乐山大佛
The city of Leshan is le than one hour\'s ride from the Baoguosi Monastery at the foot of Mt.Emei.Leshan is the home of the Giant Buddha at the conflueence of the Min,Dadu and Qingyi rivers.It qualifies as the largest Buddha in a sitting posture in the world .You must board a riverboat for the best view of the Giant Buddha.The maive Buddha was carved out of a cliff face more than a thousand years ago, but now it is still well preserved in good shape, with his full and serene face.
The Buddha is the largest Buddha in China,towering to 71m,with his 14.7m head,and 24m shoulders.The Buddha\'s ears are 6.72m long, insteps 8.5m broad, and a picnic could be conducted on the nail of his big toe, which is 1.5m long.
This carving project was begun in 713.Each summer at that time the Min,Dadu and Qingyi rivers flowed down.As the ghree rivers met,turbu-lent waves strucd each other hard,boats capsized and boatmen vanished.There was a Buddhist monkby the name of Haitong in Lingyun Hill,who saw the situation and was determined to carve a giant Buddha out of the cliff face, hoping that the Buddha\'s presence would subdue the swift currents and protect the boatmen .Haitong started travelling along the Changjiang river and other areas in China to collect funds for the gigantic carving.Once an evil official attempted to obtain by force the money collected by Haitong.The monk refused him in strong terms.He said,\"I\'d rather gouge out my eyes than give a penny to you,\"The official shouted in anger,\"gouge your eye out now!\"Haitong resolutely dug out one of his eyes.
The monk\'s behavior in protecting the funding so greatly encouraged sculptors and other construction workers that the carving work went on smoothly.Unfortunately Haitong died before the completion of his life\'s work .However, this work continued due to the support of the local people as well as Weigao and Zhangchou Jianqing,the local top military commanders.The word took up 90 years until 803 when it was completed.Since then the Buddha has watched over the river traffic for more than a thousand years to offset the large number of serious accidents in the river.Modern Chinese question whether safer boat gravel is due to his presence or to sime later-day dredging.
As you get close to the Buddha,we can find out some scattered holes im rows around the Buddha.They are remains of so Called the Giant Buddha Pavilion .It was a nine-storied building set up during the Tang Dynasty to shelter the Buddha.It was renamed as the Lingyun Pavilion with 13 stories during the Song Dynasty.Unfortunately it was destroyed by a war during the Ming Dynasty.Since then the Buddha remains outside in the open space.
The Giant Buddha has lasted over a thousand years, and still survives in good shape.Why? First of all, according to the studies on the ancient construction of the Buddha,the cliff face the Buddha occupies enjoys topographical advantages.It is on the southern side of the hill,where verdant trees grow so well as to protect rocks and slope from erosion.Secondly although the Buddha seats bordering on the confluence of the three rivers, the immense statue is carved into the cliff face inside the hill,which alleviate the severe damage by wind and water erosion.Finally there is a water-drainage system,hidden from view.The system starts with 1021 fastened hairs, which conect one another at the bace of the bead .The end of the hairs inter-links the shoulders,joining the simple-patterned robe pleats carved on the body.The hairs,shoulders and pleats naturally reveal a complete system that carries away the entire surface water on the body, where the water disappears underground.
It is worth making several paes at the Buddha.From the ferry pier on the island,you climba steep road and through Lingyun Temple to a vantage point for viewing the buddha.You can go to the top,opposite the head, and then descend a short zigzag stairway carved into the cliff to the feet for the top,oppoosite the head,and then descend a short zigzag stairway carved into the cliff to the feet for the different perspective viwepoints.A local boat paes by for a frontal view, which reveals two guardians in the cliff side, not visible from land,Wuyou Buddhist Monastery can be reached in 15 minutes by footpath from the Buddha,which is also from the Tang Dynasty with Ming and Qing renovations,Its layout is very similar to the other monasteries as we mentioned before.Walking along up Wuyou Hill,you can enjoy the quiet and beartiful scenery, The top of Wuyou Hill affords you a vision of an emerald-green tree forest, glazed golden tiles of the monastery roofs and the distant rivers.
It would be a mistake to thind of Leshan as ome big Buddha, but it is wouth making a trip to Leshan,which will provide you with a pleasant picture made by the ancient Chinese sites and the beautiful nature being combined into a whole.武侯祠
China has a recorded history of some 3,600 years, beginning with the Shang Dynasty(16th——12th century BC).The first stage is the primitive society.The history was much aociated with the supposed pre-Xia Dynasty(21th-16th centuy BC).The second major periob lasted from about 2,000 to 200 BC.The history dated the beginning of the slave society from the Xia Dynasty, which constituted the first Chinese state.The third stage extended all the way from 221BC, when Qin Shihuang united China, to the Opium War of 1840.Historical docments name the third period as the Feusal Imperial Rule.The feudal society in China paed through a period of disunity beginning at the Three Kingdom Period, and ending in shoet-lived Sui Dynasty(581——618), Western Jin(265——316)via Eastern Jin(317——439) and the Southern and Northern Dynasties(386——589).
The following story occurred in the three Kingdom Period.At the rnd of the Eastern Han Dynasty(25——220) a gtrat peasant revolt happened.Many local officials developed into warlords to aisty the Han Emperor in suppreing the rebellion.During this period the watlotds took the opportunity to build uyp their own political and military strengty and made themselves into autonomous regional warlords.Finally the warlords carved the Han Empire into three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu.The populous episodic novel,The Romance of the Three Kingdoms traces the rise and fall of the three kingdoms and vividly depicts the turbulent social conditions at that time.The rulers of the three independent kingdoms struggled for supremacy.Cao Cao and his son established the kingdom of Wei at Loyang.He was in actual control of only the North China homeland.Two rivals soon proclaimed emperors themselves elsewhere.The kingdom of Wu with its capital in Nanjing occupied dChangjiang Valley, The kingdom of Shu was created with its capital in Chengdu.Ti was in the control of Sichuan and parts ojf the highland of south China.
Wuhou Temple is much aociated with the kingdom of Shu.It is the place to commemorate Zhu Geliang, Prime Minister of the kingdom.Wuhou was a top official title conferred upon Zhu Geliang after his death.It is unfortunate that no historical documents have recorded the time of its establishment.However, Du Fu, a top Tang Dynasty poet wrote a poem of kwhich two lines say as below:\"Where would I find the Prime Minister\'s shrine?Somewhere outside Jinguan, in a dense cypre glade.\"
This poem helps us infer that Zhu Geliang Temple was already in ezistence in the Tang Dynadty.During the Tang and Song Dynasties Zhu Geliang and Emperor Liu Bei had their independent temples in Chengdu, At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty the two temples merged into one.Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty the merged tempke was destroyed during war chaos.The present buildings date from the Qing Dynasty in 1672.The main entrance gate hangs a horizontal inscribed board.It says, \"Han Zhaolie Temple\".Han refers to the kingdom of Shui; zhaolie was Liu Bei\'s posthumous title.The board indicates that the whole temple was built in honor of Liu Bei.But why do all the people call it Zhu Geliang Tempke instead of Han Zhaolie Temple? It is due to Zhu Geliang\'s invaluable historical contribution, and his political and military strategies to the development of the kingdom.In the view of the local peopoe his prestige far gan to call it Zhu Grliang Temple regardle of the emperor\'s dignity and the temple\'s original name.Gtadually more and more people accepted the new name of the temple through common practice.The temple compound consists of five mainbuildings: the Front Gate, the Second Gate, Kiu Bei\'s Hall, Zhu Geliang\'s Hall and Liu Bei\'s Tomb.The buildings are all located aling an imaginative axis line in a regular shape.Six huge stone tablets are flanked in the yard between the front and the second gates.Four of them were of the Qing Dynasty, one of the Ming and one opf the Tang.The tablets of the Qing state the storise about the reestablishment of the temple; the one of the Ming describes the development of the temple.The one of the Tang is far more famous than the other five.It was set up soon after Wu Yuanhen, a local top military commander in west Sichuan and his 27aistants worshiped Zhu Grliang in the temple in 809 during the Tang Dynasty.Pei Du,who served as a prime minister for his three Tang emperors ijn different times, composed an ray aociated with the worship.In the eay he eulogized Zhu Geliang for his great contribution to and his spare-no-efforts in unifying the whole China and the development of Sichuan, Liu Gingchuo, a well-known Tang calligrahist, copied the eay on the tablet according to the pattern of Liu\'s handwriting.The three well-known persons joined hands to perfect the tablet, so later in people called it \"The Three Perfecdstion Tablet\".
Inside the Second Gate is Liu Bei\'s hall.His statue stands behind the front altar, flanked by his son snd gtandson.To the right of the main shrine is a red faced image called Guan Yu; the left is General Zhang Fei, represented with a black face.Liu,Guan and Zhang are sworn brothers as prescribed in the novel The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
There are two galleries in the yard, which contain terracotta figures of the Qing Dynasty, 28 in all, generals on the right and minisiters on the lelt.During the Three Kingdom Period the rulers of the independent kingdoms fought each other for supremacy.This period was regarded as a romantic epoch of knightly dering-do.The site is just about holy to thousands of Three Kingdom enthusiasts.The well-loved figures in the temple are the historical source from which later novels and dramas have captured the imaginations of generations of Chinese readers and audience.
Behind Liu Bei\'s hall is the second yard where Zhu Geliang\'s hall is located.Zhu Geliang\'s hallis obviously lower than Liu Bei\'s.Visitors bave to walk down several steps before they can get into the second yard.The disparity in the construction height displays the traditional Chinese hierarchical social system.Emperor is the son of Heaven.He is superior;and other people are inferior.
On the top of the entrance gate of Zhu Geliang\'s hall hangs a horizontal wooden board,which says,\"Eternal Glory All Over the World (名垂宇宙).\"Many ancient couplets hang inside the hall, but the most famous one is right in the middle of the hall.It says,“能攻心则反侧自消，从古知兵非好战；不审势即宽严皆误，后来治蜀要深思。”
It means that try to persuade an enemy to stop his attack during a war and the war will then disappear.No soldier wants to fight since ancient times.Try not to forget to weigh the conditions and situation, ogherwise leniency and strict punishment will all fail.Those,who come to manage Sichuan,should think it over again.
This couplet contains two stories.Once as Zhu Geliang was the general commander of the shu Kingdom, he was scheduled to attack the Wei Kingdom in north China.However, he was worried that the troops of the minorities might take a chance to hara the Shu Kingdom in southwest China.He came to tealize that the good relationship with the minorities was very important.So he went the southwestern area with his troops.Meng Huo( 孟获),the top leader of the minorities didn\'t accept Zhu Geliang\'s good-wish.He used his soldiers to fight against the groops from the kingdom.Zhu Geliang succefully defeated his attack and caught Meng Huo.Instead of punishing him,Zhu Geliang set him free.Then Meng Huo launched another attack and he met with the same defeat.Zhu Geliang set him a free again.On the seventh time after Meng Huo was caught,he prostrated himself before Zhu Geliang saying ghat he and his soldiers had given rp any atrelationship with the Shui Kingdoh.From then on the minority people and lf the Shui Kingdon lived in amity.
The other story tells how Zhu Geliang streng-thened discipline.Once Zhu Gelian Launched another military campaign against the Wei Kingdom.In order to make the campaign succeful Zhu Geliang ordered Ma Shu，his close aistant to g\\arrison the Shu army troops in Jie Ting,a vital strategic place to fight the coming soldiers from the Wei.Ma Shu thought of himself highly and placed his troops on the top of a hill near Jie Ting.As result,the Wei army soldiers occupied the strategic place.Ma Shu and his soldiers were defeated.Zhu Geliang had to withdraw his troops back to ghe Shu Kingdom.His carefully arranged campaign thus failed.Ma Shu had a close relationship with Zhu Geliang due to his hardworking and his contribution to the development shui\'s army.Tears ran down Zhu Geliang\'s face when he ordered to execute Ma Shu for his error.
The two storied displayed Zhu Geliang\'s flexible tactics in accordance with different occasions.More-over,Zhu Geliang used the same method to manage his government and the kingdom for the social stability and economic prosperity.
The second yard,dedicated Zhu Geliang, has a bell tower on the right and a drum tower on the left of the entrance.A most unusual casting iron incense burner is in the imddle of the path, which leads to the hall.Zhu Geliang\'s statue,accompainied by his son on the right and his grandson on the left, stands in the middle of the hall.The statue is 2m high.Zhu Geliang is dreed in a golden overcoat with a feather fan in his hand .He looks as if he was still concerned about his kingdom and his local people .On the left side of Zhu Geliang\'s statue is a bronze drum, a relic dated back to the 5th century.Originally ancient minority groups in souhest China often used it as a cooket.Later it became a sort of music instrument for some special occasions.It was said that during Zhu Geliang\'s southwest expedition his soldiers used it as a cooker during the day and struck it at night as emergency approached. Zhu Geliang was renowned military strategist and statesman in the early three Kingdom period.A native of Shandong Province,he was living in Long Zhong,Hubei when Liu Bei went to his house three times.Liu Bei sincerely invited Zhu Geliang to join in reconquest of the Han Empire,but for the first two times it was said that Zhu Geliang was not at home.On the third time when Liu Bei met Zhu Geliang in his house,he agreed to aist Liu Bei .It was in his house that Zhu Geliangand Liu Bei had a dialogue relating to the current situation and reconquest of the Han Empire, In Liu Bei\'s hall hangs Zhu Geliang\'s ambitious \"Long Zhong dialogue( 隆中对）\"and his \"Letter To The Throne Before An Expedition\".Zhu Geliang served as Prime minister of the Shu Kingdom for twenty years .During his administration Zhu Geliang brought peace to the kingdom due to his northern and southern xepeditions.The local farming production and water conservancy has advanced.He died of his hard word conservancy has advanced.He died of his hard work at the age of 54.After his death people set up temples one after another to commemorate him in the areas where Zhu Geliang worked.He was generally regarded as an excellent example of administrators in Chinese feudal dynasties.
To the west of the Zhu Geliang\'s hall is the site of ghe Liu Bei\'s tomb.It is 80m in circumference and 12m high,surrounded by a circular wall.For 1700 years the tomb has remained untouched, but what is inside is unknown.四川成都英语导游词(Sichuan Chengdu English tourguide word) Ladies, gentlemen, welcome your presence Chengdu Chengdu is the Sichuan provincial capital, the China historical city, the first batch Chinese outstanding traveling city, the national health city, the country the two supports the model city.In recent years, she by the urban construction and the ecological environment aspect achievement, succeively has the honor to receive the United Nations to iue the person to occupy the prize and the best model prize two items. Chengdu was melts the ancient times civilization and the modern civilization to a body super city.She is rarely found in the world the treasure panda\'s hometown, also is the land of abundance center and the window.She by history glorious, cultural inside story sincere, the scenery gorgeous varied and the scenic spot historical site multitudinous and is world famous.The brocade city Rongcheng is Chengdu\'s alias; The cotton rose, the gingko are Chengdu\'s city flower and the city tree. Chengdu is located north western Sichuan in the plateau mountainous region and Sichuan between the knoll, west the topography is higher, middle and southeast area is the broad Chengdu plain, about average elevation 500 meters.Within the boundaries concurrently has the mountain scenery, the plain and the knoll America of, also climate temperate, rain water abundant, annual mean temperature 16 ℃ about, the precipitation approximately 1,000 millimeters, usually have the winter not severely cold, the summer does not have the intense summer heat the reputation, performs the land fertilely, water conservation advanced, the product is extremely bountiful, is always called the flood and drought from the person, does not know the hunger sincerely day government office pearl. Chengdu\'s whole city total area 123,900 square kilometers, the total population surpaes 10 million people, the area of jurisdiction dividees into 7 areas 4 cities (county level city), 8 counties.Namely Chinchiang area, goral area, Cheng Huaqu, Jin Niuqu, Wu Houqu, Qingbai Jiang area, Longquan post area; The Dujiang weirs city, Peng Zhoushi, honors the state city, the city; Wenjiang County, Xindu County, Shuangliu County, Dayi County, Xinjin County, Pi county, Jin Tangxian, Pujiang County.In addition, but also is equipped with the national level Sichuan Chengdu economic development zone and the Chengdu high-tech development zone.We generally said the Chengdu urban district refers to the town center spot five areas, is called for five cities.Other general designations city suburban counties. Chengdu on has as early as become the Suchuan race ancients activity in 10,000 years ago the center and the stage.The archaeological finds piles which in the urban district and Guanghan Tristar indicated, at least before 4000, the ancient Suchuan ancients use both hands which oneself industriously works, created in here had the bright region characteristic the ancient Suchuan civilization.About 2500 ago, the ancient Suchuan country enlightened dynasty the country all from the fence township (now Peng Zhoushi, Xindu County) moves reaching this point place, takes week too Wang Qianqi a year to become Yi, three year Chengdu this literary reference, chooses a name Chengdu.By now Chengdu already became the city which began to take shape.316 B.C., Qin Guoba the Sichuan brings into line with the domain, Chengdu is the Suchuan county capital.From now on after, Chengdu always is Sichuan area politics, the economy, the cultural center, all previous dynasties all for the county, the state, saves level of administrative areas to govern the institute and the military strategic place.During, Chengdu once around had 7 to establish a separatist regime the political power capital city to be located in this, they were, Western Han Dynasty last years Gongsun stated accomplishes the political power, A.D.when two centuries three countries west the dynasty, three centuries the Chenghan kingdom the political power, after around nine centuries and Suchuan the political power, the Northern Song Dynasty time peasant uprising Suchuan the political power and bright end Zhang Xianzhong established is big the political power. Chengdu has glorious and the bright industry and commerce development history, specially silk-weaving industry developed, famous crown China, sells in distant markets overseas.The Western Han Dynasty time, Chengdu because of economic boom into China five all one, the brocade already became the Han Dynasty at that time the important state treasury source of income.Chengdu was weaves the center, the royal government has established the brocade official city in this, the faction had the brocade official to carry on the management.This also is Chengdu is called the brocade city, circles the city but government office Nan River is called Chinchiang reason.the time, Zhuge Liang implements in Sichuan rests and builds up strength, supports the agricultural busine the economic policy, Chengdu took the capital obtained a bigger development, left thought from the Jin generation Suchuan All Bestowed on the narration obviously at that time grand occasion.He said the shopping district meeting, deep pools of the ten thousand busine, arrange in order the subterranean hundred miles, Luo four 11,000, drops bribes piles as high as a mountain, filament Li star numerous......The good general merchandise converges, crowd aembling\'s market transaction chart! The Tang Dynasty, Chengdu has raises as soon as benefits two the reputation, said she lively is only inferior to Chiangnan\'s Yangchow.To the Northern Song Dynasty time, Chengdu has become only Yu Bianjing metropolis.By now Chengdu, because is in the relative stability in the late Tang five generation of disputes in the situation, the worker and peasant trade all has the development, discued the city trade to break through the traditional downtown streets pattern, has developed the special transaction market, not only had the city 内东 south northwest comprehensive market, also had has monopolized the product the market, like the village market, the salty city, the mule city and so on, the downtown area also had the night market.Hereafter Chengdu has been through repeatedly Yuan, is bright, clear Zhu Chao and the Republic of China time, during although has the many times prosperity and decline rise and fall, but she takes the Sichuan economic center the status and. Chengdu also is in the history township of the famous craft is world-famous, includes the Chinese four given names to embroider, row of the four given names brocades; Chengdu\'s lacquerware manufactures, the craft finely is unique, is handed down for generations for all previous dynasties 名品, in the modern Chinese grave unearthed cultural relic many Chengdu lacquerware may testify; The Tang Dynasty Chengdu produces the thunder qin, laden with honors the nation, is regarded by the vocal music with the treasure; Chengdu\'s printing industry in Song Dynasty is national one of three big printing industry bases, has Song Shishu engraves the armor world the praise, the London museum hides in the Dunhuang copy clerk to have five generation of times Chengdu the wood engraving the calendar almanac, for world earliest wood engraving calendar almanac printed book; Chengdu\'s papermaking industry very is also famous, the Tang Dynasty Chengdu makes the profit state hempen paper is the official stipulation imperial edict, the book command uses the paper; Female poet Artemisia stelleriana Tao manufactures the letter paper to regard as by the writer poem guest the high-grade goods.Chengdu\'s golden silver thread product,the straw braid, also all has several hundred over a thousand years history. Chengdu is one of bright cultural birthplaces, also is the Sichuan culture and education key city, has the magnificent civilization.As early as in the B.C.E.more than 140 years, Suchuan county Wen Weng encouraged education in Chengdu, to set up the Chinese first regular government operated school, has developed the huge promoter action for Sichuan\'s culture.The Chinese bestows on four everybody, Chengdu will have Sima like, raises male two, a Jin generation of historian Country Will author Chang Qu, Tang Dynasty female poet Xue Tao, musician Duan Anjie, five pronoun people Ouyang bright, drawing master Huang Quan, the Song Dynasty scholar Great historic writings of politicization vice- Chief Editor Fan Zuyu, the Wei old man, medical scientist Tang Shenwei, the Ming Dynasty writer Yang Changan, the Qing Dynasty famous the Confucian the mountain clock has been auspicious, in addition modern literature great master Ba Jin, Ai Wu, people and so on Sha Ting all will be the Chengdu public figures.Certainly, accomplishes the Chengdu history of civilization also to have in the history the multitudinous external famous feudal official, scholar\'s tremendous contribution, Chengdu is in the history place of the cultural celebrities collection.Big poet Li Bai, Du Fu, Cen Can, Gao Shi, Wei Zhuang, Lu You, people\'s and so on big literary giant Su Shi all once made one\'s home in here, has left behind the large quantities of cultural heritage for the posterity, caused Chengdu the developed culture to enjoy a good reputation domestic and foreign. Concerns Chengdu the history and the development talk of history, we speak of here.Let me again for everybody says today Chengdu the present situation. Chinese culture Obtains the Chinese outstanding traveling city title as the first batch Chengdu, the traveling resources advantageous, what is most prominent is the culture, the panda hometown, the day government office scenery three big characteristics. Under, please let me separately summarize: Chengdu is the cultural place of origin.the culture is the Chinese culture important constituent.The Dujiang weirs awn city, the Wenjiang County fish 凫 city, the Pi county three batardeaux, the new Tianjin fine horses old city and the neighbor Guanghan Tristar pile and so on the ruins explained that, the culture has the glorious history. Chengdu took several generation of ancient Suchuan dynasty the capital city and the Sichuan area capital, has bred the all previous dynasties how many distinguished persons, has many historical vestiges and the cultural treasure, only has 118 by all levels of governments public proclamation announcement protection key cultural relic unit whole city, nation key cultural relic preservation organ 9.More than 2,300 years ago construct Dujiang weirs large-scale hydraulic engineering, idea ingenious, computation precise, method wise, project grand, consummation of the function, science of the management, benefit long term, let the Chinese and foreign tourists which reaches this point for it fall all, she causes the Chengdu plain becomes the flood and drought from the person, the vast fertile area the day government office, has brought to Sichuan wealthy and is prosperous, by the reputation will be the alone wonderful eternity day government office Milky Way and treasure of the town Sichuan, will be the human civilization immortal masterpiece. is located in a Chengdu Nanjiao\'s dense green jade cypre, A.D.five centuries, are commemorates when three countries Prime Minister Zhuge Liang construct.This is the nation is biggest, preserves most complete , is in the Chinese multitudinous three countries vestige is only listed as the national key cultural relic unit.Collection extremely rich Chengdu , with peripheral other states, the city, the county rich culture landscape constitution three countries vestiges seeks the trace the gold welcome. The Du Fu thatched house is located the Chengdu western suburbs colored brook bank, the memento claical botanical garden which when Tang Dynasty big poet Du Fu is dwells away from home Chengdu in the former dwelling completes.Is the nation key cultural relic preservation organ.Du Fu\'s poetry, has the profound influence to the Chinese literature development, by the posterity reputation is the poetry of historical significance, he is revered is the poem saint.Thatched house extant each kind of Du poem edition, many kinds of writing translated edition, Du poem calligraphy work and other pertinent data 3,000 volume, cultural relic 2,000.The Du Fu thatched house not only studied Du Fu, the Du poem for the people has provided the precious material, moreover also was the Chinese and foreign public figure looks at reverently the Du Fu deceased remains the paradise. Chengdu\'s religious cultural relic very is also rich.Whole city existing Buddhist temple, Daoist temple, church nearly hundred.Dayi County\'s crane calls the mountain is the Chinese Taoism birthplace, and by blue city world the landscape is the national level scenery scenic spot area.In the urban district goral palace broad in scale, is the nation key cultural relic preservation organ.Hands down is old Mr.(namely father) sits the instruction magic arts place.The Chengdu Buddhist temple is multitudinous, most has the great reputation to have unusual brightne temple, the Confucian claics carved on stone temple, the greatly kind temple, the temple, the Manjusri courtyard and so on.Unusual brightne temple hands down constructs at the Eastern Han Dynasty, by reputation for Yangtze valley one of four big jungles.Other cultural relic historical sites, such as will look Cong Ci, the Wangchiang building, Ming Xi Wangling, forever the mausoleum, the Eastern Han Dynasty grave, the Godde of Mercy temple mural, the Xinhai fall guarantee Lu Sishi the monument and so on, no longer 11 rows stated. Today Chengdu Today Chengdu, may say is both ancient and young, also is peaceful also prospers, west national implementation under big development strategic decision excellent situation, is raising the sail, is making great strides forward to the modernized metropolis goal. After new China had been established, ancient Chengdu has glowed the youth.The industry and agriculture production all has the development which progrees by leaps and bounds.Specially the 60\'s earlier periods, the country vigorously carries on three the construction, causes Chengdu basically forms take the machinery, the electron, the metallurgy, the chemical industry and as the main body industrial system, becomes west Sichuan and China the emerging industrial base. Since 1978, Chengdu entered the reform and open policy and the modernization new historical period, relies on its abundant economic basis and is situated at the mid-west union place geographical superiority, in during the short more than 20 years, has further developed into southwest China the local important science and technology, busine trade, the financial center and the transportation, the communications center, one of China\'s super cities. Today Chengdu, does entire vertically and horizontally, the downtown width, the tall building stands in great numbers , the city\'s appearance is beautiful, the commercial service industry mesh point proliferates the whole city, the city synthesis service function strengthens day by day; Circles the city but government office Nan River, the proce whole city people\'s five years struggle, comprehensively renovates announces a victory, present government office Nan River water qualitative change clear, both banks flowers and trees, the lawn, the sculpture, the pavilion pavilion and the packed side by side in rows modernized common people residence tall building serves as contrast to struggle the splendor, just like on the city neck is the jadeite necklace, it not only had the flood prevention, the environmental protection and the transportation function, but also became the leisure which the resident and the tourist most liked to go sightseeing the destination. Chengdu southwest took the local transportation communications center, the railroad has Cheng Yu, Paochi to Chengtu, Cheng Kun and achieves the railroad to connect to this; The road except Cheng Yu, Cheng Mian, Cheng Le, Cheng Ya, becomes fills outside the highway, but also some 3 federal highways paed, form take the Sichuan Shaanxi, Sichuan and Tibet, Sichuan Gan Hecheng changed, Cheng A and so on above 23 provincial levels the road as the backbone emiion road network, Chengdu are one of national road most crowded cities; Chengdu is southwest the local biggest air harbor.The Shuangliu international airport is national one of four big spatial ports, has already cleared the international and domestic airlines more than 170 strip.Chengdu also is southwest one of local posts and telecommunications communication switching centers, and succeively has established the correspondence relation with 160 countries and the area.The convenient transportation, the developed communication, Chengdu and each place closely connects in together, the frame got up Chengdu to the world each place bridge. Panda hometown Chengdu is panda\'s hometown. The Chengdu suburb has country forest park 4, panda ecology nature protection area 3.The world only saves 1,000 pandas, about 80% distribute in Chengdu and its are close to the area. The world biggest panda breeding research base also constructs in Chengdu. The Chengdu zoo is in the world the panda most cities zoo.You not only may understand the panda newest scientific research achievement as well as with the panda related background and the culture to the Chengdu traveling. You also may go to the Chengdu saddle sub- river, the Dayi Heishui River, Dujiang weirs city Hongkou, as well as the Baoxing bee barrel stronghold, panda habitat and the ecology nature protection area and so on protectorate, understands the nature scenery, tracks down panda\'s trail. Day government office scenery The day government office scenery is the attraction maive Chinese and foreign tourist comes Chengdu to go sightseeing a tour big characteristic resources.The day government office paradise, Chengdu , the unique place landform, accomplished Chengdu to be colorful, uniquely had the foreword the day government office scenery: Countryside, knoll, rivers and creeks, lake, canyon, high peak each charm, moreover the natural landscape, the humanities landscape and the rich folk custom character and style merges into one organic whole, the Xiu color beautiful scene, collects Cheng Daguan.Through the ages, did not know has how many writer literatis to praise Chengdu, really is nine days opens a Chengdu, ten thousand households thousand enter the painting, south the sword the scenery completely clear sunshine, nearby oar Chinchiang the world is thin, the lively abundant Li world does not have. Except a moment ago already has said outside the Dujiang weirs - Qingcheng scenic area, but also has take the virgin forest, flies the waterfall , the mountain day scenery and the snowy mountain pasture as west characteristic Dayi the range snowy mountain; Wonderful danger , ecology primitive Peng state nine Yi scenic area; Congeals , beautifully from natural honors the state Kowloon ditch; The Hushan is clear blue, winding lonesome and quiet Pujiang is exposed to the sun the lake; The Danxia Mountain scenery, immortal original Mt.Tiantai, as well as Jin Tang Tochiang River scenery, Long Chi wooded mountain marvelous sight and so on, all is which the hobby enjoys the beauties of nature goes sightseeing the tour, enjoys place of the natural ideal.The Chengdu plain countryside rural scenery bountiful is beautiful, the folk custom common social practice, remains richly, leaves the real appeal, is in the day government office scenery an amazing big beautiful scenery.Dayi County\'s Liu village original, Pi county\'s friendly affection township, Longquan\'s studio village, is the development the peasant family is happy the good destination which and the rural scenery swims. Dear friends, no matter you like any, you all may find satisfaction in Chengdu the destination.Wants to observe colored, here has the Longquan post the first day of the third lunar month, the Peng Zhou peony festival, the Hsintu; Wants to swim the lake, here has the scenery beautiful Chaoyang lake, the Longquan lake, Gui Hu and Bai Tahu; Wants the mountaineering, here has the high peak strange stone Longmen Mountain, precipitous male wonderful Mt.Tiantai, the fruit and flowers flutter fragrant dragon Quanshan; Must visit a park, here has the concentration world main landscape the world paradise, the Wangchiang park and the people\'s park; Wants to feel the common people residence culture flavor which Chengdu circulates, you may enter a strip the main street and small alley which connects by the innumerable central courtyards; Wants to understand the village small town plain, the tranquil natural scenery, you may arrive the Shuangliu yellow Longxi Guzhen, there ancient street,, the ancient temple, the ancient amphibious wharf, the ancient battlefield, the ancient construction, the claical Chinese literature merge into one organic whole, or township of the Chinese proceion of lanterns or torches; Wants to observe the play, you may march into the theater to appreciate the Sichuan play, to listen to that tactful and pleasing to hear high-pitched tunes, looked that unpredictable turns hostile, spits the fire and so on the Sichuan opera unique skill performance; Wants to judge tea, you may to a each style teahouse, the teahouse.The Sichuan teahouse special atmosphere, the covered teacup tea set and excellent mixes the tea technique, can enable you to feel the thick Chengdu tea culture the breath; Wants to eat the Sichuan cuisine, Chengdu is the orthodox school Sichuan cuisine birthplace, the Sichuan-style restaurant proliferates the whole city, the famous teacher gathers together, savors the orthodox school; Wants to eat the snack, the Chengdu snack renowned at home and abroad, the variety is many.The color fresh taste is good, excellent in quality and reasonable in price, the Dan Dan noodles, the clock boiled dumplings, the dragon won ton, Lai Tangyuan, the Han steamed stuffed bun, the husbands and wives lung piece and so on all is Chengdu the snack tradition, but the recent years rose the hot pot to catch up, were fashionable for a time.In brief a speech, eats in Chengdu, plays in Chengdu, swims in Chengdu has become the traveling amateur\'s mutual recognition. The friends, in the last few years, the Chengdu tourism obtained the considerable development.Specially what is worth mentioning west the big development, causes the Chengdu tourism the prospects for development to be broader.Chengdu by the richer traveling product, the better traveling environment, the higher quality traveling service, will greet the motherland and the world each place friends arrival, we believed everybody travel of the Chengdu certainly will be able to obtain complete and the happy feeling. Thanks everybody 都江堰英文导游辞
The Dujiangyan Dam, 45km rorth of Chengdu, is an ancient technological wonder of the country.More than 2000 yers ago, Li Bing(250-200BC), as a local governor of the Shu State, designed this water control and irrigation dam and organized thousands of local people to complete the project to check the Mingjiang River.For many years the river,flooded the Chengdu agricultural area and local farmers suffered a lot from the water disaster.Due to the succe of the project, the dam automatically diverts the Mingjiang River and channels it into irrigation canals.For many years the dam has continued to make the most of the water conservancy works.
Expansion has been undertaken since 1949 and at present the system does a good job of irrigating farming land acro 33counties of the western part of Sichuan Province.Local people feel proud of the system becaude it has supported a large amount of people in their daily life.
What makes this system so good?
The system is a large hydraulic water project which consists of three main parta: the Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam, the Flying Sand Fence, and the Bottle-Neck Channel.
The Fish mouth functions to divide the flow of water into an inner river and an outer river.Long ago, when Li Bing worked as the local governor of the Shu State, he found the old river canal was too narrow to hold much water, which often overflowed the banks and caused disastrous flood.Based on natural geographic conditions, he organized the people to build a man-made dam.The whole dam looks like a fish, and the front dam has a circular cone shaped like a fish mouth.It is the dam that channels water into an outer canal and an inner canal.The outer water canal functions as the main stream and holds sixty percent of water in the river.The extra water goes through the inner canal for irrigation in Chengdu areas.
The Flying Sand Fence joins the inner and outer canals.The fence functions to controll the flow of water and discharge exce into the inner canal from the main stream.During the dry season the fence doesn\'t work much, but when floods occur, the river rujshes forward along the outer canal.As it approaches the fence, the fence,the river begins to turn round fast and soon many whirlpools are formed.The volatile whirlpools sweep away sand and pebbles and, throw them into the outer canal.For many years huge bamboo baskets were used as the fence.They were filled with stones and pebbles.However,at present, reinforced concrete weir has replaced the ancient fence.
So now, let\'s discu the Bottle-Neck Channel.A trunk canal was cut through the mountain into two parts which link up the inner canal for irrigation.The small part is later called Li Dui, which means an isolated hill.Chengdu looks like a large bottle and the trunk canal between the mountain and the hill takes shape of the bottleneck.The trunk canal technically has two functions: First, it leads the water to irrigate the farming land in western Sichujan; Secondly, the trunk casnal works together with the Flying Sand Weir to keep the flow below a certain point in the inner canal during flood season.Some stone tablets, which stand on the isolated hill, are engraved in Buddhist Sanskrit.The local people hope that the Buddhist tablets can exert the Buddhist superpower to harne flood disaster.For over two thousand years, in fact, the Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam, the Flying Sand Weir, and the Bottle-neck Channel automatically work together to control foods and sweep away sand and stones in the main str.The local people benefit a lot from this project.
Not far from the Dujiang Dam, a Daoist temple complex was wrwcted was erected to commemorate the benevolent rule of Li Bing and his son who succeeded him.Li Bing and his son were granted the posthumous title of Wang.The folk story says that July 24of the Chinese Lunar Calendar is Li Bing\' birthday.On the day many local people visit the temple where they prostrate themselges before the image of Li Bing and his son and burn incense to honor them.The larger-than-life painted statues of father and son overlook the rushing river below.Nearby a stone tablet os engraved with a famous six-character quotation from Li Bing,\"when the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel.When the riverbeb is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.\" The temple which is built near the mountaintop, is a popularstopping place for sightseers.There one can enjoy a unique view of the most modern parts of the water conservation project.
People appreciate the ancient wonder, which still works to benefit people today.杜甫草堂英文导游辞
Du Fu(712~770)Thatched Cottage used to be the former hone of Du Fu, one of the greatest poets in the Tang Dynasty.Located in the western suburbs of Chengdu, the spot is marked by a stream, ancient style architecture, pavilion pagodas and age -old trees.
The cottage consists of six important parts, They are the Front Gate, the Lobby, the Hall of poem History, the Water Pavilion, the Gongbu Shrine and the Thatched Cottage.
At the time of the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu\'s poetry first came to be recognized.Readers of many different periods have considered Du Fu to be the greatest poet of the Chinese tradition.Such general agreement can partially be explained by the immense variety of his work, which holds up quite well to different tastes and historical changes in fashion.Like Shakespeare in English tradition, Du Fu\'s poetry came to be so deeply bound up with the constitution of literary value that generation after generation of poets and critics rediscovered themselves and their interests in some aspect of the poet\'
Chinese critics from the Song Dynasty referred to Du Fu as the\"poet-historian\".Both before and after the An Lushan Revolt, Du Fu witneed a typical political and social situation; the common people still lived in poverty while the emperor and his top officials enjoyed a foolishly luxurious life.He composed many poems such as \"Song of the War Chariots\", \"Three Officials\"，and \"Three Departures\"。His poems expreed his diatisfaction with the government and his great pity for the common people.Du Fu used his poems to comment on current events and historical images.Du Fu became the historian by creating his responses to particular situations.
Du Fu was talented.When he was young, he wanted to get a good job in the government.Unfortunately Du Fu was refused several times.He was in his fifties when he began to serve as a minor official in Changan (Xi\'an).Gongbu was his official title and probably he was in charge of the lical industry.
Du Fu was not a skilled survivor in government politics.He was dismied in the form of a transfer to the post of personnel administrator in Huazhou and so left Changan.Du Fu soon gave up this minor post in disgust and set off with his family to Qinzhou in the Northwest.After a short stay he moved on again and in 759 he arrived in Chengdu.He set up a modest cottage with some money he borrowed from his friend who served as a local governor.In the cottage he had a simple and peaceful life for three years, writing about 240porms.Mostly inspired by the cottage, the stream nearby and the scenery in Chengdu.These poems give the impreion that he was happier in Chengdu than any other time in his life.The poems of this period sound relaxed and happy.Here are some of them.
In Chengdu the flutes and the strings
You hear them so loud even in the daytime
The melody fades in the river wind
And half in the towering clouds above us
Oh it should never be played here
It belongs to the emperor\'s hraven
We thank you for what is not ours
But the emperor will be hearing it also
Two yellow orioles sing in the tenser green willow
A line of herons croes the blue sky
When you open the west-facing window
The snow is framed in the summit of the mountain
And the ships that will sail east for Dong Wu
They lie at anchor in the sun-filled doorway
A good rain knows its season
It brings thins to life right in spring
It enters the night, unseen with the breeze
It moistens things gently and without sound
Du Fu left Chrngdu after 762 and wandered in the southern provinces and eventually died of illne in 770.After his death, the people if Chrngdu built a shrine on the site of his garden to honor him.Since then, it brcame the custom to visit on the seventh day of the lunar month(around the middle of February).An ancient couplet still hangs on the top of the front door.It reads:\"锦江春风公占却，草堂人日我归来。\"It was written by a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, whose name was He Shaoji.The couplet means that Du Fu owned the Jingjiang river and the spring breeze; on the seventh day of the first lunar month did I come to visit his cottage.The original cottage no longer exists and the buildings within the cottage compound.South west of the city, have been repaired and added to thirteen times since the eighth century.The Gongbu Shrine is at the center of the six important sites in the cottage compound„„It is a small hall in the eastern section of the grounds, dedicated to the memory of Du Fu.It contains a statue of du fu flanked by ghose of two other poets; Huang Tingjian(1045-1105)on the right and Lu You (1125-1210)on the left.Thesee two poets were both from the Song Dynasty and occupied an important place in the traditional Chinese literature history.Huang Ting jian, from Xiu Shui in which affected his official posts.Later when his opposition party was in power, he was dismied from his major official post and banished to Yizhou.Huang was one of the followers of Su Shi.He sincerely studied Du Fu\'s poetry and intentionally car during theearly song Dynasty.Lu You, from Shaoxing in Zhejiang held a succeion of mionor of ficial posts but was unable to affect any of the political reforms he advocated.Im 1172, he began to serve in the army on the Sichuan -Shaanxi border.It is known that sometime later he was dismied from a post im jiangxi for distributing government grain to relieve famine.Lu You was a prolific poet and more than nine thousand poems have survived.Both Huang ting jian and Lu You are noted for their ardent patriotism.Here are some of their poems :
Looking all round, a fine sight of hills and waters I found:
Leaning on the Tower railing, I could enjoy what was sweet:
The fragrance of water chestnuts and lotus stretching far
The soft breeze and bright moon which were both
Free and made tower cool ;
(Huang tingjian, Tr, Guo Zhuzhang)
Erect hedge and implant fence to shield and sustain these new bamboo,
They are meticulously cultivated and their dark green color is reflected in ripples.
The blowing of the cool breeze tells the early coming of autumn,
And I am not aware of the blazing sun in the sky at such high noon.
I hear the rustling sound when the sheath is shedding from the sprouts.
And see the dense fluttering shadows of these newly grown young bamboos.
Once I retire from my position, here will be the place to which I often come,
And carry with me along a pillow and a mat that are made of bamboo.
(Lu You, Tr.Cui Wenkai)
In the traditional Chinese literature history, there were thousands of poets, Why were these two poets selected to accompany Du Fu ?there are three reasons:Firstly, they made greart achievements in studying Du Fu\'s poetry.Secondly, they used to live in Sichuan, and enjoyed their stay, thirdly, Du FU\'s statue might have been lonely in the gongbu Shrine without any accompaniment.so when people placed the statues together, they ghought that the three poets might have time to talk about their poetry.the Shrine of the Three Sages is named from the above -mentioned story.
Inside the shrine are two valuable stone tablets from the Qing Dynasty, on which the whole picture of the thatched Cottage has been engraved.the tablets showus the design and development of the cottage dated bace to the Qing Dynasty.Also an other two stone tablets are in the shrine, which tell the story about the refurbishment of the cottage and the reason why Huang tingjian and Lu You\'s statues stay with Du Fu\'s.
On left side of the Gongbu Shrine is a huge tablet placed in a straw -roofed pavilion.Prince Guo of the Qing Dynasty wrote the calligraphy on the tablet when he visited the cottage.A screen wall at the entrance to the Flowery Path is decorated with the characters Caotang(Thatched Cottage ) at old blue and white ceramic fragment.
At present, du Fu\'s cottage is a museum.It has a rich collection of over 30000bound volumes, and 2000cultural relics, the bound volumes include thea ncient cut blocks photo-offset, hand -written, and modern stereotyped copies, the translation editions are in 15 languages.As you walk around the cottage, you will experience the traditional Chinese culture and literature characterized by Du Fu\'s poems.峨眉山英文导游辞
Mt.Emei is one of the \"four famous mountains\"in China.It lies about 168km from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province.Before the tour of the holy mountain, it is important to obtain some inforation about the spread of Buddhism in China, Buddhism in Mt.Emei and its hiking routes.
The Spread of the Buddhism
Buddhism was founded in India around the 16th century BC.It is said that the founder was Sakyamuni.Sskyua was the name of the clan to which his family belonged.Sakyamuni was a prince and was brought up in luxury.In his 20s, he became discontented with the world.Every day he had to face with sights of sickne, death and old age since the body was inescapably involved with disease, decrepitude and death.Around the age of 30 he made his break from the material world and plunged off in search of enlightenment.
Sakyamuni began by studying Hindu philosophy and Yoga.Then he joined a band of ascetics and tried to break the power of his body by inflicting severe austerities on himself.However, no matter how he held his breath until his head burst and starved his body until his ribs jutted out, he failed to enlighten himself.Finally Sakyamuni followed the principle of the middle way in which he would live between the extremities of asceticism on one hand and indulgence on the other.As the story goes, he devoted the final phase of his search for enlightenment to meditation and mystic concentration.One evening he sat beneath a fig tree, slipped into a deep meditation and achieved enlightenment from his mystic concentration.
Sakyamuni founded an order of monks and for the next 45 years or so peached his ideas around 480 BC.Sakyamuni teaches that all life is suffering.Everyone is subjected to the trauma of birth, to sickne, decrepitude and death.Real happine can\'t be achieved until suffering is overcome.The cause of unhappine is \'desires\',specifically the desire of the body and the desire personal fulfillment.In order to overcome the desirs and achieve happine, it requires the following eight-fold path.
1.Right knowledge
Buddhist followers should believe that all life is suffering.It is caused by the desire for personal gratification.
2.Right Aspiration
Buddhist followers should becomw paionately involved with the knowledge of what life\'s problems basically are.
3.Right Speech
Buddhist followers shousd avoid lies, idle talk, abuse,alander and deceit.
4.Right Behavior
Buddhist followers should show kindne and avoid self-seeking and personal fulfillment in all actions.
5.Right Livelihood
Buddha considers spiritual progre impoible if one has occupied himself/herself with slave-dea-ling or prostitution.
6.Right Effort
The effort os the will to develip virtues and curb paddion.
7.Right Mindfulne
Buddhist followers should practise self-exami-nation and cultivate themselves to overcome the state of semi-alertne and become aware of what os happwning to them.
8.Right Absorption
The absorption involves the techniques of Hinduism\'s raja yoga and leads to the same goal.
By following the eight fokd pah, Buddhist followers aims to attain Nirvana, a condition beyond the limits of the mind, feelings, thoughts, the will and ecstasy.Buddhism accepts the concept of reincarnation, the circle of rebirth; it accepts the law of cause and effort.
Buddhism has many sects, of which the Mahayana and the hinayana are two major schools.The Mahayana holds that the fate of the individual is linked to the fate of all others.The Buddha won\'t float off into his own Nirvana leaving other peope behind.He not ony shows the people the way up into their Nirvana, but also continues to exude spiritual help to those seeking Nirvana.The Hinayana holds that the path to Nirvana is an individual purauit.People who seek Nirvana must tread the path to Nirvana on their own.
Mahayana Buddhism is generally believed to have been ntroduced into regions inhabited by the Han people around the first century A.D.In the Wei and Jin Dynasties(220-420) it spread to a fairly large part of the country.During the Southern anB Northern Dynasties(420-589) the ruling cladd furthered the diemination of Buddhism.More temples and monasteries were built; Buddhist scriptures were translated.The influence of Buddhism was felt everywhere acro the conutry.By the Sui and Tang Dynasties(581-907) Buddhism had reached its apex of popularity and splendor.
Buddhism gradually took root in the Chinese soiety, having adapted considerably to Chinese ways of thinking and practice.As the most influential religion in China, Buddhism has an impact on Chinese philosophy, morality, literature, art and many other foelds.
Buddhism in Mt.Emei
It is almost two thousand years since Buddhism was introduced from India.Its monasteries covers everywhere in China except a few Daoist mountains like Mt.Qingcheng.It is commonly said that Buddhist monks have occupied much mote well-known mountains for their Buddhist ptrpose than Daoist priests.However, most of Buddhist followers bwliwvw that only the fotr famous mountains in China are the Buddhist holy places.They are Mt.Wmei in Sichuan, Mt.Putuo in Zhejiang, Mt.Wuta in Shaanxi and Jiuhua in Anhui.Each mountain is dedicated to different Bodhisattvas.In Chinese Bodhisattva usually is referred as pusa, a potential Buddha, who has achieved perfect enlightenment and decided to bring salvation to all suffering creatures before entering into Nirvana.Therefore, each Bodhisattva has his own ritual place to salvage suffering creatures .Wenshu performs the Buddhist rites in Mt Wuta, and Guanyin in Mt.Putuo.Dizang is said to have gained enlightenment in Mt Jiuhua.Puxian is regarded as one of the four well-known Bodhisattvas of China\'s Buddhism.Legend has it that Mt.Emei in Sichuan is the place where he performs the Buddhist rites.Puxian and Wenshu appear in a pair in suppirt of Sakymuni.They usually stand side by side with Sakymuni.The middle.Puxian is the right attendant.He rides a white elephant, and Wenshu a lion as we often see in monasteries.Wenshu is a symbol of Wisdom while Puxian Benevolence.Buddhism encourages its followers to study hard at the Buddhist theory, and then use what they have learnt to do charitable works for the purpose of salvaging the suffering creatures.More likely Wisdom and Benevolence display the Buddhist procee step by step.
One of the Buddhist doctrines says that after Puxian achieved perfect enlightenment, he vowed to retrn back to the world and not to accept his own salvation until all sentient beings, humans and animals had been saved.Puxian went out on his elephant to realize his ambition.his six-tusk elephant enjoys a high statue in the Buddhist world known as the Elephant King.Wannian Monastery is dedicated to the gilded statue of Puxian who sits on the white elephant.This statue, 8.5m high, is cast in copper and bronze, weighing estimatedly 62,000kg in a brick hall .One doctrine says:\"Puxian has many images.He puts himself into different forms based on the Buddhist predestined relationship.The ordinary human beings can only see him in a human bodily form, who sometimes stands by Sakyamuni,or simetimes rides on his white elephant.\" According to the explanation of the Buddhist texts, it is almost impoible for the ordinary human beings to see Puuxian\'s Fa and Bao images unle they hike up to the Golden summit of the mountain, where the pious Buddhists may see Puxian\'s Bao image in Buddhist Aureole-rainbow rings.In ancient times the Buddhist Aureole was called the illuminant image,which indicates that the Puxian reveals himself in his BUddhist Aureole only before the people who have the Buddhist predestined relationship.It is the iluminant image in the Golden Summit that has made the mountain nationally famous.
At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty,Buddhism came imto China.It is commonly said that Buddhism began to develop in Sichuan during the Eastern Jin Dynasty .It is very hard to find out when the first monastery was built,and who was the first Buddhist monk to perform his rites in the mountain.The local historical records have no written information about Buddhism in the mountain,which occurred before the Jin Dynasty.As early as in 400 a monk by the name of Huichi arrived at Mt.Emei.At that time only a few ascetic practitioners lived in the animal-haunted mountain.Staying with them,Huichi started to build a temple with a statue of Puxian set up inside .The current Wan Nian Monastery grew out of the earliest temple.Huichi was considered the founder of Buddhism in the mountain.
During the Western Jin Dynasty (265-317) a Daoist priest by the name of Qianming estab lished a Daoist temple called Qian Ming Temple in the mountain.It was the biggest Daoist temple in the mountain where a hundred Daoists priests performed Daoism .At the beginning of the southern and Nouthern Dynasties(420-550), the priests decided to choose their head to be in charge of the temple.However, they had an endle dispute because of the difference of opinions .A Bddhist monk by the name of Mingguo went to the temple and taught the priests Buddhism.Finally all the priests were converted to Buddhism, and the Daoist temple became a Buddhist monastery by the name of Zhong Feng Moonastery,During the Southern and Nouthern Dynasties,Buddhism developed in the mountain.A monk from India came to Sichuan.His name was Baozhang,the first foreign monk who arrived at the mountain after his short stay in Chengdu.According to the local historical records,Baozhang set up a monastery by the name of Ling Yan Monastery.A stream flowed along the foreground of the monastery.Behind it ,over a misty mountain,dark trees merged imperceptibly into the rest of the landscape.The monastery continued its development in the following dynasties.It was said that the monastery was the biggest in the mountain with 48 halls inside in the Ming Dynasty.Unfortu-nately it was destyroyed by a fire towards the end of the Ming Dynasty.During his stay in China Baozhang translated Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and made a contribution to the culture exchange between China and India.
During the Tang Dynasty (618-907) Buddhism in Sichuan developed considerably because some emperors supported Buddhism During their reins .some important Buddhist constructions were set up in Sichuan such as Bao Guang Monastery (the divine light monastery) in xindu County ,the Giant Buddha in Leshan City ,and Wen Shu Monastery in Chengdu.Of course, Buddhism in the mountain was no exception.Some famous monks kept visiting the mountain.
Xuan Zang made a pilgrimage to the sacred land of India to collect manuscripts and images and visit the well-known shrines from 629 to 645, leaving a valuable account of his travels in his \"Records of the western Regions\", Before his journey ,Xuan Zang came to the mountain.He visited Puxian,earnestly hoping to get bleings from him .On his way up to the mountain he came acro an old monk who offerd him a Buddhist scripture.After reading it ,Xuan zang felt more confident for his long journey to india.Legend has it that Puxian put himself in the bodily form of the old monk .From 779 to 805, Weigao, the local top military commander in west Sichuan, donated to support Buddhist development both in Leshan and Mt.E-mei.During the rein of Xizong(874-888) of the Tang Dynasty, a well-known monk by the name of Huitong came to the mountain from Zhijiang.He stayed in Baishui Monastery as the abbot, He employed many workers to maintain and enlarge the existed monasteries, and at the same time he himself arrfanged workers to establish Qingyin Pavilion Monastery.He even invited his yiunger sister huixu, a Buddhist nun to stay in He Shui Monastery.Huixu was the first unu in Mt.Emei.
During the Song Dynasty Buddhism in the moutain further developed, In 964 Zhao Kuangyin the first empperor of the Song dynasty sent a 300-member-delegation of monks headed by Jiye, a well-known monk to India to obtain Buddhist scriptures, In 976 they came back with Buddhist materials and images.Due to Jiye\'s great deeds, Emperor Taizhong honored him by allowing him to choose a place in China to perform his Buddhism.Jiye decided to go to Mt.Emei, where he stayed in Niuxin Monastery to perform his Buddhist rites.Zao Kuangyin also asked one of his aistants by the name of Zhang to come to Chingdu, where Zhang was responsible for casting a 8.50-meter-high statue of Puxian in copper and bronze, and then transporting it to the Baishui Monastery on the site of the Wannian Monastery.Several Sing emperors kept presenting Buddhist scriptures, paintings and valuable gifts to Baishui Monasters stood at the lower part of the mountain.At that time only a few visitors or monks hiked the mountain via the current Wannian Monastery.The monasteries above Wsnnisn Monsastery remained very primitive, still le the monastery on the Golden Summit, which was no more than a wooden house without a monk to live in.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties most of the emperors helped develop Buddhism in China.Zhu Yuanzhang, the first ming Emperor used to be a monk.In his monk career Zhu Yuanzhang had a close contact with a monk by the name of Guangji who later worked in a monastery in the mountain.Zhu Yuanzhang asked him to reestablihed Xiwa Monastery.After the completion of the monastery, Zhu Yuanzhang summoned him to stay in the capital of the Ming Dynasty, but Guangju kindly refsed the invitqation and cotinued his stay in the mountain.
Zhu Yijun was the ling-reining Ming Emperor (1573-1620) who was buried in Dingling, one of the ming Tombs.he and his two wives reposed in the underground palace, which was excavatedf in August, 1956.As a story goes, his mother wanted very much to give a birth to a boy in order to inherit the imperial throne.Therefore, she came to the mountain where she kneeled before the statue of Puxian in Baishui Monastery vowing that she would establish a new monastery and gilt the statue of Puxian if she was bleed to have a boy.Soon afterwards Zhu Yijun was born, and he himself ascended the throne as expected.In 1600 the emperor iued an imperial edit to establish a beamle brick hall and gilt the statue of Puxian on the white elephant.He even renamed Baishui Monastery as Wannian Monastery to celebrate his mother\'s birthday.
In 1602 four bronze halls were cast in Changan on the current site of Xi\'an.One of them was moved up to the top of the mountain from which the Golden Summut was named.The hall was 8m high and 5m wide.There are no written records about how the hall was carried uyp the mountain.Unfortunately the hall was completely destroyed by a fire.In 1828 a monk by the name of Yuexzhao collected donations to set up a glazed-golden-roof brick hall, which replaced the bronxe hall.In 1972 another fire occurred, The hall, a telecom tower and andther monastery were all destroyed.The new monastery completed in 1990 still bears traces of its original splendor.
Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism declined because of a local war, which lasted many years in Sichuan.By the end of the Qing Dynasty Buddhism in the mountain had been restored as much as in the Ming Dynasty.Both Baoguo and Fuhu monasteries were enlatged in the Qing Dynasty and now become the largest ones in the mountain.
Before 1949, there were more than 70 monasteries and over 3,000 monks in all in the mountain.The monasteried owned a large amount of farming land to stpport the monks.Half of farmers at the foot of the mountain worked for the monasteries.
Routes concerned
Every Chinese or overseas visitor enkoys climbing to the top of Mt.Emei——the Golden Summit more than 10,000-feet-high.The mountain itself is shrouded in the ever-hanging cloud of fog.Fir trees, pines and cedarsclithe the slopes; lofty crags, cloud-kiing precipices, butterflies and azaleas together form a nature reserve of sorts.At the Golden Summit one stands above the fog and gets a beautiful view, especially in the early morning when mountaintops are bathed in the radiance of the rising sun.Late in the tare afternoon the viewers may see the Magic Light,which appears as a multicolored ring of light in the sky with the shadow of the viewer moves.This light phenomenon was traditionally known as Buddha\'s Aureole or the Emei Buddhist Glory.Actually it is a rainbow ring, produced by tefraction of water particles that attach themselves to a person\'s shadow in a cloudbank below the summit.Devout Buddhists, thinking this was a call from yonder,used to jump off the Cliff of Self-Sacrifice in the belief that they would thus encounter Puxian.So during the Ming and Qing dynasties officials set up iron poles and chain railings to prevent sticides.
Totrists usually start their ascent of the mountain at Baoguo Monastery, originally constructed in the 6th century but entirely rebuilt in the 17th.There are two paths to Jinding, named after a glistening bronxe hall that once crowned the main peak of the mountain.The northern path is wide and easy to follow.The southern path is more rugged and winding.Because it is easier to go up than to come down, most people ascend by the southern route and return on the northern one.At predent there is a cable-car transportation up to the summit.Tourists can continue either on foot or by cable-car.
The northern route paes Bailong Cave, Wannian Monastery and Zhanlao Terrace.The southern route paes through Fuhu Monastery, Qingyinge Monastery, Jiulao Cave and Yuxian Monastery.The two paths converge and lead to Xixian Poolm so called after the legend that Puxian paed here on his white elphant, which he washed in the pool before resuming his trip.Xixi9an Pool is the place where tourists frequently come acro wild monkeys who usually stand along the path begging for food from tourists.The Chinese find the monkeys an integral part of the mountain trip and like to offer them some food fo0r fun.If you have no food, you should thrust open palms towards the monkeys to show you have no food.The path continues to Leidongping Tettace, a small temple in which the thunder god was supposed to live, and finally to jinding-the Golden Summit itself.
The hiking is spectacular and tiring, and the path difficult to follow in places.No matter whether you ascend or descend, youy have to keep a cautious eye on the next step.You should stop occasionally to get a longer view and enjoy the beautiful scenes.The scenery is also and excusw to rest and let your pounding hearts slow down.Whenever you come acro a lovely waterfall and spectacular gorge, you should sit by the waterfall, content with the stately beauty and bleings of that spot.
四川成都导游词
作者：导游栖息地
来源： 网络
2008-3-17
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女士们、先生们，欢迎您们光临成都.
成都是四川省省会、中国历史文化名城、首批中国优秀旅游城市、国家卫生城市、国家“双拥”模范城。近几年，她又以城市建设和生态环境方面的成就，先后荣获联合国颁发的“人居奖”和“最佳范例奖”两项殊誉。
成都是一座融古代文明与现代文明于一体的特大城市。她是稀世珍宝大熊猫的故乡，也是天府之国的中心和“窗口”。她以历史悠久、文化底蕴厚重，风光绚丽多姿和名胜古迹众多而闻名于世。“锦城”“蓉城”是成都的别名；芙蓉、银杏是成都的市花和市树。
成都市位于川西北高原山地和川中丘陵之间，西部地势较高，中部和东南部是广阔的成都平原，平均海拔500米左右。境内兼有山景、平原和丘陵之美，且气候温和，雨水充沛、年平均气温16℃上下，降水量约1000毫米，素有“冬无严寒，夏无酷暑”之誉，加以土地肥沃，水利先进，物产十分富饶，历来被称为“水旱从人，不知饥谨”的“天府明珠”。
成都市的全市总面积12．39万平方公里，总人口超过1000万人，辖区划为7区4市（县级市）、8县。即锦江区、青羊区、成华区、金牛区、武侯区、青白江区、龙泉驿区；都江堰市、彭州市、崇州市、邛崃市；温江县、新都县、双流县、大邑县、新津县、郫县、金堂县、蒲江县。此外，还设有国家级四川成都经济技术开发区和成都高新技术开发区。我们一般说的成都市区则指市中心部位的五个区，简称为“五城区”。其余的统称“市郊县”。
成都早在一万年前就已成为蜀族先民活动的中心和舞台。在市区和广汉三星堆的出土文物表明，至少在四千年以前，古蜀先民们就用自己辛勤劳动的双手，在这里创造了具有鲜明地域特征的古蜀文明。大约2500年前，古蜀国开明王朝把国都从樊乡（今彭州市、新都县交界处）迁到此处，取周太王迁歧“一年成邑，三年成都”这一典故，定名“成都”。这时的成都已经成为一个初具规模的城市。公元前316年，秦国把四川纳入版图，成都是蜀郡的首府。自此以后，成都一直是四川地区政治、经济、文化中心，历代皆为郡、州、省一级行政区的治所和军事重镇。其间，成都曾前后有7个割据政权的都城设在此，它们是，西汉末年的公孙述“大成政权”，公元二世纪时“三国”的蜀汉王朝，三世纪的“成汉”政权，九世纪前后的“前蜀”和“后蜀”政权，北宋时期农民起义的“大蜀”政权和明末张献忠建立的“大西”政权。
成都有着悠久而灿烂的工商发展历史，特别是丝织业的发达，名冠中华，远销国外。西汉时期，成都因经济繁荣成为当时中国的“五都”之一，织锦业已成为汉朝的重要国库收入来源。成都是蜀锦织造中心，朝廷在此设置了“锦官城”，派有“锦官”进行管理。这也是成都又称为“锦城”，绕城而过的府南河又称为 “锦江”的原因。蜀汉时期，诸葛亮在四川实行休养生息，扶持农商的经济政策，成都作为蜀汉首都得到了更大的发展，从晋代左思《蜀都赋》的叙述可见当时盛况。他说“市廛所会，万商之渊，列隧百里，罗肆万千，堕贿山积，纤丽星繁……”好一幅百货云集、万头攒动的市场交易图！唐代，成都有“扬一益二”之誉，说她的繁华仅次于江南的扬州。到北宋时期，成都已成为仅次于汴京的大都会。这时的成都，由于在晚唐五代的纷争中处于相对安定的情况下，工农商业都有所发展，商市贸易突破了传统的坊市格局，发展了专门的交易市场，不仅有城内东南西北的综合市场，也有了专营产品的市场，如草市、糠市、盐市、骡马市等，闹市区还有了“夜市”。此后的成都历经元、明、清诸朝和民国时期，其间虽有多次的兴衰起落，但她作为四川省经济中心的地位并无变化。
成都也是历史上著名的工艺之乡。蜀绣、蜀锦名满天下，列入中华四大名绣、四大名锦之列；成都的漆器以制作精美、工艺独特，为历代传世名品，近代汉墓出土的文物中许多成都漆器可以作证；唐代成都出产的“雷琴”，载誉全国，被声乐界视同珍宝；成都的印刷业在宋代是全国三大印刷业基地之一，有“宋时蜀刻甲天下”的赞誉，伦敦博物馆所藏敦煌文书中有五代时期成都的木刻“历书”，为世界最早的木刻历书印本；成都的造纸业也很著名，唐代成都造的“益州麻纸” 是官方规定的诏书、册令用纸；女诗人薛涛制作的“薛涛笺”被文人诗客视为上品。成都的金银丝制品、竹编、草编、也都有数百上千年的历史。
成都是灿烂的蜀汉文化发祥地之一，也是四川文化教育的中心城市，拥有辉煌的文明历史。早在公元前140多年，蜀郡太守文翁在成都兴学，开办了中国第一所正规的官办学堂、为四川的文化发展起了巨大的促进作用。“汉赋四大家”，成都市有司马相如、扬雄两位，晋代史学家《华阳国志》作者常璩、唐代女诗人薛涛、音乐家段安节、五代词人欧阳炯、绘画大师黄筌、宋代学者《资治通鉴》副主编范祖禹、理学家魏了翁、医学家唐慎微、明代文学家杨长庵、清代著名的 “儒将”岳钟祺，加上现代文学巨子巴金、艾芜、沙汀等人都是成都人士。当然，造就成都文明史的还有历史上众多的外来名臣、文士的巨大贡献，成都是历史上文化名流汇集之地。大诗人李白、杜甫、岑参、高适、韦庄、陆游、大文豪苏轼等人都曾寓居这里，为后人留下了大批的文化遗产，使成都的发达文化享誉国内外。
有关成都的历史和发展的史话，我们就说到这里。让我再为大家说说今日成都的现状。
汉文化
作为第一批获得中国优秀旅游城市称号的成都，旅游资源得天独厚，最突出的是“蜀汉文化”、“熊猫故乡”、“天府风光”三大特色。
下面，请让我分别简述一下：
成都是蜀汉文化的发源地。蜀汉文化是中华文化的重要组成部分。都江堰芒城、温江县鱼凫城、郫县三道堰、新津龙马古城和附近的广汉三星堆等遗址说明，蜀汉文化有悠久的历史。
成都作为数代古蜀王朝的都城和四川地区的首府，孕育了历代多少风流人物，拥有许多的历史遗迹和文化瑰宝，仅以各级政府明令公布保护的重点文物单位全市就有118处，其中全国重点文物保护单位9处。2300多年前修建的都江堰大型水利工程，构思之巧妙，计算之精确，手段之高明，工程之宏伟，功能之完善，管理之科学，效益之长远，无不让到此的中外游客为之倾倒，她使成都平原成为“水旱从人”，“沃野千里”的“天府”，给四川带来了富裕和繁荣，被誉为 “独奇千古的天府银河”和“镇川之宝”，是人类文明的不朽杰作。
武侯祠座落在成都市南郊的一片森森翠柏之中，公元五世纪，为纪念三国时蜀汉丞相诸葛亮而建。这是全国最大、保存最完整的武侯祠，是中国众多三国遗迹中唯一被列为全国重点文物的单位。馆藏极其丰富的成都武侯祠，与周边其他州、市、县丰富的蜀汉文化景观构成的“三国遗迹寻踪”黄金旅游者的欢迎。
杜甫草堂位于成都西郊浣花溪畔，是在唐代大诗人杜甫流寓成都时的故居上建成的纪念性古典园林。是全国重点文物保护单位。杜甫的诗歌，对中国文学的发展有着深远的影响，被后人誉为“诗史”，他本人被尊为“诗圣”。草堂现存各种杜诗版本、多种文字译本、杜诗书法作品及其他有关资料3000余册，文物 2000余件。杜甫草堂不仅为人们研究杜甫、杜诗提供了珍贵的资料，而且也是中外人士瞻仰杜甫遗容的胜地。
成都市的宗教文物也很丰富。全市现有佛寺、道观、教堂近百处。大邑县的鹤鸣山是中国道教的发祥地，并以“青城天下幽”的景观名列国家级风景名胜区。市区内的青羊宫规模宏大，是全国重点文物保护单位。相传为“太上老君”（即老子）坐台传授道法之处。成都佛寺众多，其中最负盛名的有宝光寺、石经寺、大慈寺、昭觉寺、文殊院等。宝光寺相传建于东汉，被誉为长江流域四大丛林之一。其他的文物古迹，诸如望丛祠、望江楼、明僖王陵、永陵、东汉墓、观音寺壁画、辛亥秋保路死事纪念碑等，就不再一一列述了。
今日成都
今日成都，可以说是既古老又年青，既安宁又繁荣，在国家实施西部大开发战略决策的大好形势下，正扬起风帆，向着现代化的大都市目标迈进。
新中国成立后，古老的成都焕发了青春。工农业生产都有突飞猛进的发展。特别是60年代前期，国家大力进行的“三线”建设，使成都基本上形成以机械、电子、冶金、化工和轻纺工业为主体的工业体系，成为四川和中国西部新兴的工业基地。
1978年以来，成都进入了改革开放和现代化建设新的历史时期，凭藉其雄厚的经济基础和地处中西部结合处的区位优势，在短短的二十多年间，已进一步发展成为中国西南地区重要的科技、商贸、金融中心和交通、通信枢纽，中国的特大城市之一。
今日的成都，干道纵横、街市宽整、高楼林立、绿树成荫，市容美丽，商业服务行业网点遍布全市，城市综合服务功能日益增强；绕城而过的府南河，经过全市人民的五年奋斗，全面整治告捷，如今的府南河水质变得清亮，两岸的花木、草坪、雕塑、亭榭与栉比鳞次的现代化民居高楼相映争辉，犹如在城市的脖子上系了一条“翡翠项链”，它不仅具有防洪、环保和交通运输的功能，还成了市民和游人最喜爱的休闲观光好去处。
成都作为西南地区的交通通信枢纽，铁路有成渝、宝成、成昆和达成铁路交汇于此；公路除成渝、成绵、成乐、成雅、成灌高速公路外，还有3条国道通过，形成了以川陕、川藏、川甘和成渝、成阿等23条省级以上公路为骨干的放射型公路网络，成都市是全国公路最密集的城市之一；成都是西南地区最大的航空港。双流国际机场是全国四大空港之一，现已开通了国际国内航线170多条。成都又是西南地区邮电通讯交换中心之一，并先后与160余个国家和地区建立了通信联系。便捷的交通，发达的通讯，把成都与全国各地紧密地连接在一起，架起了成都通向世界各地的桥梁。
熊猫故乡
成都是大熊猫的故乡。
成都近郊有国家森林公园4处，大熊猫生态自然保护区3处。全世界仅存的一千余只大熊猫，80％左右分布在成都及其邻近地区。
全世界最大的大熊猫繁育研究基地也建在成都。
成都动物园是世界上大熊猫最多的城市动物园。到成都旅游您不但可以了解到大熊猫最新的科研成果以及与大熊猫有关的背景和文化。
您还可以去成都鞍子河、大邑黑水河、都江堰市虹口，以及宝兴蜂桶寨、卧龙保护区等大熊猫栖息地和生态自然保护区，领略大自然的风光，追寻大熊猫的踪迹。
天府风光
天府风光是吸引大量中外游人来成都观光游览的又一大特色资源。天府乐土，成都宝地，独特的地型地貌，造就了成都多姿多彩，独特有序的天府风光：田园、丘陵、河渠、湖泊、峡谷、奇峰各具魅力，而且自然景观、人文景观和浓郁的民俗风情融为一体，秀色美景，汇成大观。古往今来，不知有多少文人墨客赞美成都，真是个“九天开出一成都，万户千门入画图”，“剑南山水尽清晖，濯锦江边天下稀”，“繁华盛丽天下无。”
除开刚才已说过的都江堰——青城山景区之外，还有以原始森林、飞瀑流泉、高山天景和雪山草场为特色的大邑西岭雪山；奇险深幽，生态原始的彭州九峰山景区；凝幽滴翠，美自天然的崇州九龙沟；湖山澄碧、曲折幽静的蒲江朝阳湖；丹霞山景、世外仙原般的邛崃天台山，以及金堂的沱江风光、龙池的山林奇观等等，都是爱好游山玩水的旅游者观光游览，享受自然的理想之地。成都平原的农村田园风光富饶美丽，民俗民风，遗存丰富，别真情趣，是天府风光中令人瞩目的一大胜景。大邑县的刘氏庄原，郫县的友爱乡，龙泉的书房村，是开展“农家乐”和田园风光游的好去处。
亲爱的朋友，不管您喜欢什么，在成都您都可以找到满意的去处。想观花，这里有龙泉驿的桃花节、彭州的牡丹节、新都的桂花节；想游湖，这里有风景秀丽的朝阳湖、龙泉湖、桂湖和白塔湖；要登山，这里有奇峰怪石的龙门山，险峻雄奇的天台山、花果飘香的龙泉山；要游园，这里有浓缩世界主要景观的世界乐园，望江公园和人民公园；想感受成都传流的民居文化的韵味，您可以走进一条条由无数四合院连接起来的大街小巷；想领略乡间小镇质朴、宁静的自然风光，您可以到双流黄龙溪古镇、那里古街、古树、古庙、古水陆码头、古战场、古建筑、古文化融为一体，还是“中国火龙之乡”；想观戏，您可以步入戏院欣赏川戏、听那委婉动听的高腔，看那变幻莫测的“变脸”、“吐火”等川剧绝技表演；想品茶，您可以到一间间各具风格的茶馆、茶楼。四川茶馆的特殊氛围，盖碗茶具和高超的掺茶技艺，会使您感受到浓浓的成都茶文化的气息；想吃川菜，成都是正宗川菜发祥地，川菜馆遍布全市，名师荟萃，品味正宗；想吃小吃，成都小吃“驰名中外，品种繁多。色鲜味佳，物美价廉，担担面、钟水饺、龙抄手、赖汤园、韩包子、夫妻肺片等都是成都“小吃”的传统名品，而近年崛起的“火锅”正后来居上，风靡一时。总之一句话，“吃在成都、玩在成都、游在成都”已成为旅游爱好者的共识。
朋友们，近几年来，成都旅游业得到了长足的发展。特别值得一提的是西部大开发，使成都旅游业的发展前景更加广阔。成都将以更丰富的旅游产品，更良好的旅游环境，更优质的旅游服务，迎接祖国和世界各地的朋友们的到来，我们相信大家的成都之旅一定能获得圆满和愉快的感受。
谢谢大家。
