ted演讲文稿（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：TED演讲文稿1.2（推荐）

虚拟股权激励的概念和执行分享文稿

各位亲爱的老师们、同学们、企业家朋友们，还有社会精英们，大家晚上好！很荣幸能够站在TAB的现场跟大家一起交流心得。之前的几位企业家分享了自己的创业经历，我在下面听的小心脏扑通扑通的澎湃。我一直觉得每个人幸福和成功的感觉是大同小异差不多的，但是取得幸福和获得成功的道路却各有不同，各有各的创意。所以这些企业家朋友们都活的很有创意，很有意义，对像我们这样的年轻人来说，是绝对的学习榜样，我相信各位跟我一样，多向企业家交流学习，多参加我们的TAB分享会，我们离加入他们的队伍也不会远！

我叫王伟，大家也可以叫我大伟，我有一个正在走下坡路的工厂，和正在走上坡路的电子商务平台，我另外还有个身份就是讲师。今天我来到这，要分享的主题是分享关于企业引入虚拟股权激励的主题的内容。分享之前，我要和大家讲明白几点。第一，虽然我经常会给宁波的企业家上课，但不要把我当老师，我只是把别人的故事结合我所学到的理论分享给大家。所以你们不要太纠结我讲的对错，这样会让我很紧张然后口吃。第二，因为平时经常讲课，我跟企业家打交道的日子有很长。手上的案例有很多，大到世界五百强总裁给我的分享，小到我楼下理发店长阿强跟我吐槽他和她老婆的那点事。这些资料内容，一般你们是听不到也查不到的，所以你们多给我点鼓励，我就会很有信心的和大家多讲一点。第

三、我不是卖课程的，我的工资是国家给的。

OK ，先问大家一个问题，你们觉得企业里面最稀缺的资源是什么？人才、资金、渠道？是股权，股权才是企业最稀缺的资源。股份有两种，一种是注册股，也就是在工商局注册被法律承认的股份。这种股往往是腥风血雨的罪魁祸首，一般企业家是不愿意随便拿出去分的。

还有一种是虚拟股，简单的说就是没有拥有权只有分红权的股份。

现在是80、90后大行其道的年代，渐渐的你会发现，优秀的人才，没人会和你只谈工资，不谈股份只能和你说免谈。当然给自己的员工注册股是非常具有吸引力，相当于把他也变成了企业的老板。但是，注册股不能随便给，因为这是涉及企业伤筋动骨的事，风险太大。当然，各位企业家朋友，让自己的员工争取一下虚拟股权还是可以的。员工做不了企业的直系亲属，但是我们要给这些精英们开辟做企业的旁系亲属的通道。别不把堂哥当亲戚，只要是亲戚，大家就可以做自己人，只要是自己人那么所做的努力也就是为自己家做的努力，那么也就离真正实现企业是我家，发展靠大家的目标不远了

那么虚拟股权的概念到底是什么呢。很简单，你来我企业我给你若干股份，然后可以定期享受分红，但是你离开之后，股份自动回归给企业，悄悄的员工走了，不带走一片云彩， 这就是虚拟股份。以前我们所讲的身股、后来我们所讲的干股，就是虚拟股权。只是现代虚拟股权的含义会更广、形式更加丰富，当然名字听起来也会更加的高大上。

那么为什么要做虚拟股权呢？我一直在尝试想用一句即有哲理又专业同时高度精炼的话来概括。但是最终我还是放弃了，因为原因实在太多了，我发现每家企业做虚拟股权激励的原因实在太富有创意，就好像人本身就是富有创意的存在一样，还有就是我发现，我确实没有文学的天赋，唐诗500首我也就只能背出鹅鹅鹅曲项向天歌的水平。但是我可以和大家讲一些具体的富有创意的原因。比如，有个企业家朋友和我说，每年过年发红包是他最烦恼的时候，无论怎么发，最后受伤的人里面一定会有他，因为每个员工都认为自己是最有功劳的，比如像我这样有能力功劳大的；比如，企业想挖墙角，找人才的时候，比如想挖我这样帅气阳光又聪明的，怎么去吸引，拿多少去吸引；比如企业想要留下人才，比如说像我这样的，保持人员稳定的时候，光靠工资肯定满足不了了？；比如，业务部门收入很高，但是为了防止财务、采购、仓存等非业务部门罢工也要考虑他们的激励的时候，怎么办等等等。

所以后来，我用了一句比较屌丝的话来总结为什么要做虚拟股权激励。那就是，因为老板很烦恼。解决老板的烦恼，才是企业真正引进股权激励的核心原因。企业是老板的，企业是员工的，但企业最终还是属于老板的。股权激励可以帮助企业激发员工潜力，实现企业的增速发展、让员工和企业、股东共赢的机制、吸引和留下高级管理人员和核心技术人才。

我每次去演讲的时候总会遇到一些朋友脸上没有表情，我想除了对我长得对大家不够有吸引力的一部分原因外，还有一部分可能是觉得自己企业已经在做了，然后心里偷着乐，嘿嘿，我早就做了。大伟你这小子等你来讲就晚了。但是有一个理念上的原则需要帮助大家明确。这个理念的原则，直接指导了，我们在之后具体制度制定和执行的方向问题。如果你只是认为，对于那些作出贡献，或者完成了指标的人，给予利益分配的话那我觉得还是不够的，因为，基于过去的贡献，是奖励；基于未来的创造，这才是激励。所以企业做股权激励，要非常明确，股权只是工具，激励才是目的。

那么虚拟股权激励到底怎么做呢？各位同学们，各位企业里面的精英们，我在开场时，和大家提到不要轻易的和老板去纠结注册股激励，其实有时候真的不是我们的老板不愿意拿出利益和员工分享，而是这个东西实在是一把双刃剑，玩的好，自然从此以后可以一马平川、；但是做不好，一旦踩中地雷，这将是一次恐怖的引火上身，比如阿里巴巴、雷士照明、国美电器还有真功夫，等等，有时间我们可以仔细探讨一下这些知名企业失败的案例。还有企业家们，就算你们一直想给核心人才分股份，但怕他们成为股东后影响公司经营，怎么办？但怕他们成为股东后不好好干，怎么办？知分多少？具体如何操作，怎么办？怕他们没兴趣，怎么办？是不是都会遇到这种问题。所以说分钱是一门学问，分未来的钱就是一门艺术了。我在跟企业家做探讨的时候，一般不会轻易去谈及注册股的激励，因为这是伤筋动骨的事，而是尽量的尝试用虚拟股激励或者先虚拟股后转注册的方式去尝试解决一些企业的发展需求。但是不管做哪一种，大家在做之前，都要考虑一些问题。大家如果要引入股权，就要

明白股权激励的基本逻辑：方向、时间、对象、方式！我们看下PPT，我整理了下，总共是12个核心问题。为什么要做、给谁做、股权资本从哪里来、怎么给，怎么退出等等。都要提前考虑好。时间的原因，我不能一项项和大家来分享，这里我就简单的大家来讲一个股分从哪里来的概念。分股分怎么分，一般我们是不是你百分几，他百分之几，然后兄弟们好好干，大家一起发财对不对。但是如果你们遇到了20个精英人才，股权是不是不够分了？很多企业家朋友不敢引入股权激励，因为股权的总盘只有那么一点，分一个就少一个，那么这样股权就变成了不可再生资源了。所以，这里我给大家讲另外一种分法，如果经常关注金融的朋友肯定会知道，增发和稀释的概念。……这种方法的应用方法有很多，项目团队可以用、公司核心团队可以用、连锁门店可以用等等。当然还有其他更多的方法，比如昨日黄花时下英雄怎么激励？比如上下游怎么激励？比如非业务部门怎么激励？比如老股东怎么转注册股？等等，时间的原因我们不一一细开来讨论。这是我的二维码，大家可以加我微信，我现在整理一些企业案例和方法汇总，会把一些资料转到朋友圈里，供大家参考学习。当然也欢迎大家来找我交流。

总的来说，经营人就是经营人的需求，而股权激励的核心根本点，就是满足员工的需求。在你情我愿的前提下，想方设法把企业的事变成员工的事。股权激励制度制定也不是老板一个人拍板的事，而是和激励对象共同商讨制定的，所以各位同学和精英们现在就要学会和老板“分赃”的概念。最后还是那句话，企业是老板的，企业是员工的，但企业最终还是属于老板的。老板的格局决定企业的结局，而机制则决定了企业的统治！谢谢大家！

王伟

2014年4月20日

推荐第2篇：TED演讲

如果你喜欢TED，观看了TED的演讲视频，感到激动不已，甚至梦想，有一天自己也站在TED的舞台上做一个演讲，分享你的精彩创意想法和精彩故事！这太好了，这种热情的向往，是通往TED讲台之路的最大动力。除此之外还需要了解一些演讲技巧。

下面是著名的The TED Commandments（TED演讲十个黄金法则），为TED演讲者提供了建议和指南。

These 10 tips are the heart of a great TED Talk.1.Dream big.Strive to create the best talk you have ever given.Reveal something never seen before.Do something the audience will remember forever.Share an idea that could change the world.

给自己一个高目标，要把这个演讲做成你最成功的一个演讲。你可以向观众展示某些未曾公开展示的东西或做出能够让观众留下深刻印象的事情。分享一个有可能改变世界的想法。

2.Show us the real you.Share your paions, your dreams ...and also your fears.Be vulnerable.Speak of failure as well as succe.

展示一个最真实的你。分享你的激情、梦想，乃至恐惧。不要把自己当成是完美无缺的，你可以讲成功的故事，也可以讲失败的故事。

3.Make the complex plain.Don\'t try to dazzle intellectually.Don\'t speak in abstractions.Explain! Give examples.Tell stories.Be specific.

简单化。千万不要吹自己多么博学，不要用抽象的言辞来表达。你要解释为何会是这样。多讲点故事，讲得清楚一点。

4.Connect with people\'s emotions.Make us laugh! Make us cry!

要说得动人一点，使得观众听了会发出由衷的微笑或感动到禁不住要哭泣。

5.Don\'t flaunt your ego.Don\'t boast.It’s the surest way to switch everyone off.

不要自吹自擂。那样做的话，最容易吓跑观众。

6.No selling from the stage! Unle we have specifically asked you to, do not talk about your company or organization.And don\'t even think about pitching your products or services or asking for funding from stage.

台上不能推销！除非事先有通知，否则不可谈论你的公司或组织。更别指望在台上展示你的产品。

7.Feel free to comment on other speakers, to praise or to criticize.Controversy energizes! Enthusiastic endorsement is powerful!

要给其他演讲嘉宾一定的回应，可以赞可以弹。意见之对立才会擦出思维之火火嘛。激情的参与本身的力量就是这么强大的。 8.If poible, don\'t read your talk.Notes are fine.But if the choice is between reading or rambling, then read!

除非万不得已，否则不要照着讲稿阅读。当然可以看自己写的小纸片。但假如不看讲稿你会表述得含糊不清的话，那还是看着稿子讲吧。

9.You must end your talk on time.Doing otherwise is to steal time from the people that follow you.We won’t allow it.

必须在规定的时间内说完。因为超时就意味着剥夺了其他人的时间。这是不允许的。

10.Rehearse your talk in front of a trusted friend ...for timing, for clarity, for impact.

为了保证演讲准时、清晰、高质量，我们希望你提前跟朋友一起做试讲。 关于TED

TED于1984年由理查德·温曼和哈里·马克思共同创办，从1990年开始每年在美国加州的蒙特利举办一次，而如今，在世界的其他城市也会每半年举办一次。

它邀请世界上的思想领袖与实干家来分享他们最热衷从事的事业。“TED”由“科技”、“娱乐”以及“设计”三个英文单词首字母组成，这三个广泛的领域共同塑造着我们的未来。事实上，这场盛会涉及的领域还在不断扩展，展现着涉及几乎各个领域的各种见解。参加者们称它为 “超级大脑SPA”和“四日游未来”。

大会观众往往是企业的CEO、科学家、创造者、慈善家等等，他们几乎和演讲嘉宾一样优秀。比尔·克林顿、比尔·盖茨、维基百科创始人吉米·威尔斯、DNA结构的发现者詹姆斯·华森、google创办人、英国动物学家珍妮·古道尔、美国建筑大师弗兰克·盖里、歌手保罗·西蒙、维珍品牌创始人理查德·布兰森爵士、国际设计大师菲利普·斯达克以及U2乐队主唱Bono都曾经担任过演讲嘉宾。

大凡有机会来到TED大会现场作演讲的均有非同寻常的经历，他们要么是某一领域的佼佼者，要么是某一新兴领域的开创人，要么是做出了某些足以给社会带来改观的创举。比如人类基因组研究领域的领军人物Craig Venter，“给每位孩子一百美元笔记本电脑”项目的创建人 Nicholas Negroponte，只身滑到北极的第一人 Ben Saunders，当代杰出的语言学家 Steven Pinker……至于像 Al Gore 那样的明星就更是TED大会之常客了。

每一个TED 演讲的时间通常都是18分钟以内，但是，由于演讲者对于自己所从事的事业有一种深深的热爱，他们的演讲也往往最能打动听者的心，并引起人们的思考与进一步探索。

推荐第3篇：Ted演讲

私有制：中国经济奇迹的真正源泉

甚至连许多西方经济学家都认为,中国已经找到了主要依靠国家财政与控制的繁荣之路。但是，他们大错特错了。

2009年3月 • 黄亚生

美国式资本主义的可信性是全球金融危机中最早的牺牲品之一。随着雷曼兄弟银行的破产倒闭，全世界的权威评论家一窝蜂地唱衰美国经济理念——有限政府、最小限度的监管和对信贷的自由市场分配等。在考虑以何种模式取代没落的美国模式时，有些人把目光转向了中国。在中国，市场受到严格的监管，而金融机构则由国家控制。在经历了华尔街的溃败后，焦躁不安的弗朗西斯•福山在《新闻周刊》（Newsweek）上撰文指出，中国式的国家资本主义“看起来越来越有吸引力了。”《华盛顿邮报》（Washington Post）的专栏作家大卫•伊格内修斯为基于孔子思想的“新干预主义”在全球的出现而高声欢呼；伊格内修斯引用理查德•尼克松间接称颂经济学家凯恩斯（John Maynard Keynes）的话说：“现在我们都中国化了。”

但是，在宣布新的中国世纪的曙光到来之前，全球的领导人和高管们需要好好再想一想，中国活力的源泉到底是什么。说到中国经济奇迹产生的原因，获得广泛认可的看法——那是专家治国论的胜利，共产党依靠国家控制的企业实现了向市场经济的逐步转型——从各个重要方面来讲都错了。这种标准的看法认为，企业家精神、私有财产权、金融自由化和政治改革对中国的经济奇迹只发挥了很小的作用。但是，基于对中国政府的调查数据和中央及地方政府文件的详细分析，我的研究结论是，财产权和私营企业是高速增长和贫困水平降低最主要的激励因素。

我们经常读到这样的文章，认为渐进主义是中国成功地从马克思主义转型到市场经济的关键因素；许多文章称赞北京摒弃了俄罗斯式的休克疗法，采用更加务实的方法，创建了良好的商业环境，让私营企业有机地发展。这种观点认为，通过在上世纪80年代首先进行小范围改革，中国经济发展的自由度和市场导向水平逐渐提高，并在90年代后期积蓄了发展动力。但事实并非如此。实际发生的情况是，上世纪80年代进行的金融自由化和私营企业的早期地方性试验，催生了乡镇企业最初的蓬勃发展。正是这些早期的收获——而并非国家主导的大规模基础设施投资和90年代的城市化——为中国奇迹奠定了真正的基础。 尽管有许多专家将中国宏大的基础设施项目和利用外国资金建设的崭新工厂与印度破败不堪的公路和微不足道的外国直接投资流进行比较，但这种观点夸大了公共开支和外国投资对中国发展的贡献。直到上世纪90年代后期以前，这两种因素在中国的影响力所占比重都不大——它们的出现比80年代宽松的金融控制和最初的乡镇企业发展大潮要晚得多。 在上世纪80年代，中国经济的发展要比90年代快得多，并且产生了更好的社会效益：贫困人口下降，贫富差距缩小，而且劳动力在GDP中所占份额——衡量从经济发展中人均获益的指标——显著上升。从1978年到1988年，生活水平低于中国贫困线的农村人口减少了1.5亿以上。而在90年代，尽管GDP几乎都达到了两位数增长，并且实施了大规模

的基础设施建设，但贫困人口数量却只下降了6,000万。此外，在80年代，中国经济增长主要靠投资而不是消费驱动的程度远不像今天这样严重。

换句话说，企业资本主义与国家资本主义不同，它不仅带来了增长，而且还对增长所带来的利益进行了广泛的分配。企业主义（Entrepreneurialism）既充满活力，又符合社会道德。

西方媒体总爱把像北京、上海和深圳这样的大城市称颂为生机勃勃的发展中心（见图表）。而中国的农村地区，即使被提到，也通常被形容为贫困的穷乡僻壤。但是，只要对经济数据进行仔细分析，就会发现，对中国现代化城市高楼大厦的这些令人震撼的描述完全是一种误导：事实上，中国的农村才具有最大的经济活力，而政府的强势干预已经窒息了中心城市的企业家精神和所有权。

后一种观点的重要性无论怎样强调都不过分。中国资本主义的发展历史事实上大部分都可以被描述为两个中国的斗争：由市场推动的、富有企业家精神的农村与由国家主导的城市之间的斗争。无论何时何地，只要中国农村占据优势地位，中国的资本主义就是企业式的、独立于政治的，并且是充满竞争活力的。无论何时何地，只要中国城市占据主导地位，中国的资本主义就会朝着依赖于政治和国家集权的方向发展。

上海是中国城市发展最显著的象征，其现代化的摩天大楼、外国奢侈品商店和全国最高的人均GDP使其成为中国的模范城市——一个国家资本主义获得成功的最好例证。事实果真如此吗？采用更具有实际意义的经济成就指标来衡量，上海的发展远不及温州。温州是位于上海南边数百英里以外一个浙江省的城市，这里是企业资本主义的一片乐土。上世纪80年代初期，使温州闻名于世的仅仅是它那勤劳的农民。当时，在温州的500万居民中，城市人口还不到10%。如今，温州是中国最具活力的城市，其数量众多的企业主宰着欧洲的服装市场。而相比之下，曾经是中国最早的实业家乐园的上海，如今却很少涌现出本土企业家。

温州的转型几乎完全是靠自由市场政策来实现的。早在1982年，当地官员就开始试行民间借贷、自由利率、存贷款机构的跨地区竞争，以及向私营企业提供贷款等。温州市政府还大力保护私营企业家的财产权，并从其他诸多方面使城市更有利于企业的发展。

本土企业为民生福祉带来了什么变化吗？非常多。按人均GDP计，上海几乎是温州所在的浙江省的两倍（难以获得温州人均GDP的详细数据）。但是，如果衡量家庭收入——一般居民的实际的支出能力——这两个地区的繁荣程度就旗鼓相当了。2006年，一个典型上海居民的家庭收入比一个典型浙江居民的家庭收入高13%，但上海居民的非工薪收入水平（如政府福利）却几乎是浙江居民的两倍。两地居民的平均劳动收入大体相当。平均来看，上海居民从经营企业中获得的收入比浙江居民低44%，而从所拥有的资产中获得的收入则要低34%。这就意味着：国家资本主义可以提高城市高楼大厦的楼高和GDP的统计数据，但并未提升居民的实际生活水平。

如果研究一下浙江省与其北部近邻江苏省的经济状况，这种对比就会更加清晰。这两个省份可以进行近乎完美的比较。它们的地理条件差不多相同：都是沿海省份，江苏位于上海北面，而浙江位于上海南面。它们还拥有相似的企业发展历史：都对解放前上海的实业家

和企业家阶层做出过重大贡献。然而，在改革以后的若干年里，江苏省吸引了外国投资并从公共建设工程开支中受益颇多，而浙江省却不然。这种差异产生了令人吃惊的结果。

20年前，江苏省比浙江省更为富庶，但如今却比浙江穷，在每一项重要的经济和社会福利指标上都落后于浙江。平均来看，浙江居民的资产性收入要大大高于其北方邻省的居民，他们居住的房子更大，拥有电话、计算机、彩电、相机或汽车的比例更高。浙江的婴儿死亡率更低，浙江人的平均预期寿命更长，识字率也更高。值得注意的是，浙江的收入不平等程度也远远低于江苏。应该如何解释浙江更胜一筹的繁荣呢？最令人信服的解释是，在江苏，政府对经济干预过多，歧视本地企业而青睐外国资本；而浙江的官员则让本土企业家拥有自由支配权，允许他们构建更大、更富有活力的本地供应链。

中国经济奇迹的真正难解之处并不是其经济如何发展，而是西方专家为何对其发展历程的理解错误百出。一个原因是，这些外来旁观者误解了构成中国经济体系最基本的元素之一——乡镇企业——的性质。一些西方最知名的经济学家将乡镇企业称为具有中国特色——具有创新意义的混合体，在政府的控制下实现了高速增长——的资本主义象征。例如，诺贝尔奖得主约瑟夫•斯蒂格里兹就称赞乡镇企业为从社会主义到资本主义转型时最常见的问题——私人投资者的资产剥离——提供了具有独创性的解决方案1他认为，这些企业既具有公有制的形式，可以避免被掠夺，同时又能实现私营企业的高效率。

简而言之，西方经济学家常常认为乡镇企业归乡镇政府所有。就在2005年，另一位诺贝尔奖得主道格拉斯•罗斯在《华尔街日报》上撰文指出，乡镇企业“与经济学中的标准企业很少有相似之处” 2。但有证据表明，情况并非如此。在中国国务院1984年3月1日发布的一份政策性文件中，第一次正式提到了乡镇企业的名称。该文件将它们定义为“由乡镇主办的企业、由农民组成的联合企业、其他联合企业和个体企业。”“由乡镇主办的企业”一词指的是归乡镇所有并管理的集体企业。该政策文件中提到的所有其他企业均为私营企业：个人所有的企业或有多个股东的较大型企业——都是严格意义上的“经济学中的标准企业”。官方对“乡镇企业”一词的使用具有非常显著的一致性：它一直是既包括私营企业，也包括政府主办的企业。

西方经济学家之所以会犯错误，是因为他们认定该名称涉及到所有制。但中国官方却从地理含义上去理解它——位于乡镇的企业。中国农业部的记录证明，私人拥有并管理的企业实体在乡镇企业中占绝大部分。在1985年到2002年期间，集体所有制企业的数量于1986年达到顶峰，为173万家，而私营企业的数量却迅猛增长，从大约1050万家增加到超过2,000万家。换句话说，在改革时期，乡镇企业数量的增长完全归功于私营企业。到1990年，在改革的头10年中，此类私营企业雇用的劳动力数量占到了乡镇企业雇用劳动力总数的50%，而税后利润则占到了58%。

对中国发展的真正源泉的思想混乱也搅乱了外国人对中国企业出现在国际市场上的理解认知。人们常说，中国为全球竞争带来了新的企业模式，国家所有制与明智的运用政府对金融的控制相结合，创造了独一无二的竞争力源泉。计算机制造商联想公司就经常被赞颂为中国非传统商业环境中的一个杰作。

但是，联想的成功大部分要归功于其早期便在香港注册并在香港募集资本的能力，而香港被认为是世界上最自由的市场经济。1984年，联想公司从中国科学院获得了第一笔启

动资金，但其后所有重大投资的资金均来自于香港3。1988年，该公司从总部位于香港的中国技术公司获得了90万港币（11.6万美元）的投资，成立了合资公司，使联想能够将香港作为其法定的公司所在地。1993年，香港联想公司在香港证券交易所首次公开上市，集资1,200万美元。联想公司是香港基于市场的金融与法律体系的成功故事，而并非中国由国家控制的金融体系的成功案例。

当中国在汲取华尔街崩溃的教训，并准备应对全球经济低迷之时，它可能做的最糟糕的事情莫过于去接受它已经发现了比自由市场更高效的发展模式的说法。中国经济奇迹的真正经验其实非常传统——基于私有制和自由市场金融。中国的经验为全世界提供了非常及时的提示：旨在鼓励这些力量发展的改革的确奏效。

作者简介：

黄亚生，麻省理工学院Sloan管理学院副教授，从事政治经济学的教学工作，创建并管理麻省理工学院的中国和印度实验室，该实验室旨在帮助本土企业家提高管理技能。本文摘自其《具有中国特色的资本主义：企业精神与国家》（Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State）一书。

推荐第4篇：TED演讲

绿色未来（A Greener Future?）

大家好，我是Zach。从本周开始，我们将开展“TED演讲主题介绍”系列，陆续为大家介绍TED演讲的各类主题，方便大家更快地找到自己喜欢的TED演讲。 众所周知，TED刚刚创办时的焦点是集中在Technology（科技）, Entertainment（娱乐）和Design（设计）三方面。但随着TED的成长和知名度的增加，TED演讲所涵盖的行业也越来越广泛。为了确保读者们不会在大量的演讲中迷失了方向，TED网站贴心地将所有的演讲分门别类，归纳到不同的主题中，既方便读者们针对自己感兴趣的内容有选择地观看演讲，也便于大家观看和某一演讲相关的其他内容。

本系列的目的就是逐步地将已翻译好的主题简介带给大家，并为大家推荐相关主题下的已翻译演讲、待翻译演讲和待校对演讲。

本周为大家介绍的主题是–A Greener Future? 绿色未来

该主题在TED的网址是:

在TEDtoChina的网址是:

http:///themes/a_greener_future/

◎ 主题简介

关于环境的辩论通常被定性为经济发展和保护地球这两种势力间的较量。然而，大多数TED演讲者坚持鱼和熊掌可以兼得的观点——只要我们在处理环境问题时足够聪明。

阿尔·戈尔作为宣传气候危机的领军人，坚持人类可以通过细微处的改进以在避免灾难的同时保持经济的活跃发展。建筑师威廉·麦克多纳向人们展现了伟大设计的力量，它作用在整个文明体系上，而不仅仅是针对局部领域，并能持久地担负起丰富的未来。马约拉·卡特谈及了她为曾陷入腐化的的纽约南布隆克斯区带来绿色生机的工程。

爱德华·伯汀斯基关于环境损害和经济发展的异常精致的摄影作品记录了人类发展从未停滞的脚步。而生物学家爱德华·奥斯伯·威尔森向我们分享了他最大的心愿——人类社会团结起来保护地球上的生命。

◎ 演讲者推荐

阿尔·戈尔 (Al Gore)：美国政治人物，曾于1993年至2001年间在比尔·克林顿掌政时担任美国第四十五任副总统。其后升为一名国际上著名的环境学家，由

于在环球气候变化与环境问题上的贡献受到国际的肯定，因而与政府间气候变化专门委员会共同获得2007年度诺贝尔和平奖。

珍·古道尔 (Jane Goodall)：英国生物学家、动物行为学家和著名动物保育人士。珍·古道尔长期致力于黑猩猩的野外研究，并取得丰硕成果。她的工作纠正了许多学术界对黑猩猩这一物种长期以来的错误认识，揭示了许多黑猩猩社群中鲜为人知的秘密。除了对黑猩猩的研究，珍·古道尔还热心投身于环境教育和公益事业，由她创建并管理的珍·古道尔研究会（国际珍古道尔协会）是著名民间动物保育机构，在促进黑猩猩保育、推广动物福利、推进环境和人道主义教育等领域进行了很多卓有成效的工作，由珍·古道尔研究会创立的根与芽是目前全球最活跃的面向青年的环境教育计划之一。由于珍·古道尔在黑猩猩研究和环境教育等领域的杰出贡献，她在 1995年获英国女王伊丽莎白二世荣封为皇家女爵士，在2002年获颁联合国和平使者。

（演讲者简介来自维基百科）

◎ 部分已翻译演讲（简体中文）推荐：

1.阿尔·戈尔关于避免气候危机的演讲

“此次演讲流露出的幽默感和人道主义跟在他的纪录电影”难以忽视的真相“如出一辙，戈尔阐明了15种应对气候危机立马有效的方法而且简单易行，从购买混合动力产品到发明新产品替代碳排放产品，使“全球温室效应”更加深入人心。”

2.阿力克斯·史蒂芬看望可持续发展的未来

“阿力克斯·史蒂芬是“改变世界”（Worldchanging.com）网站的创建人，他在这个演讲中指出，减低人类生态足迹在当下之意义尤为巨大，原因在于西方那一套生活方式将不能推广到发展中国家，因为那样将消耗大量的资源。(因为西方的那一套生活方式正逐步推广到发展中国家，进一步加剧着资源的大量消耗。)”

3.Willie Smits 修复雨林

透过复杂的生态学，生物学家Willie Smits发掘一个重新植林的快捷方式，在婆罗洲救回了许多栖息于当地的红毛猩猩，进而创造出一个得以修复脆弱生态系统的蓝图。

4.William McDonough 谈「从摇篮到摇篮」理念

致力于环保的建筑师兼设计师 William McDonough 问，如果设计师心系所有子孙、所有物种、直到永远，我们的建筑及产品会是什么样子？

5.查尔斯·摩尔：塑料充斥的海洋

查尔斯·摩尔船长是Algalita海洋研究基金会的创始人，他第一次发现了大太平洋垃圾带——一片无边无际漂浮着塑料垃圾的海域。现在，他为我们讲述大海面临的日益严重的塑料碎片污染问题。

◎ 待校对演讲（简体中文）推荐

1.Carl Honore praises slowne

“Journalist Carl Honore believes the Western world’s emphasis on speed erodes health, productivity and quality of life.But there’s a backlash brewing, as everyday people start putting the brakes on their all-too-modern lives.”

2.Kamal Meattle on how to grow fresh air

Researcher Kamal Meattle shows how an arrangement of three common houseplants, used in specific spots in a home or office building, can result in measurably cleaner indoor air.

以上就是这个星期的TED主题介绍。希望大家能从上面的演讲中有所收获。大家也可以点击这里的网址来查看所有该主题下演讲的翻译进度（简体中文和繁体中文）。

如果大家对此专栏有何建议的话，欢迎大家在下面留言，或是电邮至OTP at TEDtoChina dot com

我们下期再见。

推荐第5篇：Ted演讲

Tony Porter 谈对男性的呼吁

关于这场演讲

在TEDWomen，Tony Porter对全世界男性发出呼吁，别太“大男子主义”。他讲述了自己切身经历，阐述了为何这种在多数男性身上根深蒂固的观念，会致使男性对女性，以及对彼此发生不尊重、虐待和伤害。他提出解决办法：打破陈规，从“男子汉标准”中解放。

关于Tony Porter

Tony Porter是教育家和活动者，他为消除对女性暴力侵害所作的努力受到国际认可。

为何要听他演讲：

Tony Porter是非盈利组织“对男性的呼吁：终止对女性暴力侵害组织”的策划者和共同创始人。Porter的参与和自我检查的要点，与许多家庭暴力和性暴力项目紧密相联，施行于一些知名组织，如全国橄榄球联盟和全国职业篮球联赛，以及全国各地高校，包括美国西点军校和安纳波利斯美国海军学院。Porter还是美国国务院国际讲师，在刚果民主共和国做过大量工作。

他是酒精与药物成瘾研究机构纽约办公室的教员，在此，他参与编著了针对美国黑人化学品依赖的临床课程。他还为社会服务组织开发社会公正模型。

“Ted Bunch和Tony Porter就男性有责任终止对女性的暴力侵害，以精彩的亲身经历分享他们的观点，他们提出更正人们心中的男子汉标准，就是解决办法之

一。两人通过自己的人生经历，来说明家庭暴力问题，其实是公民权利问题。” —摘自My Sister\'s Place网站

Tony Porter的英语网上资料

首页：acalltomen.com

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计]

已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

Tony Porter 谈对男性的呼吁

我在纽约长大，位于哈莱姆区跟布朗克斯区之间。作为男孩子，大人教给我们，男人必须要坚决，要强壮，要勇敢，要强硬；不许痛苦，不许表露情感，愤怒除外。当然，也不能畏缩。男性负责，也就是说女性不用。男性引路，你们只要跟着照做就好。男性高一等，女性低一等。男性强大，女性弱小。女性价值不大，是男性的所有物，是物品。更确切说，是性对象。后来我知道，那是男性的社会形象标准，或称其为“男子汉的标准”。看看这里面都有什么，所有关于如何做

才够男人的定义。我还想说，毫无疑问，作为男人，有很多美好的事情，非常美好。但与此同时，有些东西实在非常纠结。我们确实需要开始质疑它，审视它，并对我们所熟知的男子汉标准进行拆析和重定义。

这是我的两个孩子，Kendall和Jay，一个11岁，一个12岁。Kendall比Jay大15个月。有段时间我的妻子，她叫Tammie，还有我，我们非常忙，叮，咚，当，Kendall和Jay诞生了。（笑声）当他们长到五六岁，四五岁时，Jay可以过来，哭着跑过来。至于她为什么哭没有关系，她可以趴在我的膝盖上，拿我的袖子擦鼻涕。哭吧，大声哭，爸爸在呢，就是这样。

另一方面，如果Kendall，如我所说，他只比妹妹大15个月，他哭着跑过来，或是只要我听到他的哭声，就要拉警报了。我会给他大约30秒的时间，也就是说，等他到我跟前，我就会说，“你哭什么哭？抬起头来，看着我，告诉我怎么了？告诉我怎么了？我不能理解，你为什么哭？”由于自己的失职，我有责任和义务把他教育成一个男人，让他符合这些男子汉标准中的条条框框。我发现我会这么说，“回你的房间去。回去，回你的房间。坐下，振作一下，再回来跟我说话，当你可以像...” 像什么？（观众：男人）“像男人一样。”他才五岁。当我这么做的时候，我会对自己说，“天呢，我是怎么了？我在做什么？我为什么要这样？”回想一下，我想到了我父亲。

有一段时间，我们家发生了一次很痛苦的经历。我哥哥，Henry，当我们十几岁的时候，他死于不幸。如我所说，我们住在纽约，当时我们住在布朗克斯区。葬礼在一个叫长岛的地方举行，距市区有两小时车程。当我们准备从墓地返回时，车子停在洗手间旁，让大家在长途返回之前下车方便一下。随后人们都下车了，我母亲，我姐姐，我姑姑，她们都出去了，只有我爸爸和我留在车里。女人们离

开不久，他便放声大哭。他不想在我面前哭，但他知道，回去的路上他会忍不住的。在我面前哭，要比在有女性的场合下哭的好。这个男人，在10分钟之前，刚刚把他年幼的儿子亲手埋葬。这种痛苦是我无法想象的。我印象最深的是，他为在我面前哭而向我道歉。同时，他还给我鼓励，把我举起来，因为我没哭。

我重新审视这件事。作为男人，我们会害怕，这种害怕让我们瘫痪，让我们成为男子汉的标准的奴隶。我还记得跟一个12岁男孩的对话，他是足球选手。我问他，我说，“如果当着所有队员的面，教练说你踢球像个女孩，你会怎么样？”我本以为他会说，我会很伤心，很愤怒，很生气之类的。但不，男孩这么跟我说，男孩说，“这会把我毁掉。”于是我自问，“天呢，如果被称作女孩就会把他毁掉，那么关于女孩，我们都教给他些什么？”

（掌声）

这把我带回了我的12岁那年。我在市区的廉租公寓长大，那时我们住在布朗克斯区。一个叫Johnny的家伙住在我家附近，他当时16岁左右，我们都12岁左右，比较小。他总是跟我们这些小孩呆在一起。这个家伙，他经常不干好事。他让很多家长感到奇怪，“这个16岁孩子，在一群12岁孩子中做什么？”他也确实不做好事。他是个问题少年，母亲因海洛因摄入过量而死，奶奶把他养大，父亲不管他。他奶奶有两份工作，他经常独自在家。我说过，我们都是小孩，得仰望这个大哥哥。他很酷，他很好。这是那些小妹妹说的，“他很好。”他做过爱，我们都仰望他。

一天，我出门玩，就在周围玩，我记不得在玩什么。他在窗口，叫我上去。他说，“嘿，Anthony。”小时候他叫我Anthony。“嘿，Anthony，快上来。”Johnny

叫我，我就去。我跑上楼。他打开门后，对我说，“你想要吗？”我立刻明白了他的意思。因为在我们长大的那个年代，根据当时的男子汉标准，“你想要吗”只有两层意思，不是性就是毒品。而我们不吸毒。我的准则，我的男子汉准则，立刻受到威胁。有两点：一，我没做过爱。男人之间不讨论这个。你只会告诉最亲密的朋友，让他发誓保密，跟他讲你的第一次。而对其他人，则会说我两岁就开始做爱了，没什么第一次可言。（笑声）另一点我不能说的是，我不想要。这样更糟。我们应该时刻窥伺，女性只是物品，确切说，是性对象。总之，这些我都不能说。所以，就如我母亲所言，长话短说，我只是对Johnny说，“好。”他让我到他房间里。我进去了，躺在床上的是个叫Sheila的邻居女孩，她16岁，全身赤裸。现在来看，她有心理疾病，有时会比其他人更自闭。我们给她取了很多不好的绰号。总之，Johnny刚跟她做完爱。其实，他强奸了她，但他会说是做爱。因为，当时Sheila没有说“不”，她也没说“是”。

因此他给我机会也这样做。于是我走进去，关上门。各位，我呆住了。我依门而立，这样Johnny不能破门而入，发现我什么都没干。我站了好长一会，长到足够我干点什么了。现在，我想的不是要做什么，而是要怎么出去。我只有12岁，但很聪明。我把裤拉链拉下来，走进客厅。我看到的是，当我和Sheila在房间里时，Johnny到窗边招呼别人上来，所以现在满屋子都是人，就像医生的候诊室。他们问我感觉如何，我对他们说，“感觉不错。”然后在他们面前拉上裤拉链，走出门去。

我是带着愧疚说出这段的。当时我也带着极大的愧疚感，但我很矛盾。因为我感到愧疚的同时，又感到兴奋，我没被抓住。而对发生的一切，我觉得糟糕。这种害怕脱离了男子汉的标准，完全包住了我。对我来说，我和我的男子汉标准，曾经比Sheila和她的遭遇更重要。总的来说，我们作为男人，被教育说女性价值

不大，把她们看做所有物，看做男人的性对象，这就形成一个等式，等号右边是对女性的暴力侵害。我们作为男人，作为好男人，就如大多数的男人，我们所做的事，都是在这个社会形象标准下进行。我们以为自己不在此列，但其实我们正是其中之一。看到了吗，我们必须明白，这类价值不大，所有物，性对象的观念，致使暴力现象频频发生。因此解决办法就在我们身上，同时问题也在我们身上。疾病控制中心说过，男性对女性的暴力现象，已达到流行病的普遍程度，是女性的最大健康隐忧。国内如此，国外亦如此。

所以我再简单说几句。这是我生命中的挚爱，我女儿Jay，我希望她的世界里，我会希望男性如何对待女性？我需要你们与我一道，共同努力。你我共同合作，致力于如何培养我们的儿子，教导他们成为男人。可以不强硬，也可以表露情感，可以促进平等，可以拥有女性朋友，就是这样，可以做一个完整的人。我们男性的解放，与你们女性的解放相依存。我问过一个九岁男孩，我问他说，“如果你不用再遵循这些男子汉标准，你会怎样？”他告诉我，“我就自由了。”

推荐第6篇：ted演讲

用不同方式看世界的天才

2011年3月举行的TED大会上，有一位特别知名的演讲人，他一周就能掌握一门语言，他是2本畅销书作者，可以背诵圆周率小数点后2万多数字，被称为“人类自豪的天才特例”，在2007年《英国每日电讯报》“100位在世天才”评选中位列第15名——他就是丹尼尔·谭米特，一位自闭症学者。

自闭症？我们以前经常是从一些影片听说这个词的，比如时间较久远的奥斯卡获奖影片《雨人》，《美丽心灵》和《海上钢琴师》,或者近年澳大利亚电影《玛丽与马克思》，荷兰电影《本X》，以及去年的自传体电影《自闭人生》（主人公Temple Grandin是TED2010演讲人）。这些电影感人至深，极其精彩，都给人留下深刻印象，而这些电影的共同点就是：主角都有自闭症。

丹尼尔就是这样一个有“天赋异秉”的自闭症者。1979年他出生于东伦敦一个普通家庭，从小就是个“难以伺候的怪人”，一出生就总是爱哭，他可以从早哭到晚，一刻不停。丹尼尔从小害怕人群，童年也没有小伙伴朋友，大伙儿叫他“那个只跟树说话的家伙”，然而他从小就展现出特别好的记忆和心算能力。在4岁时，他能在10秒内脱口说出哥哥的数学题82×82×82×82的答案；他还是个万年历——你说出你的生日，他能告诉你那是星期几！他交通规则一考就过关，但他不能驾车上路，因为假如有人闯了红灯过马路，他的大脑给出的命令不是刹车而是继续。

丹尼尔有一种特别的“联觉”能力——两种或几种感知的混合交织能力。他可以将数字和色彩等多元素搭配联想起来，在他的头脑里数字和日期都有色彩、形状。比如，星期三那天，他认为是蓝色的；6这个数字，在他脑子里是灰色的；8和9在一起时是天上的雪在飘„„。他这么描述数字在他脑中的视觉形象：“它们的轮廓不是静态的，它们充满了颜色，充满了质地。从某种意义上讲，它们充满了生命力。”

丹尼尔参加过一些记忆挑战大赛，获得过不错的名次，但他真正声名大噪则是在2004年。这年他25岁，在牛津大学科学历史博物馆礼堂里，面对观众,他在5个小时里背出圆周率小数点后22,514个数字，这是目前的欧洲记录，世界排名第六。

2007年热播的CBS电视杂志节目《60分钟》想挑战下他的语言学习能力，结果他在一周内学会冰岛语——欧洲古老保守的岛国语言，并在节目上展示了他的这种天赋。他的冰岛语教师直呼他“非人类”、绝对“天才”。现在丹尼尔精通英语，西班牙语，法语，德语，芬兰语，立陶宛语，罗马尼亚语，冰岛语，威尔士语和世界语十种语言！到这里，我倒突然很想知道，如果他学习汉语——世界上最难语言之一——的话，不知道需要多长时间。

和很多自闭症者相比，丹尼尔无疑是幸运的。在他的第一部畅销自传《星期三是蓝色的》（Born on a Blue Day）里，他将他的成就首先归因于不轻言放弃的父母。他也一直生活在一个宽容的世界里。17岁时，丹尼尔的法文老师帮他在法

国找了一个寄宿家庭，这个友善的法国家庭愿意在他暑假时招待他十天。那是他第一次搭飞机到法国，这个家庭带他去海边沙滩晒太阳，吃海鲜，午餐经常用足两个小时，两个小时里一句一句纠正他的法文。回到英国后丹尼尔在日记里写道“我开始知道怎样和人相处，从此我好像换了一个人！”。

自闭症者需要的正是这种无私的帮助，需要的是用爱心和知识为其引路的老师，其实这也是每个孩子所能梦想拥有的最珍贵的财富。套用一句老台词：不抛弃，不放弃，一个更加宽容的世界才能让自闭者在崎岖的人生路上始终明白自己和别人不一样，但并不比别人差。

丹尼尔的第二部书《拥抱广阔天空：天才们的脑瓜》，以20种语言出版，是2009年法国最佳畅销书之一。这本书涉猎范围很广——从科技到文艺，从东方到西方，从莫扎特到莎士比亚，姓氏从 A到Z，把他知道的“人类天才”几百个逐个分析比较一番，饶有趣味。在推销法文版时丹尼尔认识了他的的法国新伙伴，摄影师杰洛米·塔比特——是的，丹尼尔是个同性恋。丹尼尔说他找到了幸福，并因此定居于法国阿维侬市，经常自己做饭，伴侣驾车，把生活安排得很满实，除了写书，丹尼尔还开设了网站“Optimnem”提供在线语言教学服务，教人外语。 丹尼尔·谭米特还积极配合神经科学工作者的实验项目。他具有罕有的自我认知和语言能力，能把他脑中信息处理的过程表达出来，这让他受到了许多神经科学工作者的关注，希望能从丹尼尔身上找到解开人类大脑信息编码的奥秘。

和大量令人震撼的TED演讲相比，丹尼尔的演讲也许并不出彩，可能比较平淡无味不给力，现场观众反应也不热烈，因为很少人能读懂他的世界。但丹尼尔的话和成长经历都值得我们思考。

他在演讲中说：“世界比你感知的更精彩，更丰富，我们应该从不同角度来看世界。”我们的大脑无法像他这样看世界、思考问题。但我们不妨从其他视角来重新了解你熟知的世界：国内外媒体是你的眼睛，朋友敌人也是你的眼睛，也许某个说着不同语言的陌生人也是你的眼睛，接纳他人，接纳不同的观点，每个人的世界都是多姿多彩的，每个人或多或少都有自己的精神壁垒，不要做躲在自己世界的人，勇敢地去拥抱他人，拥抱更多元的世界。

让你的星期三是蓝色的，让你的世界是包容的。

作者按：最近两年来国内TED粉丝越来越多，TED的翻译平台也很难再抢到翻译任务。这个是我在“TED开放翻译系统”偶然捡到的翻译任务。当我开始翻译时觉得演讲着实不给力，和大量很绚很酷的TED视频相比，并不吸引人。可仔细研究后，发现这个演讲背后的诸多故事。

自闭症儿童教育问题在国际上受到关注比较早，从大量的自闭症者题材影片也可见一斑，而近年来国内刚刚开始重视自闭儿童的教育问题。在一些国内明星的公益广告里有这样的数据：每150名新生儿中，就会有一名这样自闭症的儿童，也就是说这个世界上有6700万人过着我们大多数人都不能理解的人生，这个数字

已经超过了艾滋病、癌症、糖尿病这3种世界疾病人数的总和。自闭症儿童康复教育是刻不容缓的。

目前世界上尚无特效药能治愈自闭症，唯有通过特殊教育，采用特殊的训练方法，对自闭症儿童进行生活自理、认知、语言交往等能力的训练，他们才有可能渐渐地融入社会生活。从丹尼尔的例子里可以看出，这样的教育可能需要投入大量的时间和精力，这需要政府和全社会共同来关心、支持。

让我们一起来关注这些自闭症者，让大家着力创造一个公正、仁爱的社会，给予他们包容与关怀，维护我们共同的尊严和权利。

作者 微博Twitter

延伸阅读：

《坦普·葛兰汀：世界需要各种的思维模式》

推荐第7篇：TED演讲

Joe Sabia: The technology of storytelling Ladies and gentlemen, gather around.I would love to share with you a story.Once upon a time in 19th century Germany, there was the book.Now during this time, the book was the king of storytelling.It was venerable.It was ubiquitous.But it was a little bit boring.Because in its 400 years of existence, storytellers never evolved the book as a storytelling device.But then one author arrived, and he changed the game forever.His name was Lothar, Lothar Meggendorfer.Lothar Meggendorfer put his foot down, and he said, "Genug ist genug!" He grabbed his pen, he snatched his sciors.This man refused to fold to the conventions of normalcy and just decided to fold.History would know Lothar Meggendorfer as -- who else? -- the world's first true inventor of the children's pop-up book.For this delight and for this wonder, people rejoiced.They were happy because the story survived, and that the world would keep on spinning.

Lothar Meggendorfer wasn't the first to evolve the way a story was told, and he certainly wasn't the last.Whether storytellers realized it or not, they were channeling Meggendorfer's spirit when they moved opera to vaudville, radio news to radio theater, film to film in motion to film in sound, color, 3D,on VHS and on DVD.There seemed to be no cure for this Meggendorferitis.

And things got a lot more fun when the Internet came around.Because, not only could people broadcast their stories throughout the world, but they could do so using what seemed to be an infinite amount of devices.For example, one company would tell a story of love through its very own search engine.One Taiwanese production studio would interpret American politics in 3D.And one man would tell the stories of his father by using a platform called Twitter to communicate the excrement his father would gesticulate.

And after all this, everyone paused; they took a step back.They realized that, in 6,000 years of storytelling, they've gone from depicting hunting on cave walls to depicting Shakespeare on Facebook walls.And this was a cause for celebration.The art of storytelling has remained unchanged.And for the most part, the stories are recycled.But the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with pure, consistent novelty.

And they remembered a man, one amazing German, every time a new storytelling device popped up next.And for that, the audience -- the lovely, beautiful audience -- would live happily ever after.

译文：

先生们女士们，大家都围坐过来，让我来给你们讲个故事。

很久很久以前 19世纪的德国，有本书。那时候，这是故事书中的王者，故事书很珍贵， 但又无处不在 ，又有点无趣。因为在有故事书的四百年里，讲故事的人们从来没有改良故事书作为辅助设备。后来有个作家，他永远地改写了历史 。 他叫罗萨，罗萨･梅根多尔弗尔。罗萨･梅根多尔弗尔下了决心，他说：“我受够了！” 他抓起笔， 抄起剪刀 。他决意不走寻常路。他折起了纸。历史上的罗萨･梅根多尔弗尔作为什么人被记载下来？ 世界上第一个为孩子发明立体书的人。人们享受着这喜悦和惊奇。他们很高兴故事保存下来，世界继续转动。

罗萨･梅根多尔弗尔不是第一个改进讲故事方法的人。也不会是最后一个。不管讲故事的人是否意识到，当他们从歌剧到杂技，从电台新闻到电台剧院，从影像到电影，到有声电影，彩色电影和3D电影，从家用录像到DVD，他们都是在传承梅根多尔弗尔的精神。没有什么能阻止梅根多尔弗尔的精神。

互联网的问世则带来了更多的乐趣。因为人们不但可以向世界讲述他们的故事，而且可以利用各种各样的设备来讲故事。比如有个公司通过它的搜索引擎，讲述一个爱情故事。一个台湾工作室把美国政治做成3D动画。 有个人通过一个叫做推特的平台，讲述他父亲的故事，分享他父亲说的无用废话。

在有了这一切之后，人们停下脚步，回望过去。他们意识到在六千年讲故事的历史中，他们从在洞穴墙壁上画狩猎图，到在脸书的涂鸦墙上诠释莎士比亚。这是让我们庆祝的原因。讲故事的艺术没有改变，大部分故事流传下来但是人们讲故事的方法已经通过不断创新，不停地改进。

人们会记住一个人，一个伟大的德国人。每一次一个新的讲故事的设备问世，都会想起他。由此观众们，可爱美丽的观众们，也从此永远幸福快乐地生活在一起。

Richard St.John: 8 secrets of succe

This is really a two-hour presentation I give to high school students, cut down to three minutes.And it all started one day on a plane, on my way to TED, seven years ago.And in the seat next to me was a high school student, a teenager, and she came from a really poor family.And she wanted to make something of her life, and she asked me a simple little question.She said, "What leads to succe?"And I felt really badly, because I couldn't give her a good answer.So I get off the plane, and I come to TED.And I think, jeez, I'm in the middle of a room of succeful people! So why don't I ask them what helped them succeed, and pa it on to kids? So here we are, seven years, 500 interviews later, and I'm going to tell you what really leads to succe and makes TEDsters tick.And the first thing is paion.Freeman Thomas says, "I'm driven by my paion." TEDsters do it for love; they don't do it for money.Carol Coletta says, "I would pay someone to do what I do." And the interesting thing is: if you do it for love, the money comes anyway.Work! Rupert Murdoch said to me, "It's all hard work.Nothing comes easily.But I have a lot of fun." Did he say fun? Rupert? Yes! TEDsters do have fun working.And they work hard.I figured, they're not workaholics.They're workafrolics. Good! Alex Garden says, "To be succeful, put your nose down in something and get damn good at it."There's no magic; it's practice, practice, practice.And it's focus.Norman Jewison said to me, "I think it all has to do with focusing yourself on one thing." And push! David Gallo says, "Push yourself.Physically, mentally, you've got to push, push, push."You've got to push through shyne and self-doubt.Goldie Hawn says, "I always had self-doubts.I wasn't good enough; I wasn't smart enough.I didn't think I'd make it." Now it's not always easy to push yourself, and that's why they invented mothers.Frank Gehry said to me, "My mother pushed me." Serve! Sherwin Nuland says, "It was a privilege to serve as a doctor." A lot of kids want to be millionaires.The first thing I say is: "OK, well you can't serve yourself; you've got to serve others something of value.Because that's the way people really get rich." Ideas! TEDster Bill Gates says, "I had an idea: founding the first micro-computer software company."I'd say it was a pretty good idea.And there's no magic to creativity in coming up with ideas -- it's just doing some very simple things.And I give lots of evidence.Persist! Joe Kraus says, "Persistence is the number one reason for our succe." You've got to persist through failure.You've got to persist through crap! Which of course means "Criticism, Rejection, Aholes and Preure." So, the answer to this question is simple: Pay 4,000 bucks and come to TED.Or failing that, do the eight things -- and trust me, these are the big eight things that lead to succe.Thank you TEDsters for all your interviews! 译文：

这真的是一个我给高中学生做的2个小时的演讲，现在缩到了3分钟。所有的一切都是从7年前的一天开始， 我坐在飞往TED会议的飞机上。 在我邻座坐的是一个高中生，一个十几岁的年轻人。 她生于一个贫穷的家庭而且她的愿望是成就一番事业。所以她问了我一个简单的小问题。 她说：“怎样做才能成功呢？” 我当时觉得糟透了。因为我不能给她一个满意的答案。后来我下了飞机，来到TED 忽然间我想到，天啊，我置身于一屋子成功人士之中！为什么我不问问他们是怎样走向成功的呢。 这样我就可以把答案告诉孩子们了。 所以就这样，7年中我坐了500次采访。 现在我就要告诉你们是什么带来了成功。是什么启发了TED演讲者们。 第一点是激情。 Freeman Thomas说：“我总是被我的热情所牵引着”。 TED的讲演者因为有爱才做事情，不是为了钱。 Carol Colletta 说：“我会付给别人钱去做我的工作。”有趣的是如果你是为了爱而做的，钱自然而然就来了。 刻苦！Rupert Murdoch曾经告诉过我“都是刻苦“为努力” “天下没有白吃的午餐。但是我得到了很多乐趣。”他提到了乐趣？？Rupert？是的！TED讲演者都有一份充满乐趣的工作，而且他们都很刻苦。我觉得，他们都不是工作狂，他们是享受工作狂。 精通！Alex Garden说：”要想成功，就要真的深入其中““然后做到精通。” 想要做到精通没有秘诀，就是练习，练习，再练习。 还有就是专注。Norman Jewison 告诉过我， “我想成功就要使自己专注于一件事情” 强迫！David Gallo说：“强迫你自己，” “心灵上，神情上。你一定要强迫，强迫，强迫。” “你要强迫自己去战胜羞涩和自我怀疑” Goldie Hawn说：“我总是怀疑自己。 怀疑自己不够优秀，不用聪明。 我从不相信我会成功。” 想要成功地强迫自己并不总容易， 这就是为什么要发明妈妈。 Frank Gehry-Frank Gehry对我说： "我妈妈过去总是督促我。" 服务！Sherwin Nuland说：“能够作为一名医生为他人服务是一种荣幸。” 现在很多孩子告诉我他们想成为百万富翁。 但是一件事我对他们说的是， “好的，但是你不能为你自己服务，” “你需要为他人提供对他人有利的服务。” ”因为这就是人们致富的方式。“ 点子。TED演讲者 Bill Gates 说：”我曾经有过一个点子，“ ”成立第一个微机软件公司。“ 我必须承认这真的是很好的一个点子。 对于能想出点子的创造力来讲没有什么魔力可言。 都是些简单平常的事情。 而且我可以举出很多证据。 坚持。Joe Kraus说 “恒心是我们成功地第一条原因。” “你必须坚持度过失败，你必须坚持度过crap”。 ”这里的crap是指”批评，拒绝，卑鄙小人和压力“。 所以，这个问题的答案很简单： 付4000块来TED会场。 如果不能来，就做到以上八点---相信我， 这重要的八点就是通向成功的秘诀。 谢谢TED讲演者参与我的采访！

Siegfried Woldhek: The search for the true face of Leonardo Good morning.Let's look for a minute at the greatest icon of all, Leonardo da Vinci.We're all familiar with his fantastic work -- his drawings, his paintings, his inventions, his writings.But we do not know his face.Thousands of books have been written about him, but there's controversy, and it remains, about his looks.Even this well-known portrait is not accepted by many art historians.So, what do you think? Is this the face of Leonardo da Vinci or isn't it? Let's find out.Leonardo was a man that drew everything around him.He drew people, anatomy, plants, animals, landscapes, buildings, water, everything.But no faces? I find that hard to believe.His contemporaries made faces, like the ones you see here -- en face or three-quarters.So, surely a paionate drawer like Leonardo must have made self-portraits from time to time.So let's try to find them.I think that if we were to scan all of his work and look for self-portraits, we would find his face looking at us.So I looked at all of his drawings, more than 700, and looked for male portraits.There are about 120, you see them here.Which ones of these could be self-portraits? Well, for that they have to be done as we just saw, en face or three-quarters.So we can eliminate all the profiles.It also has to be sufficiently detailed.So we can also eliminate the ones that are very vague or very stylized.And we know from his contemporaries that Leonardo was a very handsome, even beautiful man.So we can also eliminate the ugly ones or the caricatures.

And look what happens -- only three candidates remain that fit the bill.And here they are.Yes, indeed, the old man is there, as is this famous pen drawing of the Homo Vitruvianus.And lastly, the only portrait of a male that Leonardo painted, "The Musician." Before we go into these faces, I should explain why I have some right to talk about them.I've made more than 1,100 portraits myself for newspapers, over the course of 300 -- 30 years, sorry, 30 years only.But there are 1,100, and very few artists have drawn so many faces.So I know a little about drawing and analyzing faces.OK, now let's look at these three portraits.And hold onto your seats, because if we zoom in on those faces, remark how they have the same broad forehead, the horizontal eyebrows, the long nose, the curved lips and the small, well-developed chin.I couldn't believe my eyes when I first saw that.There is no reason why these portraits should look alike.All we did was look for portraits that had the characteristics of a self-portrait, and look, they are very similar.Now, are they made in the right order? The young man should be made first.And as you see here from the years that they were created, it is indeed the case.They are made in the right order.What was the age of Leonardo at the time? Does that fit? Yes, it does.He was 33, 38 and 63 when these were made.So we have three pictures, potentially of the same person of the same age as Leonardo at the time.But how do we know it's him, and not someone else? Well, we need a reference.And here's the only picture of Leonardo that's widely accepted.It's a statue made by Verrocchio, of David, for which Leonardo posed as a boy of 15.And if we now compare the face of the statue, with the face of the musician, you see the very same features again.The statue is the reference, and it connects the identity of Leonardo to those three faces.Ladies and gentlemen, this story has not yet been published.It's only proper that you here at TED hear and see it first.The icon of icons finally has a face.Here he is: Leonardo da Vinci. 译文：

早上好。 让我们先花一分钟的时间来看看伟大的传奇人物列奥纳多·达·芬奇。 我们对他的杰作是再熟悉不过了── 他的画作、他的发明、他的写作。但我们却不知道他长什么样。 虽然关于他的著作成百上千，但对于他的样貌，人们仍旧是充满分歧。即使是这幅著名的肖像画，也无法得到很多艺术史学家的认可。 你们觉得呢？ 这到底是不是列奥纳多·达·芬奇的面孔呢？让我们一同寻找答案。 达·芬奇是一个会画身边各种事物的人。 他画过人物、人体结构、动植物、风景、建筑、江河湖海、各种事物。但却从来没有画过脸？我觉得这有点让人难以置信。 他同时代的画家都画过自画像，就好比你们现在看到的这些。正面或者是四分之三的侧面像。 所以像达·芬奇这样充满热情的画家也一定会时不时地画些自画像。就让我们试着把他们给找出来。

我认为如果我们仔细查阅他所有的作品，并从中寻找自画像，我们就可以发现他的面孔。 于是我认真查看了他所有的画，700多幅，从中寻找男士的画像。 这里所看到的，就是我找到的120幅。这里面有哪些有可能是自画像呢？就如我们前面所看到的，自画像一定要是正面或者四分之三侧面的才可以。所以我们排除所有的侧面画像。 自画像也应该有充分的细节。 所以我们也可以排除那些模糊不清的或者是过于风格化的画像。 同时我们从达·芬奇同时代的人中也了解到达·芬奇长得非常帅气，甚至可以说是美男子。 这样一来，我们又排除了那些长得丑的以及那些漫画像。

现在再来看一看──只剩下三个符合条件的候选画像了。 就是这三张。的确，老人画像是其中之一，这幅著名的铅笔画《维特鲁威人》也在其中。最后一幅就是达·芬奇所画的唯一一幅男性肖像油画《音乐家肖像》。

在我们开始研究这些面孔之前，我应该解释一下我有什么资格在这里发表关于他们的评论。 我画过超过1100张的人物画像，为各类报纸所做，历时300多──30多年，不好意思，只有30多年。 但还是画了1100张。很少有画家画过这么多张脸。 所以我对绘画和分析脸孔还是略知一二的。好了，现在让我们来看看这三幅画像。 你们可要坐好了，因为如果我们将这些脸孔放大的话， 我们就会发现他们都有着同样宽广的额头、平直的眉毛、高长的鼻子、弯曲的嘴唇、小而丰满的下颚。

当我第一次注意到这一切的时候，我简直不敢相信自己的眼睛。这些画像怎么可能如此相像。我们只是搜寻有自画像特色的肖像， 但找到的画像却是如此得相像。问题是，他们是不是依照正确的时间顺序绘制的呢？ 年轻人的画像应该是最先绘制的。而如果你们看看这些画像创作的年份，就会发现事实的确如此。 他们是按照正确的时间顺序绘制的。 而达·芬奇在创作这些画像的时候的年龄又是多大呢？和画中人的年龄相符吗？ 是的，完全相符。他在创作这些画像的时候分别是33岁、38岁和63岁。 也就是说，我们现在这里的三幅画像，有可能是同一个人的画像，平且画中人和达·芬奇创作这些画像时的年龄是一致的。但我们如何知道这画中之人是达·芬奇而不是别人呢？ 我们需要一个可供参考的标准。 这里是唯一一幅被广泛接受的达·芬奇的照片， 是韦罗基奥创作的大卫雕像， 由15岁的达·芬奇当作人体模特。如果我们把这个雕塑的脸和之前那个音乐家的脸相比较的话，我们就会再次发现之前那些相同的特征。这个雕像就是参考物，将达·芬奇的身份 同那三张脸联系起来。

女士们、先生们，这个故事暂未发表， 由在座的TED观众们对之先睹为快是再为合适不过了。 伟人中的伟人终于有了脸孔。他就是──列奥纳多·达·芬奇。

推荐第8篇：ted 演讲

I have a question.Can a computer write poetry? This is a provocative question.You think about it for a minute, and you suddenly have a bunch of other questions like: What is a computer? What is poetry?What is creativity? But these are questions that people spend their entire lifetime trying to answer, not in a single TED Talk.So we\'re going to have to try a different approach.00:41So up here, we have two poems.One of them is written by a human, and the other one\'s written by a computer.I\'m going to ask you to tell me which one\'s which.Have a go: 00:54Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer\'s play, / My thoughtle hand / Has brush\'d away.Am I not / A fly like thee? / Or art not thou / A man like me? 01:01Poem 2: We can feel / Activist through your life\'s / morning / Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non all the night to start a / great otherwise (...) 01:09Alright, time\'s up.Hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.OK, most of you.Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.Very brave of you, because the first one was written by the human poet William Blake.The second one was written by an algorithm that took all the language from my Facebook feed on one day and then regenerated it algorithmically, according to methods that I\'ll describe a little bit later on.So let\'s try another test.Again, you haven\'t got ages to read this, so just trust your gut.01:49Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks.It is interesting / and fascinating that a bird will fly and not / roar or bark.Enthralling stories about animals are in my dreams and I will sing them all if I / am not exhausted or weary.02:01Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate sodas! / You are really beautiful! Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins! All / the stuff they\'ve always talked about (...) 02:10Alright, time\'s up.So if you think the first poem was written by a human, put your hand up.OK.And if you think the second poem was written by a human, put your hand up.We have, more or le, a 50/50 split here.It was much harder.02:28The answer is, the first poem was generated by an algorithm called Racter, that was created back in the 1970s, and the second poem was written by a guy called Frank O\'Hara, who happens to be one of my favorite human poets.02:43(Laughter) 02:47So what we\'ve just done now is a Turing test for poetry.The Turing test was first proposed by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950, in order to answer the question, can computers think? Alan Turing believed that if a computer was able to have a to have a text-based conversation with a human, with such proficiency such that the human couldn\'t tell whether they are talking to a computer or a human, then the computer can be said to have intelligence.03:14So in 2013, my friend Benjamin Laird and I, we created a Turing test for poetry online.It\'s called bot or not, and you can go and play it for yourselves.But basically, it\'s the game we just played.You\'re presented with a poem, you don\'t know whether it was written by a human or a computer and you have to gue.So thousands and thousands of people have taken this test online, so we have results.03:36And what are the results? Well, Turing said that if a computer could fool a human 30 percent of the time that it was a human, then it paes the Turing test for intelligence.We have poems on the bot or not database that have fooled 65 percent of human readers into thinking it was written by a human.So, I think we have an answer to our question.According to the logic of the Turing test, can a computer write poetry? Well, yes, absolutely it can.But if you\'re feeling a little bit uncomfortable with this answer, that\'s OK.If you\'re having a bunch of gut reactions to it, that\'s also OK because this isn\'t the end of the story.04:17Let\'s play our third and final test.Again, you\'re going to have to read and tell me which you think is human.04:24Poem 1: Reg flags the reason for pretty flags./ And ribbons.Ribbons of flags / And wearing material / Reasons for wearing material.(...) 04:32Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps highest, / I\'ve heard the daffodil I\'ve heard the flag to-day / I\'ve heard the hunter tell; / \'Tis but the ecstasy of death, / And then the brake is almost done (...) 04:43OK, time is up.So hands up if you think Poem 1 was written by a human.Hands up if you think Poem 2 was written by a human.Whoa, that\'s a lot more people.So you\'d be surprised to find that Poem 1 was written by the very human poet Gertrude Stein.And Poem 2 was generated by an algorithm called RKCP.Now before we go on, let me describe very quickly and simply, how RKCP works.So RKCP is an algorithm designed by Ray Kurzweil, who\'s a director of engineering at Google and a firm believer in artificial intelligence.So, you give RKCP a source text, it analyzes the source text in order to find out how it uses language, and then it regenerates language that emulates that first text.05:37So in the poem we just saw before, Poem 2, the one that you all thought was human, it was fed a bunch of poems by a poet called Emily Dickinson it looked at the way she used language, learned the model,and then it regenerated a model according to that same structure.But the important thing to know about RKCP is that it doesn\'t know the meaning of the words it\'s using.The language is just raw material, it could be Chinese, it could be in Swedish, it could be the collected language from your Facebook feed for one day.It\'s just raw material.And neverthele, it\'s able to create a poem that seems more human than Gertrude Stein\'s poem, and Gertrude Stein is a human.06:21So what we\'ve done here is, more or le, a reverse Turing test.So Gertrude Stein, who\'s a human, is able to write a poem that fools a majority of human judges into thinking that it was written by a computer.Therefore, according to the logic of the reverse Turing test, Gertrude Stein is a computer.06:44(Laughter) 06:46Feeling confused? I think that\'s fair enough.06:50So far we\'ve had humans that write like humans, we have computers that write like computers, we have computers that write like humans, but we also have, perhaps most confusingly, humans that write like computers.07:07So what do we take from all of this? Do we take that William Blake is somehow more of a human than Gertrude Stein? Or that Gertrude Stein is more of a computer than William Blake? 07:18(Laughter) 07:19These are questions I\'ve been asking myself for around two years now, and I don\'t have any answers.But what I do have are a bunch of insights about our relationship with technology.07:31So my first insight is that, for some reason, we aociate poetry with being human.So that when we ask, \"Can a computer write poetry?\" we\'re also asking, \"What does it mean to be human and how do we put boundaries around this category? How do we say who or what can be part of this category?\" This is an eentially philosophical question, I believe, and it can\'t be answered with a yes or no test, like the Turing test.I also believe that Alan Turing understood this, and that when he devised his test back in 1950, he was doing it as a philosophical provocation.08:12So my second insight is that, when we take the Turing test for poetry, we\'re not really testing the capacity of the computers because poetry-generating algorithms, they\'re pretty simple and have existed, more or le, since the 1950s.What we are doing with the Turing test for poetry, rather, is collecting opinions about what constitutes humanne.So, what I\'ve figured out, we\'ve seen this when earlier today, we say that William Blake is more of a human than Gertrude Stein.Of course, this doesn\'t mean that William Blake was actually more human or that Gertrude Stein was more of a computer.It simply means that the category of the human is unstable.This has led me to understand that the human is not a cold, hard fact.Rather, it is something that\'s constructed with our opinions and something that changes over time.09:15So my final insight is that the computer, more or le, works like a mirror that reflects any idea of a human that we show it.We show it Emily Dickinson, it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.We show it William Blake, that\'s what it reflects back to us.We show it Gertrude Stein, what we get back is Gertrude Stein.More than any other bit of technology, the computer is a mirror that reflects any idea of the human we teach it.09:49So I\'m sure a lot of you have been hearing a lot about artificial intelligence recently.And much of the conversation is, can we build it? Can we build an intelligent computer? Can we build a creative computer? What we seem to be asking over and over is can we build a human-like computer? 10:12But what we\'ve seen just now is that the human is not a scientific fact, that it\'s an ever-shifting, concatenating idea and one that changes over time.So that when we begin to grapple with the ideas of artificial intelligence in the future, we shouldn\'t only be asking ourselves, \"Can we build it?\" But we should also be asking ourselves, \"What idea of the human do we want to have reflected back to us?\"This is an eentially philosophical idea, and it\'s one that can\'t be answered with software alone, but I think requires a moment of species-wide, existential reflection.10:50Thank you.10:51(Applause) 我有一个问题。电脑能写诗吗？这是一个具有煽动性的问题。你想一分钟，你突然有一大堆其他的问题：什么是电脑？什么是诗歌？什么是创造力？但这些都是人们花一生的时间来回答的问题，而不是在一个单一的泰德谈话中。所以我们必须尝试不同的方法。

00:41so这里，我们有两首诗。其中一个是由一个人写的，另一个是用电脑写的。我要请你告诉我哪一个。有一个去：

00:54poem 1：小苍蝇/你夏天的游戏，我的粗心的手/刷就走了。我不是一个像你这样的苍蝇吗？你是不是像我一样的男人？

01:01poem 2：我们可以感受到/活动家通过你的生活/早上/停下来看，教皇我讨厌/非所有的夜晚开始/大否则（„）

01:09alright，时间到了。如果你认为1是一个人写的，你就可以举起手来。好吧，你们中的大多数。如果你认为2是一个人写的，你就可以举起手来。你很勇敢，因为第一个是由人类诗人布莱克威廉写的。其次是，把所有的语言从我的Facebook上一天，然后再生它算法编写的算法，所采用的方法，我会描述一个点的时候。所以让我们试着另一个测试。再次，你没有年龄读这一点，所以只要相信你的直觉。

01:49poem 1：狮子吼叫，狗吠。它是有趣的/有趣的是，一只鸟会飞，而不是/咆哮或树皮。迷人的关于动物的故事在我的梦里，我会唱他们所有的如果我/我也不疲惫或厌倦。

02:01poem 2：哦！袋鼠、亮片、巧克力饮料！你真漂亮！珍珠，/口琴、枣、阿司匹林！他们总是谈论的东西（„„）

02:10alright，时间到了。所以，如果你认为第一首诗是由一个人写的，把你的手。好啊如果你认为这首诗是由一个人写的，把你的手。我们有更多或更少，50 / 50分裂。这是很难。 02:28the的回答是，第一首诗是由一个算法产生了灵感，早在上世纪70年代，第二首诗是由一个叫弗兰克奥哈拉写的，他正好是我最喜欢的一个人类的诗人。 02:43（笑声）

02:47so我们刚才做的现在是图灵测试的诗歌。这家伙，艾伦？图1950，以回答问题，第一次提出的图？艾伦·图灵认为，如果计算机能有一个有一人一个基于文本的对话，这样的能力这样的人不知道他们是在跟一个人电脑，然后电脑可以说有智慧。

03:14so 2013，我的朋友本杰明莱尔德和我，我们创造了一个图灵测试诗歌在线。这就是所谓的BOT或没有，你可以去玩吧。但基本上，这是我们刚玩的游戏。你有一首诗，你不知道它是由一个人或一台电脑，你必须猜测。因此，成千上万的人都在网上考试，所以我们有结果。

03:36and的结果是什么？好吧，说，如果一台计算机能愚弄人的百分之30的时间，那是一个人，那么它就通过了对智力的测试。我们对BOT或没有数据库，愚弄人类的读者认为它是由一个百分之65人写的诗。所以，我认为我们有一个问题的答案。根据“图”的逻辑，可以用计算机来写诗歌吗？嗯，是的，绝对可以。但是，如果你感觉有点不舒服，这是确定的。如果你有一大堆的本能反应，那也不错，因为这不是故事的结尾。

04:17let的发挥我们的第三和最后的测试。再次，你要读，告诉我，你认为是人类。 04:24poem 1：红旗漂亮标志的原因。/和丝带。带材料的旗帜/和穿的材料/理由。（„） 04:32poem 2：受伤的鹿跳得最高，/我听到我听到我听到猎人告诉国旗今天/水仙；/那不过是死亡的狂喜，然后刹车几乎完成了（„）

04:43ok，时间到了。所以，如果你认为1是一个人写的，那么就要举手。如果你认为2是一个人写的，你就可以举起手来。哇，这是一个很多人。所以你会惊讶地发现，诗1是由人类诗人格特鲁德·斯坦因写。诗2是由一种rkcp产生。现在，在我们继续之前，让我描述非常迅速和简单，如何rkcp作品。所以rkcp是一个算法由Ray Kurzweil设计，谁是谷歌的工程和人工智能中的坚定信徒的董事。所以，你给rkcp源文本，分析文本中找出如何使用语言，然后重新生成语言模拟了第一条短信。

05:37so诗中我们看到的是，前一日，诗2，一个叫狄金森艾米丽的诗人把一大堆的诗给了她，她用一种她用语言的方式，学习了这个模型，然后根据相同的结构来再生一个模型。但要知道rkcp最重要的是，它不知道意思的话，它的使用。语言只是原材料，它可以是中文，它可以在瑞典，它可以是从你的脸谱网的收集语言的一天。它只是原材料。可是，这是能够创造一首诗，似乎比格特鲁德·斯泰因的诗更人性化，和格特鲁德·斯泰因是人。

06:21so我们所做的是，或多或少，反向图灵测试。所以，格特鲁德斯泰因，谁的人，能写一首诗，愚蠢的大多数人类的法官认为这是电脑写的。因此，根据反向图灵测试的逻辑，Gertrude Stein是计算机。 06:44（笑声）

06:46feeling困惑？我认为这是公平的。

06:50so我们有人写的像人类一样，我们有电脑，写像电脑，我们有电脑，写像人类，但我们也有，也许最令人困惑的是，人类喜欢写电脑。

07:07so我们怎么从这一切？我们把威廉布莱克在某种程度上是更多的人比格特鲁德·斯泰因？或者，格特鲁德斯泰因更是一台比威廉布莱克？ 07:18（笑声）

07:19these是我一直问自己，在两年的时间里，现在的问题，我没有答案，但我确实有一堆关于我们与科技的关系的见解。

07:31so我的第一个观点是，因为某些原因，我们把诗歌与人类。所以，当我们问，“可以电脑写诗歌吗？”我们也在问，“什么意思是人类，我们如何把边界围绕这一类？我们怎么说谁或什么能成为这一类的一部分？”这是一个基本的哲学问题，我相信，它不能被回答，是或没有测试，如图。我还认为艾伦的图是理解这一点，当他在1950岁的时候，他设计了他的测试，他在做这件事作为一种哲学挑衅。

08:12so我的第二个观点是，当我们把图灵测试为诗，我们不是真的测试计算机的能力因为诗歌生成算法，很简单的存在，或多或少，自上世纪50年代以来，我们与图灵测试为诗，做相反，是收集意见什么是人性。所以，我想通了，我们已经看到了这个在今天早些时候，我们说威廉布莱克是一个人类比格特鲁德·斯泰因。当然，这并不意味着威廉布莱克实际上是更多的人，更多的是一种计算机格特鲁德·斯泰因。这仅仅意味着人类的范畴是不稳定的。这让我明白，人不是一个冷酷的、难以理解的事实，而是一种与我们的意见和一些变化随着时间的推移而改变的东西。

09:15so我最后的观点是，电脑，或多或少，作品像一面镜子，反映了任何一个人类，我们看到的是。我们展示了它狄金森艾米丽，它给狄金森艾米丽回到我们。我们展示了它的布莱克威廉，这是它反映了我们。我们看到的是格特鲁德斯泰因，我们回去是格特鲁德·斯泰因。比任何其他的技术，电脑是一个镜子，反映了任何人的想法，我们教它。

09:49so我相信很多你已经听到了很多关于人工智能最近。和大部分的谈话是，我们可以建立它吗？我们可以建造一台智能电脑吗？我们可以造一台电脑吗？我们似乎要问的是，我们可以建立一个类似于人类的计算机吗？

10:12but我们所看到的只是现在，人是不是一个科学的事实，它是一个不断变化，连接和一个随时间变化的。所以，当我们开始学习在未来人工智能的思想，我们不应该只会问自己，“我们可以建立吗？”但是我们也应该问自己：“我们想让我们的人有什么样的想法？”这是一个基本的哲学思想，它是不能用软件来单独回答的，但是我认为需要一个物种广泛的，存在的反射的时刻。

推荐第9篇：Ted演讲

Ralph Langner谈21世纪电子武器Stuxnet揭密

关于这场演讲

Stuxnet计算机蠕虫于2010年首次被发现，带来了令人费解的谜团。除了它不寻常且高度复杂的编码以外，还隐藏着一个更令人不安的谜团：它的攻击目标。Ralph Langner及其团队协助破解Stuxnet编码，找出这个数字弹头的最终攻击目标－以及其幕后源头。经使用计算机数字鉴识方法深入检视后，他解释了其运作原理。

关于Ralph Langner

Ralph Langner是德国控制系统的安全顾问。他对Stuxnet恶意软件的分析受到全球瞩目。

为什么要听他演讲

Ralph Langner为独立网络安全公司Langner的领导者，专营控制系统－监控和调控其它设备的电子装置，如生产设备。这些装置与运作我们城市和国家的基础设施有密切关系，这使它们逐渐成为一场新兴且具高度复杂型态的电子战争攻击目标。自2010年起，当Stuxnet计算机蠕虫首次现身时，Langner坚决地投身于这个战场。

身为致力于译码这个神秘程序的一份子，Langner和他的团队分析Stuxnet的数据结构，并找出他认为其最终的攻击目标：运行于核工厂离心机的控制系统软件－特别是伊朗的核工厂。Langner进一步分析，发现Stuxnet可能的幕后源头，并于TED2011演讲中透露这个秘密。

Ralph Langner的英语网上资料

网站：Langner

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计]

已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

Ralph Langner谈21世纪电子武器Stuxnet揭密

Stuxnet计算机蠕虫背后的想法其实很简单，我们不希望伊朗造出原子弹，他们发展核武器的主要资产是纳坦兹的浓缩铀工厂，你们看到的灰色方块是实时控制系统，现在，如果我们设法破坏控制速度和阀门的驱动系统，我们事实上可以使离心机产生很多问题。这些灰色方块无法执行Windows软件，两者是完全不同的技术，但如果我们设法将一个有效的Windows病毒放进一台笔记本电脑里，由一位机械工程师操作，设定这个灰色方块，那么我们就可以着手进行了，这就是Stuxnet大致背景。

因此，我们从Windows释放程序开始，让病毒载体进入灰色方块中，破坏离心机，延迟伊朗的核计划，任务完成，很简单，对吧？我想说明我们是如何发现这个的，当我们在半年前开始研究Stuxnet时，对这个东西的攻击目标一无所知，唯一了解的是它在Windows的部份非常、非常复杂，释放程序部份使用多个零日漏洞，它似乎想要做些什么，用这些灰色方块，这些实时控制系统，因此，这引起我们的注意，我们开始了一个实验计划，我们用Stuxnet感染我们的系统并审视结果，然后一些非常有趣的事发生了。Stuxnet表现得像只白老鼠，不喜欢我们的奶酪，闻一闻，但不想吃。这根本没道里。之后，我们用不同口味的奶酪进行实验，我意识到，哦，这是一个直接攻击，完全直接的。释放程序在这些灰

色方块中有效的潜伏着，如果它发现了一个特定程序组态，甚至是它正试图感染的程序，它都会确实针对这个目标执行，如果没发现，Stuxnet就不起作用。

所以这真的引起了我的注意，我们开始进行这方面的工作，几乎日以继夜，因为我想，好吧，我们不知道它的目标是什么，很可能的，比方说美国的发电厂，或德国的化工厂，所以我们最好尽快找出目标。因此，我们抽出攻击代码并进行反编译，我们发现它的结构由两个数字炸弹组成，一个较小、一个较大。我们也看到，这是非常专业的设计，由显然知道所有内幕信息的人编写，他们知道所有必需攻击的位和字节，搞不好他们还知道控制员的鞋子尺寸，因此他们什么都知道。

如果你曾听过Stuxnet的释放程序，是复杂、高科技的，让我跟你们说明一下。病毒本身是很高科技没错，比我们曾见过的任何编码都高深，这是这个实际攻击代码的样本，我们谈论的是大概15,000行的代码，看起来很像旧式的汇编语言。我想告诉你们的是，我们如何能够理解这段代码，所以，我们首先要寻找的是系统的函数调用，因为我们知道它们的作用是什么。

然后，我们寻找时间控制器和数据结构，试图将其与真实世界连结起来，寻找现实世界中的潜在目标，因此我们必需进行目标推测，以便确认或排除。为了找到推测目标，我们想到，它必定具有绝对破坏性，必定是一个高价值目标，最可能设置在伊朗，因为这是大部份感染发生的地点。在这区域内你不会找到几千个目标，基本上范围可以缩小为布什尔核电厂及纳坦兹浓缩铀工厂。

所以我告诉我的助手，“列出我们客户中所有离心机和核电厂专家的名单”，我打电话给他们，听取他们的意见，努力用我们在代码和数据中的发现与他们的专业知识做对照。这很有效，因此，我们找出了这个小数字弹头与转子控制的关联，

转子是离心机内部的运转零件，就是你们看到的这个黑色物体，如果控制这个转子的速度，事实上你就能使转子损坏，甚至最后使离心机爆炸。我们也看到了这次攻击的目标，实际上进行的相当缓慢、低调，显然为了达成目标，快把维修工程师逼疯了，因为他们无法迅速找出答案。

这个大数字弹头－我们做过尝试，非常仔细检查数据和数据结构，因此，例如数字164在这些代码中确实很突出，你不能忽视它。我开始研究科学文献，这些离心机如何在纳坦兹组建，并找出它们的结构，就是所谓的层级。每个层级由164台离心机组成，这就说的通了，与我们的结果匹配。

而它甚至更有帮助。这些在伊朗的离心机细分为15种所谓的等级，你猜我们在攻击代码中发现什么？一个几乎相同的结构。所以，同样的，这与结果完美匹配，就我们所寻找的东西来说，这给了我们相当大的信心。别误解我的意思，不是像这样弹指之间，为了获致这些成果，历经几星期相当艰苦的奋斗，我们常常走进死胡同，必需重新来过。

总之，我们找到了这两个数字弹头，实际上是针对同一个目标，但从不同角度。小弹头对准一个层级，让转子加速旋转然后急遽减速，而大弹头影响六个层级并操纵阀门，总之，我们非常有信心，我们已经确认目标是什么，是纳坦兹，就只有纳坦兹。因此，我们不必担心其它目标可能被Stuxnet攻击。

我们看到一些非常酷的东西，真的让我印象深刻。下方是灰色方块，顶端你们看到的是离心机，这些东西所做的是拦截来自传感器的输入值，例如，来自压力传感器和振动传感器的，它提供正常代码，在攻击中依然执行，用的是假的输入数

据。事实上，这个假的输入数据是Stuxnet事先录制的，因此，这就像来自好莱坞电影的抢劫过程中，监视器被放入预录的影片，酷吧？

这里的想法显然不仅是愚弄控制室中的操作者，实际上更加危险且更具攻击性，这个想法是规避数字安全系统。我们需要数字安全系统，当一位人类操作员的行动不够快时，因此，例如在一座核电厂中，当一台大蒸汽涡轮机严重超速时，你必须在一毫秒内打开泄压阀。显然，一位人类操作员办不到，因此，这就是我们需要使用数字安全系统之处。当它们被破坏，真正糟糕的事就会发生了，你的工厂会爆炸，无论你的操作员或安全系统都无法注意到这一点，这很可怕。

但还会更糟。我要说的这些相当重要，想想看，这种攻击是一般性的，它没什么特定性，对离心机来说，还有浓缩铀，因此，它也会作用于，例如一座核电厂或一座汽车工厂，它是通用的，你不需要－身为攻击者，你不需要藉由USB装置传递这个病毒载体，如我们在Stuxnet例子中看到的，你也可以使用传统的蠕虫病毒技术的来散播，尽可能传播四方。如果你这么做，最终它会变成具大规模破坏性的网络武器，这是我们必然会面临的后果。所以，不幸的是，这种攻击最大量的目标并不是在中东，而是在美国、欧洲和日本。因此，所有这些绿色区域就是遭受最多攻击的目标，我们必须面对这个后果，我们最好现在开始做准备。

谢谢。

（掌声）

Chris Anderson：我有个问题，Ralph，这件事已广为人知，人们认为摩萨德（以色列情报机构）是幕后的主要推手，你也这么认为吗？

Ralph Langner：好，你真的想知道吗？

Chris Anderson：是啊!

Ralph Langner：好，我的看法是，摩萨德有参与，但以色列并非领导势力。因此，背后的主导力量是网络超级大国，只有一个，就是美国。幸好、幸好，因为如果不是这样，我们的问题可能更大。

CA：谢谢你吓坏了美国人，谢谢Ralph。

推荐第10篇：TED演讲

TED演讲

姓名：杨晓燕

学号：2013G0602030

班级：2013级计算机技术班

Paage 1：Lewis Pugh 转变心态的珠峰游

This video is about Lewis Pugh acro Lake Imja of the Himalayas, a lake formed by the melting of the glaciers because of climate change.First he prepared himself the same way as he have always done, making himself as aggreive as poible, then he began his swimming.However, he failed.At last, Lewis Pugh’s team asked him that he needed to have a radical tactical shift.There is nothing more powerful than the made-up mind, then he swam acro the lake.

From this video I learned two important leons.Something has worked in the past so well, doesn’t mean it’s going to work in the future.And similarly, before you do anything, you ask yourself what type of mindset do you require to succefully complete a task.Only in the right mindset to perfect to complete the task.What radical tactical shift can you take in your relationship to the environment, which will ensure that our children and our grandchildren live in a safe world and a secure world, and most importantly, in a suatainable world.This need our radical, tactical shift, and commit a hundred percent to doing it.Because very few things are impoible to achieve if we really put our whole minds to it.

Paage 2：重释机器：机器人将全面进入我们的生活

This video Rodney Brooks was talking about robots being everywhere within the coming decades.And he looked out in the future, expreed how he saw robots invading our lives at multiple levels, over multiple timescales.

However, as robots become more and more intelligent, at the same time, a lot of various problems followed.If we make these robots more and more human-like, will we accept them and will they need rights eventually? Will they want to take over the world? I think it doesn’t need to worry about.If you teach the robot emotions, they will end up seeming more lifelike.And no way are we going to face the \"robots are people too\" thing because they will be made in order to serve humans and not to live a human life.In addition, we manufacture intelligent robots in the future will be in accordance with our established friendly bots and exist in the world, as a result, he won\'t have the ambition and bad nature of human.Therefore, robots of the future is not going to take over our world, also won\'t affect our survival and the safety of life.

第11篇：TED演讲

罗兹·萨维其：只身横渡大西洋的现代传奇

假如你要知道自己的人生该怎么走，不妨在你年轻的时候就给自己写一份讣告。这是只身划船横渡大西洋的罗兹·萨维其（Roz Savage）的做法。

Roz在还年轻的时候是在英国当管理咨询顾问，但她一直感到那不是她一生要追求的东西，因为她更喜欢当一位探险家。当她过了35岁之后，有一天给自己写了两份讣告。一份是按照自己希望过的生活形态来写的，另外一份是按照现有的生活规律来写的。写完后，Roz认真读了两份讣告，她感到假如自己是按照现有的生活方式生活下去的话，无疑会像第二份讣告里所描述的那样度过自己未来的五年、十年，乃至余生。这样的生活也很如意，但就是缺了点什么。Roz觉得第一份讣告所记述的人生才是她所认同的人生。她说，那天我看着这两份讣告，我在想，天啊，我现在走的是完全错误的道路啊。后来，她辞掉了工作，又经过一番挣扎，最后决定跳出常规思维的局限，并下决心要坐一只小船，拿着双桨划行大西洋。

也许经常看探险片的人马上会想到粗胡子大汉独自一人闯荡大海的影像。但是，Roz是一个普普通通的女子，她也不是职业探险家，更不曾有过特别的经历。但是，她还是决定试一试。

2005年，Roz出发了。非常不幸的是，她选的时间刚好是大西洋上气旋特别活跃的时期，小船出行甚为困难。另外，她所准备的4对船桨都相继折断，在茫茫的大海中，没有人能帮到她，Roz唯一能做的，就是用船上的工具把船桨修补好，继续前行。

在大海上的划行给Roz带来了巨大的心理和生理挑战，她甚至在想，以每个小时2英里的速度来划行，要到哪个牛年马月才能完成3000英里的征途？但她没有办法，只能一步一步的前进。经过103天的努力，Roz终于顺利到达彼岸。在岸上，她得到了现场诸多粉丝的热烈欢迎，她说，那种感觉就像是当上了电影明星。同时也印证了一个讲法，险阻越大，克服困难后最终得到的成果也越大。 从大西洋回来后，Roz又开始计划她的太平洋划行之旅。现在，她已经完成了太平洋旅程（约9000至10000英里）的三分之二。她回头反思，总结出大海划行给她带来的一些启示：

首先，我们给自己讲述的故事会影响我们的态度。开始时，Roz也认为只有那些粗胡子的大汉才有能力划行大海。但事实并非如此。同样道理，我们一直认为石油是比不可少的。但实际上，除了石油之外是有很多其他可持续的选择的，我们也有这样的自由意志去作出恰当的选择。

其次，是关于一点一滴的个体行动本身。我们会以外单独的个体就是大海中的一滴水，无足轻重。但正是很多人的坏决定之累计使得我们所有人走向灾难之边缘。而假如我们可以换个角度去思考，可以试想，假如每个人都能做出智慧的抉择，我们就有可能走向更可持续的未来。并且我们将会是与很多人一道来做这样的事

情，假如我们都开始做智慧的抉择，那么也许未来到超市购物使用塑料袋就会被大众认为是愚蠢的抉择。而这也仅仅是其中一个例子。

最后，整个过程都是关乎承担责任的。Roz曾一直以为只有当她有了好房子、好车、好男人之后，快乐就会自然降临到她身上。但当她写完了那两份讣告之后，她似乎懂得了一点什么。她知道自己不能被动的去等待。另一方面，即使能够活到90岁，但是，生活在一个有饥荒和干旱的地球而祈求获得快乐也是非常困难的事情，更不能指望在这样的环境下生活会让人健康长寿了。于是，Roz决定发起一个叫EcoHeroes的倡导活动，帮助人们记录生活中的环境友好行为。也许单纯换一个灯泡不能带来太多改变，但这样的精神却是拯救地球所必须的一种态度。

我们站在历史上非常关键的时刻，我们曾被关爱的，也曾被诅咒。我们还能选择一个绿色的未来——唯需每个人一点一滴的努力。——Roz Savage

第12篇：TED演讲

TED演讲：你为什么干不成一番大事业

2013年08月16日 10:01 来源：沪江英语 分享到：

1942人参与0条评论

But the point stands.You must look for alternatives so that you find your destiny, or are you afraid of the word \"destiny\"? Does the word \"destiny\" scare you? That\'s what we\'re talking about, and if you don\'t find the highest expreion of your talent, if you settle for \"interesting,\" what the hell ever that means, do you know what will happen at the end of your long life? Your friends and family will be gathered in the cemetery, and there, beside your gravesite will be a tombstone, and inscribed on that tombstone, it will say, \"Here lies a distinguished engineer who invented Velcro.\" But what that tombstone should have said, in an alternative lifetime, what it should have said if it was your highest expreion of talent, was, \"Here lies the last Nobel Laureate in Physics, who formulated the Grand Unified Field Theory and demonstrated the practicality of warp drive.\"(Laughter)

但是这个论点是成立的。你必须寻找各种选择，才能找到命中注定的那个，或者你害怕“命中注定”这个词么？ “命中注定”这个词吓着你么？这就是我们要谈的，而且如果你找不到，你才能的最高表达，如果你在，“有意思”这里止步不前，不管这他妈的是什么意思，你知道在你漫长的一生即将结束的时候会发生什么吗？你的亲友们聚集在墓地里，在这，你的坟边上有个墓碑，这个墓碑上刻着字，说，“此地长眠着一位发明了Velcro的杰出工程师。”但是这个墓碑上也应该刻着，在一个平行时空里，如果这是你才能的最高表达它就应该刻着，“此地长眠着一位诺贝尔物理学奖得主，他规范了‘大统一场论’并且示范了曲速引擎的实用性。”（笑声）

Velcro, indeed.(Laughter) Velcro，的确。（笑声）

One was a great career.One was a mied opportunity.But then, there are some of you, in spite of all these excuses, you will find, you will find your paion, and you\'ll still fail.

一个是伟业。一个是失掉的机会。但是，你们当中有些人，抛开这些借口，你们会找到，你们会找到自己的热忱，然后你们还是失败了。 You\'re going to fail, because, because you\'re not going to do it, because you will have invented a new excuse, any excuse to fail to take action, and this excuse I\'ve heard so many times.\"Yes, I would pursue a great career, but I value human relationships more than accomplishment.I want to be a great friend.I want to be a great spouse.I want to be a great parent, and I will not sacrifice them on the altar of great accomplishment.\"(Laughter)

你会失败，因为，因为你不会着手去做，因为你会想出新的借口，任何让你只说不做的借口，而且这个借口，我已经听过很多次了。“是的，我会追求一番伟业，但是相比成就，我更看重人与人之间的关系。我想做一个好朋友。我想做一个好伴侣。我想做一个好父母，而且我不会为伟大的成就而牺牲这些。”（笑声）

What do you want me to say? Now, do you really want me to say now, tell you, \"Really, I swear I don\'t kick children.\" (Laughter) Hmm? Look at the worldview you\'ve given yourself.You\'re a hero no matter what, and I, by suggesting, ever so delicately, that you might want a great career, must hate children.I don\'t hate children.I don\'t kick them.Yes, there was a little kid wandering through this building when I came here, and no, I didn\'t kick him.(Laughter)

你们想让我说什么？现在，你们真的想让我说，告诉你们，“真的，我发誓我不踢小孩。”（笑声）嗯？看看你给自己定的世界观。无论如何你都是个英雄，然而我，通过暗示，这么小心翼翼地，说你可能想要成就伟业，一定痛恨小孩。我不恨小孩。我不踢他们。是的，刚才我来的时候有个小孩走过来， 我没踢他。（笑声）

Course, I had to tell him that the building was for adults only and to get out.He mumbled something about his mother, and I told him she\'d probably find him outside anyway.Last time I saw him, he was on the stairs crying.(Laughter) What a wimp.(Laughter)

当然，我不得不告诉他这个楼是给大人的，他得出去。他含糊地说他妈妈什么的，然后我跟他说他妈估计在外面找他呢。我上次看到他的时候他正在台阶上哭呢。（笑声）真是个懦夫。（笑声）

But what do you mean? That\'s what you expect me to say.You really think, you really think it\'s appropriate that you should actually take children and use them as a shield? You know what will happen someday, you, you ideal parent, you? The kid will come to you someday and say, \"I know what I want to be.I know what I\'m going to do with my life.\" You are so happy.It\'s the conversation a parent wants to hear, because your kid\'s good in math, and you know you\'re going to like what comes next.Says your kid, \"I have decided I want to be a magician.I want to perform magic tricks on the stage.\" (Laughter)

但是你是什么意思？这就是你们期待我说的。你真的认为，你真的认为，拿小孩当挡箭牌，合适吗？你知道有一天会发生什么，你，完美的父母，对吗？你的孩子有一天会跟你说， “我知道我想做什么。我知道我想怎么度过一生。”你特别高兴。这种对话父母最爱听了，因为你的孩子数学好，而且你知道你会爱听你孩子接下来的话。你孩子说，“我决定了，我想做个魔术师。我想在舞台上表演魔术。”（笑声）

And what do you say? You say, you say, \"Umm ...that\'s risky, kid.Might fail, kid.Don\'t make a lot of money at that, kid.You know, I don\'t know, kid, you should think about that again, kid, you\'re so good at math, why don\'t you ...\"

然后你说什么？ 你说，你说， “嗯..„„那样比较不保险，孩子。有可能会失败，孩子。挣不了大钱，孩子。你知道的，我不知道，孩子， 你应该再想想，孩子，你数学这么好，为什么不——”

And the kid interrupts you, and says, \"But it is my dream.It is my dream to do this.\" And what are you going to say? You know what you\'re going to say? \"Look kid.I had a dream once, too, but...but.\" So how are you going to finish the sentence with your \"but\"? \"...But.I had a dream too, once, kid, but I was afraid to pursue it.\" Or, are you going to tell him this? \"I had a dream once, kid.But then you were born.\" (Laughter)

然后你孩子打断你，说：“但是那是我的梦想。我梦想就是成为魔术师。”然后你要说什么？你知道你要说什么吗？“你看，孩子，我过去也有过梦想。但是——但是。”所以你想怎么用“但是”结束你的句子？ “„„但是，我过去也有过梦想，孩子，但是我没敢去追随。”还是，你想告诉他这个？“我过去有梦想，孩子。但是之后你出生了。”（笑声）

(Laughter) (Applause) （笑声）（掌声）

Do you, do you really want to use your family, do you really ever want to look at your spouse and your kid and see your jailers? There was something you could have said to your kid when he or she said, \"I have a dream.\" You could have said, looked the kid in the face, and said, \"Go for it, kid, just like I did.\" But you won\'t be able to say that because you didn\'t.So you can\'t.(Laughter)

你真的，真的想利用你的家庭，你真的想把你的伴侣， 和你的孩子当成狱卒吗？你其实可以这么跟你孩子讲。当他／她说“我有个梦想”的时候，你可以说，面对你的孩子，说，“去追随它吧，孩子，就像我那样。” 但是你没法那么说，因为你没去追随梦想。所以你不能那么说。（笑声）

And so the sins of the parents are visited on the poor children.Why will you seek refuge in human relationships as your excuse not to find and pursue your paion? You know why.In your heart of hearts, you know why, and I\'m being deadly serious.You know why you would get all warm and fuzzy and wrap yourself up in human relationships.It is because you are -You know what you are.

然后父母的罪恶，就在可怜的孩子们身上应验了。你为什么把人际关系当成你不去追随你的热忱的借口？你自己知道为什么。在你内心的内心，你知道为什么，而且我现在非常严肃。你知道你为什么会在人际关系中层层包裹自己。这是因为你是——你知道你是什么。

You\'re afraid to pursue your paion.You\'re afraid to look ridiculous.You\'re afraid to try.You\'re afraid you may fail.Great friend, great spouse, great parent, great career.Is that not a package? Is that not who you are? How can you be one without the other? But you\'re afraid.

你不敢去追求梦想。你害怕自己看起来像个疯子。你不敢去尝试。你害怕失败。好朋友，好伴侣，好父母，伟业。不是打包在一起的吗？这难道不是你？你怎么能符合其中一个却不符合另一个？但是你害怕。

And that\'s why you\'re not going to have a great career, unle - unle, that most evocative of all English words -- unle.But the unle word is also attached to that other, most terrifying phrase, \"If only I had ...\"\"If only I had ...\"If you ever have that thought ricocheting in your brain, it will hurt a lot.

这就是为什么你不会成就伟业，除非——除非，最引人回忆的词——除非。但是除非这个词和另外一个， 最可怕的短语是连着的，“如果我当初„„” “如果我当初„„”如果你曾经有过这个想法在你脑海里回旋，它会特别伤人。

So, those are the many reasons why you are going to fail to have a great career, unle ...所以，这些就是，你为什么不能成就伟业，的众多原因。 除非„„“ Unle.除非。

Thank you.(Applause)

第13篇：ted演讲

Ali Carr-Chellman 谈用游戏让男生重拾学习兴趣 关于这场演讲

在这场 TEDxPSU 演讲中，Ali Carr-Chellman 精准地指出三条理由，说明为何男生会成群陆续地和学校渐行渐远，定出让他们“重新回头”的大胆计划，即将他们的文化“接到”教室来，新规则包括让他们尽显男孩特性，并设置寓教于乐的电玩。

关于 Ali Carr-Chellman

Ali Carr-Chellman 是位教学设计师与作者，她研究最有效的教育方法并期在学校带出改变。

为何要听她演讲：

曾是位三年级教师，Ali Carr-Chellman 了解到传统的小学教室不理想，部分原因是她不满传统学校缺乏创意、灵活性且不愿改变。她现在是位教学设计师、作者及教育者，致力于研究如何在校园中制造改变与创意，让教育更有效的推行到更多孩子身上。她在美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学教育学院中任教，主要指导博士生研究帮忙催生下一代教员，让后者都能身怀具创意的研究点子与教法的绝技。Carr-Chellman 也负责教授在线课程，重点放在帮助实习教师学习如何改善自己的教学设计实作及教室环境。

她最近的研究项目包括“找回男孩”，研究利用电玩让男生重回小学课程的方法。其它项目包括邀囚犯及游民思考如何改革校园，并将这些“新”声音带到决策者的耳边。

“哇噢！这真了不起，我在学校学3D动画／打电玩，这是我人生中唯一感到自在且在行的事，我甚至感到自己很聪明！我们学校有多棒是永远讲不完的，发现自己对某事在行的感觉真美好”。

傻瓜 23 在 YouTube 上的留言

Ali Carr-Chellman 的英语网上资料

首页： ed.psu.edu

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计]

已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

「翻译编辑：myoops.org」

我在此告诉各位，我们接触男生的方式不正确，而这对男生们是个严重的问题，他们的文化未融入校园，我要与各位分享我们可以思考的克服之道，首先，我要以此为起头，这是男生，这是女生，这可能就是刻板印象中的男生与女生，但如果我今天是要讲明性别的本质，各位大可不用鸟我要讲的内容，所以，我不打算么做，压根没兴趣，这是不同的男生与女生形象，重点是，并非所有的男生都能以死板的定义来界定，那些我们所认为的男女生形象，女生也并非全都能死板地定义在我们所认为的女生形象中，但实际上，大部分的男生确实倾向以某种方式表达，大部分的女生确实倾向以某种方式表达，但问题是，对于男生而言，他们生存的方式与拥抱的文化和现今的校园不太搭调，我们从何得知？ “100 女孩专案”给出一些很棒的统计数据，举例而言，若有 100 名女生休学，就会有 250 名男生休学，若有 100 名女生被退学，就会有 335 名男生被退学，若有 100 名女生需要特殊教育，男生的人数便是 217 名，每 100 名有学习障碍的女生，对应的是 276 名男生，当有 100 名女生被诊断出具有情绪焦躁的问题，男生的人数便是 324 名，顺道一提，这些数据会更惊人，如果学生对象是黑人或是穷人，或是就读于人数过多的学校，而且，男生相较于女生被诊断出患有 ADHD 的可能性高出四倍，ADHD 意指专注力失调及过动症，但还有另一个面向，很重要的是，我们要认识到女人在校园中仍需要帮忙，她们的薪水仍明显地偏低，就算是工作类型受到管控，女生仍持续栽在与数学和科学的长年奋战中，这全是事实，但这不能阻止我们关注男生对读写能力的需要，特别是年龄介于 3 到 13 岁之间，所以，我们应要更加注意，事实上，我们只需以他们的立场来想，因为针对女性的倡议与项目，以目前现有的看来，无论是在科学、工程或数学的领域，成果都很令人满意，这些改善了很多女孩所遇到的困境，所以，我们必须要开始思考如何帮帮男生，特别是在幼年时，甚至当他们较年长时，我们发现问题依旧存在。

当我们观察大学生的组合，现时，获大学学历者有60％ 是女性，这个转变很巨大，事实上，有些大学管理者对此稍微感到不安，因为他们正朝 70％ 的大关迈进，大学女生人数不断上扬，这让大学管理者十分紧张，因为，女生不愿上没有男生的学校，因此，我们才开始看到男性中心及男性研究的设立，思考如何重新接触男性，以了解他们在大学的经验，如果和校方谈这个问题，他们的可能回答是，“喔，他们爱打电玩，整晚都在线狂赌，当然还要力战《魔兽世界》，而这些都影响到他们的课业表现”，但各位知道吗？电玩并非主因，而是症状，他们长期被排斥，才走到今天这步田地，我们来谈为何他们一直遭到排斥，介于 3 到 13 岁的年纪，我相信，有三条理由是男生无法与今日校园文化取得协调的主因，第一，零容忍，我认识一名幼儿园教师，她儿子将全部玩具都“捐”给她，但当他这么做时，她必须一件件地挑出所有的小塑料玩具枪，理由是塑料刀、剑和斧头这类的玩具不能出现在幼儿园教室中，我们到底在怕这位小绅士会拿着他的枪干出啥事来？我是说真的，但他是个活例，事实是，今日的操场不准打闹，我并非在鼓吹暴力，也并非在建议我们要让枪枝与刀械进入校园，但当我们认为一位高中教室中的鹰级童军，因为他在停车场车内锁着的是一把小刀，因而要他休学，我认为我们的零容忍态度已走过头，另一项过头的零容忍事实是男生的写作，今日多数的教室中，不允许书写任何关于暴力的内容，也不能写任何有关电玩的内容，这些都是禁忌主题，男生回家后总抱怨说：“我痛恨写作”，“为何痛恨写作？写作不好吗”？“我必须写她指示的东西”，“Okay，她要你写些什么”？“诗，我必须写诗及我生活的点滴，我才不写那些东西”，“好，那你想写些什么？关于什么”？“我想写电玩、升级，我想写这个真正有趣的世界，我想写飓风吹进屋，吹走所有窗户，摧毁所有家具且杀死所有人”，“好，Okay”，如果跟一位教师说这则故事，他们会非常严肃地回答：“我们是否应将这个小孩送去见心理医师”？答案是，不，他只是名小男生，小男孩，写这样的内容不 Okay，在今日的教室中。

所以，第一个理由是零容忍政策让男生感到被排斥，接着是男生的文化与校园文化不协调，男教师人数较少，没有一位 15 岁以上成人知道此为何故，因为过去 10 年间，小学教师人数减了一半，比率从 14 ％ 降到 7％，这意味着 93％ 的教师，这些年轻的小学教师，全是女性，这有什么问题？女性教师不错呀！是的，完全正确，但男生的男性榜样，那些告诉他们聪明也不错的模范角色，没错，他们有老爸、牧师、幼童军狼头，但终究，每天六小时，一周五天，他们要待在教室中，而大部分的教室中，男人并不存在，所以，他们会认为这里根本就不是男生该来的地方，这是女生的地盘，我干不来，所以，我最好狂打电玩或做运动之类的，因为，我显然不属于这里，男人不属于这里，这十分明显，这也许是非常直接的因果关系，这一切就顺势而生，但间接地，缺少男性代表的文化，在教师休息室便会听到这样的对话，关于 Joey 和 Johnny 在操场干架，“我们要怎么处置这两名男生”？这个问题的答案会因对话者的不同而有所变化，对话者有男性教师吗？有养育过男孩的母亲吗？明显地，这场对话会因对话者的角色而有不同的答案。

第三个男生与今日校园不协调的理由是，同胞们，幼儿园是老式的二年级，我们存在着严重的课程压缩问题，三岁时，学生就必须能清楚地拼出自己的名字，否则就会被认为是发展迟缓，上一年级时，就应该能阅读几段文章，也许带有图片，但不一定，书的厚度约是 25 到 30 页，如果学生无法办到，我们就会考虑将该员编入初阶阅读加强班，如果去询问加强班教师，他们会说班上的男女生比率是四到五比一，对象是小学年级，这个问题的原由是因为男生接收到的信息是，“我必须永远照老师的指示做”，教师的薪水是依“有教无类”和“追求卓越”法案，还有负责性与测验之类的标准而定，所以，她必须要设法将所有的课程都教给男生，还有女生，而这套压缩版课程对所有好动的孩子都是项折磨，结果是，她说：“拜托，坐下，安静、遵照指示与规则，善用时间、专注，学学女生！”这是她会宣布的话，间接地，最后一句便是她所传达的信息，这成了一个严重的问题，原因何来？来自我们（笑声），我们要我们宝贝六个月时就能阅读，各位看过这则广告吗？我们想要住在 Lake Wobegon（美国明尼苏达州一处虚幻小镇），当地每个小孩的水平都高于水平，但这对我们的孩子是极不健康的做法，发展的不健全，对男孩更是件恶耗，我们该怎么改善？我们必须设身处地地了解男生的文化，改变心态，对于在小学中接受男生的心态，确切来说，我们可从细项着手，我们可以设计较优的游戏，今日所见的大部分教育游戏充其量只有抽认卡，而那美其名是只能加强记忆练习，没有深度及丰富的故事情节，相较于电玩之下，后者才是男生真正感兴趣的游戏，我们必须设计较优的游戏，而且让教师、父母、学校董事会及政治家们了解这点，要确认人们明了我们的教室需要更多男人，再仔细评估我们的零容忍政策，那有道理吗？还必须思考如何解压缩这套课程，如果我们办得到的话，试图让男生回到他们觉得自在的场域来，这些对话都应立即展开。

目前就有些很棒的范例，关于学校，《纽约时报》最近才报导了一间学校，一名来自新校的游戏设计师，让该校化身成很酷的电玩校园，但仅有几名孩子受惠，范围不够大，我们必须改变文化与感受，针对政治家、学校董事成员及父母所认知的接受方式，及我们今日校园能接受的方式，必须投资更多游戏设计，因为好的游戏，真正好的游戏需要投资，《魔兽世界》的预算庞大，大部分的教育游戏却无预算，我们的研究起点是，我的同事 Mike Petner、Shawn Vashaw 和我自己，我们开始试图观察教师的态度，找出他们对游戏的真正感受，他们的看法为何？我们发现，他们谈论自己学校中的孩子，谈到学生讨论电玩时使用相当贬抑且盘诘的语气，他们会说：“噢，对，他们整天谈游戏，小战斗角色、小战绩或是宝物徽章，或任何获得的战功，整天谈这些东西”，他们这么讲，好像那没啥紧要，但如果那是你的文化，想看看，你可能有何感受？作为听话端的角色总是非常不自在，当听到这类话时，他们对任何事都会感到紧张，尤其是跟暴力扯上关系，因为零容忍政策，他们确信父母及管理者不会接受这类事件的发生，所以，我们真的必须思考教师的态度，找出改变态度的方法，让教师更开放、更能接受教室中的男生文化，因为，如果我们最终不这么做的话，我们会再听到男生离开小学时说出以下的话语，“我猜，那是女生地盘，我干不来，所以，我最好狂打电玩或做运动”，但如果我们改变并关注这一切，使男生重拾对学习的兴趣，他们将会在离开小学时说：“我还蛮聪明的”！感谢聆听。

第14篇：ted演讲

Arvind Gupta 谈将垃圾变成可供学习的玩具

于这场演讲

在INK Conference中，Arvind Gupta分享简单却惊人的计划－将垃圾转变成充满娱乐效果、设计精美的玩具，让孩子们可以在学习科学和设计的基本原理中建立自我。

关于Arvind Gupta

科学教育家Arvind Gupta使用简单的玩具教学。

为什么要听他演讲

Arvind Gupta是印度的玩具发明家及儿童科学教育推广者。他用垃圾和日常用品创造简单的玩具，并以一场令人难忘的亲手示范表演说明了科学和设计原理。他任职于印度Pune的儿童科学中心。

他着有许多书籍，有英文、北印度语及其它印度语言版本，包括《小玩具》，《由废弃物学习科学》，以及《科学的技巧及惊喜：Arvind Gupta的压箱宝》。他的低成本科学和科技教育设备经由联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）制作成可供下载的PDF说明档案。他的许多玩具设计说明已摄录成一分钟的影片。 Arvind Gupta的英语网上资料

首页：ArvindGuptaToys.com

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计]

已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

Arvind Gupta 谈将垃圾变成可供学习的玩具

我叫Arvind Gupta，是一位玩具制作者，过去30年来我一直在制作玩具。70年代初，我还在上大学，那是一段非常革命性的时期，可以这么说，是一个政治*期，学生走上巴黎街头起义反抗权威；美国因反越战运动、民权运动而动荡不安；在印度，我们有纳萨尔巴里运动，即农民武装运动，但你们知道，当社会处于政治动荡时期，会释放出大量的能量，印度的民族运动证明了这一点。很多人辞去高薪职位，投身于民族运动。70年代初，印度最伟大的计划之一，是在乡村学校中振兴基础科学。

有个叫Anil Sadgopal的人，在加州理工学院取得博士学位，并返国在印度最先进的研究机构，TIFR，担任分子生物学家。31岁的她，无法将她所做的那种研究，跟一般人的生活联系起来，于是，她设计并开办了乡村科学计划，很多人因此深受鼓舞。这个70年代初的口号是，“接近人群，参与他们的生活，爱他们，从他们所知开始，建立在他们所拥有的基础之上。”这多少是种定义型的口号。

嗯，我花了一年时间，我加入Telco，制造TATA卡车，在相当接近Pune的地方。我在那里工作了两年，我意识到，我不是适合造卡车的人。人们常常不知道自己想要做什么，但知道你不想做什么就算很好了。所以我休息了一年，然后加入这个乡村科学计划，这是一个转折点。这是个非常小的村庄，每周一次的集市，那里的人，每周只有一次，把所有货品拿出来摆，所以我说，“我要在这里待一年。”所以我把在路边摆摊卖的东西每一种买一样，我发现了一个东西，是这个黑色橡胶。

这就是所谓的气嘴管，当你给自行车打气时就会用到。而当中一些模型－你拿起一段气嘴管，将两根火柴放在里面，可制造出一个活动连结物。这是气嘴管组成的连结物，从教导角度开始，锐角、直角、钝角、平角，这就像它们本身组成的小连结物。如果你拿三个，让它们连成一圈，可以组成一个三角形；使用四个，可组成一个四边形；可以组成五边形、六边形，可以组成所有种类的多边形，它们拥有一些很美妙的特性，例如，看这个六边形，它就像一只变形虫，不断改变它的外形，你可以把这里拉出，就变成一个矩形，把它推向一边，就变一个平行四边形，但这非常不固定，例如，看这个五边形，把这边拉出，它变成船状的梯形，将它推出，它变成房子的形状，这样就变成一个等腰三角形，同样的，非常不固定。这个四边形看起来非常方正，将它轻轻一推，就变成菱形、风筝形。但如果给孩子一个三角形，他就变不出什么花样。

为什么要使用三角形？因为三角形是唯一的刚性结构，我们不能造一座四边形的桥，因为当火车驶来时，它会开始晃动，一般人都知道这点，因为如果你到一个印度村庄去，他们可能没念过工学院，但没人会建一个像这样的屋顶，因为如果他们将砖瓦放在上面，它将会被压垮。他们总是建造三角形的屋顶，这是人类的科学。

如果在这里戳一个洞，放入第三根火柴，就会得到一个T形连结。如果我将这三根腿柱插进这个三角形的三个顶点，就能组成一个四面体。所以，你可以组成这所有的3D结构，你可以组成像这样的四面体，一旦做出了这些，就能组成一间小房子。将这个放在上面，你可以将四个、六个连接在一起，只需要一大堆这种小零件。现在，这是－你将六个连接在一起，组成一个二十面体，你可以随意玩弄它，这变成一间圆顶小屋。这是1978年的时候，当时我是一位24岁的年轻工程师，我认为这比制造卡车好多了。（掌声）事实上，如果你放入四个圆球，可以模拟甲烷的分子结构，CH4，四个氢原子即四面体的四个顶点，这个代表小小的碳原子。

从那时起，我只觉得自己相当荣幸，能走遍我祖国的2000所学校，乡村学校、公立学校、市立学校、常春藤盟校，大多都邀请过我。每当我到一间学校去，见到孩子们眼里闪耀着光芒，我看到了希望，看到他们脸上的快乐。孩子们想要制作东西，想要亲自动手。 像这个，我们做了很多种唧筒，这是一个小唧筒，可以用来给气球充气，这是真正的唧筒，真的可以给气球充气。我们有一个口号：孩子们对玩具最好的玩法，就是弄坏它。因此，你所做的就是，这是一个富有激发性的声明，这个旧自行车内胎和这个旧塑料[不清楚]，这个油口盖可以很恰当地放入旧自行车内胎，这就是制作阀门的方法。放上一个小胶带，这是单向通道，嗯，我们做了很多种唧筒，这是另一种，你拿一根吸管，只要将一根小木签插入，插在中央，让它分成两半，现在，你要做的是将这两条腿弯曲成一个三角形，在周围缠上一些胶带，就变成一个泵。现在，如果你用这个泵，它就像一个很棒的喷头，像一个离心机，如果你旋转某个东西，它会向外飞出。

（掌声）

根据这个－如果你[不清楚]，她会用扇叶树头榈叶来做这个东西。我们的许多民间玩具蕴含很美妙的科学原理，如果你旋转某个东西，它会向外飞出，如果我用双手转，就会看见这个有趣的飞人先生。好的，这是一个用纸做的玩具，很神奇，上面有四张图片，可以看到昆虫、青蛙、蛇、老鹰、蝴蝶，青蛙、蛇、老鹰，这是一张你可以用来跳舞的纸，于1928年由一位哈佛大学的数学家设计，他叫做Arthur StoneMartin Gardner，在他许多著作中都有提到，但孩子们从中得到很多乐趣，他们可以学习到食物链，昆虫被青蛙吃，青蛙被蛇吃，蛇被老鹰吃，这张纸可以，如果你有整张的复印纸，A4大小的纸，你可以在市立学校、公立学校，一张纸、一根比例尺和一支铅笔，不用胶水，不用剪刀，三分钟内就可以折出这个，你能用它来做什么只受限于你的想象而已。如果用一张较小的纸，就做出较小折曲式图形，用较大的纸，就能做出较大的图形。

这是一支铅笔，上面刻有一些沟槽，在这里放一个小扇叶，这是个有百年历史的玩具，有六篇关于这个的重要研究论文，这里也有一些沟槽，你们可以看到，如果我用一个簧片－如果我摩擦它，会产生非常神奇的效果，有六篇关于这个的重要研究论文，事实上，费曼幼年时对这个非常着迷，他写了一篇关于这个的论文，做这个不需要三十亿美元的强子对撞机，每个孩子都玩得到，也都会乐在其中。如果你想放上一个色盘，七种颜色全都会混在一起，这就是牛顿在大约400年前提到的，白光是由七种颜色混成，只要旋转这个就可以知道。

这是一根吸管，我们做的是，只要将两端用胶带密封，剪掉右下角和底端的左下角，所以对角会有洞，这里有一个小洞，这是一种吹管，我只要把这个放进这里，这里有一个洞，我把它盖住，花很少的钱就可以做，孩子们会觉得非常有趣。

我们所做的是制造一个非常简单的电动马达，这是地球上最简单的马达，其中最昂贵的东西就是里面的电池，如果有个电池，做这个只要花五分钱，这是一个旧自行车内胎加上一根宽橡皮筋，两个安全别针，这是一个永久磁铁，当电流通过线圈，这变成一个电磁铁，就是这两个磁铁的交互作用使这个马达旋转，我们做了三万个。

老师们教导科学很多年，只是讲述并模糊了科学的定义，当老师们动手做，孩子们动手做，你可以看见他们眼中的光芒，他们因了解科学而兴奋不已，这样的科学不是有钱人的游戏，在一个民主国家，科学必须延伸到最受限、最边缘化的儿童，这项计划开始于16所学校，并扩展到1500所公立学校，超过10万名儿童用这种方式学习科学，我们只是试着看到可能性。

请看，这是利乐包，从环境的角度来看这所有的材料，它有六层－三层塑料、三层铝，全被密封在一起，它们融合在一起，你无法将它们分开，只能做成像这样一个小网状结构，将它们折迭并黏在一起，做成一个二十面体。因此，一些垃圾，一些让所有海鸟噎住的东西，你可以将其回收，做成一个非常有趣－在科学中所有模型都可用像这样的东西制作。

这是一根小吸管，你要做的就只是剪掉这里两个角，它会变成像是小鳄鱼的嘴，将它放在你嘴里，吹气（鸣声）有人说，这是个让孩子开心、老师羡慕的东西，你无法看见声音如何产生，因为这东西在我嘴里振动，我现在将这个放在外面，不是吹气，而是将空气吸入。（鸣声）因此，不需用线圈的振动模糊了声音产生的观念。另一种方式则是你不断地吹，不断吹出声音，然后不断地剪掉，它会产生非常棒的效果。（鸣声）（掌声）当你剪成非常小的一段，（鸣声）这是孩子们教的，你也可以试试。

在我继续讲述前，有件值得分享的事，这是一个对盲童深具意义的触板，这是魔鬼粘，这是我的画板，这是我的画笔，这基本上是一个胶卷盒，这基本上像是渔夫用的线，钓鱼线，这是毛线，如果我转这个把手，所有毛线都会被卷进去，盲童可以在这上面画画，毛线会黏在魔鬼粘上。我们国家有12万个盲童，（掌声）他们生活在黑暗的世界中，这对他们来说是个福音，那里有个工厂使我们儿童变盲，不提供他们食物、维生素A，但这已成为他们的福音，没有专利权，任何人都可以制作。

这非常简单。你们可以看到，这是发电机，一个手摇发电机，这是两个磁铁，这是一个大滑轮，以橡胶当做两片旧CD的夹层制成，加上小滑轮和两个强力磁铁，这个纤维，形成连接着一个LED的线圈，如果我旋转这个滑轮，小滑轮会转得快多了，将会产生一个旋转的磁场，当然，磁力线会被截过，就会产生力量，你们可以看到，这个LED将会发光，因此，这是一个小手摇发电机。

嗯，这是，同样的，只是一个环，有着钢制螺丝帽的钢环，你可以做的就是，如果你转动它，它们会继续前进，想象一群孩子站成一圈，只是等待着钢圈传到他们手上，他们绝对会开心的玩着这个。

最后，我们还可以做的是，用大量的旧报纸做帽子，这配得上Sachin Tendulkar（板球明星），是一顶很棒的板球帽。当你初次见到尼赫鲁和甘地，这是尼赫鲁帽－只用了半张报纸，我们用报纸做了很多玩具，这是其中之一，这是－你们可以看到，这是一只振翅的鸟，所有的旧报纸，我们都可以剪成这样的小方形，如果你将这些鸟当中的一只－日本孩子做这种鸟有很多年历史了，你们可以看到，这是一个小扇尾鸟玩具。

最后，我用一个小故事结束，故事名称为“船长帽的故事”。这是一艘航海船的船长，航行得非常缓慢，船上有大量乘客，他们感到无聊，因此船长邀他们到甲板上，“穿上你们五颜六色的衣服，唱歌跳舞，我会提供你们好吃好喝的。”船长每天都戴着一顶帽子，穿上盛装，第一天是一顶巨大的伞状帽，就像船长帽。那天晚上，当乘客睡觉时，他将它再折一次，第二天，他会戴起消防员的帽子，后面有个小突起，就像一顶设计师帽，因为它能保护脊椎。而第二天晚上，他用同一顶帽子，将它再折一次，到了第三天，这将是一顶探险帽，就像探险家的帽子。第三个晚上，他将它再折两次，这是一顶非常著名的帽子，如果你看过任何一部宝莱坞电影，这就是警察戴的，叫做zapalu帽，它已一跃而成我们的国际荣耀。

我们可别忘了他是这艘船的船长，所以这是一条船，到了故事结尾，每个人都非常享受这段旅途，他们正唱着歌、跳着舞，突然间，一阵暴风和巨浪袭来，船只能随着波浪上下起伏。一阵大浪袭来，拍打在船头，将它打落；另一阵大浪袭来，拍打在船尾，将它打落；第三阵大浪袭来，淹没了船桥，将它打落；船沉了，船长失去了一切，只剩下一件救生衣。

第15篇：ted演讲

CARL AZUZ, CNN ANCHOR: Hello and welcome to the September 19th edition of - come on, Friday`s are awesome.You wanted to hear it, I wanted to say

it.It`s good to have you watching CNN STUDENT NEWS.First up, Scotland, home to more than 5 million people, about the size of South Carolina.

Scots have contributed world-changing inventions related to bicycle tires, penicillin, television.Yesterday, they decided on a potentially nation

altering question: should Scotland be an independent country? The polls were closed when we produced this show, the vote was over.But it was

expected to be very close, and we don`t have results for you yet.

For the latest, teachers please visit cnn.com.We do have an excellent fact-filled look at how Scotland came to be the division of the United

Kingdom that it has been for the past 307 years.

BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: What we know as modern Scotland was formed in the 13 century when England and Scotland signed the treaty of York.Mapping out

Scotland southern border.

60 years later, the countries were at war, with the legendary Scottish rebel William Wallace helping to lead the charge.Wallace`s fight for

freedom was a subject of Hollywood blockbuster, Brave Heart.Years of war paid off for Scotland.IN 1328, England recognized Scottish independence

in the treaty of North Hampton.In 1603, Queen Elizabeth, the last of the Tudors, died at the age of 69.And that cleared the way for King James VI

of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scotts, to become England`s king, too.It was known as the union of the crowns.

Just over 100 years later, parliaments of England and Scotland paed the Acts of Union.It joined the two separate states into one.The Kingdom of

Great Britain, one parliament, one monarch.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

AZUZ: Australia used to be part of the United Kingdom, and like the U.K., it`s an ally of the U.S.in fighting the ISIS terrorist group.Yesterday

Australia`s government said it had prevented a terrorist plot on Australian soil.Two men were arrested and charged Thursday.Australian officials

say they planned to kill a member of the public, a civilian, just like ISIS has killed some of its innocent victims in Iraq and Syria.

Australia`s Sydney \"Morning Herald\" says, dozens of Australians are fighting overseas on the side of terrorists groups, and that more than 20

of them had returned to Australia afterward.

For that reason, plus the fact that Australia`s military is helping in the fight against ISIS, the Australian government raised its terror alert level

to high last week.That its second highest level.

Meantime, some American lawmakers are giving President Obama the go ahead for part of his plan to fight ISIS.Earlier this week, the House of

Representatives voted 273 to 156 to authorize training and weapons for rebels in Syria.The Senate was expected to approve this as well.

Syria is in the middle of a civil war.ISIS terrorists have taken over some Syrian land.The rebels that the U.S.supports are fighting both

Syria`s government and the ISIS terrorists.So, the American plan is to help these rebels defeat both.Some lawmakers don`t support arming the

rebels.They say at war torn Syria, it`s not always clear who the rebels are and who the extremists are.And that the strategy of arming rebels has

sometimes failed in the past.

We are starting out West today on the CNN STUDENT NEWS Roll Call at West Heaven, UTA.Can you bear the grizzlies? They are all over Rocky Mountain

Junior High School.

One state northeast, we`ve got Wyoming on the roll.Kelly Walsh High School in Casper, home of the Trojans.And in Thief River Falls,

Minnesota, the Prowlers are on the prowl.They are stocking CNN STUDENT NEWS from Lincoln High School.

It looks like Sarah Saldana is about to make history.She is the president`s nominee to lead the U.S.immigration and customs enforcement

agency.She`d be the first Latino ever to hold the job, if she gets it.We say if because President Obama doesn`t have the final say.The

Constitution says he has to seek the advice and consent of the Senate.As part of that, the Senate held a confirmation hearing this week to interview

Saldana.Because it went smoothly, analysts expect she`ll get the job.

One responsibility of the ICE agency is to decide which illegal immigrants get to stay in the U.S.and which are deported.

BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Decades ago, the word immigration conjured of images of boats at Ellis Island, of course, the Statue of Liberty.Today, it`s a

different story.The iue is more heated, more politicized, more complicated.Immigrants are now entering the U.S.from every corner:

Miami to Seattle, L.A.to New York, and especially along the Mexican border.We are talking more than 40 million immigrants in the United

States right now.Both legally and illegally.That`s roughly 13 percent of our population, making America the number one destination for

immigrants.

So, who are these new arrivals? Well, (INAUDIBLE), 11 million are undocumented.A number that`s increased almost year by year since 2000.

Of those who become legal residents, you`d probably get some of them are from Mexico.You`d be right, 14 percent, but you might be surprised to

find out the next two leading countries of birth for new U.S.residents: China and India.Those are the two most populated countries on the planet.

As for work, the latest labor stat show by and large, immigrant workers are in the service industry.We are talking hotels, restaurants, gas stations,

and they are making a lot le than U.S.-born workers, about 160 bucks le per week.

So, regardle of how you feel on the iue, there is no doubt immigrants are here to stay and they play a huge role in the American economy every

day.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

AZUZ: Beyond all of the benefits of listening to music or creating it, it`s been shown to help heal certain brain injuries and decrease anxiety.

Today`s character study`s about a musician who believes music is medicine for the mind.His work has helped hundreds of wounded warriors.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

ARTHUR BLOOM: Music is my earliest memory.I never decided to be a profeional musician.It`s just what I`ve always done.It feels great to

play music, but it`s also a mechanism for healing.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: We were on this an early morning patrol, walking down the road.I`d never been hit by an IED before.It felt like I got hit by

a wrecking ball.I sat up, my legs were completely gone.What happens if you don`t quite get killed, and you don`t quite survive, you`re somewhere

in the middle? I was a shell of a man.Who I was was gone.

BLOOM (on camera): So, let`s take it right before the melody comes in.

(voice over): Our organization helps wounded warriors play music and recover their lives.

We match the injured troops with profeional musicians who come visit at Walter Reed Medical Center and work with them on music projects.Learning

music, writing and performing.

BLOOM (on camera): We are going to try to incorporate (INAUDIBLE)

(voice over): I`m a music therapist, a musician.By injecting music into the space we can inject life.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Something survived that horrible injury in Afghanistan, and that was my ability to play the guitar.

Arthur and his program changed my outlook on what is poible.

BLOOM: Music has no stigma.The folks to work with, when they do music, there`s nothing injured about the way to do it.It`s just good music.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ: Members of the Minnesota National Guard`s 114 Transportation Company just returned from Afghanistan.There`s some ceremony and procedure to

this.The troops stand in formation for a few moments, but a toddler just didn`t care.And that didn`t seem to bother anyone else either.After his

mother`s nine month deployment the boy decided he`d waited long enough, not long afterward everyone else got the chance to reunite with their loved

ones.

The happy homecoming brings together this Friday edition of CNN STUDENT NEWS.We hope to reunite with you next week, and if you are in a military

or you have a parent or a relative who is, thank you for your service.Have a great weekend, everyone.

第16篇：Ted演讲

Stephen Hawking 提出关于宇宙的大问题

关于这场演讲

为了配合TED2008主题，史蒂芬霍金教授提出一些关于宇宙的大问题－宇宙如何诞生？生命如何起源？我们是宇宙中唯一的生命吗？并探讨如何着手回答这些问题。

关于Stephen Hawking

史蒂芬霍金的科学研究已揭示了宇宙起源、时间本质及宇宙最终命运。他写给一般大众阅读的畅销书使数百万人对物理有了正确的认识。

为什么要听他演讲

史蒂芬霍金也许是在世的物理学家中最著名的一位。他是宇宙学与量子重力学专家，并热衷于黑洞理论，他探索宇宙起源、时间本质和宇宙最终命运的杰出成就，为他赢得包括大英帝国勋章在内的多项荣誉。对大众来说，他最广为人知的就是身为畅销书《胡桃里的宇宙》及《时间简史》作者，使数百万人对理论物理有了正确的认识。

虽然运动神经元疾病ALS将霍金限制在轮椅上，但无法阻止他四处演讲，在电视节目亮相，如《星舰迷航记：银河飞龙》及《辛普森家庭》－并计划进行Richard Branson的维珍银河太空轨道旅游。（他最近乘坐零重力公司的“呕吐彗星”体验无重力飞行。）他是一位真正的学术名人，他以公开露面引起对全球潜在危机的关注－如全球暖化－并为人类的未来发声：“让一部分人类永远离开地球，对人类未来而言是势在必行之事，”他这么说。

霍金担任剑桥大学Lucasian数学教授，并持续在高等物理及宇宙一般理论两方面做出贡献。

“我们只是生存于一个非常普通恒星的一个小行星上，品种较为先进的猴子。但我们可以了解宇宙。这让我们与众不同。” －史蒂芬霍金

Stephen Hawking的英语网上资料 Website: Stephen Hawking\'s homepage

Books: Books by Stephen Hawking

PBS: Stephen Hawking\'s Universe

Wikipedia: Stephen Hawking

[TED科技‧娱乐‧设计] 已有中译字幕的TED影片目录（繁体）（简体）。请注意繁简目录是不一样的。

Stephen Hawking 提出关于宇宙的大问题

没有一个东西比宇宙更大或更久远，我想讨论的问题是，第

一、我们从哪里来？这个宇宙如何诞生？我们在宇宙中是孤单的吗？宇宙有没有任何外星生物？人类的未来是什么？

一直到一九二零年代之前，人们认为宇宙本质上是固定的，不会随着时间改变。之后，人们发现宇宙是一直在膨胀的，远方的星系正渐渐地远离我们，这表示它们过去彼此曾经更靠近。如果我们反推回去，会发现大约在一百五十亿年前，我们必定全都彼此紧靠在一起，这就是大爆炸，即宇宙的开始。

但在大爆炸之前，是否有宇宙呢？如果没有，那是什么创造了宇宙？为什么宇宙是经由大爆炸而形成呢？我们一般认为的宇宙理论有两部分，第一是类似Maxwell方程式及广义相对论的定律，决定宇宙的演化是在同一时段中决定了所有宇宙的状态。第二是宇宙的初始状态是毫无疑问的。

我们在第一部份有不错的进展，除了在最极端的条件下，我们对宇宙演化的法则已有所知。但一直到最近，我们对宇宙的初始状态仍不甚了解。然而，宇宙演化理论和初始状态的分界，在于时间与空间是分开并独立的假设。在极端条件下，广义相对论及量子理论允许把时间当作另一个维度的空间，这移除了时间与空间的分界，这使得宇宙演化理论亦可决定宇宙的初始状态，宇宙可自发性的从一片空无的状态中产生。

我们甚至可以计算宇宙从不同状态中诞生的机率，这些预测与由WMAP卫星观测到的（威尔金森微波背景辐射各向异性探测卫星）宇宙微波背景辐射相当一致，这是最早期宇宙留下的印迹，我们认为我们已经解决宇宙创造的奥秘，或许我们应该为宇宙申请专利，并向每个生存于此的人收费。

现在转到第二个大问题，宇宙中只有我们，还是也有其它生命？我们相信生命是在地球上自我衍生的，因此，在其它适合生存的星球上也可能出现生命，这样的星球在银河系里应该有很多。

但我们不知道生命最初是如何形成的，对于生命起源的可能性，我们有两个可观察的证据，第一是来自三十五亿年前的海藻化石。地球在四十六亿年前形成，前五亿年或许太热而不适合生物生存，所以生命可能在五亿年后才在地球上出现，这相较于地球这类寿命有百亿年的星球，只是一段很短的时间，这意味着生命出现的机率相当高。如果机率非常低的话，那可以预期要发展出生命得花上近百亿年时间。

另一方面，似乎从未有外星人来拜访过我们，我不信那些飞碟的报导，他们为什么只出现在那些怪人面前？如果政府为了保密而压下这些报告，将外星人带来的科学知识据为己有，就目前来说，这似乎是个既奇怪又无效的政策。此外，虽然SETI计划已进行广泛探索（SETI：寻找外星智慧计划），我们也还没收到任何外星电视问答节目，这似乎显示在我们现阶段文明发展的方圆数百光年范围内，并没有任何外星文明，卖保险给那些怕被外星人绑架的人，似乎是个相当安全的选择。

这带我们进入最后一个大问题，人类的未来。如果我们是银河里唯一的智慧生物，我们应该确保能永续生存，但我们正进入一个越来越危险的人类历史时期，伴随着我们使环境变好或变坏的科技能力，我们的人口及我们对地球有限资源的消耗以指数成长。但我们的基因密码仍带有自私和好斗本能，这或许在过去有利于我们生存，这将使我们在未来一百年难逃人为的灾难，更别提未来的千年或百万年了。我们长时间生存的唯一机会，不是一直局限在地球，而是扩展到太空，这些大问题的答案，是显现我们过去几百年取得的可观进展，但若要继续超越未来数百年，我们的未来在太空。这就是为什么我赞成人为控制，或者我应该说人为驾驶的太空旅行。

我一生都在探索对宇宙的了解，并寻找这些问题的答案。我很幸运，我的残疾并没有造成严重障碍，事实上，这或许使我比大多数人拥有更多时间从事知识上的追求，终极目标是一套完整的宇宙理论，我们已有良好的进展，感谢聆听。 Chris Anderson:教授，如果你必须二选一做猜测的话，您目前是比较相信还是不相信，我们是银河里唯一拥有我们现在水平或更高水平的智慧文明？回答这个答案就花了七分钟，让我深刻体会到，这整个演讲真是难以置信慷慨的为TED付出。

Stephen Hawking:我认为我们可能是几百光年内唯一的文明，否则我们应该已收听到无线电波；另一种可能是，其它文明并没有维持很久就已自我毁灭。

CA:霍金教授，谢谢您的解答，我想，我们将会把它当成这一周其它演讲的善意提醒。教授，衷心感谢您今天所做的卓越贡献，并将您的大哉问与我们分享，衷心感谢您。

第17篇：TED演讲

Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China

The world is changing with really remarkable speed.If you look at the chart at the top here, you’ll see that in 2025 these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be almost the same size as the American economy.And if you look at the chart for 2050, it’s projected that the Chinese economy will be twice the size of the American economy, and the Indian economy will be almost the same size as the American economy.We should bear in mind here these projections were drawn up before the Western financial crises.

A couple of weeks ago, I was looking at the latest projection by BNP (Banque Nationale de Paris) PARIBAS for when China will have a larger economy than the United States.Goldman Sachs projected 2027.The post-crisis projection is 2010.That’s just a decade way.

China is going to change the world in two fundamental respects.First of all, it\'s a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion people, which has been growing for over 30 years at around 10% a year.And within a decade it will have the largest economy in the world.Never before in the modern era has the largest economy in the world been that of a developing country, rather than a developed country.

Secondly, for the first time in the modern era, the dominant country in the world which I think is China will become, will be not from the West, and from very very different civilizational roots.

Now I know it’s a widespread aumption in the West that as countries modernize, they also Westernize.This is an illusion.It’s an aumption that modernity is a product simply of competition markets and technology.It is not; it is also shaped equally by history and culture.China is not like the West, and it will not become like the West.It will remain in very fundamental respects very different.Now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of China? How do we try to understand what China is? And the problem we have in the West at the moment by-and-large is that the conventional approach is that we understand it really in Western terms, using Western ideas.We can’t.Now I want to offer you 3 building blocks for trying to understand what China is like just as a beginning.

The first is this, that China is not really a nation state.Okay, it\'s called itself a nation state for the last hundred years.But everyone who knows anything about China knows it’s a lot older than this.This was what China looked with the victory of the Qin Dynasty in 221 B.C.at the end of warring state period—the birth of modern China.And you can see it against the boundaries of modern China.Or immediately afterward, the Han Dynasty, still 2000 years ago, and you can see already it occupies most of what we now know as Eastern China which is where the vast majority of Chinese lived then and live now.

Now what is extraordinary about this is what gives China it’s sense of being China, what gives the Chinese the sense of what it is to be Chinese, comes not from the last hundred years, not from the nation state period which is what happened in the West, but from the period, if you like, of the civilization state.I’m thinking here, for example, of customs like ancestral worship, of a very distinctive notion of the state, likewise, a very distinctive notion of the family, social relationships like “guanxi”, Confucian values and so on.These are all things that come from the period of the civilization state.

In other words, China, unlike the Western states and most countries in the world, is shaped by its sense of civilization, its existence as a civilization state, rather than as a nation state.And there’s one other thing to add to this, and that is this.Of course we know China’s big, huge demographically and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people.What we often aren’t really aware of is the fact that China is extremely diverse and very pluralistic, and in many ways very decentralized.You can’t run a place on this scale simply from Beijing, even though we think this to be the case.It’s never been the case.

So this is China, a civilization state, rather than a nation state.And what does it mean? Well, I think it has all sorts of profound implications.I\'ll give you two quick ones.

The first is that the most important political value for the Chinese is unity, is the maintenance of Chinese civilization.You know, 2000 years ago, Europe breakdown, the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire, it divided, and its remained divided ever since.China, over the same time period, went in exactly the opposite direction, very painfully holding this huge civilization, civilization state together.

The second is, maybe more prosaic, which is Hong Kong.Do you remember the handover of Hong Kong by Britain to China in 1997? You may remember what the Chinese constitutional proposition was, one country, two systems.And I’ll lay a wager that barely anyone in the West believed them.Window dreing.When China gets its hands on Hong Knong, that won’t be the case.13 years on, the political and legal system in Hong Kong is as different now as it was in 1997.We were wrong.Why were we wrong? We were wrong because we though, naturally enough in nation state ways.

Think of German unification, 1990.What happened? Well, basically the East was swallowed by the West.One nation, one system—that is the nation state mentality.But you can’t run a country like China, a civilization state on the basis of one civilization, one system.It doesn\'t work.So actually the response of China to the question of Hong Kong—as it will be to the question of Taiwan—was a natural response: one civilization, many systems.Let me offer you another building block to try to understand China, maybe it’s not such a comfortable one.The Chinese have a very very different conception of race to most other countries.Do you know of the 1.3 billion Chinese, over 90% of them think they belong to the same race, the Han.Now this is completely different from the other world’s most populous countries.India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil—all of them are multiracial.The Chinese don’t feel like that.China is only multiracial really at the margins.So the question is, why? Well, the reason I think eentially is again back to the civilization state.Very very…you know, at least 2000 years, a history of conquest, absorption, aimilation and so on, led to the proce by which over time this notion of the Han emerged, of course, nurtured by a growing and very powerful sense of cultural identity.

Now the great advantage of this historical experience has been that, without the Han, China could never have held together.The Han identity has been the cement which has held this country together.The great disadvantage of it is that the Han have a very weak conception of cultural differences.They really believe in their own superiority, and they are disrespectful of those who are not.Hence their attitude, for example, to the Uyghurs and to the Tibetans.Or let me give you my third building block, the Chinese state.Now the relationship between the state and society in China is very different from that in the West.Now we in the West are overwhelmingly seem to think—in these days at least—that the authority and legitimacy of the state is a function of democracy.The problem of this proposition is that the Chinese state enjoys more legitimacy and more authority amongst the Chinese that is true with any Western state.And the reason for this is because—well, there’re two reasons I think.And it’s obviously got nothing to do with democracy, because in our terms the Chinese certainly don’t have a democracy.

And the reason for this is, firstly, because the state in China is given a very special.It enjoys a very special significance as the representative, the embodiment and the guardian of Chinese civilization, of the civilization state.This is as close as China gets to a kind of spiritual role.

And the second reason is because, whereas in Europe and North America, the state’s power is continuously challenged—I mean in the European tradition, historically against the church, against other sectors of the aristocracy, against merchants and so on.For 1000 years, the power of the Chinese state has not been challenged.It’s had no serious rivals.So you can see, the way in which power has been constructed in China is very different from our experience in Western history.

The result, by the way, is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state.Whereas we tend to view it as an intruder, a stranger, certainly an organ whose powers need to be limited or defined and constrained, the Chinese don’t see the state like that at all.The Chinese view the state as an intimate—not just as an intimate actually, as a member of the family; not just in fact as a member of the family, but as the head of the family, the patriarch of the family.This the Chinese view of the state, very very different to us.It’s embedded in society in a different kind of way to what the case in the West.

And I would suggest you that actually what we are dealing with here, in the Chinese context, is a new kind of paradigm, which is different from anything we’ve had to think about in the past.You know that China believes in the state and market, I mean, Adam Smith already writing in the late 18th century, said, “the Chinese market is larger and more developed and more sophisticated than anything in Europe.” And, apart from the Mao period, that remained more-or-le the case ever since.But this is combined with an extremely strong and ubiquitous state.The state is everywhere in China.I mean, its leading firms, many of them are still publicly owned.Private firms, however large they are, like Lenovo, depend in many ways on the state patronage.Targets for the economy and so on are set by the state.And the state, of course, its authority flows into lot of other areas as we are familiar with, with something like the one-child policy.Moreover, this is a very old state tradition, a very old tradition of statecraft.I mean, if you want an illustration of this, the Great Wall is one.But this is another, this is the Grand Canal, which was constructed in the first instance in the 5th century B.C.and was finally completed in the 7th century A.D.It went for 1114 miles, linking Beijing with Hangzhou and Shanghai.So there’s a long history of extraordinary state infrastructure projects in China, which I suppose helps us to explain what we see today, which is something like the Three Gorges Dam and many other expreions of state competence within China.So there we have 3 building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is China—the civilization state, the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society.

And yet we still insist, by-and-large, in thinking that we can understand China by simply drawing on Western experience, looking at it through Western eyes, using Western concepts.If you want to know why we unerringly to get China wrong, our predictions about what’s going to happen to China are incorrect, this is the reason.Unfortunately I think, I have to say that I think attitude towards China is that of a kind of little Westerner mentality.There’s kind of arrogant.It’s arrogant in the sense that we think that we are best, and therefore we have the universal measure.

And secondly, it’s ignorant.We refuse to really addre the iue of difference.You know, there’s a very interesting paage in a book by Paul Cohen, the American historian.And Paul Cohen argues that the West thinks of itself as probably the most cosmopolitan of all cultures.But it’s not.In many ways, it’s the most parochial, because for 200 years, the West has been so dominant in the world that it’s not really needed to understand other cultures, other civilizations.Because at the end of the day, it could, if neceary by force, get its own way.Whereas those cultures, virtually the rest of the world in fact, which have been in a far weaker position, vis-à-vis the West, have been thereby forced to understand the West, because the West’s presence in those societies.And, they are, as a result, more cosmopolitan in many ways than the West.I mean take the question of East Asia: Japan, Korea, China, etc.a third of the world’s population lives there, now the largest economic region in the world.And I’ll tell you now, that East Asianers, people from East Asia, are far more knowledgeable about the West than the West is about East Asian.

Now this point is very germane, I’m afraid, to the present.Because what’s happening? Back to that chart at the beginning the Goldman Sachs chart.What is happening is that, very rapidly in historical terms, the world is being driven and shaped, not by the old developed countries, but by the developing world.I mean we’ve seen this in terms of the G20 usurping very rapidly the position of the G7 or the G8.And there are 2 consequences of this, first, the West is rapidly losing its influence in the world.There was a dramatic illustration of this actually, a year ago, Copenhagen, climate change conference, Europe was not at the final negotiating table.When did that last happen? I would wager it was probably about 200 years ago, and that is what is going to happen in the future.And the second implication is that the world will inevitably as a consequence, become increasingly unfamiliar to us, because it’ll be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories that we are not really familiar with or conversant with.And at last, I’m afraid, take Europe, America is slightly different, but Europeans by and large I have to say are ignorant, are unaware about the way the world is changing.Some people, I’ve got an English friend in China, he said “the continent is sleepwalking into oblivion.” Well maybe that’s true, maybe that’s an exaggeration.But there’s another problem which goes along with this that Europe is increasing out of touch with the world and that is a sort of a lo of a sense of the future.I mean, Europe once, of course, once commanded the future in its confidence.Take the 19th century for example, but this, alas, is no longer true.If you want to feel the future, if you want to taste the future, try China—there’s old Confucius.This is a railway station the like of which you’ve never seen before.It doesn’t even look like a railway station.This is the new Guangzhou railway station for the high-speed trains.China already has more of the bigger network than any other country in the world and will soon have more than all the rest of the world put together.Or take this: now this is an idea, but it’s an idea to be tried out shortly in a suburb of Beijing.Here you have a megbus, on the upper deck carries about 2000 people.It travels on rails down a suburban road, and the cars travel underneath it.And it does speeds of up to about 100 miles an hour。

Now this is the way things are going to move, because China has a very specific problem, which is different from Europe and different from the United States.China has huge numbers of people and no space.So this is a solution to a situation where China’s going to have many, many, many cities over 20 million people。

Okay, so how would I like to finish? Well, what should our attitude be towards this world that we see very rapidly developing before us? I think there will be good things about it and there will be bad things about it.But I want to argue above all, a big picture positive for this world.You know, for 200 years, the world was eentially governed by a fragment of the human population.That’s what Europe and North America represented.The arrival of countries like China and India—between them 38% of the world’s population, and others like Indonesia and Brazil and so on, represent the most important single act of democratization in the last 200 years.Civilizations and cultures which had been ignored, which had no voice, which were not listened to, which were not known about, will have a different sort of representation in this world.As humanists, we must welcome, surely, this transformation.And we will have to learn about these civilizations.This big ship here was the one sailed in by Zheng He in the early 15th century on his great voyages around the South China Sea, the East China Sea and acro the Indian Ocean to East Africa.The little boat in front of it, was the one in which, 80 years later, Christopher Columbus croed the Atlantic.Or, look carefully at this silk scroll made by Zhu Zhou in 1368.I think they’re playing golf.Christ, the Chinese even invented golf.Welcome to the future.Thank you!

David Steindl Rast Want to be Happy be Grateful

There is something you know about me, something very personal, and there is something I know about every one of you and that\'s very central to your concerns.There is something that we know about everyone we meet anywhere in the world, on the street, that is the very mainspring of whatever they do and whatever they put up with, and that is that all of us want to be happy.In this, we are all together.How we imagine our happine, that differs from one another, but it\'s already a lot that we have all in common, that we want to be happy.

Now my topic is gratefulne.How is the connection between happine and gratefulne? Many people would say, well, that\'s very easy.When you are happy, you are grateful.But think again.Is it really the happy people that are grateful? We all know quite a number of people who have everything that it would take to be happy, and they are not happy, because they want something else or they want more of the same.And we all know people who have lots of misfortune, misfortune that we ourselves would not want to have, and they are deeply happy.They radiate happine.You are surprised.Why? Because they are grateful.So it is not happine that makes us grateful.It\'s gratefulne that makes us happy.If you think it\'s happine that makes you grateful, think again.It\'s gratefulne that makes you happy.

Now, we can ask, what really do we mean by gratefulne? And how does it work? I appeal to your own experience.We all know from experience how it goes.We experience something that\'s valuable to us.Something is given to us that\'s valuable to us.And it\'s really given.These two things have to come together.It has to be something valuable, and it\'s a real gift.You haven\'t bought it.You haven\'t earned it.You haven\'t traded it in.You haven\'t worked for it.It\'s just given to you.And when these two things come together, something that\'s really valuable to me and I realize it\'s freely given, then gratefulne spontaneously rises in my heart, happine spontaneously rises in my heart.That\'s how gratefulne happens.

Now the key to all this is that we cannot only experience this once in a while.We cannot only have grateful experiences.We can be people who live gratefully.Grateful living, that is the thing.And how can we live gratefully? By experiencing, by becoming aware that every moment is a given moment, as we say.It\'s a gift.You haven\'t earned it.You haven\'t brought it about in any way.You have no way of auring that there will be another moment given to you, and yet, that\'s the most valuable thing that can ever be given to us, this moment, with all the opportunity that it contains.If we didn\'t have this present moment, we wouldn\'t have any opportunity to do anything or experience anything, and this moment is a gift.It\'s a given moment, as we say.

Now, we say the gift within this gift is really the opportunity.What you are really grateful for is the opportunity, not the thing that is given to you, because if that thing were somewhere else and you didn\'t have the opportunity to enjoy it, to do something with it, you wouldn\'t be grateful for it.Opportunity is the gift within every gift, and we have this saying, opportunity knocks only once.Well, think again.Every moment is a new gift, over and over again, and if you mi the opportunity of this moment, another moment is given to us, and another moment.We can avail ourselves of this opportunity, or we can mi it, and if we avail ourselves of the opportunity, it is the key to happine.Behold the master key to our happine in our own hands.Moment by moment, we can be grateful for this gift.

Does that mean that we can be grateful for everything? Certainly not.We cannot be grateful for violence, for war, for oppreion, for exploitation.On the personal level, we cannot be grateful for the lo of a friend, for unfaithfulne, for bereavement.But I didn\'t say we can be grateful for everything.I said we can be grateful in every given moment for the opportunity, and even when we are confronted with something that is terribly difficult, we can rise to this occasion and respond to the opportunity that is given to us.It isn\'t as bad as it might seem.Actually, when you look at it and experience it, you find that most of the time, what is given to us is opportunity to enjoy, and we only mi it because we are rushing through life and we are not stopping to see the opportunity.

But once in a while, something very difficult is given to us, and when this difficult thing occurs to us, it\'s a challenge to rise to that opportunity, and we can rise to it by learning something which is sometimes painful.Learning patience, for instance.We have been told that the road to peace is not a sprint, but is more like a marathon.That takes patience.That\'s difficult.It may be to stand up for your opinion, to stand up for your conviction.That\'s an opportunity that is given to us.To learn, to suffer, to stand up, all these opportunities are given to us, but they are opportunities, and those who avail themselves of those opportunities are the ones that we admire.They make something out of life.And those who fail get another opportunity.We always get another opportunity.That\'s the wonderful richne of life.

So how can we find a method that will harne this? How can each one of us find a method for living gratefully, not just once in a while being grateful, but moment by moment to be grateful.How can we do it? It\'s a very simple method.It\'s so simple that it\'s actually what we were told as children when we learned to cro the street.Stop.Look.Go.That\'s all.But how often do we stop? We rush through life.We don\'t stop.We mi the opportunity because we don\'t stop.We have to stop.We have to get quiet.And we have to build stop signs into our lives.

When I was in Africa some years ago and then came back, I noticed water.In Africa where I was, I didn\'t have drinkable water.Every time I turned on the faucet, I was overwhelmed.Every time I clicked on the light, I was so grateful.It made me so happy.But after a while, this wears off.So I put little stickers on the light switch and on the water faucet, and every time I turned it on, water.So leave it up to your own imagination.You can find whatever works best for you, but you need stop signs in your life.And when you stop, then the next thing is to look.You look.You open your eyes.You open your ears.You open your nose.You open all your senses for this wonderful richne that is given to us.There is no end to it, and that is what life is all about, to enjoy, to enjoy what is given to us.

And then we can also open our hearts, our hearts for the opportunities, for the opportunities also to help others, to make others happy, because nothing makes us more happy than when all of us are happy.And when we open our hearts to the opportunities, the opportunities invite us to do something, and that is the third.Stop, look, and then go, and really do something.And what we can do is whatever life offers to you in that present moment.Mostly it\'s the opportunity to enjoy, but sometimes it\'s something more difficult.

But whatever it is, if we take this opportunity, we go with it, we are creative, those are the creative people, and that little stop, look, go, is such a potent seed that it can revolutionize our world.Because we need, we are at the present moment in the middle of a change of consciousne, and you will be surprised if you -- I am always surprised when I hear how many times this word \"gratefulne\" and \"gratitude\" comes up.Everywhere you find it, a grateful airline, a restaurant gratefulne, a cafe gratefulne, a wine that is gratefulne.Yes, I have even come acro a toilet paper that the brand is called Thank You.(Laughter) There is a wave of gratefulne because people are becoming aware how important this is and how this can change our world.It can change our world in immensely important ways, because if you\'re grateful, you\'re not fearful, and if you\'re not fearful, you\'re not violent.If you\'re grateful, you act out of a sense of enough and not of a sense of scarcity, and you are willing to share.If you are grateful, you are enjoying the differences between people, and you are respectful to everybody, and that changes this power pyramid under which we live.And it doesn\'t make for equality, but it makes for equal respect, and that is the important thing.The future of the world will be a network, not a pyramid, not a pyramid turned upside down.The revolution of which I am speaking is a nonviolent revolution, and it\'s so revolutionary that it even revolutionizes the very concept of a revolution, because a normal revolution is one where the power pyramid is turned upside down and those who were on the bottom are now on the top and are doing exactly the same thing that the ones did before.What we need is a networking of smaller groups, smaller and smaller groups who know one another, who interact with one another, and that is a grateful world.

A grateful world is a world of joyful people.Grateful people are joyful people, and joyful people, the more and more joyful people there are, the more and more we\'ll have a joyful world.We have a network for grateful living, and it has mushroomed.We couldn\'t understand why it mushroomed.We have an opportunity for people to light a candle when they are grateful for something.And there have been 15 million candles lit in one decade.People are becoming aware that a grateful world is a happy world, and we all have the opportunity by the simple stop, look, go, to transform the world, to make it a happy place.And that is what I hope for us, and if this has contributed a little to making you want to do the same, stop, look, go.

第18篇：TED演讲

TED演讲|激励人心的领导力 西蒙·斯涅克:伟大的领袖如何激励行动

How do you explain when things don\'t go as we aume? Or better, how do you explain when others are able to achieve things that seem to defy all of the aumptions? For example: Why is Apple so innovative? Year after year, after year, after year, they\'re more innovative than all their competition.And yet, they\'re just a computer company.They\'re just like everyone else.They have the same acce to the same talent, the same agencies, the same consultants, the same media.Then why is it that they seem to have something different? Why is it that Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights Movement? He wasn\'t the only man who suffered in a pre-civil rights America.And he certainly wasn\'t the only great orator of the day.Why him? And why is it that the Wright brothers were able to figure out control-powered, manned flight when there were certainly other teams who were better qualified, better funded, and they didn\'t achieve powered man flight, and the Wright brothers beat them to it.There\'s something else at play here.各位，当事情不是我们料想的那样时，你如何解释？当别人能够成就的事实似乎推翻了过去所有的假设的时候，你如何解释？举个例子，为什么苹果如此具有创新能力？一年又一年，一年又一年，他们比竞争对手更加创新。而且，他们只是一家电脑公司。就像每个电脑公司一样，他们能招到的人才，获得的资源，找到的顾问，采访的媒体都和别人一样。那为什么他们好像总是能够拿出一些不同的东西来？同样，为什么是马丁·路德·金来领导民权运动？他不是唯一遭受运动前社会歧视的黑人，他也肯定不是那个时代唯一伟大的演说家。那为什么是他领导民权运动？还有，为什么是莱特兄弟能够研制出动力控制的载人飞机？当时还有其他团队比他们兄弟俩更有能力，更多资金，他们却没能实现人力飞行，莱特兄弟打败了他们。一定还有一些什么别的因素在起作用。

About three and a half years ago I made a discovery, and this discovery profoundly changed my view on how I thought the world worked.And it even profoundly changed the way in which I operate in it.As it turns out -- there\'s a pattern -- as it turns out, all the great and inspiring leaders and organizations in the world, whether it\'s Apple, or Martin Luther King or the Wright brothers, they all think, act and communicate the exact same way.And it\'s the complete opposite to everyone else.All I did was codify it.And it\'s probably the world\'s simplest idea.I call it the golden circle.大概三年半前，我有了一个发现，这个发现从根本上改变了我对世界是如何运作的看法，甚至也根本改变了我运作的方式。事实显示，有这么一个模式，这个世界上所有伟大的激动人心的领导者和组织，不管它是苹果，或者马丁·路德·金，或者莱特兄弟，他们思考，行动和沟通的方式完全一样！而对其他人，则正好反其道而行之。我所做的就是把它整理出来，这可能是世界上最简单的一个观念。我称之为“黄金圆环”。

（板上画了三个圆环，中心是\"为什么why\", 第二个环是\"怎么做how\"，最外面的环是\"是什么what\"）

Why? How? What? This little idea explains why some organizations and some leaders are able to inspire where others aren\'t.Let me define the terms really quickly.Every single person, every single organization on the planet knows what they do, 100 percent.Some know how they do it, whether you call it your differentiated value proposition or your proprietary proce or your USP.But very, very few people or organizations know why they do what they do.And by \"why\" I don\'t mean \"to make a profit.\" That\'s a result.It\'s always a result.By \"why\" I mean: what\'s your purpose? What\'s your cause? What\'s your belief? Why does your organization exist? Why do you get out of bed in the morning? And why should anyone care? Well, as a result, the way we think, the way we act, the way we communicate is from the outside in.It\'s obvious.We go from the clearest thing to the fuzziest thing.But the inspired leaders and the inspired organizations, regardle of their size, regardle of their industry, all think, act and communicate from the inside out.为什么？怎么做？是什么？这个黄金圆环解释了为什么有的组织和领导者能够激发行动，而其他的不能。让我很快地给这些词下个定义。这个地球上每个人，每个组织都知道自己在做什么，百分之百的。其中有的知道他们该怎么做，不管你称作差异价值定位，或是你的独有工艺，或是你的独特卖点都行。但是非常非常少的人和组织才知道他们为什么做手头的事情。这里我说的“为什么\"不是什么“赢利”。那只是结果，一直都是结果而已。说“为什么”我的意思是：你的目标目的是什么？你的原因是什么？你的信念是什么？你的机构为什么存在？你每天早上为什么起床？你起不起床对别人有什么不同，别人为什么要在乎？作为结果，我们思考的方式，我们行动的方式，和我们沟通的方式，在这个黄金圆环上都是从外到内的。我们从最清楚的再到最模糊的。但是激励型的领导者和组织，不管他们大小规模，不管他们所在行业，都从内到外地思考，行动，和沟通。

Let me give you an example.I use Apple because they\'re easy to understand and everybody gets it.If Apple were like everyone else, a marketing meage from them might sound like this.\"We make great computers.They\'re beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly.Want to buy one?\" Neh.And that\'s how most of us communicate.That\'s how most marketing is done.That\'s how most sales are done.And that\'s how most of us communicate interpersonally.We say what we do, we say how we\'re different or how we\'re better and we expect some sort of a behavior, a purchase, a vote, something like that.Here\'s our new law firm.We have the best lawyers with the biggest clients.We always perform for our clients who do busine with us.Here\'s our new car.It gets great gas mileage.It has leather seats.Buy our car.But it\'s uninspiring.让我给您举个例子。我用苹果电脑，因为它易于理解，每个人都能上手。如果苹果和其他竞争对手一样，他们的广告语可能就会这样写：“我们制造出色的电脑，它们设计精美，使用简单，界面友好。想要买一台吗？”不想！这就是我们大部分人沟通的方式。这也是大部分公司的市场推广方式。这也是大部分销售完成的方式。我们说我们要做什么，我们是怎样与众不同或者更好，然后我们就等着别人被打动或者掏腰包，投票，诸如此类。比如，你对客户说，这是我们新的律师事务所，我们有最好的律师，最大的客户，我们总是为我们的客户竭尽全力。再比如，这是我们推出的新车型，非常省油，又有皮座垫，快来买我们的车吧──这些都无法激励我们。

Here\'s how Apple actually communicates.\"Everything we do, we believe in challenging the status quo.We believe in thinking differently.The way we challenge the status quo is by making our products beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly.We just happen to make great computers.Want to buy one?\" Totally different right? You\'re ready to buy a computer from me.All I did was reverse the order of information.What it proves to us is that people don\'t buy what you do; people buy why you do it.People don\'t buy what you do; they buy why you do it.苹果实际上是这样沟通的，“我们所做的每件事情，我们都相信要打破现状，以不同的角度思考。我们打破现状的方式就是让我们的产品设计精美，使用简单，界面友好。我们只是碰巧制造电脑而已。想要买一台吗？”味道完全不同，对吧！你已经准备要向我订购了。我所做的就是反转信息的顺序。事实已经向我们证明，顾客不是购买你所做的产品；顾客购买你制作它的理由。

This explains why every single person in this room is perfectly comfortable buying a computer from Apple.But we\'re also perfectly comfortable buying an MP3 player from Apple, or a phone from Apple, or a DVR from Apple.But, as I said before, Apple\'s just a computer company.There\'s nothing that distinguishes them structurally from any of their competitors.Their competitors are all equally qualified to make all of these products.In fact, they tried.A few years ago, Gateway came out with flat screen TVs.They\'re eminently qualified to make flat screen TVs.They\'ve been making flat screen monitors for years.Nobody bought one.Dell came out with MP3 players and PDAs.And they make great quality products.And they can make perfectly well-designed products.And nobody bought one.In fact, talking about it now, we can\'t even imagine buying an MP3 player from Dell.Why would you buy an MP3 player from a computer company? But we do it every day.People don\'t buy what you do; they buy why you do it.The goal is not to do busine with everybody who needs what you have.The goal is to do busine with people who believe what you believe.Here\'s the best part.这就解释了为什么在这个大厅里的每个人都觉得购买苹果电脑挺好的，但是我们也觉得买苹果的MP3播放器(指iPod)挺好的，或者是苹果出品的电话(iPhone)，或者是苹果的数字录像设备(Apple TV)。但是，就像我前面说到，苹果只是一个电脑公司。没有什么可以把苹果和竞争者截然分开。那些竞争对手们也能生产品质很好的所有这些产品。实际上，他们也尝试了。几年前，Gateway公司推出了一款平面电视机。他们制造电视机的水平很高，在此之前他们做液晶显示器已经很多年了。但他们推出的平板电视机无人问津。戴尔电脑也推出了自己的MP3播放器和PDA，他们的产品品质也很优秀，也设计良好。同样没有人买。想想吧，我们都难以想像，从戴尔买一台MP3播放器是怎么一回事。你干嘛要从一家电脑公司买一台MP3播放器呢？但我们每天就是这么做的。顾客不会购买你的产品，他们会买你制作它的理由。商业的目的不是和那些他有求你有供的人做生意，是和那些信念相同的人做生意。这就是我的主要论点。

None of what I\'m telling you is my opinion.It\'s all grounded in the tenets of biology.Not psychology, biology.If you look at a cro-section of the human brain, looking from the top down, What you see is the human brain is actually broken into three major components that correlate perfectly with the golden circle.Our newest brain, our homo sapien brain, our neocortex, corresponds with the \"what\" level.The neocortex is responsible for all of our rational and analytical thought and language.The middle two sections make up our limbic brains.And our limbic brains are responsible for all of our feelings, like trust and loyalty.It\'s also responsible for all human behavior, all decision-making, and it has no capacity for language.我所说的没有一个是我的观点，都是生物学的观念。对，不是心理学，是生物学。如果从上方俯视大脑的横截面图，你所看到的是人的大脑分为三个主要的部分，正好和与黄金环的三个部分对应。我们最新的脑部，即我们智人（生物学概念，指有了现代智慧的人种）的脑部，或者说我们的大脑皮层(neocortex)，对应着“是什么”这个环。大脑皮层负责我们所有的理性和逻辑的思考和语言组织。中间的两个部分是我们的边脑(limbic brain)，边脑负责我们所有的情感，比如信任和忠诚，也负责所有的人体行动和做出决策。同时，这部分没有语言功能。

In other words, when we communicate from the outside in, yes, people can understand vast amounts of complicated information like features and benefits and facts and figures.It just doesn\'t drive behavior.When we can communicate from the inside out, we\'re talking directly to the part of the brain that controls behavior, and then we allow people to rationalize it with the tangible things we say and do.This is where gut decisions come from.You know, sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and figures, and they say, \"I know what all the facts and details say, but it just doesn\'t feel right.\" Why would we use that verb, it doesn\'t \"feel\" right? Because the part of the brain that controls decision-making, doesn\'t control language.And the best we can muster up is, \"I don\'t know.It just doesn\'t feel right.\" Or sometimes you say you\'re leading with your heart, or you\'re leading with your soul.Well, I hate to break it to you, those aren\'t other body parts controlling your behavior.It\'s all happening here in you limbic brain, the part of the brain that controls decision-making and not language.换句话说，在这个黄金圆环上当我们从外向内沟通时，我们可以让人们理解大量复杂的信息，比如特点，好处，事实，还有图表，但就是无法激发他们的行动。当我们可以从内向外沟通时，我们就是在直接与大脑中控制行动的部分沟通，然后人们再理性地考虑我们所说和做的“怎样”和“什么”。这就是那些勇敢大胆决定的来源。你可能也知道，有时候你给了别人所有的事实和图表，然后他们说，“我知道所有的事实和细节是怎么回事，但就是感觉不对。” 我们为什么要用这个词，“感觉”不对？因为控制行动的那部分边脑，不控制语言，所以当边脑这部分拒绝的时候，我们想来想去只好说，“我不知道为什么，就是感觉不对。”有时候，你会说自己是在用心去带领，或者用灵魂去引导，嗯，我不愿意打断你，但这些都不是控制你行为的身体部分。控制你行为的是大脑的边脑部分，它控制了你做的决定，而不是语言。

But if you don\'t know why you do what you do, and people respond to why you do what you do, then how you ever get people to vote for you, or buy something from you, or, more importantly, be loyal and want to be a part of what it is that you do.Again, the goal is not just to sell to people who need what you have; the goal is to sell to people who believe what you believe.The goal is not just to hire people who need a job; it\'s to hired people who believe what you believe.I always say that, you know, if you hire people just because they can do a job, they\'ll work for your money, but if you hire people who believe what you believe, they\'ll work for your you with blood and sweat and tears.And nowhere else is there a better example of this than with the Wright brothers.如果你自己都不知道所作所为的理由，而人们需要这样的理由，你如何赢得大家对你的支持，从你这里下单购买，或者，更重要的，忠诚并且想成为你行动的一分子呢？再说一次，目标不是向那些有求于你的人销售，目标是向那些相信你所坚信的人销售，他们将为你付出热血，汗水和泪水。对于这一点，没有比莱特兄弟的故事更说明问题的了。

Most people don\'t know about Samuel Pierpont Langley.And back in the early 20th century, the pursuit of powered man flight was like the dot com of the day.Everybody was trying it.And Samuel Pierpont Langley had, what we aume, to be the recipe for succe.I mean, even now, you ask people, \"Why did your product or why did your company fail?\" and people always give you the same permutation of the same three things, under-capitalized, the wrong people, bad market conditions.It\'s always the same three things, so let\'s explore that.Samuel Pierpont Langley was given 50,000 dollars by the War Deptartment to figure out this flying machine.Money was no problem.He held a seat at Harvard and worked at the Smithsonian and was extremely well-connected.He knew all the big minds of the day.He hired the best minds money could find.And the market conditions were fantastic.The New York Times followed him around everywhere.And everyone was rooting for Langley.Then how come you\'ve never heard of Samuel Pierpont Langley? 绝大部分人都没有听说过塞缪尔·兰利这个人。在二十世纪早期，对载人飞行的探索的热情，就像今天对建立网络公司的热度一样。每个人都在尝试。塞缪尔·兰利有着我们大家所谓的成功的所有要素。是什么意思呢？比如今天，你要是问别人，“你的产品或公司为什么会失败？” 那人一定会给出同样三样事情的同样组合──资本不够，用人不善，市道不佳。总是这三个原因，那么让我们且来探讨一番，究竟如何。 塞缪尔·兰利获得国防部五万美元投资，让他研制载人飞机。所以对他来说，资金不是问题；他又在哈佛有一个职位，并在Smithsonian博物馆工作，人脉很广很深。他也认识当时所有该领域的专家学者。他用手里的资金可以雇佣当时最好的专家。如果研制出来载人飞行器，市场前景更是无可限量。除此之外，《纽约时报》记者整天跟在他屁股后面等新闻──每个人都支持他。那么你今天怎么会从来没有听说过塞缪尔·兰利呢？

A few hundred miles away in Dayton Ohio, Orville and Wilbur Wright, they had none of what we consider to be the recipe for succe.They had no money.They paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop.Not a single person on the Wright brothers\' team had a college education, not even Orville or Wilbur.And the New York Times followed them around nowhere.The difference was, Orville and Wilbur were driven by a cause, by a purpose, by a belief.They believed that if they could figure out this flying machine, it\'ll change the course of the world.Samuel Pierpont Langley was different.He wanted to be rich, and he wanted to be famous.He was in pursuit of the result.He was in pursuit of the riches.And lo and behold, look what happened.The people who believed in the Wright brothers\' dream, worked with them with blood and sweat and tears.The others just worked for the paycheck.And they tell stories of how every time the Wright brothers went out, they would have to take five sets of parts, because that\'s how many times they would crash before they came in for supper.与此同时，在俄亥俄州戴顿市几百里外，奥维尔·莱特和维尔伯·莱特兄弟，他们俩没有任何我们认定的成功要素──他们资金匮乏，研制经费都来自于兄弟俩开的自行车铺的微薄利润；他们团队里的人没有一个上过大学，连他们俩自己也没上过；《纽约时报》记者更是不沾他们的边。不同的地方是，奥维尔和维尔伯有一个理由，一个目标，一个信仰驱使着他们去做这些事情。他们相信，如果他们能研制出来载人飞行器，将会改变世界。塞缪尔·兰利就不同了。他想要成名，想要发财。他追求的就是这两个结果。 事情如何发展呢？ 那些相信莱特兄弟梦想的人，与他们同甘共苦，同洒热血泪水和汗水。其他人只是为工资单工作，而且他们还对外人讲述他们是怎么样在莱特兄弟出去的时候不得不偷偷拿走零件，因为他们晚餐都无以为继，生活濒于崩溃。

And, eventually, on December 17th, 1903, the Wright brothers took flight, and no one was there to even experience it.We found out about it a few days later.And further proof that Langley was motivated by the wrong thing, the day the Wright brothers took flight, he quit.He could have said, \"That\'s an amazing discovery guys, and I will improve upon your technology,\" but he didn\'t.He wasn\'t first, he didn\'t get rich, he didn\'t get famous, so he quit.1903年12月17日，莱特兄弟进行试飞成功，当时无人在场见证，而外界几天之后才知晓。 后来事情进一步证实，塞缪尔·兰利动机不纯，因为在莱特兄弟试飞成功后，他退出了。他本来可以说：“干得真棒，伙计们！让我们在你们的技术基础上做个更好的！” 但是他没有。他是第一个投入研制的，却没能第一个成功，看来他没能成名，也无法借机发财，于是他放弃了。

People don\'t buy what you do; they buy why you do it.And if you talk about what you believe, you will attract those who believe what you believe.But why is it important to attract those who believe what you believe? Something called the law of diffusion of innovation.And if you don\'t know the law, you definitely know the terminology.The first two and a half percent of our population are our innovators.The next 13 and a half percent of our population are our early adopters.The next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards.The only reason these people buy touch tone phones is because you can\'t buy rotary phones anymore.

人们不会为你所做的买单；他们为你这么做的理由买单。如果你讲述你的信念，你会吸引那些与你具有同样信念的人。为什么吸引和你信念相同的人这么重要呢？是因为一个革新扩散的法则在起作用。如果你没有听说过这个法则的话， 你肯定知道这个概念。在这个社会里，2.5%的人是革新者，接下来的13.5%的人是我们早期的采用者，后面的34%是早期的主流，后面还有晚期的主流，以及最后拖后腿的人，这些拖后腿的人购买按键电话的唯一原因是因为他们再也买不到转盘电话了。

(Laughter) （笑）

We all sit at various places at various times on this scale, but what the law of diffusion of innovation tells us is that if you want ma-market succe or ma-market acceptance of an idea, you cannot have it until you achieve this tipping point between 15 and 18 percent market penetration.And then the system tips.And I love asking businees, \"What\'s your conversion on new busine?\" And they love to tell you, \"Oh, it\'s about 10 percent,\" proudly.Well, you can trip over 10 percent of the customers.We all have about 10 percent who just \"get it.\" That\'s how we describe them, right.That\'s like that gut feeling, \"Oh, they just get it.\" The problem is: How do you find the ones that get it before you\'re doing busine with them versus the ones who don\'t get it? So it\'s this here, this little gap, that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it, \"croing the chasm.\" Because, you see, the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first.And these guys, the innovators and the early adopters, they\'re comfortable making those gut decisions.They\'re more comfortable making those intuitive decisions that are driven by what they believe about the world and not just what product is available.在这个刻度上，我们不同的时候处在不同的区间内，但是革新扩散法则告诉我们，如果你想要大众市场的成功，或是大众市场接受一个观念，你只有到达15%到18%这个市场份额的转折点的时候才会发生。我总是问企业，“你的新业务什么时候开始转变？” 他们喜欢告诉我说，“噢，大概10%。” 很自豪地说。好吧，算你可以遍访10%的客户。我们都有10%的客户已经“接受”了。那是我们怎样描述他们，那就像那种勇敢的感觉，“哦，他们刚刚接受了。” 问题是，在你和他们做生意之前，你怎样找到那些接受了的人而非那些不接受的人呢？所以就是这儿，就是这条小沟，你必须弥补，就像杰夫瑞·摩尔说的，“跨越鸿沟”。因为，你看，那些早期的主流人群不会尝试新事物，直到别人先尝试过了。而这些人，这些革新者和早期采用者，他们勇于尝试新事物，他们更易于凭直觉做决定，靠的是他们对世界的信念，而非只是市场上有什么样的产品。

These are the people who stood on line for six hours to buy an iPhone when they first came out, when you could have just walked into the store the next week and bought one off the shelf.These are the people 40,000 dollars on flat screen TVs when they first came out, even though the technology was substandard.And, by the way, they didn\'t do it because the technology was so great.They did it for themselves.It\'s because they wanted to be first.People don\'t buy what you do; they buy what you do it.And what you do simply proves what you believe.In fact, people will do the things that prove what they believe.The reason that person bought the iPhone in the first six hours, stood in line for six hours, was because of what they believed about the world, and how they wanted everybody to see them.They were first.People don\'t buy what you do; they buy why you do it.就是这样的人，当iPhone推出的时候愿意排上六个小时的队，第一时间买到手，哪怕一个星期后，你就可以轻松走进店里随意从货架上拿一个下来。就是这些人，在平板电视刚推出的时候，愿意花费四万美元购买，即使技术还没完全成熟。对，顺便提一句，他们这么做不是因为产品的技术有多么伟大。他们是为自己而购买。因为他们就是想喝头羹汤。所以还是那句话，人们不因你所做的而买单，他们因你所做的理由而买单，你的行动就证明了你的信念。实际上，人们会做那些证明他们信念的事情。那些在iPhone开售前排队6个小时的人，是因为他们对世界的看法──智能手机和移动计算将是业界的未来，于是他们排队证明给世人看，他们将是第一批走向这个未来的人。人们不为你的行为买单，他们为你的信念买单。

So let me give you a famous example, a famous failure and a famous succe of the law of diffusion of innovation.First, the famous failure.It\'s a commercial example.As we said before, a second ago, the recipe for succe is money and the right people and the right market conditions.Right.You should have succe then.Look at TiVo.From the time TiVo came out, about eight or nine years ago, to this current day, they are the single highest-quality product on the market, hands down, there is no dispute.They were extremely well-funded.Market conditions were fantastic.I mean, we use TiVo as verb.I TiVo stuff on my piece of junk Time Warner DVR all the time.关于革新扩散理论，让我给你一个著名的例子，一个著名的失败和一个著名的成功例子。首先，著名的失败例子，是在商业领域内的。像我前面提到的，成功的要素是资金充裕，用人为善，市道正好。没错，这样你就可以享有成功了。那么看看TiVo吧。从

八、九年前TiVo问世，直到今天，他们都是市场上唯一品质最高的产品。（对听众）不用举手，这没什么可争议。他们资金极为充裕，市场需求非常好。我们几乎把TiVo当作日常用语了──我一直把东西TiVo在我那时代华纳的垃圾DVR里面。

But TiVo\'s a commercial failure.They\'ve never made money.And when they went IPO, their stock was at about 30 or 40 dollars and then plummeted, and it\'s never traded above 10.In fact, I don\'t even think it\'s traded above six, except for a couple of little spikes.Because you see, when TiVo launched their product, they told us all what they had.They said, \"We have a product that pauses live TV, skips commercials, rewinds live TV and memorizes your viewing habits without you even asking.\" And the cynical majority said, \"We don\'t believe you.We don\'t need it.We don\'t like it.You\'re scaring us.\" What if they had said, \"If you\'re the kind of person who likes to have total control over every aspect of your life, boy, do we have a product for you.It pauses live TV, skips commercials, memorizes your viewing habits, etc., etc.\" People don\'t buy what you do; they buy why you do it.And what you do simply serves as the proof of what you believe.但是TiVo是个商业上的大失败。他们从未盈利。当他们上市时，他们的股票价格大约30到40美元，然后就直线下跌，而成交价格从没超过10美元，实际上，我记得就没有超过6美元，除了几次价格小涨起落。为什么？因为你看，当TiVo发布产品的时候，他们告诉我们顾客的是他们的“what是什么”。他们说，“我们有一个产品，可以暂停直播电视节目，跳过广告，倒回节目开始，记住你的观看习惯，甚至你都不用设置。” 而挑剔的大众回答，“我们不相信你，我们不需要这个东西，我们也不喜欢它，你在唬人。” 市场反应如此糟糕！要是他们像下面这样说会怎样呢，“如果你是那种喜欢全面掌控生活每个方面的人，伙计，我们这儿为你量身打造一款产品，它可以暂停直播电视节目，跳过广告，倒回节目开始，记住你的观看习惯，等等等等。” 人们不因你所做的而买单，他们因你所做的理由而买单，你的行动就证明了你的信念。

Now let me give you a succeful example of the law of diffusion of innovation.In the summer of 1963, 250,000 people showed up on the mall in Washington to hear Dr.King speak.They sent out no invitations, and there was no website to check the date.How do you do that? Well, Dr.King wasn\'t the only man in America who was a great orator.He wasn\'t the only man in America who suffered in a pre-civil rights America.In fact, some of his ideas were bad.But he had a gift.He didn\'t go around telling people what needed to change in America.He went around and told people what he believed.\"I believe.I believe.I believe,\" he told people.And people who believed what he believed took his cause, and they made it their own, and they told people.And some of those people created structures to get the word out to even more people.And low and behold, 250,000 people showed up on the right day, at the right time, to hear him speak.现在我再给你一个革新扩散法则的成功例子。1963年夏天，25万人汇集华盛顿DC，聆听马丁·路德·金博士的演讲。没有什么邀请信，没有什么网站让你查演讲日期。怎么做到（汇集这么多人）的？ 金博士并非美国唯一伟大的演说家，他不是唯一饱受社会歧视之苦的人。实际上，他的部分观点很糟糕。但他有一个天分。他没有巡回告诉人们要做什么去改变美国。他巡回演讲告诉人们他的信念。“我相信有一天……我相信……我相信……” 他告诉人们。

How many of them showed up for him? Zero.They showed up for themselves.It\'s what they believed about America that got them to travel in a bus for eight hours, to stand in the sun in Washington in the middle of August.It\'s what they believed, and it wasn\'t about black versus white.25 percent of the audience was white.Dr.King believed that there are two types of laws in this world, those that are made by a higher authority and those that are made by man.And not until all the laws that are made by man are consistent with the laws that are made by the higher authority, will we live in a just world.It just so happened that the Civil Rights Movement was the perfect thing to help him bring his cause to life.We followed, not for him, but for ourselves.And, by the way, he gave the \"I have a dream\" speech, not the \"I have a plan\" speech.而那些和他怀有同样信念的人接受了他的理由，把它们变为自己的观念，再告诉别人。还有人进一步构建信念把话语传给更多的人，结果，25万人在那天准时出现，聆听他演讲。 有多少人是为金博士而来？没有谁是。他们为自己而来，是他们自己对美国的信念把他们带上大巴，跋涉八个小时，在八月夏日的太阳底下来到华盛顿。这是他们的信念，这信念无关黑人与白人，现场听众有25%是白人。金博士相信世间有两种法则，一种是上帝制定的，一种是世人制定的。直到世人制定的法律和上帝制定的律法相符合，我们才真正生活在公义的世界里。只是碰巧民权运动是帮他将信念付诸实现的最佳载体。我们跟随他，不是为了他，是为了我们自己。顺便说一句，他的演讲是“我有一个梦想”，不是“我有一个方案”。

(Laughter) （大笑）

Listen to politicians now with their comprehensive 12-point plans.They\'re not inspiring anybody.Because there are leaders and there are those who lead.Leaders hold a position of power or authority.But those who lead inspire us.Whether they\'re individuals or organizations, we follow those who lead, not because we have to, but because we want to.We follow those who lead, not for them, but for ourselves.And it\'s those who start with \"why\" that have the ability to inspire those around them or find others who inspire them.听听今天的政治人物提出的综合12点方案，对听众而言真是毫无激动人心之处。有两种人，一种是领导，一种是能领导的人。领导只是处在有权力或权威的位置。但能领导的人才能激励我们，不论他们是个人还是组织。我们跟随那些能领导的人，不是因为我们不得不，而是因为我们想要。我们跟随那些能领导的人，不是为他们，是为我们自己。正是那些从“为什么”开始的人，有能力激励他们周围的人，或者找到那些能激励他们的人。

Thank you very much.非常感谢！

第19篇：TED演讲

TED演讲:做勇敢的女孩 不做完美的女孩

我们社会一直默认的教育方式是“将女孩养成完美无缺的人，将男孩育成勇敢无畏的人。” 但演讲者Reshma Saujani却否定这样的观点，每一个人都应该有勇气去挑战自己从来就只是想想而不敢尝试的事，男生女生都应该为自己勇敢！ TED演讲英文文稿: TED演讲中文文稿: 0:12 So a few years ago, I did something really brave, or some would say really stupid.I ran forCongre.0:22 For years, I had existed safely behind the scenes in politics as a fundraiser, as an organizer, butin my heart, I always wanted to run.The sitting congrewoman had been in my district since1992.She had never lost a race, and no one had really even run against her in a Democraticprimary.But in my mind, this was my way to make a difference, to disrupt the status quo.Thepolls, however, told a very different story.My pollsters told me that I was crazy to run, thatthere was no way that I could win. 1:01 But I ran anyway, and in 2012, I became an upstart in a New York City congreional race.Iswore I was going to win.I had the endorsement from the New York Daily News, the WallStreet Journal snapped pictures of me on election day, and CNBC called it one of the hottestraces in the country.I raised money from everyone I knew, including Indian aunties that werejust so happy an Indian girl was running.But on election day, the polls were right, and I only got19 percent of the vote, and the same papers that said I was a rising political star now said Iwasted 1.3 million dollars on 6,321 votes.Don\'t do the math.It was humiliating.1:55 Now, before you get the wrong idea, this is not a talk about the importance of failure.Nor is itabout leaning in.I tell you the story of how I ran for Congre because I was 33 years old and itwas the first time in my entire life that I had done something that was truly brave, where I didn\'tworry about being perfect.2:20 And I\'m not alone: so many women I talk to tell me that they gravitate towards careers andprofeions that they know they\'re going to be great in, that they know they\'re going to beperfect in, and it\'s no wonder why.Most girls are taught to avoid risk and failure.We\'re taught tosmile pretty, play it safe, get all A\'s.Boys, on the other hand, are taught to play rough, swinghigh, crawl to the top of the monkey bars and then just jump off headfirst.And by the timethey\'re adults, whether they\'re negotiating a raise or even asking someone out on a date,they\'re habituated to take risk after risk.They\'re rewarded for it.It\'s often said in Silicon Valley,no one even takes you seriously unle you\'ve had two failed start-ups.In other words, we\'reraising our girls to be perfect, and we\'re raising our boys to be brave.3:20 Some people worry about our federal deficit, but I, I worry about our bravery deficit.Oureconomy, our society, we\'re just losing out because we\'re not raising our girls to be brave.Thebravery deficit is why women are underrepresented in STEM, in C-suites, in boardrooms, inCongre, and pretty much everywhere you look.3:45 In the 1980s, psychologist Carol Dweck looked at how bright fifth graders handled an aignmentthat was too difficult for them.She found that bright girls were quick to give up.The higher theIQ, the more likely they were to give up.Bright boys, on the other hand, found the difficultmaterial to be a challenge.They found it energizing.They were more likely to redouble theirefforts.4:11 What\'s going on? Well, at the fifth grade level, girls routinely outperform boys in every subject,including math and science, so it\'s not a question of ability.The difference is in how boys andgirls approach a challenge.And it doesn\'t just end in fifth grade.An HP report found that men willapply for a job if they meet only 60 percent of the qualifications, but women, women will applyonly if they meet 100 percent of the qualifications.100 percent.This study is usually invoked asevidence that, well, women need a little more confidence.But I think it\'s evidence that womenhave been socialized to aspire to perfection, and they\'re overly cautious.5:00 (Applause) 5:03 And even when we\'re ambitious, even when we\'re leaning in, that socialization of perfection hascaused us to take le risks in our careers.And so those 600,000 jobs that are open right now incomputing and tech, women are being left behind, and it means our economy is being leftbehind on all the innovation and problems women would solve if they were socialized to be braveinstead of socialized to be perfect.5:35 (Applause) 5:39 So in 2012, I started a company to teach girls to code, and what I found is that by teachingthem to code I had socialized them to be brave.Coding, it\'s an endle proce of trial anderror, of trying to get the right command in the right place, with sometimes just a semicolonmaking the difference between succe and failure.Code breaks and then it falls apart, and itoften takes many, many tries until that magical moment when what you\'re trying to build comesto life.It requires perseverance.It requires imperfection.6:21 We immediately see in our program our girls\' fear of not getting it right, of not being perfect.Every Girls Who Code teacher tells me the same story.During the first week, when the girls arelearning how to code, a student will call her over and she\'ll say, \"I don\'t know what code towrite.\" The teacher will look at her screen, and she\'ll see a blank text editor.If she didn\'t knowany better, she\'d think that her student spent the past 20 minutes just staring at the screen.But if she prees undo a few times, she\'ll see that her student wrote code and then deleted it.She tried, she came close, but she didn\'t get it exactly right.Instead of showing the progrethat she made, she\'d rather show nothing at all.Perfection or bust.7:13 It turns out that our girls are really good at coding, but it\'s not enough just to teach them tocode.7:21 My friend Lev Brie, who is a profeor at the University of Columbia and teaches intro to Javatells me about his office hours with computer science students.When the guys are strugglingwith an aignment, they\'ll come in and they\'ll say, \"Profeor, there\'s something wrong with mycode.\" The girls will come in and say, \"Profeor, there\'s something wrong with me.\" 7:44 We have to begin to undo the socialization of perfection, but we\'ve got to combine it with buildinga sisterhood that lets girls know that they are not alone.Because trying harder is not going to fixa broken system.I can\'t tell you how many women tell me, 8:00 \"I\'m afraid to raise my hand, I\'m afraid to ask a question, because I don\'t want to be the onlyone who doesn\'t understand, the only one who is struggling.When we teach girls to be braveand we have a supportive network cheering them on, they will build incredible things, and I seethis every day.Take, for instance, two of our high school students who built a game calledTampon Run -- yes, Tampon Run -- to fight against the menstruation taboo and sexism ingaming.Or the Syrian refugee who dared show her love for her new country by building an appto help Americans get to the polls.Or a 16-year-old girl who built an algorithm to help detectwhether a cancer is benign or malignant in the off chance that she can save her daddy\'slifebecause he has cancer.These are just three examples of thousands,thousandsofgirlswhohave been socialized to be imperfect, who have learned to keep trying, who have learned perseverance.And whether they become coders or the next Hillary Clinton or Beyoncé, they willnot defer their dreams.9:26 And those dreams have never been more important for our country.For the Americaneconomy, for any economy to grow, to truly innovate, we cannot leave behind half ourpopulation.We have to socialize our girls to be comfortable with imperfection, and we\'ve got todo it now.We cannot wait for them to learn how to be brave like I did when I was 33 years old.We have to teach them to be brave in schools and early in their careers, when it has the mostpotential to impact their lives and the lives of others, and we have to show them that they will beloved and accepted not for being perfect but for being courageous.And so I need each of youto tell every young woman you know -- your sister, your niece, your employee, your colleague --to be comfortable with imperfection, because when we teach girls to be imperfect, and we helpthem leverage it, we will build a movement of young women who are brave and who will build abetter world for themselves and for each and every one of us.10:44 Thank you.10:45 (Applause) Thank you.10:56 Chris Anderson: Reshma, thank you.It\'s such a powerful vision you have.You have a vision.Tell me how it\'s going.How many girls are involved now in your program? 11:06 Reshma Saujani: Yeah.So in 2012, we taught 20 girls.This year we\'ll teach 40,000 in all 50states.11:15 And that number is really powerful, because last year we only graduated 7,500 women incomputer science.Like, the problem is so bad that we can make that type of change quickly.11:29 CA: And you\'re working with some of the companies in this room even, who are welcominggraduates from your program? 11:35 RS: Yeah, we have about 80 partners, from Twitter to Facebook to Adobe to IBM to Microsoftto Pixar to Disney, I mean, every single company out there.And if you\'re not signed up, I\'mgoing to find you, because we need every single tech company to embed a Girls Who Codeclaroom in their office.11:52 CA: And you have some stories back from some of those companies that when you mix in moregender balance in the engineering teams, good things happen.12:01 RS: Great things happen.I mean, I think that it\'s crazy to me to think about the fact that rightnow 85 percent of all consumer purchases are made by women.Women use social media at arate of 600 percent more than men.We own the Internet, and we should be building thecompanies of tomorrow.And I think when companies have diverse teams, and they haveincredible women that are part of their engineering teams, they build awesome things, and wesee it every day.12:24 CA: Reshma, you saw the reaction there.You\'re doing incredibly important work.This wholecommunity is cheering you on.More power to you.Thank you.12:32

第20篇：演讲文稿

教学勇气-漫步教师心灵

第一次拿起这本书，很自然地大概翻阅一遍，第一反应是，这内容对于我这个刚大学毕业的新老师有点“深奥”了。书的封面设计简单纯粹，特别是副标题——《漫步教师心灵》，“漫步”两个字，着实吸引了我。后来去了解一下。帕克 ·J ·帕尔默，加州大学伯克莱分校博士。美国高等教育协会高级理事、Fetzer 研究所高级顾问。一位备受尊敬的作家和教师。本书的副标题英文名称是Exploring The Landscape Of Teacher\'s Life，直译就是探索一个教师生命中的内部风景，吴国珍等翻译为漫步教师心灵。我有些明白了，顾名思义，本书主要是探索教师的内心生活。

对我来说，读书之美妙不仅在于书本身的好，还在于我是在一个适当的时候遇上了它。在已经历了几年的教学实践，开始对教育教学问题自觉思考之时，我有幸与帕尔默的《教学勇气——漫步教师心灵》相遇，看作者从关注教师心灵的角度来解读教师，解读教学，解读教育,让我有豁然开朗，重获教育生命之感。

当初刚刚走上讲台，面对让我棘手的课堂，我总喜欢这样安慰自己：等我再多教几年书，多一些经验，一切都会好起来的。而如今,已上了快半个学期的课程，每每走进课堂时，却并不如我当初所想的那样游刃有余。我依然困惑，依然茫然，依然是每节课后，我都能找到一大堆存在的问题，以致于我有时都怀疑自己到底适不适合做一名教师。我常常为教学而痛苦，为教学设计时无法找到一个恰当的切入点，为课堂上无法激起所有学生的学习热情，为教学时不能作出迅捷的明智的引导，为苦心孤诣的教育却看不到相应的效果„„

以上的感受,相信很多老师都有，我们热爱教育，同时为教育痛苦。我们不辞辛苦，我们乐意学习，我们希望自己的教学生涯充满成功。但现实往往是不尽如人意。有时，我们甚至想放弃，失去了继续努力的勇气。

为什么会处于这样一种状态中呢？是学科知识的浅薄？是教育方法、技巧的缺乏，还是对学生的研究不够？我们自我反思着。反思中，唯独缺少了对自己内心的关注。然而，帕尔默告诉我，核心问题是“认识自我”，是自我认同和自身完整。他说：“当我还不了解自我时，我就不了解我的学生们是谁。„„当我还不了解自我时，我也不能够懂得我的学科。”优秀教学需要教师的内心世界资源，因此，我们要去探索教师的心灵世界。这是帕尔默独特的眼光，崭新的视角。

读书也如作者谈的教书一样，是需要“自身认同”的，只有我们内心认同了的书，才能对我们发挥作用。“一切阅读都是以自身底色作基础。”能够进入心灵的阅读才是愉快的有效的阅读。在阅读此书的过程中，最令我愉快的是，时时都有美丽的风景。如作者关于“恐惧”文化的论述，对教学实践中六大悖论的诠释，对教育改革计划的论证等。在反复阅读《教学勇气》一书的过程中，我不断有新的发现和感动，惊奇于这本书丰富的资源。我会继续阅读，继续发现，也希望更多的朋友去探索其中的宝藏，共享这美妙的教育经典。

亭北庄学校：刘丽萍

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