has led to negativeconsequences.
The Wal-Mart has already 5000 chains in the whole world, and the quantity is still growing .once there is a new chain to be opened, several stores in the streets which is near it will close .most of these stores is managed by family, which is common phenomenon lasting for a long time in towns of America.When their family estates which was poured into painstaking effort by them disappearing , they are sad .Meanwhile they have to choose a new way to support the family .It is the reason that so many citizens working together to fight against Wal-Mart stores’ settling down in the town.We are happy to see that the video ends with views of community leaders who have prevented Wal-Mart stores from being built in their communities.They have gotten the victory!
To support the low cost, all the manufacturing industries are outsourced to the developing countries.A lot of local workers are working for long hours with low salary and the extra working hours will
not be paid often.Their dormitories are crowed and without air-conditioner.This also happens to staff in America.According to related data, the wage rate of the workers in America is lower than the lowest living level .The manufacturing industries’ outsourcing has bad impact on the local environment.
Low prices at the first sight, but when you look into, you can have a different view.Do you still choose Wal-Mart for its low price when you go shopping?
第15篇：The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Summary
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Summary
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer revolves around the youthful adventures of the novel\'s schoolboy protagonist, Thomas Sawyer, whose reputation precedes him for causing mischief and strife.Tom lives with his Aunt Polly, half-brother Sid, and cousin Mary in the quaint town of St.Petersburg, just off the shore of the Miiippi River.St.Petersburg is described as a typical small-town atmosphere where the Christian faith is predominant, the social network is close-knit, and familiarity resides.Unlike his brother Sid, Tom receives \"lickings\" from his Aunt Polly; ever the mischief-maker, would rather play hooky than attend school and often sneaks out his bedroom window at night to adventure with his friend, Huckleberry Finnthe villainous savage, Muff Potter- the town drunk, and Dr.Robinson.The three men are grave robbing! Soon, a fight breaks out between Dr.Robinson and the two other men.As Dr.Robinson grabs a headboard and knocks the liquored Muff Potter into
unconsciousne, Injun Joe grabs Muff\'s knife and stabs the doctor to death.The boys run away from the graveyard before they learn that Injun Joe is planning on framing Muff for the doctor\'s murder.Fearful of Injun Joe and horrified at what they have witneed, Huck and Tom vow to keep silent regarding the night\'s events.
The next day brings only grief for Tom.Aunt Polly learns from Sid that Tom snuck out the night before and cries over him.At school, Becky snubs Tom by paying no heed to his boyish antics.Hurt and angry, Tom aembles a \"gang\" of pirates: himself, Joe Harper, and Huck.The three boys decide that they have had enough of normal society and run away to Jackson Island, in the middle of the Miiippi River.When the boys are miing, the whole town aumes that they have drowned in the river and villagers drag the river for their bodies.In the darkne of the night, Tom sneaks off the island to return home and leave a note for Aunt Polly informing her that he is not dead.Instead, he overhears Polly and Mrs.Harper making plans for their funerals.The boys then wait until the morning of their own funeral, sneak back into town and attend their own funerals before revealing to the congregation that they are alive!
At school, the boys are the envy of each pupil; however, Tom has still not won back Becky\'s heart.When Tom inadvertently catches Becky reading the schoolmaster\'s book, she jump out of surprise and breaks it.Later that day, when the schoolmaster questions Becky whether it was she who broke the book, Tom lies and says that it was he who committed the act.Although he takes the punishment for Becky, he wins back her love and attention.
After school is let out for the summer, Muff Potter\'s trial begins.The town of St.Petersburg has already convicted the innocent man in their minds.Tom and Huck are both racked by their guilty consciences, and are made to feel even worse when Muff Potter thanks them for being kind to him.When the trial begins, the defense council calls Tom Sawyer to the witne stand.To the surprise of Huck, Muff Potter, and all those who are in the audience, Tom divulges all he knows about the murder, naming Injun Joe as Dr.Robinson\'s killer.Before the trial ends, Injun Joe sprints out of the courtroom before anybody can catch him.
Injun Joe is declared miing and Muff Potter is set free with the apologies of the
town.Meanwhile, Tom is afraid that Injun Joe will attempt to seek revenge on him for being a witne, and Huck holds similar fears.One day, Huck and Tom decide to dig for buried treasure at the old haunted house on Cardiff Hill.As they begin their search, the entrance of two strange men surprises the boys.In hiding, Tom and Huck realize that one of the men is Injun Joe in disguise as a deaf-and-dumb Spaniard.Tom and Huck watch as Injun Joe and his accomplice discu plans for a \"revenge job.\" The two villains are planning to hide a bag of six-hundred dollars in the haunted house and meet back there; but when they hide their bag of money, they discover a box of buried treasure that has already been hidden in the haunted houseand maybe even killing - her.Remembering times when the widow bestowed her kindne upon him, Huck races toward the Mr.Jones\'s house, informing him of Injun Joe\'s plans to hurt the widow.Mr.Jones and his two younger sons hurry over to the widow\'s estate and scare off Injun Joe and his accomplice before any harm is done.
The word of Widow Douglas\'s near attack is circulated around town.But news of the miing children breaks out, and for the moment, the entire town concentrates on praying and searching for Tom and Becky.Deep within the cave, Tom and Becky have lost all sense of direction.With the last of their candle burnt out and no food to
eat, the two are aware that they may starve to death.Tom attempts to comfort Becky, and continues to explore the cave\'s paages in hoping of finding a way out.Winding down one paageway, Tom sees a man and shouts to him; to his surprise, the figure belongs to Injun Joe! Frightened by Tom\'s shouts (and not recognizing the boy\'s voice), Injun Joe runs away.Tom never tells Becky of this incident, for fear that we would cause her even more worries.Eventually, Tom\'s persistence pays off when he discovers a tiny hole that the children manage to crawl through and escape peril.
With the safe return of Becky and Tom, the town of St.Petersburg rejoices.Judge Thatcher orders that the door to MacDougal\'s cave be locked and sealed with metal.When Tom learns of this, he tells finally tells the Judge that Injun Joe is in the cave.Upon breaking the sealed door, Tom, the Judge, and the other citizens find Injun Joe at the mouth of the cave, starved to death.
When he meets up with Huck, Tom informs him that he knows where the treasure is buried.Mistaking the treasure for lost, Huck is eager to return to MacDougal\'s cave with Tom in search of the money.After recovering the treasure from the cave, the two boys return to town, only to be ushered into the Widow Douglas\'s parlor.To expre her gratitude towards Huck for saving her life, the widow intends on giving Huck a permanent home and providing him with an education.Declaring that Huck is now independently wealthy, Tom spring forward with their newfound treasure, totaling over twelve thousand dollars.
To conclude, to novel ends with Huck and Tom discuing their future plans of becoming world-cla robbers.
第16篇：summary学术英语lecture1213summary
Lecture 12
This paper is going to discu sea level rise, ocean warming and ocean acidification.People made a 10-year project, then they find that sediments carried out by ice have an ice shelf overhead while those do not need sunlight and the ice in the Ro Sea region is dynamic, which leads to the rise and fall of sea level.Climate change is caused by both natural and human-induced causes, so it is complicated to addre the problem of climate crisis.It also tells us that the diolution of carbon dioxide into the sea leads to Ocean acidification and the Ocean acidification leads to a major lo of marine biodiversity especially carbonates organisms and the stre on some physiological procees.In addition, we should cap or limit CO2 emiions as soon as poible to protect oceans.
Lecture 13
This paper tells us energy and climate are extremely important to the poorest people.It also explains four letters stand for in the equation on CO2.They are P: populationS: services/ personE: energy/ serviceC: CO2/unite.We should lower world population, evenly distribute services, improve efficiency and develop a new energy system in order to bring down CO2 to zero.Such as the foil fuel, the nuclear, the renewable sources.The lecturer appeals the audience to do more research funding, team up to work on innovative ways and do some market incentives.
第17篇：Summary 商务英语实习总结
Summary
As the original arrangement, our busine English combined skills training has already achieved succe completely during the two weeks.Although it seems that it is the limited time to practice more but we could obtain the various opportunities for our higher level of the busine English.
Meanwhile, according to the different performance of the privacy, I should make a comment about my whole training task by the procedure of all parts of in the combined skills.It is no doubt that it is the very important part of the busine negotiation.Certainly, I will specially remember the script and the play because I nearly spent a week to arrange the whole text.From the beginning task to the end of the presentation, it is difficult to be relaxed but I always seek for the spare-time to enhance the efficiency work.For instance, our members\' discourses that could be repairing the discourse making the arrangement of the busine negotiation, putting up the final script clearly.Until we all have been familiar with the plan, it is not the usual day that we can\'t forget forever.
As to the achievements I am conscious on the negotiation skills and the imitation the formal format.Therefore, I have learned the basic skills and the operation by the introductory explanation in the lectures.After that, I have taken the notes on the main points that will be useful for me.If I could take the activities on, I think it is not a problem.
I just make the estimate on the two parts including the work in the first week and the conclusion phrase in the next week.Sometimes, I am interested in the busy procedure.One day, I were suddenly noticed to help our groups taking the material bags and the diary books, and to my surprised, I need to go to the zone of the original university that I could spend a day or more money, which is something immediate to me in such a confused situation.However, I really consider the intense preparation of the whole procees, and I adjust myself to overcome the difficulties.Finally, I come back our claroom in time because I have two claes in the afternoon.In fact, it is not only applied to the method in our campus, but it also replied the social problem1
and practical matter as the same way as our embarraed situation.
Sometimes, many details I should be concentrated on because I always ignore such the trifling matters.At least, I would be more confident and optimistic through the series of phrase in the skills training.
When I involve in the translation phrase I really understand the significance and the meaning of the translation.Just examination of our expertise area, it would be exposure of the key points.Certainly, I should keep up with the strength of the physical and psychological completing all the tasks.If we wanted to make the perfect, we should take more exercise.And then it is completely neceary to increase our skills in this area, neverthele, we could not have trained to be an excellent translation we also continue to have an effort on the career.But if I had no plan to involve in the reference work, at least, I had yet received more other ability to make the prospect future something or not.
As we all known, it takes us one minute to the stage but we should spend ten years before that.Finally, we just admire the spirit of the dedication that we will benefit from the contribution of the true heart.Additionally, I have learned from the power of the organization that is always unify, which we need to be accordance with each other.To some extent, with the good situation, certainly, we should work hard to help with each other, that is to say, we should contribute just our little strength to improve the efficiency work.
In a word, the proce I feel a little toilsome but I had gained a lot of obtainment that are satisfied by me.However, among of the procedure, I also find many problems that are needed to improve continuing, and I would make encouragement on the final compliment in a long term.
俸翠红
200860130122
第18篇：英文summary撰写指导
怎么写ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ
摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。 下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。 2）弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点： （1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unneceary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。 （5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
如何写一篇文章的摘要？– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译 摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作
A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being preed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past.Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today acceible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful„ like eating cardboard or sand„ just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient.She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul.She wanted to persuade him.She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you.It cause high blood preure and latter on, heart-attacks.It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat le salt.She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food.But Paul disagreed.He said that food without salt would be tastele.第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
第19篇：Summary 商务英语实习总结
Summary As the original arrangement, our busine English combined skills training has already achieved succe completely during the two weeks.Although it seems that it is the limited time to practice more but we could obtain the various opportunities for our higher level of the busine English.Meanwhile, according to the different performance of the privacy, I should make a comment about my whole training task by the procedure of all parts of in the combined skills.It is no doubt that it is the very important part of the busine negotiation.Certainly, I will specially remember the script and the play because I nearly spent a week to arrange the whole text.From the beginning task to the end of the presentation, it is difficult to be relaxed but I always seek for the spare-time to enhance the efficiency work.For instance, our members\' discourses that could be repairing the discourse making the arrangement of the busine negotiation, putting up the final script clearly.Until we all have been familiar with the plan, it is not the usual day that we can\'t forget forever.As to the achievements I am conscious on the negotiation skills and the imitation the formal format.Therefore, I have learned the basic skills and the operation by the introductory explanation in the lectures.After that, I have taken the notes on the main points that will be useful for me.If I could take the activities on, I think it is not a problem.I just make the estimate on the two parts including the work in the first week and the conclusion phrase in the next week.Sometimes, I am interested in the busy procedure.One day, I were suddenly noticed to help our groups taking the material bags and the diary books, and to my surprised, I need to go to the zone of the original university that I could spend a day or more money, which is something immediate to me in such a confused situation.However, I really consider the intense preparation of the whole procees, and I adjust myself to overcome the difficulties.Finally, I come back our claroom in time because I have two claes in the afternoon.In fact, it is not only applied to the method in our campus, but it also replied the social problem
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and practical matter as the same way as our embarraed situation.Sometimes, many details I should be concentrated on because I always ignore such the trifling matters.At least, I would be more confident and optimistic through the series of phrase in the skills training.When I involve in the translation phrase I really understand the significance and the meaning of the translation.Just examination of our expertise area, it would be exposure of the key points.Certainly, I should keep up with the strength of the physical and psychological completing all the tasks.If we wanted to make the perfect, we should take more exercise.And then it is completely neceary to increase our skills in this area, neverthele, we could not have trained to be an excellent translation we also continue to have an effort on the career.But if I had no plan to involve in the reference work, at least, I had yet received more other ability to make the prospect future something or not.As we all known, it takes us one minute to the stage but we should spend ten years before that.Finally, we just admire the spirit of the dedication that we will benefit from the contribution of the true heart.Additionally, I have learned from the power of the organization that is always unify, which we need to be accordance with each other.To some extent, with the good situation, certainly, we should work hard to help with each other, that is to say, we should contribute just our little strength to improve the efficiency work.In a word, the proce I feel a little toilsome but I had gained a lot of obtainment that are satisfied by me.However, among of the procedure, I also find many problems that are needed to improve continuing, and I would make encouragement on the final compliment in a long term.
俸翠红
200860130122
第20篇：Plot summary wizard of OZ
Plot summary Dorothy is a young girl who lives on a Kansas farm in the year 1889 with her Uncle Henry, Aunt Em, and little dog Toto.One day the farmhouse, with Dorothy inside, is caught up in a cyclone and deposited in a field in the country of the Munchkins.The falling house kills the Wicked Witch of the East.
The[Glinda the Good Witch of the North]] comes with the Munchkins to greet Dorothy and gives Dorothy the silver slippers that the Wicked Witch of the East had been wearing when she was killed.In order to return to Kansas, the Good Witch of the North tells Dorothy that she will have to go to the \"Emerald City\" and ask the Wizard of Oz to help her.
On her way down the road paved with yellow brick, Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole he is hanging on, restores the movements of the rusted Tin Woodman with an oil can, and encourages them and the Cowardly Lion to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City.The Scarecrow wants to get a brain, the Tin Woodman a heart, and the Cowardly Lion, courage.All are convinced by Dorothy that the Wizard can help them too.Together, they overcome obstacles on the way.
When the group arrives at the Emerald City, the Guardian of the Gates provides them with special green spectacles that will keep the brilliance of the Emerald City from blinding them.
When each traveler meets with the Wizard, he appears each time as someone or something different.To Dorothy, the Wizard is a giant head; the Scarecrow sees a beautiful woman; the Tin Woodman sees a ravenous beast; the Cowardly Lion sees a ball of fire.The Wizard agrees to help each of them, but one of them must kill the Wicked Witch of the West who rules over the Winkie Country.
As the friends travel acro the Winkie Country, the Wicked Witch sends wolves, crows, bees, and then her Winkie soldiers to attack them but they manage to get past them all.Then, using the power of the Golden Cap, the Witch summons the Winged Monkeys to capture all of the travelers.When the Wicked Witch gains one of Dorothy\'s silver shoes by trickery, Dorothy in anger grabs a bucket of water and throws it on the Wicked Witch, who begins to melt.The Winkies rejoice at being freed of the witch\'s tyranny, and they help to reaemble the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman.The Winkies love the Tin Woodman and they ask him to become their ruler, which he agrees to do after helping Dorothy return to Kansas.
Dorothy uses the Golden Cap to summon the Winged Monkeys to carry her and her companions back to the Emerald City, and the King tells how they were bound by an enchantment to the cap by Gayelette.
When Dorothy and her friends meet the Wizard of Oz again, he tries to put them off.Toto accidentally tips over a screen in a corner of the throne room, revealing an old man who had journeyed to Oz from Omaha long ago in a hot air balloon.
The Wizard provides the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion with a head full of bran, pins, and needles (\"a lot of bran-new brains\"), a silk heart stuffed with sawdust, and a potion of \"courage\", respectively.Because of their faith in the Wizard\'s power, these otherwise usele items provide a focus for their desires.In order to help Dorothy and Toto get home, the Wizard realizes that he will have to take them home with him in a new balloon, which he and Dorothy fashion from green silk.Revealing himself to the people of the Emerald City one last time, the Wizard appoints the Scarecrow, by virtue of his brains, to rule in his stead.Dorothy chases Toto after he runs after a kitten in the crowd, and before she can make it back to the balloon, the ropes break, leaving the Wizard to rise and float away alone.
Dorothy turns to the Winged Monkeys to carry her and Toto home, but they cannot cro the desert surrounding Oz.The Soldier with the Green Whiskers advises that Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, may be able to send Dorothy and Toto home.They, the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion journey to Glinda\'s palace in the Quadling Country.Together they escape the Fighting Trees, dodge the Hammer-Heads, and tread carefully through the China Country.The Cowardly Lion kills a giant spider, who is terrorizing the animals in a forest, and he agrees to return there to rule them after Dorothy returns to Kansas—the biggest of the tigers ruling in his stead as before.Dorothy uses her third wish to fly over the Hammer-Heads\' mountain.
At Glinda\'s palace, the travelers are greeted warmly, and it is revealed by Glinda that Dorothy had the power to go home all along.The Silver Shoes she wears can take her anywhere she wishes to go.She tearfully embraces her friends, all of whom will be returned, through Glinda\'s use of the Golden Cap, to their respective sovereignties: the Scarecrow to the Emerald City, the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country, and the Cowardly Lion to the forest.Then she will give the Cap to the king of the Winged Monkeys, so they will never be under its spell again.Dorothy and Toto return to Kansas and a joyful family reunion.The Silver Shoes are lost during Dorothy\'s flight and never seen again.
