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成人高考专升本英语作文(精选多篇)

发布时间:2022-03-31 09:00:43 来源:其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文 手机版

推荐第1篇:成人高考专升本英语复习资料

专升本英语词汇和语法考点总结

词汇

一、名词和代词

一)重点名词和代词辨析

1、result,effect,outcome,ending,consequence,fruit result 普通用词,多指好的结果.另:比分,成绩;effect 名词:效果,影响。动词:实现;outcome 多指成就,成果;ending 结局,结尾;consequence 多指不良的结果,后果;fruit 水果,产物。

2、feature,appearance,virtue,character,characteristics feature 1,特色,2,面貌,相貌;appearance

1,出现,露面 2,外观,外貌,外表;virtue 1,美德,2,优点,长处;character 特征,品质,角色;characteristics 特性,特色。

3、accident,incident,event,conflict,trouble,occurrence,crash,crisis accident 事故,意外。意想不到的事情,往往引起损伤或伤害;incident

事件,小插曲。事变(外交,政治中的政变);event 特指重大事件;conflict 冲突,矛盾;trouble 烦恼,麻烦;occurrence 1,发生,出现。2,突发事件;crash 使(飞机)坠毁、使(车辆)猛撞等;crisis 危机,紧急关头。

4、currency,income,wage,bonus,salary,award,reward,fee,allowance,honour,benefit,profit,interest, prize, wealth,capital,money,cash,coin,fund,debt,loan currency 流通货币,经济学用词;Income 泛指收入;Wage 特指工资;Bonus 指提成的奖金;Salary = wage + bonus 薪水;Award 授予的奖项,包括奖励的奖金;Reward 回报,报酬,酬金;Fee 泛指费用;Allowance 表示津贴,补贴;honour 荣誉,名誉。常用 in honour of ,以„.为纪念,向„表示敬意;benefit 名词:利益。动词:对….有益 be benefit to;profit 名词:1,好处,益处。2,利润。动词:有益于,有利于 vt,及物动词;interest 名词:1,兴趣,爱好,2,利息。动专升本大纲词汇表

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词:对….感兴趣;prize 奖金,奖品;Wealth 财产,财富。既可指金钱财富,也可指精神财富;Capital 可以是形容词和名词。1,形容词:大写的,首要的,首都的。2,名词:大写字母,首都,表示金钱时指:本钱,本金;Money 钱的统称,可以是纸币,也可以是硬币,也可以是用作货币的其他物品;Cash 指可以兑换的现金或现款;Coin 硬币;fund基金;debt债务;loan 贷款,借款。

5、consideration,intention,determination, judgement,opinion,estimate,evaluation consideration 1,考虑,2,照顾,关心;intention 意图,目的;determination 决心,决定;judgement/ judgment 判断,审判,裁决;opinion 观点,想法;estimate 估计,估价;Evaluation

评价,估价。

6、observation,obligation,objection,obstacle,object,obedience observation 注意,观察;obligation 义务,责任;objection 反对;obstacle

阻碍,障碍;object 名词:物体,对象。动词:object反对+ to;obedience 服从,遵守。

7、position,career,profeion,work,job,occupation,vocation,employment position 职位,职务。另:方位,位置,态度,立场等;career 职业生涯,终生从事的职业;profeion 尤指需要专门知识或特殊训练的)职业(如医学、法律、工程、教学等);work 强调工作的内容,不可数。可以做动词;job,强调工作的份数,可数;occupation 经常担任的行业,不一定有报酬。常常用于写简历; vocation 是指经过训练后从事的职业,需要一定职业技能;employment 带有雇佣关系的职业,领取工资以谋生计,有较固定工作的职业。

8、pace,rhythm,step,measure,rate,ratio , speed,

pace 步伐,节奏;rhythm (文学、艺术、戏剧等中的)节奏,韵律;step 脚步,台阶,阶层;measure 1,措施。2,测量,度量;rate 比例。常见搭配: at the rate of 以...的速度或比例;ratio 专业术语,比例,比率。用于经济学,数学,法律中,等;Speed 速度。常见搭配:At the speed of。

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9、cheque,receipt,ticket,label,mark,sign,signal,symbol,code,stamp cheque 支票 ;receipt

收据,发票;ticket 普通用词,票 ;label 标签,标记。指详细的表示,如商品标签;mark 商标,标志。简单的记号。多指商标;sign 符号,记号。如交通标志;signal 信号 ;symbol 符号,象征。指具有象征意义的标志,如十字架标志;code 密码,代码 ;stamp 邮票 。

10、size,length,height,breadth,width

size 尺寸,大小 ;length 长度 ;height 高度,身高 ;breadth 宽度,幅度。不但可以指物体的宽度。=width,还可以指胸襟、见解、观点、兴趣等的)宽广,宽宏(大度)。

11、mind,view,vision,landscape ,picture,look,mood,temper,humor,paion,emotion,spirit,feeling ,attitude mind 观点 ,想法。心里想的观点;view 看法,观点,看见的东西产生的观点另:景色;Vision 视觉,视力,视野。书面用词,含义广泛,指人的视力或视野,也可指远见卓识;Landscape 风景;Picture 画面;Look 动词:看。名词:表情,神情;mood 心情,情绪;temper 脾气。 Lose one’s temper , out of temper;humor 幽默,诙谐;paion 激情,热情;emotion 情感,情绪。(如爱、恨、惧、忧、怒等);spirit 精神,心灵,灵魂;Feeling 感觉;Attitude 态度。

12、aurance,insurance,guarantee,safety aurance 1,保证。2,保险,主要指人寿保险;insurance 任何类型的保险,也可指人寿保险;guarantee 保证书,保质期;safety 安全,平安。

13、no, none,neither,nothing,anything,something, one… the other, some ….The others, others, the others, another no 形容词,修饰名词或代词;none 三者以上都不;neither 两者都不;nothing but 只不过;anything + but 根本不,绝不;one….the other 一个,另一个;some ….the others, 一些,另一些;others,= other thing/ people;the others = the rest;another 泛指另一个,没有一定的范围限制。在一定的范围之内,一个另专升本大纲词汇表

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一个用one….the other,一定范围内三者以上,除去一部分,另一部分用 the others。

14、the other day ,the next day, the following day ,in two days, the other day 几天前;the next day = the following day 第二天,次日;In two days 两天之内。将来的时间。

15、among ,between,one another,each other among 用于 三者以上的人之间;between 用于两者之间;one another 用于三者以上;each other 用于两者之间。 二)名词固定搭配

1,balance between平衡;2,difference between 差异;3,link between 联系;4,Ambition for

雄心,抱负,野心;5,sympathy for 对....的同情;

6,confidence in 对....有信心;7,belief in 相信。 Believe in 相信;8,succe in 成功

succeed in;9,dependence on 依赖于。 Depend on 动词形式;10,emphasis on 强调;11,impact on 对...的影响,对...的冲击;12,influence on 影响;13,preure on 对...有压力;14,stre on强调,重视;15,advantage over 优越于;16,have/gain acce to 接近,使用; 17,attention to 注意;18,attitude to 态度,看法;19,exposure to 。动词:expose to 暴露于,曝光于。20,(in) response to 相应;21,(in) accordance with 与....保持一致;22,aociation with aociate with 与....有关;23,combination with 。Combine with 同....结合,24,compromise with 放弃,妥协;25,contact with 与....接触,联系;26,encounter with 与....相遇

二、动词 一)重点动词辨析

1、Occur;happen;take place。

Happen强调偶然性;take place指有计划的使某事发生;occur是一般用词,可指某事情偶然发生或者按照计划进行,跟to短语时,表示“想到”,+somebody。

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2、Range;vary;change;alter;transform;turn;reform Range一个范围内的变动,一般与from连用表示从….到….变化。也可以是名词,1,一系列:a range of。2,变化范围,幅度;Vary 不规则的,断断续续的,因人而异的变化;Change 改变的与原物完全不同,以旧换新的变化;Alter 局部的,外表的变化,但特点不变;Transform 比vary 更彻底的变化。变革;Turn 外表,颜色,气味,性质等方面的变化,比change更通俗;Reform 改革

3、transfer;transform;transmit;transport;transit;transplant Transfer 转移,转让;Transform 彻底的改变;Transmit 传播,传导(信号,天线,疾病等);Transport 运输。名词或动词。另:transportation 交通运输,名词;Transit 经过;运送。名词或动词;Transplant 移植、移种、移居。

4、comprise;consist;constitute;compose。都有组成,构成的意思

Comprise 及物动词,两种用法,整体和部分都可以在前,常用语主动语态,也可以用被动。be comprised of;Consist 只能用作主动。不及物动词,常用搭配是Consist of;Constitute 两个意思1,组成,构成,及物动词2,建立,制定。常用语主动语态;Compose 一般用被动语态 be composed of。

5、interfere;intervene;interrupt;trouble;disturb;

Interfere 干预,干涉。不及物动词。常与 with,in连用 。指未获允许干涉他人的事情;Intervene 干涉,干预,介入。书面用语,语气较重。常与in 连用。指介入争端,进行调停等;Interrupt 打断。vi和vt都可。注意和break in 的区别。Interrupt指打断(说话无法继续),break in指插话(说话仍可继续),非法闯入;Trouble 使烦恼,麻烦;Disturb 打扰,妨碍。

6、rise;arise;arouse,raise Rise,vi,意为“升起,增高,增涨”----- rise(rose,risen);arise,vi,意为“开始发生,出现,产生” ----arise(arose,arisen;且arise from“起源于,发生于”固搭;raise,vt,意为“招募,养育,提高,举起,提出等含义;arouse,vt,意为激起,唤醒。

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7、be attracted to/by 被…所吸引;Be concentrated on 集中于;Be involved in 涉及,卷入,陷入;Be drawn to 被….所吸引。

8、embarra;disappoint;discourage;disappear;disaster

Embarra 使尴尬,使窘促不安;Disappoint 使失望;Discourage使气馁,失去信心;Disappear消失,失踪;Disaster 名词:灾难 9,affect; effect;impact;infect;reflect;influence Affect 动词,影响。affect=have an effect on;Effect 名词:效果,效应。常常与on连用。动词:实现,产生;Impact 动词或名词:影响。指具体事件的影响(一般指收入,利润,利益等);Infect 传染,感染;Reflect 反射,反映;influence影响,“感化”。侧重内在的,潜移默化的影响使一个人的行为或思想发生改变。 10,adjust;adapt;adopt;suit;fit Adjust 1,适应;2,调整,校对+to 。主要用于调整角度、高度、光线等;Adapt 1,适应。一般用于适应新的条件或环境。用于适应的意思时,和adjust用法一样。2,改编,编写;Adopt 1,收养,抚养。2,采用,采纳;Suit 做动词时,表明适合要求,宾语一般是人。做名词指:一套衣服;Fit 一般用词,vi & vt。指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。宾语可以是人,也可以是物。

11,come to/ draw /arrive at/ reach a conclusion 得出结论。

12,prevent;preserve;forbid;ban;prohibit;object;restrain ;oppose;fight Prevent 1,预防。2,阻止+from;Preserve 保护,保持,维持;Forbid 禁止,一般用 forbid sb to do sth;Ban 禁止,指由于社会压力或谴责而禁止做某事。一般用 ban….from sth/doing ;Prohibit 禁止。指法律等做出的正式规定的禁止。一般用prohibit sb from sth/doing ;Object 后加 to 为介词,意思是:反对,to是介词;Restrain,vt,抑制,克制,约束。名词:restrain;Opposevt或vi,反对。一般用oppose + sth 或 be opposed to do sth;Fight 打架,斗争.Fight against 反对。 13,intend to; tend to;incline to ;lean to;be apt to 专升本大纲词汇表

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Intend to 打算做某事;Tend to 倾向于;Incline to 常用被动语态 be inclined to do sth倾向于;Lean to 向….倾斜。意思为动作的倾斜;Be apt to = tend to 倾向于 14,acquire;require;inquire;request Acquire 取得,获得= obtain;Require 需要,需求;Inquire 打听,咨询;Request 请求,要求。

15,cure,heal;recover;treat Cure 治愈内科疾病,感冒,发烧,肚子疼,头疼等内科疾病;Heal 治愈外伤,伤口,烧伤等外科疾病;Recover 恢复(体力,健康,能力等);Treat 普通用词,宾语一般是人。指接受并治疗病人。

16,harm;hurt;wound;injure;damage;disable;spoil;destroy;ruin;wreck Harm 指身体或感情上受伤,一般用 do harm to sb;Hurt 指身体或感情上受伤,及物动词,直接+ somebody;Wound 指在战争,暴力或武器中受的伤;Injure 在事故,灾难中受伤;Damage 指无生命物体的损坏,破坏;Disable 受伤致残;Spoil 由于纵容或者你爱造成的性情的扭曲。溺爱,宠坏;Destroy 指彻底的破坏;Ruin 由于外部原因,致使彻底毁灭;wreck车辆船舶的毁坏。 17, strike at;strive for;stick to ;stand for

Strike at 攻击,袭击;Strive for/ after 为…而努力,奋斗;Stick to 粘住,黏住;坚持做…;Stand for 代表,支持,象征。 18,bring,carry,take,fetch,get Bring 带来,拿来;Carry 把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方,不涉及方向,只强调方式;Take与bring的方向相反,指从说话者的地点把某物带走,侧重方向,不强调方式;Fetch:指一来一回。相当于 go and bring 指取了东西再返回出发出;Get ,口头用语,相当于fetch。 19,cost;spend,take;pay;expend Cost指花费事件,金钱,劳力等。主语必须是物;Spend,与cost 同意,主语是人;Take 普通用词,指占用事时间,金钱,经历等。主语可以是人也可以是物。常专升本大纲词汇表

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用it takes....to do sth; Pay 常与for 连用,表示花费;Expend 一般搭配是: expend +金钱,时间,经历+ on sth/ doing sth.20,recognize;realize;recover;remember,resemble Recognize:原来认识,经过一段时间后认出某人;Realize 原来不认识或不知道,经过一段时间后才意识到;Recover 恢复。不一定指人,也可指事物的恢复;Remember 想起来,记起来; Resemble 像,类似+ in somebody 21,notice;see;watch;observe Notice 意思是:注意。偶尔看到的,细小的但可能是重要的事情;See 强调看到的结果,意思是看见;Watch 看到事物变化发展的过程;Observe 从不同的角度长时间的观察,并研究。

22, accuse,charge,scold,blame,curse Accuse+ of 指责,指控;Charge 动词或名词。1,收费。2,控告3,掌管,负责;Scold 责骂,责备;Blame 责备,责怪;Curse 诅咒,咒骂。 23,inherit,inhibit,inhabit

Inherit 继承;Inhibit 阻止; 抑制;inhabit 居住于, 栖居于 24,seat,sit seat,可以表示“坐”的意思,是及物动词,用被动语态;sit是不及物动词,后面必须加上介词。

25,attribute to ,contribute to ,devote to ,dedicate to ,owe to Attribute to 认为„是; 归因于;Contribute to 促成,导致,有助于;Devote to致力于....;Dedicate to ,献(身)于„;Owe to 1,欠„(某物);2, 把„归功于 二)动词固定搭配

1、Break的搭配

Break out (战争、打斗等不愉快事件)突然发生, 爆发 ;Break down 损坏,拆散,失败;Break in 非法闯入;插话;Break through 突破,突围;Break off 中断,中止

2、bring 和come的搭配

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bring about 导致,造成,引起,产生;come about发生 ;bring back 带回,还回,使想起;Bring out 使出版;出现,呈现= arise;Come out 出现,出版,显现;Bring up 提出、教育,养育;come up 出现;come up with 提出...想法;come up against 遭到....反对;Bring down 1,减少,降低,2,打败,击垮;Bring forward 提出;Bring off 成功完成….;come acro= run into= happen to meet = encounter 偶然相遇;come to 共计。

3、call的搭配

call for 去接,去取….、需要、要求;call on 拜访、号召,呼吁;call out 大声叫喊,大声说出;call up 给….打电话、使回想起,使回忆起;call off 取消、停止

4、carry 的搭配

carry off 抢走、窃走;carry on 经营,从事、继续进行….;Carry out 执行,贯彻、完成,实现

5、Count 的搭配

count in 把...算在内;count out 不把„考虑在内 ;count up 加起来, 算出总数 ;count down 倒数到零或规定的时间 ;count on 依赖, 依靠 = depend on = rely on

6、Get的搭配

get over 克服,解决。困难,疾病等;Get along 1,进行,进展 ;get along with = get on with 与某人和睦相处;Get through 1,穿过; 通过 2,接通电话

7、Give 的搭配

give in 让步,屈服。=Give away to= yield to;give back 归还, 恢复

另:bring back 带回,还回;give off 指烟,热,光等 散发,释放;give up 放弃;give out = hand out 分发,分给

8、Go 的搭配

go off 1, 离开,离去:2,(水电等)被切断,(煤气等)用完;go after 追求,追捕; go (a)round 1, 四处走走,2,(消息等)传开;go along with 1,陪伴,陪同(简单)=keep sb company 2,支持,赞同= agree with ;go into 1,进入2,= investigate 调查,研究;go over = review 复习; go out 1,外出,出去。2,熄灭

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9、hand 的搭配

hand out 分发,分给;hand down 传承,传递;hand over 交出,交给;hand in 上交,递交

10、hang的搭配

Hang up 1,挂断电话,2,把.....挂起来;Hang about 徘徊,闲荡 ;Hang on 1,.坚持下去: 2.抓紧不放,紧紧握住:。

11、hold 的搭配

hold up 举起= put up、阻碍,延误;hold on 保持通话;坚持;hold off 推迟。

12、look 的搭配

look around 四处观望;Look up 1,向上看 2,查找;Look out 当心 ;look down upon/on 看不起,轻视

13、lay的搭配

lay out 陈设,陈列;lay off 解雇,裁员;lay aside 把....放到一边、储存,注意:任何一个动词+aside意思都是把....放到一边、储存;lay down 放下,躺下

14、Make的搭配

make out 理解, 明白 ;Make off 逃跑;make up 构成;make up for补偿, 弥补

15、put的搭配

put aside 放到一边,储存;Put away 1.收起来, 放好 2,储蓄,储存;

Put acro 1.用欺骗的方法使(某人)接受或相信 2.〈非正〉解释, 被理解 ; Put down 1,放下,2,记下,写下=write down、put down、set down、take down;put off 推迟;put up 建造,建立;举起;提出;put out 扑灭,熄灭、出版,发布

16、set的搭配

set aside,1,把„存储起来;抽出(时间等);Set up 建立,建造, 创立, 竖立 = put up ;Set in 开始,到来,流行;Set down :放下、写下,记下;Set out 1.动身, 出发 2.着手, 开始

17、take 的搭配

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take after =resemble (在性格)像;与...相似;take apart 拆卸,拆开;take back = withdraw拿回、收回;take down 记下,写下;take effect 生效;take ....for granted 认为„理所当然, 想当然 take in 1,=understand 领会; 理解 2,= absorb 吸收3,= cheat 欺骗;take off 1,脱掉脱去,移去2, 飞机起飞;take on 1,承担责任2,雇佣=employ3,呈现;take up 1,占据时间2,开始从事....;take part in 参加 ;take place 发生,举行;take turns 轮流,依次。

18、turn的搭配

turn down 1,关小音量2,拒绝 ;turn up 1,开大音量2,出现 ;turn out 结果是, 原来是 ;turn to 向...求助;turn on 打开;turn off 关掉;turn in 进入、上缴,上交;turn over 把….反过来、仔细思考,深思。

19、with的搭配:

get on with 继续做某事;与…和睦相处;put up with 容忍,忍受;Keep up with 跟上,不落后;Go on with 继续做某事;come up with 提出。

三、形容词和副词考点总结

1,Willing;unwilling;reluctant;alert;intelligent;complacent;pleased;satisfied willing 乐意的,心甘情愿的, 常用搭配:be willing to do sth;unwilling,willing的反义词,不乐意的,不情愿的;reluctant:=unwilling 勉强的,不情愿的;alert 警惕,警觉;Intelligent:聪明的,智能的;Complacent:自满的,得意的;Pleased 高兴的;satisfied满意的 2,dim;dark;vaguely;slightly;

dim 暗淡的,昏暗的;dark 黑暗的,阴暗的;vaguely 模糊地,含糊的;slightly 轻微的,稍稍的。

3,famous;noted;distinguished; popular;fashionable;vogue;prevalent;common;ordinary;general;usual;favorite;fond 专升本大纲词汇表

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famous = noted= distinguished 著名的,闻名的。Be famous/ noted/ distinguished/ known for 以….而著名;Popular 流行的,受欢迎的。指大众的爱好或喜好;Fashionable 时尚的,时髦的= vogue;Prevalent 普遍的,常见的,盛行的。指当前社会普遍存在的;Common 用于指物,指很常见,不稀奇;Ordinary 指物,指每天都发生的,十分平淡无奇的。指人,指无特别之处,很一般;General 指大多如此,很少有例外;Usual 指常见或常做的事情,指习惯性;Favourite特别喜爱的,最喜欢的;Fond 喜欢 be fond of = like

4,consequently;constantly;consistently;continuously;

consequently 因此,所以;constantly 不断地,时常地;consistently 一贯的,始终如一的;continuously 连续不断的,接连的

5,barely;hardly;rarely;scarcely;merely;nearly barely= hardly=rarely= scarcely 几乎不,否定含义。 merely 仅仅,只不过 = only;nearly 几乎

6,effect;affect;effective;efficient;efficacy;

effect 名词:影响,效果。动词,实现;affect 动词,影响;effective 有效地,生效的;efficient 有能力的,效率高的;efficacy 名词:效力,功效 7,respectful;respective;respecting;respectable;respected Respectful 恭敬的,有礼貌的;Respective 各自的,分别的 Respecting 关于,至于;Respectable 可敬的,值得尊敬的

8,lively;alive;live;living;alone;lonely;single;unique;sole;only;individual lively 生动的,活泼的;alive,live和living都可以表示生物“活着的”,alive 一般做后置定语,也可作表语。指本来有死的可能,但仍然活着。live 一般做前置定语,特指动物:活着的。另:现场直播的, 实况转播的 。living 可做前置定语,也可作后置定语,也可作表语。指在某个时候是活着的。The living 表示活着的人;Alone 1,副词:单独,独自;仅仅,只有=only表示只有本人,没有外人2,形容词:单独的;Lonely 1,形容词:孤独的,寂寞的。2,形容词:偏远的,人迹罕至专升本大纲词汇表

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的;Single 单独的,单一的;Unique 世界上独一无二的;Sole 指物,表示专有的,独有的,独家的;Only 比unique的范围稍小,仅有的;Individual:单独的,个别的;个人的,个体的。 9, particular;specific;peculiar;general;special;especial particular 特别的,特殊的;special=particular特殊的,特别的;peculiar

含有“与众不同”,“独特”的意思;General 一般的,普遍的;especial

意思是“特别的”,与special同义,但special的应用较普遍。

10, sometime;sometimes;some time; some times

sometime 表示过去或将来的某个时候;sometimes 有时候;some time 一段时间;some times 几次

11, like;as;alike ;likely ;same;similar like 动词,喜欢。介词:像。名词:爱好;as 和like的区别:as表示和….一样.like 表示 像….一样;alike(a)是表语形容词,通常它只能作表语。它前面不能用very修饰。只能用much或very much修饰;alike表示“相像”;当作副词时,表示“一样地,相似地”;Likely 形容词或副词:可能;same是形容词、副词或名词,作形容词的意思为“同一的,同样的”。它无论作什么词性,前面都应有定冠词或等指示代词修饰。 后常带as或that;similar是形容词或名词,作形容词的意思为“类似的,相似的”,后面常跟介词to。

12, plenty ;many;much;enough;adequate;sufficient ;deal;lot;most;too;very plenty of +可数名词或不可数名词。许多,大量;many +可数名词复数;much+不可数名词复数或形容词的比较级;enough :形容词或副词,足够的,前面可以有形容词修饰:比如 large enough,当然也可以做形容词直接修饰名词;adequate 指充足的;Sufficient:足够的,充足的。侧重数量达到某一特定的需求;deal:a great deal of 修饰不可数名词,a great number of 和 a great many of 修饰可数名词;Lot : a lot of 和 lots of 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词;Most:1,形容词:大部分,后可直接加名词。2,副词,最….的。常用the most +形容词专升本大纲词汇表

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构成最高级。3,most of the +名词,指 大部分;too,1,也,又。放在整句话的后面,表示同意。2,太,过于...,前面不能有fairly,very,quite修饰,但是可以有far,rather,much,a little,a lot,a bit 修饰。3,cann't ....too....越....越好。Too.....to....太.....而不.....;very是一个副词,需要修饰形容词。 13, precious;expensive;wealthy;dear ;valuable precious:宝贵的;expensive 昂贵的,值钱的;wealthy 富裕的;dear 亲爱的,昂贵的;valuable 贵重的,值钱的;有价值的。常常指物。 14, how soon/ long/far/often/fast how soon 指某件事情距离现在有多久会发生,回答用in;how long 指某件事情持续多长时间;或长度有多长。指多长时间时,回答用 一个时段(for) two days。等;how far 是提问路程有多远;How often 指事情发生的频率有多快,常见的回答有 often;sometimes;usually,once/ twice a week等;How fast 提问速度有多快

15, good,well,better,best good 形容词:好的;well 副词:好的。形容词:健康的。名词:井;better :good 的比较级当两者比较时用:the better of the two 。只有句子中出现of the two,前面才用 the better;best 最高级,最好的 16, worth,worthy,worthwhile,worth while

worth是一个只能作表语的形容词,意思为“值„„的”、“相当于„„的价值的”、“有„„价值的”、“值得„„的”。后接名词、接动名词的主动形式。

worthy可作表语,也可作定语,既可以做前置定语,也可以做后置定语。作定语时意思为“有价值的”、“值得尊敬的”、“应受到赏识的”;用作表语时意思为“值得„„的”、“应得到„„的”,其后接of sth./ of being done,也可以后接to be done.,如果接动名词或者不定式都需要用被动形式。

worthwhile与worthy一样,既可作表语,又可作定语,其做前置定语时,用法和worthy 一样,不能做后置定语。表示某事因重要、有趣或受益大而值得花时间、专升本大纲词汇表

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金钱或努力去做,一般做“值得的”、“值得做的”、“有意义的”解。用作表语时,可接动名词或动词不定式。

Worth while 分开的形式,worth 做动词。

四、介词连词考点总结

1, beside,besides,except,except for,apart from,in addition to,beyond,within,as well as,but for beside 在…的旁边;

except和except for 的区别:except用于表示同类事物之间的关系,其意为"除„„以外"、"除去";except for用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定。它不表示同类事物之间的关系,可以用于句首。

Except 和besides 的区别:①We all went except him.除他之外,我们都去了。(他没有去)②We all went besides him.除他之外,我们大家也都去了。(他也去了) In addition to = besides; Apart from= besides/except;

Beyond:超出,超过 常常+ one’s reach/control of sth; Within,beyond的反义词。在…范围之内; As well as 和….一样,也….; But for 要不是,需要使用虚拟语气。

2,Increase to ,increase by,increase with, increase in increase to表示增长到;increase by表示增长了;increase with ,随„增长 ;increase in 在„方面增长

3,By all means 当然,一定可以= definitely;By any means 无论如何;By every means 用尽办法= in all sort of way ;By no means 绝不

其他的一些固定搭配参看课本上这一节划到的重点介词固定搭配。

五、冠词和数词考点总结

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1,chapter x, the xth chapter 第几章节的表达方法,只有这两种是正确的。 2,连字符 “-”,用于数词和名词之间,变成一个形容词,表示“.....的”;注意:three month ' s 的用法是错误的。后面不需要加所有格;基数词和名词构成合成词时误用复数。注意:所有的词均需要用单数。

3,分数的表达方法,前面是分子,用基数词,后面是分母,用序数词,前面超过一个后面就用复数。 中间加不加“-”均可

4,可以修饰可数名词的词有: many,few,a few ,a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large/great/good) number of.可以修饰不可数名词的词有:much,little, a little, a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of, a (large/great/good) amount/quantity /deal of

语法

一:时态和语态 一)时态

1,12种常见时态的基本用法,各种时态的基本表达方式以及时间顺序。

一般现在时:表示现状,性质,特点或者客观真理。常与always,often,usually等词连用

现在进行时:表示正在发生的动作。常与continually,constantly,all the time 等词连用

现在完成时:表示已经完成或存在的状态。常与since,for,yet,already等词连用 现在完成进行时:表示动作持续到现在可能刚刚中止,也可能继续进行

一般过去式:表示过去某一时刻发生的动作。常与ago,yeaterday,when...等词连用

过去进行时:表示过去某一时间段持续进行的动作。常用词语现在进行时一样 过去完成时:过去的过去,必须在过去的界定条件下才可以使用。常用 by +过去的时间/ 一般过去式的句子

过去完成进行时:动作持续到过去的一个时间可能刚刚中止,也可能继续进行

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一般将来时:将来的动作,主语will,shall,be going to ,be to 和be about to的区别

将来进行时:将来的时间里可能持续发生的动作 过去将来时:表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的事情

将来完成时:动作要到将来某一时间完成。常用 by + 将来的时间/ 一般现在时的句子

2,make sure/certain,in case等词 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时

3,主句是现在时态或将来时态,从句可以为任何时态。主句为过去的时态,从句必须是过去的时态。 二)被动语态

1,不能用被动语态的情况:A:不及物动词

B: 表示状态而不是动作的词,如 cost,fit, lack ,want,wish suit等

2,感官动词(hear,feel,listen to ,see,watch,notice等),使役动词:have,make,help,let等。被动时,需要将to补上。

3,被动语态一般都与其他考点综合考察,当看到选项有被动选项时,首先应该考虑是否具有被动关系。

二,非谓语动词 一)动词不定式

1,动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式主语。如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语,这时,通常要用"it"作形式宾语,而将不定式放到补语后面去。

2,动词不定式的逻辑主语:

1)it is + adj+ for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impoible等:

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2)it is + adj+of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right等。

3, 动词不定式作定语:①用不定式作定语时,如果它与所修饰的词是动宾关系,所以如果不定式是不及物动词,其后面应跟上必要的介词。②不定式作定语,如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系,则不定式后面不能再带宾语。

4,动词不定式作状语:①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词,在句中作状语,这时不定式不能再带宾语。②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。

5, 不定式的时态和语态: 被动式 to be studied;进行式to be studying;完成式to have studied; 被动完成式to have been studied 6,有些动词要求省掉to的不定式做宾语补足语:主要有:

A:感官动词(hear,feel,listen to ,see,watch,notice等),使役动词:have,make,help,let等。

B:can not help but do(不得不);can not but do(不得不);cannot choose but do(只能);had better do(最好);would rather do(宁愿)

7,两个不定式由and,except,or,than连接时,可以省略第二个to,由but连接时,如果前面有do及其变形,可以省略第二个to,反之则不行。 二)动名词

1,it is no use/no good/usele/(not) wise/ worthwhile/ of great(no,little) importance 等句式,后加动名词

2,常用动名词做宾语的动词:admit,suggest, dislike, appreciate, enjoy, keep, prevent等。注意还有一些课本上的词。

3,动名词的逻辑主语:如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语。但是,如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语相同,则不应再有逻辑主语。逻辑主语可以用物主代词和名词所有格,也可以用人称代词宾格或名词的普通格。例如:his/ him doing sth。

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4,动名词的时态和语态:完成式:having done;被动式being done;完成被动式:having been done

5,既可以用动词不定时又可以用动名词的一些词的意义区别:主要有:forget,remember,stop,regret,try,mean,go on + to do/ doing 6, allow, permit, forbid,encourage,advise后面无宾语时,接doing;后面有宾语时,接to do 7,动名词在固定结构中的使用

1) have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time + (in)+doing 2) feel like + 名词/动名词 "想要" 3) spend/waste time doing sth 4) cannot help doing sth.忍不住(做什么)。这一句型要和can not help but do(不得不)以及can not but do(不得不)区分开来

5) something need/want/require +动名词表被动意义;be busy doing sth.忙于干某事

6) be worth doing sth.值得„

7) What about/how about doing „怎么样? 三)分词

1,动词不定式,动名词与分词的否定形式是在它们的前面加not,never 2,分词作定语:现在分词表示主动和进行,过去分词表示被动和完成。不定式表示将来。

3,分词作状语:1)分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。 2) 分词有时还可由连词when,while,if,after,before,on,unle等词引出,通常表示一种状态,当这些连词没有主语的时候,其后可以直接跟一个分词来表示一种伴随状态,分词的使用要和主句的主语保持一致。

3) 分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语和主句谓语动词的一致性。否则,分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称为独立主格结构。

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4,分词作宾语补足语:1) 使役动词have, make, get的后面可以接过去分词作宾补,keep的后面则接现在分词作宾补。在"have+ sth.+过去分词"的结构中,宾语补语所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。也可以用have+sb/sth +现在分词”,表示宾语补语的动作正在进行。也可以用Have + sb/sth+ do,表示一种状态,并不表示被动或进行。

2) 表示感觉的动词notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等感官动词后面用省掉to的动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。

5,分词作表语:现在分词作表语表示主语的特征,常用于事物;过去分词作表语表示主语的状态,常用于人。现在分词意思是“令人...”,过去分词意思是“某人感到....”;分词作表语时,现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、等意义;过去分词有“被动”、“完成”等意义。

6,分词的时态和语态:1)过去分词没有完成时态和被动语态

2) 现在分词的时态和语态:完成式:having done;被动式:being done。表示"正在被....";完成被动式:having been done

三、情态动词和虚拟语气考点总结 一)情态动词:

常见的情态动词有can ,could,may ,might,must,should,ought to,need,dare,ought to.特别注意:没有will 和would 1, can 表示能,could是它的过去式,

May表示可能,might是它的过去式。

语气方面:can最直截了当,could 礼貌客气,may既尊重又礼貌,might含做作的成分。

2,must的含义,第一个含义是:必须。其否定回答一般是:need not 或者don't have to.专升本大纲词汇表

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第二个含义是:肯定。其否定形式是can't 不可能。 而mustn't 的意思是:禁止,绝对不行。

3,need 作为情态动词的时候,一般只用于肯定句和疑问句中。当然也可以作为实义动词,意思是需要。需要注意的是:情态动词的否定用 needn't,实义动词的否定用don't need.另:dare 同need的用法,一般用于否定句和疑问句中。往往具有实义动词的意思。

4,should 和ought to 的用法。其否定形式是:shouldn't 和ought not to 。意思是:应该。

5,情态动词+ have+ done Must have done 肯定已经做过

may/might have done 可能已经做过....May/ might not have done 可能不会做过.... Needn't have done 做了不必要或不需要做的事情。

an/ could have done 可能已经 can/ could not have done 不可能已经。

Should/ ought to have done 应该做的事情却没做。Should not have done/ ought not to have done做了不应该做的事情。

二)虚拟语气: 第一,if 条件句。 1,普通状态:

1),对现在的虚拟:从句:If+主语+过去式(be--were)+...主句:主语+should/could/might/could + 动词原形+.....2),对过去的虚拟:If+主语+had+过去分词+...主句:主语+should/could/might/could + have+过去分词+.....3),对将来的虚拟:从句:If+主语+should/were to/ were going to + 动词原形+...主句:主语+should/could/might/could + 动词原形+.....专升本大纲词汇表

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2,if 条件句中的从句中有were,had,could,should。可以省掉if ,使用倒装结构。注意:只把were,had,could,should提到句首,其他的一律不倒装。除非有weren't/ hadn't/ couldn't/shouldn't 这些分不开的形式。

3,用介词短语替代if条件句,其后的句子和if条件句主句的变化形式相同。这些词包括:but,but for, with ,without,under,otherwise等。如果这些词后面+ 客观事实,主句表示对现在的虚拟,用 should/could/might/could + 动词原形。如果这些词后面加一个具体的事情,就默认这个事情为过去的事情,主句表示对过去的虚拟,用主语+should/could/might/could + have+过去分词+.....。

4,有些虚拟语气是可以省略主句或者从句的,往往都是其前面或者后面有一个陪衬的句子。起到一个解释说明的作用,中间是句号。这种题目要根据陪衬的句子来分析是对现在,过去,还是将来的虚拟。

5,混和虚拟语气。当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。往往主句或从句有一个明确的时间点来界定。

第二,Wish/ if only/ even if(though)/as if(though)/ suppose,这几个词需要引导虚拟语气,其变化形式基本同if条件句引导的虚拟语气,需要注意的是:将来形式不同。这些词引导的虚拟语气形式是: 对现在的虚拟:从句谓语用:过去式(were)

对过去的虚拟:从句谓语用:had+过去分词/ could have + 过去分词 对将来的虚拟:从句谓语用:would/ could +动词原形 第三,过去式形式

1, It is (high/ about)time (that),后面的从句谓语动词用 过去式或者 should do,should 不能省略。

2,would(just) rather/ sooner/ as soon ,从句谓语动词用 过去式。注意这些词在动词不定式中的应用与这里的区别。 第四,should do 形式,should 可省略。

1,for fear that 和lest 从句谓语动词 用(should) do 专升本大纲词汇表

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2,一些表示建议,要求,命令的动词引导的宾语从句。其名词形式引导的从句。以及 it is + suggested that 的形式。

这些动词有:suggest ,insist, recommend, order,propose,urge,require,advise,request,desire, command,demand,arrange,move 等。

其名词性是有:suggestion,insistence , recommendation, order,proposal,urge, requirement,advice,request,desire,command, demand,arrangement,motion.另外还包括:neceity,decision,resolution,plan等词

3,it is + 形容词+that ,这些形容词有:important,neceary,eential,advisable,better,vital等。

四,定语从句:

1,在非正式场合, that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”,而且经常全部省略, 2,是用关系代词还是用关系副词:

方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

3,定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时,从句的动作与主句的同时发生,那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、用一般过去时表示过去将来时。

4,限制性和非限制性定语从句

1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

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2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

4)关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句 5,介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。

3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when、where,why ,whose互换。

4)在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,也可用复杂介词,如:by means of (用,依靠),as a result of (作为结果)等 6,as, which 非限定性定语从句

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点: 1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。 2)在the same和such之后,定语从句用as引导。

3)as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型。如:as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。

7,一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句,这种现象叫双重关系从句: He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem。 他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。

8,先行词和关系词合二为一:what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever

what = the thing that;whatever = anything that/which who= the person that whoever= anyone who/that 9,关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。

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2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a) 先行词由the same, the very, the first, the last, the only, the one, all, no, much, few,little, none, any, every等时,常用that, 而不用which b) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。

c) 先行词既有人,又有物时,只用that。

10,定语从句可以是一个动词不定式,但一般要使用“介词+关系代词“这种形式出现。

五:状语从句:

一)时间状语从句:when,while,as,after,before,as soon as, since,till/until, by the time 1,when, while, as 的区别:when即可引导延续性又可引导短暂性动词,还可以表示从句动作在主句之前或之后发生;while必须引导延续性动词,强调两个动作同时发生,又可表示类比;as表示一边,一边。引导延续性动作

2,Before引导的句子,主句时间在前,从句时间在后,after引导的句子,主句时间在后,从句时间在前。

3, since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时,从句用一般过去时。

4,as soon as, immediately, directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,once 表示“一....就”。 Hardly....when, no sooner....than意思与此相同,但是主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去式。

5,each time, every time 和whenever 每次,每当。 二)地点状语从句:

1,wherever/ anywhere = no matter where 2, everywhere:每个地方 三)条件状语从句:

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1,unle= if not 除非

2,as long as,so long as 只要;in case以防,以免

3, on condition that,providing that, provided that,supposing/supposed that, =if 四),原因状语从句

1,because 表示直接原因,语气最强

2,since表示已知原因,语气比because弱

3,seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that, given that 意思为“既然,因为”。

4,as表示双方都知道的原因,一般用于句首 5,for引导的原因只能放在主句之后并且用逗号隔开 五),目的状语从句

1,so that 以至于= in order that,另外还有for the purpose that ,so much so that.六),结果状语从句

1,so....that ,such....that :so+adj/adv, such+n 2,to the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that) So和such的区别:such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 1,单数可数名词钱有不定冠词与形容词是,so和such的位置不同。 So+adj/adv + a/an + n;Such + a/an + adj + n 2,so 后即使有形容词,也不能修饰复数名词和不可数名词,而such可以。 3,名词前有many,much,little,few修饰时,需要用so,不用such,但是当little表示“小”而不表示“少”的意思时,用such 七)让步状语从句

1,as,though引导的让步状语从句,需要倒装:adj/adv+ as/though+主语+谓语。但是although不能,他们不能与but连用

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2,even if 和even though :即使

3,no matter +疑问词 = 疑问词+ ever 不管.....都。注意:no matter how 和however后要直接加形容词或者副词+主语+谓语

4,despite= in spite of 尽管,他们要使用状语从句需要用despite/ in spite of the fact that...5,while有时也可表示让步的意思:虽然。位于句首。 八),比较状语从句

1, 同级比较:as +adj + as ,not so (as) + adj + as;比较级: adj比较级+ than;最高级:the most+ adj ,the +adj最高级。

2,倍数的表达:主语+谓语+倍数+as + adj+ as;主+谓+倍数+more than;主+谓+倍数+the size,amount,length+ of 3,the 比较级.......The比较级。主句与从句句式要一致

4,(Just) as.....(so).....正如......,......也.....,主句与从句句式要一致

5,more than的用法:多于,不止;More than+adj:很,非常; No more than 只不过,not more than 不如;more+ adj + than +adj ,肯定前者,否定后者,是.....而不是.....6,as far as 和so far as 1,表示直到....为止。 前者用于肯定句,后者用于否定句。2, 表示就....而言,两者可以互换 九)方式状语从句

1,引导词有:as 正如,as if/though 好像,引导虚拟语气; the way 正如。

六:名词性从句:

疑问词引导的主语,表语和宾语从句:1,疑问词本身有意义,2,疑问词在句子中做成分,3,从句用陈述语气。这些疑问词有:who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how包括whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,whichever,注意:没有whomever。

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一)主语从句

1,主语从句常用it做形式主语,也可以以疑问词或者that,whether放在句首引导的正常句式的主语从句,要学会使用。引导主语从句的that不能省略,引导宾语从句的that可以省略。

2,whether既可以引导主语也可以引导宾语从句,但if不能引导主语从句,whether后可以加or not,if不行。作介词宾语时不用if 二)宾语从句

1,可用疑问词,that和if引导宾语从句。

2,think,believe,suppose,expect 等动词的宾语从句,其否定形式为将think变为否定

3,当宾语从句后还有补语时,it做形式宾语,而将整整的宾语从句放在句尾 4,that引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些表达感情色彩的形容词后面。如sure,certain,doubtful,worried,glad ,happy等 三)同位语从句

1,同位语从句常见的引导词:news,fact,idea,truth,suggestion,doubt,belief等。起到补充说明的作用。其引导词只能是that,而主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句的引导词可以是疑问词,that或whether,if。注意其与定语从句的区别。 四)表语从句

1,表语从句:可以用that引导,也可以用疑问词引导。正式文体中不省略,非正式文体中省略。

七,强调句和倒装句 一)强调句 1,强调非谓语:

1)一般句式:it is/was +强调的成分+ that/who/whom+ 其他成分 2)注意一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的倒装强调句型。

3)注意not … until … 句型的强调句,it is not until ....that.....专升本大纲词汇表

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4)强调主语时,that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语 5)注意强调句与主语从句,定语从句和状语从句的区别。 2,强调谓语:

助动词do的各种变形+动词原形。谓语动词只有两种时态能强调,即一般现在时和一般过去时。在一般现在时中,do有人称的变化,第三人称单数用does,一般过去时do 变成did。 二)倒装句

1)完全倒装:是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。

1: 以here, there, now, then 等副词开头的句子中。习惯上用一般现在时(除以then开头的句子用过去时)。用完全倒装。

2: such放在句首可以表示强调,意思是:“这就是”,用完全倒装。

3: 表示运动方向的副词,介词置于句首,需要使用完全倒装。这些词有in,away,up,out,down,under,behind,ahead等。

2) 部分倒装:是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

1: 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装 部分倒装。

2: There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是:“某处有„.”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面,因此这是倒装语序。注意:there be 句型的时态;当have,has表示“有”的含义的时候,不能连用;there be句型的变形,用一些表示具体行为的动词代替be动词。

3: 当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装,as 相当于though,可以替换。形容词/副词+as + 主语+谓语,主句。部分倒装。

4:虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时,要把从句中的were, had 或should,could 移到主语之前。(if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were, had 或should,could这三个词时。)。部分倒装。

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5:以so开头的,表示“也一样”,“也这样”的句子要倒装。So 用于肯定句,代替上文中的形容词、名词或动词,通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是“so + be (do, have 其他助动词或情态动词)+主语”。注意:so后面的谓语动词要同前半句的第一个谓语动词一致,如果只有一个谓语动词,使用助动词。使用部分倒装形式。注意:如果只是对前句的内容表示同意,则不要倒装。

6:以neither与nor开头的句子,表示“„也不”时,句子倒装。Neither 与nor 意思相同,可以互换。Neither, nor 用于否定句,通常指前面所说的否定情况也适用于其他人或物。结构是:Neither (nor) + be (do, have, 其他助动词或情态动词) +主语。部分倒装。Neither,nor后面的谓语动词要同前半句的第一个谓语动词一致,如果只有一个谓语动词,使用助动词。

7:在表示祝愿的句子中,用部分倒装。常见的有May, Long live 等。

8:在以never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, not only, not until, nor, little, nowhere, hardly„.when, no sooner„.than, by no means, under no circumstances 等开头的句子中,主谓要倒装。这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。,部分倒装。

9:在以“only+状语”开头的句子中,主谓要倒装。这里only后面必须跟有它修饰的状语或状语从句,这是关键。否则就不倒装。

八、、主谓一致 一)就近原则。

1,Or,either...or, neither...nor, not only...But also.引导的两个并列主语,谓语动词要同离主语最近的主语一致。

2,如果there be 后面有两个或两个以上并列主语时,谓语也和最临近的那个一致。如果there be后面只有一个主语,就和那个主语保持一致。 二)首主语决定原则。

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当两个主语由as well as, as much as,with,along with, together with, including, followed by, like, unlike,except, but, besides,rather than 等词连接时,谓语动词由第一个主语决定。

三)单数原则。即谓语动词需要使用单数。

1,many a, more than one + 主语。即使主语是由and 连接的两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词都用单数。

2,either,neither,every,one,no,each,the other,another做主语,或这些词+名词做主语时。即使主语是由and 连接的两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词都用单数。

3,a/this/that + kind/sort/type/pair....形容词+of 做主语时

4,some/any/no/every + thing/one/body 做主语时,谓语动词用单数。做宾语时,同宾语决定原则,谓语动词也用单数。

5,不定式,动名词,介词短语,wh—+ to do,名词性从句等做主语时,谓语动词用单数。注意:如果是由and或both and等表示复数含义的词连接的两个或两个以上的这种类型的主语时,谓语动词用复数。

6,furniture,baggage/laggage, machinery,clothing,jewelry等集体名词做主语时。 7,表示时间,距离,金钱,重量等词,尽管是复数形式,但是作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数。当数词做主语时,谓语动词用单数。

8,如果是由and 连接的一个人或一件事情,谓语动词用单数。 四)复数原则。即谓语动词需要用复数

1,and, both....and...引导的两个并列主语,注意:单数原则的1,2 两点的例外。 2,复型名词:glaes,shoes,socks,gloves等词

3,people,police,cattle等词,注意people作为民族的意思时,是可数名词,有单复数形式的变化。

五)宾语决定原则。即谓语动词由其后所带的宾语决定。

1,what,who,which等疑问词引导的疑问句,其谓语动词由句子的宾语决定。

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2,there be 句型,包括there be 句型的变形形式。即be动词可以使其他的实义动词,如:seems,happened,appears等等。 六)集体名词原则

1,群体名词:family,army,crowd,population等词,即如果这些名词作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数,考虑到整体的每一个成员,谓语动词用复数。 2,all+句子。原则同上。

3,the+adj,表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数。表示抽象概念是,谓语动词用单数,大多数情况下,表示一类人。

七)主语名词决定原则。即谓语动词由主语中的名词决定。

1,any,more,some,half,most,all,none....+ of 做主语时,或者这些词直接加名词做主语时,谓语动词往往与这个名词相一致。如果名词是可数名词单数或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。如果名词是可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数。

2,a+单数名词+or two做主语时,谓语动词用单数;one or two +复数做主语时,谓语动词用复数。

3,means,works 等单复数通行的词作主语时,如果前面有each,every,no,either,neither等表示单数概念的词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如果由all,both,some,any等表示复数概念的词修饰时,谓语动词用复数。

4,分数,百分比+of+名词做主语时,谓语动词与of后的名词保持一致。

5,a number of +名词,谓语动词用复数。The number of +名词,谓语动词用单数。 6,the rest 引导的句子,如果只剩下一个,谓语动词用单数。如果剩余两个或两个以上,谓语动词用复数。

7,在句子中,真正的主语可以被of,in,at,on等介词引导的定语所修饰,在做定语从句等相关的题目时,要找出句子真正的主语或先行词,不要被这些介词所引导的定语所迷惑。

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另:插入语和反义疑问句。

插入语

一个句子中间插入一个成分,它不作句子的何种成分,也不和句子的何种成分发生结构关系,同时既不起连接作用,也不表示语气,这个成分称之插入语。并不影响句子的使用。常见的插入句如下: I think / hope / expect / believe / suppose, I am sure (我可以肯定地说), that is ( to say )(也就是说),

what's more, what's worse, what is important / serious (重要 / 严重的是), as we all know (众所周知)等。注意:I think / hope / expect / believe / suppose等结构在疑问句中为do you think / hope / expect / believe / suppose

反义疑问句

大的原则:前半句为肯定句,反义疑问句就用否定。前半句为否定句,或者带有半否定词的句子,后半句反义疑问句则用肯定。

1.当陈述部分的主语是I,而句子又用来征询对方的意见时,附加疑问句中的主语用you。

2.如果陈述部分用I’m„结构,附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I。 3.当陈述句为there be结构时,附加疑问句中的主语也用there。

4.陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时,附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。

如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀,那么,该陈述部分作肯定处理,附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。

5.当陈述部分为主从复合句时,附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。

但当陈述部分的主语是I,谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时,附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定的转移。 6.当陈述部分是并列句,附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。

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7.在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中,附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you, would you。

但是,以let’s开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,如果含义是allow us,不包括听话人在内,疑问部分用will you。

8.当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时,疑问部分可用usedn’t或didn’t。 9.当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时,疑问部分用oughtn’t或shouldn’t。 10.当陈述部分含有had better时,疑问部分用had。

in advance 事先;提前 on purpose 故意

adjust to (使)适应于,把...调节到 apply for 申请,请求

aign to 指派,选派 attempt at 企图,努力

attribute to 把...归因于,归咎于 belong to属于

benefit from 受益,获益 burst out + V-ing 爆发,突然发作 catch up with 赶上 combine with 结合,联合,化合 concentrate on 集中,专心

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cope with 对付,应付

count on 倚靠,指望

deal with 处理,论述,涉及 dedicate to 奉献,把...用在

depend on/upon 依靠,信赖,取决于 differ from 不同 engage in 使从事于,使忙于

equip with 装备,配备 exchange for 交换,调换,兑换 figure out 计算出;领会到

find out 查明,发现

focus on (使)聚焦,(使)集中 hear of/about 听到 hear from 收到...的(来信) can/could not help +V-ing 禁不住,忍不住hinder from 阻止,妨碍

involve in 卷入,陷入;牵涉,包含 leave behind 留下,忘记带 major in 主修,专攻

object to 反对,不赞成

persist in 坚持不懈,执意;持续

plunge into 纵身投入,跳入;猛冲; 专升本大纲词汇表

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point out 指出

remind sb.of sth.使想起 remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事

resort to 求助;诉诸于,采取,凭借 respond to 响应,回答 result in 导致,结果是 select from 挑选,选择

separate from (使)分离;(使)分开 settle down 定居;解决,调停

share with 分与,分派,分配,分享,共用 specialize in 擅长于,专门研究,专攻 suffer from 忍受,遭受;使痛苦,患病; switch off 切断,(用开关)关掉 switch on 接通,(用开关)开起 affect v.影响,传染,感动 effort n.努力 effect n.结果,影响

effective adj.有效的;卓有成效 apply v.申请 application n.申请书

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applicant n.申请人

aware adj.意识到的,知道的

unaware adj.没有意识到的(反义词) appreciate v.欣赏,感谢,正确评价 appreciation n.欣赏,感谢

benefit n.益处,好处 v.有益于,受益 campus n.(大学)校园

candidate n.候选人,报考者,申请者 capable adj.有能力的,能干的 career n.职业,生涯,经历 case n.案例,情况,事实,病例

challenge n.挑战,艰巨任务 v.挑战,要求试common adj.共同的 character n.性格

chase v./n.追逐,追求,寻觅 contract v.收缩,缩小 n.合同,契约 cheat v./n.欺骗,作弊,骗子,欺骗行为 check v./n.检查,核对 n.支票 circumstance n.情况,形势,境遇 complain v.抱怨,申诉

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complaint n.抱怨,申诉,疾病

compete v.竞争,比赛 competition n.比赛,竞争

competitive adj.竞争激烈的;充满竞争的

convenient adj.方便的,舒适的 convenience n.便利,方便,公共厕所

create v.创造,产生 credit n.信贷,信任 v.信任

crisis n.危机,决定性时刻,转折点(pl.crises)critical adj.决定性的,批判的,危急的 criticize/-ise v.批评,评论,指责 cultivate v.栽培,培养,耕作 culture n.文化,教养 curiosity n.好奇心 custom n.习惯,风俗 customer n.顾客

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direction n.方向,方位 disappear v.不见,消失 disaster n.灾难,大祸 discourage v.使气馁,阻碍 emotion n.情感,激情,情绪 emphasis v./n.强调,重点

encourage v.鼓励,激励

enforce v.实施,生效,强迫,执行,加强 enlarge v.扩大,扩展,详述 ensure v.保证,担保,确定 enable v.是能够,使有能力 enrich v.使丰富

contrast...with...把……与……相对(对照) in contrast to/with和……形成对比 by contrast对比之下

take sth.under control(被)控制住 out of control无法控制

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be convenient to/for对……方便

cope with(=deal with,try to find a solution to)应付,处理 at all costs不惜任何代价 at the cost of以……为代价

emerge from(=appear,become known)出现,暴露(问题,意见等) end up with以……而结束

engage in或be engaged in忙于,从事 be equipped with装备有,装有

except(=but)除了

except for(=apart from)除……以外 be good for对……有好处;对……有作用

be good at擅长于; be good to对……好

take...for granted(=aume to be true) 把……认为理所当然的 be in the habit of习惯于

get (fall) into the habit of养成了……的习惯

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live from hand to mouth勉强度日,现挣现吃 at heart(=in reality)内心里,实际上 in one's heart(of hearts)内心深处,事实上 by heart(=by memory)熟记,背(诵) with all one's heart全心全意地,真心实意

be ignorant of(=lacking knowledge)对……不了解,不知道 make (leave)an impreion on sb.=give sb.an impreion给……留下印象 make the most (use)of充分利用 gift

talent by nature天生的,生来 in nature本质上 natural

name after用……的名字命名 none other than不是别人,正是…… nothing but只有,不过……而已

it occurs to sb.that...某人想到……

all at once(=suddenly,now)立即,马上

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once in a while(=occasionally)偶尔 in order井井有条,处于良好状态;

out of order(=in bad condition)出毛病,发生故障

participate in(=take part in)参加 be patient with对……耐心

perform on the piano(=play the piano)演奏钢琴 persist in坚持,固执

in person亲自,当面 come to the point谈主要问题

there is no point in doing sth.没必要做某事 point at(=indicate,direct attention)指着 point out(=indicate,show)指出,指明 popular with/among大众所喜爱的,拥戴

resort to诉诸于……,求助于……

resort to force诉诸于武力

respond to对……反应,响应,对(药)有效

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in response to(=as an answer to)回答,反应 be responsible for对……负责,是造成……原因 result in(=cause)导致 with the result that其结果是 in return(for)作为报答;以报答(for) get rid of摆脱,去掉,除去 be in the right正确的;

in the wrong错误的

give rise to(=lead to)引起,导致

at the risk of(=with danger of)冒……的风险

for the sake of(=for the good or advantage of)为了……起见 be satisfied with满意 on a large scale大规模地

on schedule 按时,准时

ahead of schedule提前;in advance预先; behind schedule落后于计划进度,晚于规定时间

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in search of寻找;

in honor of为了表示对……敬意; in memory of为了纪念……; in pursuit of追求……; on behalf of代表……的利益; in favor of赞成……; in season 旺季

in secret秘密地; in private私下

share sth.with与……分享,分担,分摊,共用 be sorry about/for懊悔的,后悔的,难过的 specialize in专门研究,专攻 in spite of(=despite)尽管

stick to粘着,坚持

stick to one's friend忠于朋友

stick at(=continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于……; stick at one's books勤奋读书

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be strict with对……严格要求 be/go on strike罢工

suffer from患……病;受……苦痛 be suitable for(=fit)适合……的 be surprised at对……惊奇; take...by surprise使……惊奇; to one's surprise使某人惊奇 in good taste大方,得体;(反意)

in bad taste小家子气

in terms of(=with regard to;respectively)按照,根据,在……方面 think of(=have the idea of)想到;(=consider)考虑;(=remember)想起 on second thoughts经再三考虑之后 at the thought of一想到……

for the time being(=temporarily)暂时 in time (for)及时

on time准时 at no time无论何时也不…… in on time(=very quickly)立即,马上 at times(=occasionally)间或,时常

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at all times(=always)始终,总是 be in use (=be used)被使用;

be out of use(=be on longer used)不再被使用

be used to+V-ing习惯于 used to+动词原形(过去常常做) in vain(=uselely)徒劳

be in the way(=obstructive)碍事,阻碍 by way of(=by going through)经由,取道 by the way(=in addition)顺带地(转移话题) in no way无论怎样也不…… in a way从某种程度上说

against one's will违心地,违背意愿地 in a word总之; in other words换言之; have a word with sb.谈一谈; have words with sb.争吵; hav the last word有决定权

词 汇 表

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A a (an) 一,一个 abandon 放弃,丢弃 ability 能力,才能 able 能干的

abnormal 反常的,不规则的 aboard 在船(飞机,车)上 abolish 废除,取消 abortion 流产,堕胎 about 大约,关于 above 在…上面,超过 abroad 到国外,遍布 abrupt 突然的,粗鲁的 absence 缺席,缺少 absent 缺席的,茫然 absolute 绝对的,确实的 absorb 吸收,接受 abstract 抽象的,摘要 absurd 荒谬的,可笑的 abundant 丰富的,充裕的 abuse 滥用,辱骂 academic 学术的,学院的 academy 院校,研究院;学会 accelerate 加速,促进;增加速度accent 重音,口音;强调 accept 接爱,认可 acce 接进;进入;途径

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acceible 易接近的,可理解的 accident 事故,意外的事 accommodation 适应,膳食供应 accompany 陪伴,陪同,伴随 accomplish 完成,实现 account 解释,说明 accountant 会计,出纳 accumulate 积累,积蓄,堆积 accuracy 准备性;准备度 accurate 准备的,正确的 accuse 控告,指责 accustomed习惯了的 ache 痛,想念 achieve 完成,达到 achievement 成就,实现 acid 酸的,酸性物质 acknowledge 承认,感谢 acquaintance 认识,熟人 acquire 获得,学到 acquisition 获得;获得物 acre 英亩 acro穿过,横过 act 行动,表演 active积极的,活动的 activity活动,活动性 actor演员,男演员

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actre女演员 actual 实际的,现行的 acute尖的,急性的 AD 公元;广告

ad= advertisement 广告,做广告 adapt使适应,改编 adaptation改编,适应 add 加,进一步说(或写) addicted 沉溺的,上瘾的 addition 加法,增加 addre地址,住址 adequate充足的,任任的 adjust调整,校整,适应于 adjustment 调整,校整

administration管理,经营,行政 admirable可赞赏的,堂堂的 admire羡慕,钦佩

admiion 允许进入,入场费 admit 承认,接纳

adolescence 青春期,青少年 adolescent 青少年的,青春期的 adopt 采取,收养 ore 崇拜,热爱ad adult 成的人的,已成熟的 advance促进,提高, advantage 优势,利益 adventure 冒险,奇遇

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advertisement 广告,登广告 advice 劝告,意见 advise 劝告,建议,通知 advocate提倡,提倡者 affair事情,事务 affect 影响,感动 affection 爱,感情,作用 afford 提供,负担的起 afraid 害怕的,恐怕 Africa 非洲

African非洲的,非洲人的 after 在……后面,后来 afternoon下午,午后 afterward(s) 然后,后来 again再,又,此外 against反对;倚靠 age 年龄,时代 agenda 议程,议事日程 agent 代理人,代理商

aggreive 侵略的,有进取心的ago 以前,……前 agree 赞同,一致,约定 agreement 协议,同意 agricultural 农业的,农艺的 agriculture 农业,农艺;农学 ahead 在前,向前,提前 aid 帮助,救护

成才热线:

AIDS 爱滋病 aim 企图,瞄准 air 天空,大气;样子 aircraft 飞机,飞艇 airline 航线,航空公司 airmail 航空邮件,航空邮政 airplane 飞机 airport 机场,航空港 airspace 空气,空间,上空 alarm 惊恐;警报

album 粘贴薄;相册;文选 alcohol 酒精 alcoholic 酒精的 algebra 代数学,代数 alike 相似的,相象的 alive 活着的,有活力的 all 全部的,完全地 allergic 过敏的,极讨厌的 alley 小径,胡同

allocate分配,把……拨给 allow 允许,承认,考虑到 allowance 允许,准许, almost 几乎,大概 alone 单独的,唯一的 along 沿着,向前 alongside 在旁边,横靠 aloud 出声地,大声地

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alphabet 字母表 already 已,已经 also 也,同样;而且

alternative两者选一的;交替的 although 尽管,虽然 altitude 高度,高处

altogether 完全,全部,总共 aluminium 铝

always 总是,一直,永远 am是

am./ am, AM./ AM 上午 amateur 业余的,业余爱好者 amazing 令人惊异的 America美国,美洲

ambaador (ambaadre) 大使,使节 ambiguous 暧昧的,不明确的 ambition 野心,抱负 ambulance 救护车;野战医院 among 在……中间 amount 数量,总计 ample 充分的,足够的 amuse 逗乐,使……开心 amusement 娱乐,消谴 analyse 分析,分解 analysis 分析,解析 ancestor 祖先,祖宗 ancient 古代的,古老的

成才热线:

and 和;并且;那么 anecdote 轶闻,轶事 anger 愤怒,使……发怒 angle 角,角度,观点 angry 愤怒的;生气的 animal 动物;肉欲的 ankle 踝,脚脖子

anniversary 周年,周年纪念日 announce 宣布,发表 annoy 使生气,使恼火 annual 每年的,年报 another 另一;别的 answer 回答,答复 ant 蚂蚁

Antarctic 南极的;南极区 antique 古代的,古物 anxiety 焦虑,担心 anxious 焦虑的,渴望的 any 一些,任何

anybody 任何人,无论谁 anyhow 无论如何;总之 anyone 无论谁,任何人 anything 任何事,一切 anyway 不管怎样说,总之 anywhere 无论哪里,任何地方 apart 分开,相距 apartment 房间

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apologize 道歉;辩解 apology 道歉;辩护 apparent 表面的,显然的 appeal 请求,呼吁,上诉 appear 出现,显露 appearance显露,外观 appendix 附录;附属物 appetite 胃口;爱好;欲望 applaud 喝彩,欢呼 apple 苹果,苹果树 applicant 申请人

application 申请,申请表,实用 apply 申请,应用 appoint 任命,委派,指定 appointment 约会,认命 appreciate 欣赏,鉴别 appreciation 欣赏,鉴别 approach 接近,走近,处理 appropriate 适当的,拨款,占用 approval 同意,赞成,批准 approve 赞成,同意,批准 approximately近似的,大约 apron 围裙

arbitrary 任意的,武断的,专断的arch 拱形,用拱连接 architect 建筑师,设计师 architecture 建筑,建筑学

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推荐第2篇:成考笔记_成人高考(专升本)英语作文

Food Safety 食品安全

Nowadays, unsafe foods can be found, now and then, in the market, which has aroused a lot of public attention.It is reported that these foodstuff ranges from substandard milk powder, tainted/dyed steamed buns to pork with lean meat powder.

Fake commodities are harmful in many ways.To begin with, it is a waste of resource, especially in our country.Second, it has bad effect on the reputation of the real manufacturers and brings about moral Crisis.Above all, all that matters is food.people’s health and lives are severely threatened if someone buys some unsafe foodstuff.Measures should be take to deal with the problem.On the one hand , strict laws should be paed to punish the producers and the sellers.On the other hand, consumers should be told to distinguish the genuine goods from the false ones.At the same time, the government should strengthen the supervision of all aspects of food.I firmly believe this problem will be solved in the near future.

Global Shortage of Fresh Water 全球淡水短缺

It is widely thought and accepted that the world’s supply of fresh water will never be run out of (used up) because it comes from such a variety of sources as rain ,river, well.Such an opinion leads to a shocking waste of water.

However (As a matter of fact), the earth is short of fresh water.There are many causes for the shortage of it.First, the word’s population is growing rapidly.Second, The demand for water is rising.What’s more, our surroundings has suffered serious pollution.All of the reasons mentioned result in the urgent need of fresh water, especially in some big cities.

Therefore, measures should be taken to deal with the problem.To begin with, strict laws should be paed to control any waste of water.Second, the sense of saving water should be educated among people.Above all, scientists must work even harder to purify the sea water and polluted water.

Drunken Driving 醉酒驾车

Drunken Driving Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that drunken driving has been a grave problem with which we are confronted.Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for /behind this phenomenon.Firstly, recent decades have witneed the rapid development of people’s living standards.As a result, cars gained ever-increasing popularity and have found their way into our everyday life.Secondly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before, where they will drink liquor/strong wine.Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.

Drunken driving is bound to generate severe consequence if we keep turning a blind eye to it.Firs and foremost, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, paengers and pedestrians/goers, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths.Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars mean a grievous waste of money, time and resources.Last but not least, this irresponsible driving will make the road a nightmare, and thus, it will causes serious loes of faith in governments and the society.

In view of the seriousne of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First, it is eential that the supervisory role of laws and regulations should be strengthened to punish those performing drunken driving.Secondly, the public, especially drivers, should enhance their awarene of public safety.With stringent laws and alert public, it will only a matter of time for drunken driving to become things of past

推荐第3篇:成人高考专升本英语作文写作要点分析

短文写作总分25分。短文写作部分要求考生写出一篇100-120字左右的短文。题材以记叙文为主,试卷可能给出题目或规定情景或段首句。

短文写作的要求为:能够正确表达思想,意义连贯,无重大语言错误。

写作内容涉及生活,一般常识和私人信件。

短文写作中的题目我们也可以称作命题写作。

情景写作也就是便条写作。

段首句式的写作可以称为主题句式的写作。

一、英语写作训练的要点

英语写作最重要的一点是用英语思维进行写作。

通病:习惯于先把作文翻译成汉语,然后逐字翻译成英语。

在理解和使用英语词汇时,要注意英语和汉语在意义上的不同。

所以我们在从事英语写作训练的时候:

1.要明确英语写作的意义。

2.要学习和掌握必要的写作理论。

3.要通过大量的阅读,新概念第二册比较适合。

写提纲的好处:

1.可以扩大思路

2.可以按次序排好素材

3.将文章分成段

4.明确写作的中心思想

“The Advantages of Travel (旅行的益处。)”

根据这一题目,在构思时可能会想到以下内容:

1.seeing strange and different things (看到各种奇异的东西)

2.meeting people with different interests (遇到有各种不同兴趣的人)

3.keeping us fit and healthy (有助于身体健康)

4.enjoying beautiful scenery (欣赏各地美景)

5.understanding how people live (了解人们怎样生活)

6.visiting famous cities and scenic spots (浏览名城和名胜)

7.tasting different foods and local flavors (品尝各地风味)

8.getting ideas of the conditions and customs of other people

(了解各地风土人情)

9.arousing the fervent love for our motherland (激起对祖国的热爱)

10.gaining knowledge of geography and history (获得地理历史知识)

11.making one le narrow minded (使人心胸开阔)

12.gaining other knowledge (获得其他方面知识)

13.seeing places read of in books (目睹曾在书上读到过的地方)

The Advantages of Travel

Travel is beneficial to us in at least three ways.

First, by traveling we can enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places.We will see with our own eyes many places

read of in books, and visit some famous cities and scenic spots.

Second, we will meet people with different interests and see strange and different things when we travel.We can get

ideas of the conditions and customs of other people, taste different foods and local flavors if we like.In this way, we can understand how differently other people live.

Third, travel will not only help us to gain knowledge of geography and history and other knowledge, which arouses the

fervent love for our motherland, but will also help us keep healthy and make us le narrow-minded.Travel does benefit

us both mentally and physically.

With all these advantages of travel, it is no wonder that travel has now become more popular than ever in China.

在写100字左右的作文,我们也强调三段论。第一句话或第一段我们强调我们要写的内容,第二段找一些例子阐述一下。第三段再次把我们

强调的内容引申的说一下。

二. 文章的三个部分

引言 introduction

正文 body

结束语 conclusion

专升本英语作文考试中,语法一定要简明扼要,而且要正确。

写好主题句的三条原则

1.要能说明段落中心思想的内容。

2.要有能体现中心思想的关键词。

3.尽量使用简洁明了的句子。

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,每组句式的功能相同或相似,考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1-2个,做到能够

熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1.表示原因

1)There are three reasons for this. 2)The reasons for this are as follows.

3)The reason for this is obvious.

4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

5)The reason for this is that...

6)We have good reason to believe that...

例如:

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,people’s living standard has been

greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,

more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

如写第一个句子没有把握,可将其改写成两个句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for

this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2.表示好处

1)It has the following advantages.

2)It does us a lot of good.

3)It benefits us quite a lot.

4)It is beneficial to us.

5)It is of great benefit to us.

例如:

Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.

Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.

3.表示坏处

1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

2)It does us much harm.

3)It is harmful to us.

例如:

However,everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy

if we spend too much time watching television.

4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1)It is important(neceary,difficult,convenient, poible)for sb.to do sth.

2)We think it neceary to do sth.

3)It plays an important role in our life.

例如:

Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in busine.Soon, computers will be

found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life

and we have stepped into the Computer Age.

5.表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures.

2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.

3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

例如: The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective

measures to solve it.

6.表示变化

1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.

3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.

例如:

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to

seek.Nowadays,more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein,and from fruit and vegetable to milk

for vitamins.

7.表示事实、现状

1)We cannot ignore the fact that...

2)No one can deny the fact that...

3)There is no denying the fact that...

4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.

5)However,that’s not the case.

例如:

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems, we

can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter

laws to promote a cleaner environment. 8.表示比较

1)Compared with A,B...

2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.

3)There is a striking contrast between them.

例如:

Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly,they do not consume natural

resources of petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,they contribute to people’

s health by giving them due physical exercise.

9.表示数量

1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...

2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800,000.

3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.

例如:

With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that

spent on education has increased.

再如:

From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of le than two

hours per week in 2008 to 20 hours in 2009.

=============================

Practical Writing Samples 英语应用文写作范文 1.A Letter of Apology 道歉信

由于未能及时赴约,给老师写一封道歉信,解释原因请求原谅同时提出希望下一次约会。 You have made an appointment with your teacher, but failed to keep it.Write a letter to your teacher to

1) Apologize for your failure to keep the appointment,

2) Explain your reason to your teacher, and

3) Expre your wish to make another appointment.

Dear Prof.Wang,

I’m writing to ask you to excuse me for not being able to keep our appointment.I do know that this is very impolite

and must have caused you much trouble.

I do reckon that at present any explanation is pale and futile.However I do not want you to misunderstand me.On my

way to your office, an old lady suddenly fainted due to heart attack on the bus.I stopped a taxi and sent her into a

nearby hospital.I stayed there until her son came, which spoiled our appointment.

I am aware that our appointment is of importance.I do hope that you would be kind enough to spare your valuable to

meet me.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming

2.A Letter of Thanks 感谢信

生病住院两周,老师和同学过来看望你,为此你给他们写一封感谢信,表达你的感激之情。 You have been ill and hospitalized for two weeks.Your teachers and clamates went to see you.Write a letter to them to

1) Thank them for their coming to see you,

2) Describe your feeling, and

3) State your present condition.

Dear Teachers and Clamates,

First of all, please allow me to say “Thank you” to all of you.It is very kind of you to spare your valuable time

during the period of final examinations and come to see me.

Your visit has given me much confidence and power to overcome the illne.When I first came to the hospital, I really

felt lonely and did not have enough courage and confidence to overcome the illne.Your visit has made me feel that I am

not poor and lonely in the world and in fact I am living in a world of love, which has brought me much confidence and

power to overcome the illne.

These days, my condition has been obviously improved due to the careful treatment offered by doctors and nurses.

Doctors have told me that I will completely recover from illne in two weeks.I hope that I can see you earlier.

Again, special thanks go to all of you.

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming

3.A Letter of Invitation邀请信

春节即将来临,你写信邀请外国朋友来中国过春节。

The Spring Festival is coming shortly.You intend to invite your foreign friend to come to China and spend the traditional

Chinese Festival together.Write a letter to him/her to

1) Expre your warm invitation to him/her,

2) Introduce the Spring Festival, and

3) Mention the places you will accompany him/her to visit.

Dear Beckham,

First of all, please allow me to expre my heartfelt invitation to you.Since the Spring Festival is coming shortly, I

sincerely invite you to come to China and spend the holiday with me.

Spring Festival is of much importance to Chinese people.It has a long history and Chinese have attached much importance

to the holiday.To be exact, the Spring Festival has been the most significant holiday.The Spring Festival is to Chinese

what Christmas is to the Westerners.

If you come, I am going to accompany you to fairgrounds (庙会), where you can have a close look at some of the Chinese

traditions.

I am looking forward to your reply. Sincerely Yours

Li Min 4.A Letter of Suggestion 建议信 给北京市市长王岐山写信,希望自己能成为2008年奥运会的志愿者,同时提出自己的看法。

You have watched the 2004 Athens Olympic Games and are interested in becoming a volunteer for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

Write a latter to Wang Qishan, mayor of the capital city, to

1) Make suggestions for the 2008 preparation work,

2) Expre your wish to be a volunteer.

Dear Wang Qishan,

I am a senior in Peking University.The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is coming in two years.After watching the 2004

Athens Olympic Games, I can not help writing to you.

First of all, here is my suggestion for the preparation work of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.The construction work

of the sports building must be completed in time according to the contract.In Athens, the swimming stadium was not

accomplished in time so that the event had to be held in the open air, which has brought negative effect on the

performance of athletes.In one word, to protect the international image of China and ensure the Olympic competition, we

must finish our preparation work well and in time.

Last but not least important, I want to expre my wish to be a volunteer.In the first place, it is the duty of every

Chinese to do his bit for the 2008 Olympic Games.In the second place, I have a good command of foreign languages.I can

speak English, Ruian, and Japanese.Therefore I can be a qualified volunteer.

I am looking forward to your reply

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming

5.A Letter of Complaint投诉信

你新买的电脑出了问题,为此你写信给经理投诉。

You have bought a brand-new computer in a store.But much to your disappointment, it could not be properly operated when you got it back.Write a letter to the manager:

1) Giving complaints,

2) Describing the problems,

3) And asking for some compensation.

Dear manager,

I write this letter to you to make some complaints about the computer I bought in your store yesterday afternoon.

There’s something wrong with it.That makes me extremely unhappy.

The computer cannot be properly shut down when I got it back to the office.When I click the shutdown button, it seems

that the machine gives no response.And I\'m so annoyed with it.

It\'s obvious that you didn’t\' carefully examine the machine before you sold it.I think your store should take full

responsibility for selling me the defective machine.I insist that you give me a satisfactory reply.I do want you to give

back my money as soon as poible.

Sincerely yours,

Tom

6.A Letter of Job Application 求职信

假如你马上要毕业了,现给一个公司的人力资源经理写一封求职信。

You will graduate from university and are hunting for a job.After reading a job ads, write a letter to the Personnel

Resources Department to

1) State your reason to write the application,

2) describe your relevant education background,

3) Introduce your English level, and

4) State your way of contact.

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am responding to your ad in the June 20th, 2005, iue of the Sunday Talent Journal for the position of production

coordinator.I feel that my background in electronics and manufacturing will fit in well.

I will graduate from the Beijing Science & Technology University in June with a Bachelor of Science degree in Manufacturing Engineering.I have had extensive training on computers while at school.In my Production and Inventory

cla, I have learned about computerized production and material scheduling in a job shop environment.

I paed CET-6 in 2004.Not only do I pay much attention to improving my reading and listening skills, but I also keep

practicing oral English.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.Would you please call me to set an interview? I can be reached at my resume

addre or by phoning (010) 2357-7980 after 4 p.m.

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming

7.A Notice of Lost and Found失物招领通知

你捡到了一个电子词典,为找到失主,请写一个失物招领通知

You have found an electronic dictionary and want to return it to its owner.Write a notice of Lost and Found to clearly

state:

1) The time and place of your finding

2) The feature of the dictionary

3) Your information for contact

Lost and Found

On the evening of January 4th, 2005, I found an electronic dictionary in the English reading-room on the 3rd floor of

the new library in the east district of our university.

The electronic dictionary can be generally described as follows.It is brand new and metallic gray in color.What\'s

more, the portable electronic dictionary is as big as a piece of cake and as thin as a regular magazine.

The owner of the electronic dictionary may contact me now.My room phone number and mobile phone number are (010)

62043340 and 13801106414 respectively.Please make appointment in advance.

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming 8.A Letter of Appeal 呼吁信

目前环境遭到严重破坏,请写一封信呼吁大家保护环境。

Over the past years, we have witneed destructions of various kinds caused by human actions.As a university student,

write a letter to our society to

1) Enumerate present severe condition,

2) State the neceity of social concern, and

3) Suggest the counter-measures.

To everyone on our planet,

Over the past years, floods, droughts, landslides, and dust-storms have frequented our planet, the only habitat of human

beings.Several days ago, tsunami(海啸) has swept the Southeast Asia, which has caused enormous damage.All these have

sounded an alarm to human beings.

The destruction which is caused by human beings has aroused people’s concern all over the world.If we pay no heed to the

present destructive human activities, our planet will become of tomb instead of cozy home.What’s more, we should realize

that only from our planet can we obtain our sheltering, food, cloth and so forth.

Counter-measures must be taken to curb the destruction caused by human beings.Most importantly, laws must be established

to punish those who are involved in destructive conducts.

Sincerely Yours

Li Ming

=============================

2010年专升本作文范文(投诉信)

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to inform you that the TV set we ordered from your website does not work well.

The TV set we ordered is Panasonic, high-definition, and 58\" on the date of Sep.20th, 2010, and we

spent $ 1,100 on it.The date we received it was Sep.25th, 2010.The first two days it worked well, but

afterwards, it seemed tired.The problems are that we cannot find the right channel with the control and

sometiimes the screen is getting darker and darker.

To resolve the problem, I would like you to replace it with a new one, or take it back and give us full

amount of refund.

Thank you.I\'m looking forward to hearing from you.

2009专升本英语作文范文

I’m LiYuan, the organizer of the volunteer group in the

university.Our group was found on Dec.5, 2007.The date

is special in the world called International Volunteer

Day.By now, there are around 200 members in our group,

who

are students from different departments of our

university.We work in small groups with different plans,

such as taking care of aged people who are alone at home,

visiting orphanage to teach them something and so on.We

take turns doing these.The purpose for us to do so is to

try to make more harmonious environment.We welcome more

people to join us to build a better world.

============================= 2008专升本英语作文范文

Job Vacancy

If you are interested in working in Beijing Pioneer Hotel, we would be pleased to hear from you.Now we are looking for

managers for our enlarged hotel.

People we need: One male manager for the Security Department One male or female manager for the Busine Center One male or female manager for the Accounting Department

Position requirements: Bachelor degree or above Devotion in working and highly responsibility and profeional dedication At least two-year working in hotel experience Age 25-45, healthy

Send your full details to: jobapply@beijibgpioneerhotel.com before December 12, 2009.For further information please

inquire the same email addre, we will respond as soon as poible, or phone 010-66875831.

Thank you.

Li Yuan (manager) Personal Department Beijing pioneer Hotel

=============================

2003-2006 年作文范文

2003 年作文题

写信邀请朋友参加你的生日聚会。

信的内容包括:

1.

告知对方聚会的具体时间,地点

2.

到达聚会地点的行车路线及便利的交通工具

3.

要求对方就能否参加聚会做回复

Dear Julie,

Next Sunday will be my birthday.I have decided to hold a birthday party at home.If you can come I will be very

pleased.Please tell me whether you can come or not during the weekdays.

Next, I want to tell you how to find my home, take bus No.101 to Bridge Street, after you get off, walk forward for

about

fifteen minutes, you will see many tall buildings by the river, I live in building No.2 room 405.I think it

is easy for you to find

my home, you won’t mi it.

Yours ever,

Alice

2004年作文题

英语系的钱教授要为本系学生做一个讲座。请写出一则关于这个讲座的通知,通知内容包括以下几个方面:

1.

讲座的主题和主要内容。

2.

讲座的时间和地点。

3.

参加讲座的对象。

4.

要求本专业的学生在讲座后进行一次讨论。

Writing (25 points)

Announcement

Attention please, I have something to tell you.

Tomorrow morning there will be a report in our school Hall.Mr.Qian, profeor of the English Department, will

give us a talk on how to improve our oral English and how to solve problems in English education.The talk begins at nine

o’clock

tomorrow morning, and it will last for about three hours.Every teacher and student of the English

Department is expected to come

on time.Students of the English Department should have a discuion after the talk.

English Department

2005年作文题

Looking for a mobile phone

Owing to my own carelene on my way back to the dormitory from the claroom yesterday evening, I had my black

Motorola mobile phone lost.I am anxiously expecting someone to report its recovery to Mr.Li Yuan at 66778899 as soon as

poible.

This mobile phone is very important to me for several reasons.First, it is my birthday present from my parents who

hoped this phone would bring happine and succe in my university life and I really value this expectation.The phone

has been with me for two years and it has seen all my succees and sorrows in the past two yeas.Secondly, the phone

stores my

most important contact numbers of teachers, friends who make important contact with me through the phone.

Without these numbers, my life and study will be put in a difficult situation.

I sincerely hope those who have found it will contact me and return it to me soon.I will offer a material reward

to the

person who brings it back to me.

Many thanks in advance.Please contact me at: 66778899 or e-mail me at: Doreen@yahoo.com.cn

Li Yuan

2006 年作文范文

Dear Harry,

It was so nice to hear from you, and I was especially excited to hear your mum and dad are coming for a tour of

huangshan Mountains.They are most welcome for the tour and I would happily to be tour guide for them then.

Most people now take the direct flight from Shanghai to huangshan, but of course if they would like to enjoy the

scenery

along the railway line, a train ride there would also be a comfortable overnight experience.Hotels around

Huangshan are

many and they can choose one to their liking.

They don’t have to take many things with them except some change clothes, as the weather on the mountains tends to

be cool at this time of the year.They might also like to take some medicine for common colds and diarrhea, but medical

services here are definitely helpful.

If they have time, they might like to go around a bit here in Shanghai, where day trips to Zhouzhuang, tongli or

even

Huangzhou may give them a taste of the representative Southern China scenery.

Looking forward to their visit, and wish you a very happy spring vacation.

With best regards

Li Yuan

推荐第4篇:成人高考专升本英语考点复习资料

成人高考专升本英语考点复习资料

1.able ability enable capable be able to do能够做…

have the ability to do能够做,有能力做…:

He has the ability to make very good boat.enable ** to do使…能做…:

Internet has enabled us to get information from all over the world.

Be capable of能够做…: He is capable of drawing oil painting.

He is able to read and write in English.

2.absent反义词:present

3.abroad国外,海外: live ~ go ~

Many young people are eager to go abroad to study.

4.acce:入口,途径;机会,权利。Have acce to sth

Citizens in the town all have acce to the books in the local(当地的)library.

5.absorb吸收be absorbed in全神贯注于…

All the students are absorbed in Profeor‘s lecture on China’s economy.

6.accept接受receive收到(不一定接受)

She received a gift from him, but she didn‘t accept it.

7.by accident=by chance偶然地on purpose故意地

8.according to根据

According to the article, environmental pollution has been taken under control.

9.take…into account=take…into consideration把…考虑在内

I hope my teacher will take into account my illne when he grades our test paper.

Account描述

She gave an account of what he saw in China.

10.accuse ** of sth = charge ** with(for) sth指责…做了…;指控…犯了…

He was accused of robbing the bank and sentenced ten years in gail.

His mother charged him with being lazy.

11.be accustomed to = be used to习惯于后接sth或doing sth

used to过去有过去常常后接do sth

Mr.Smith is not used/accustomed to driving on the right.

I‘m already used to the life here.

There used to be a house near the river.

He used to get up while he was in the middle school.

12.achieve获得,达到

You will achieve nothing if you waste your time this way.

13.adapt=adjust适应~ adopt收养;采用

You should adapt to college life as soon as poible.

He adjusted himself very quickly to the weather in the country.

14.add to增添add up to总计达

15.in addition(to)=besides此外

In order to master a foreign language, we should learn some grammar.In addition, we‘d better learn some words.

16.adequate=enough

17.admit承认

He admitted him mistake at last.

18.in advance预先,提前

You should inform(通知)me in advance if you are going to come.

19.take advantage of = make use of利用

We can take advantage of computer to analyze data.

A good habit in learning is to make full use of cla time.

20.affect (v.) effect (n.) influence (v & n)影响effort努力

have an effect/influence on对…有影响

make an effort to do或make efforts to do

The latest discovery in gene will have a great effect on the health of human beings.

They made great efforts to find a new cure to lung cancer .

21.afford (to do) sth买/花/用/支付得起

It‘s hard to imagine how he can afford (to buy) a house on his small salary.

22.be afraid of担心,害怕

23.at the age of

24.agree with同意

agree on同意(双方就…达成一致)

agree to同意(上级,父母对下级,晚辈允许…)

The two countries have agreed on the date for next talk.

My parents don‘t agree to my staying outside overnight.

25.ahead of time提

We finished our aignment ahead of time.

26.by air=by plane by sea= by ship by bus/train on foot

26.after all毕竟above all首先(not…) at all一点(也不)all over

28.allow/permit…to do…允许…做…

29.although/though but连词不能同时用在句子中。

As连词倒装句

in spite of/despite介词不连接句子

Although he was seriously ill, he went on with the experiment.

Young as he is, he has already learned three foreign languages: English, French and Japanese.

Although he is young,he has already learned three foreign languages :English, French and Japanese.

In spite of/despite his illne, he went on with his experiment.

30.be angry with ** be angry at sth

31.apart from=besides除了…。之外,还有…。

=except除了…

No one knows what happened except mr.Smith.

He has a large collection of books besides CDs.

32.apply ( ~ for申请)应用

He has succefully applied for a position(职位)in the company.

33.appreciate欣赏

感激(加动名词doing)

I really appreciate your coming to the party.类似动词有:

enjoy, mind介意, avoid避免, escape逃避, can‘t help禁不住, risk冒险, need=want需要

insist on坚持

My hair needs cutting.

34.approve赞成,批准

35.argue with **与…争论

36.arise ~ from rise arouse raise

New problems will arise as the old ones have been solved.(出现)

Are there any things arising from last meeting?(源于)

His speech aroused little interest among the students.(引起,激起)

The company has raised the prices of its products.(提高)

The prices of goods rose day by day during the Spring Festival.(上升)

37.Artificial人工的,假的~ flowers

38.as for至于as to关于,至于as if/though似乎,好象

39.ask for要求

40.attach importance to重视

41.pay attention to重视catch one‘s attention引起…注意/重视

42.available可得/买到的

There is no ticket available.

43.average平均on( the ) ~

44.be aware of = realize意识到be sure一定要,肯定

He apologized to us for the mistake as soon as he was aware of it.

Be sure not to be late for the meeting.

I‘m sure the play will be a great succe.

45.back up支持

46.background背景

47.base ~…on…把…建立在…基础之上

His article is based on the research.

48.bear忍受,容忍同义词:

endure tolerate stand put up with

She cannot bear to see the child in pains.

49.do/try one‘s best

He said he would try his best to carry out the plan.

50.because连词:There will be no meeting because the manager will be on the vacation next week.

because of介词: His wedding will be put off because of his father‘s death.

51.best make the ~ of很好地利用

52.had better do最好You‘d better finish reading the book in this week, since I’m going to return it to the library.

would rather do宁愿I‘d rather go there myself.

53.beyond超出…

The profeor‘s lecture is beyond me/beyond my understanding (超出我的理解范围)。

The apple on the tree is beyond my reach(够不着)。

54.Both…and…两者都either…or…或者…或者…

neither…。 nor…。两者都不

55.be bound to do注定…

You‘re bound to succeed as long as(只要)you keep on trying.

56.break into闯入break out爆发break through突破

break up (关系等)破裂

57.catch one‘s breath

58.call off=cancel取消call on=visit拜访call for请求,号召

The resident called for the people to fight against the invaders.

59.care for关心,在乎take care保重take care of=look after照顾

60.carry on继续carry out实施,执行

They decided to carry out the plan despite the opposition.

61.case事实,实情;箱子;案例;病例

in case (of)以防,万一Take my umbrella in case it rains;。

In most cases在大多数情况下

In no case决不in no way by no means

62.catch up with赶上,保持一致keep up with keep pace with

63.(be) in charge of掌管,负责

take charge of掌管,负责

charge…for…开价,要价

The short man there is in charge of our company.

The hotel charges $100 for a double room.

64.challenge挑战

65.change零钱(n.),换零钱(v.)

66.comfort v.& n安慰;舒适,舒服

comfortable舒服的,舒适的

67.have…in common有共同之处

Although they are twins they have little in common.

68.communicate传播,交流

69.compare…to…把…比作…。

compare…with…把…与…相比

Poets like comparing their lovers to red roses.

Compared with brain, computer still has some shortcomings.

70.complain of/about抱怨

71.be made up of由…。组成be composed of consist of

72.concentrate on集中注意力于be engaged in

73.as far as…be concerned就…而言

As far as wages are concerned, I‘m very diatisfied with the present job.

Concerning=about关于

74.contribute捐献contribute to有助于

Computers will contribute many conveniences to our work.

75.control out of control失去控制under ~在控制之下

76.convenient方便,便利的

77.convince使相信/信服convince…of…

I‘m convinced(=I believe) that where there is a will, there is a way.

He was not convinced of his wife‘s guilty.

78.cope with deal with handle处理,应付

79.at the cost of以…为代价He saved the drown child at the cost of his own life.

at the risk of冒着…危险…

cost spend

The overcoat cost him $200.

He spent $200 on (in buying) the overcoat.

80.count on depend on rely on依靠,依赖

81.create创造

82.custom习俗customs海关

83.damage损坏(部分)destroy毁灭(全部)hurt伤害

injure受伤ruin摧毁spoil破坏(心情,兴致等)

Our holiday was spoiled buy the bad weather.

The earthquake has destroyed the city entirely.

84.a good/great deal许多,大量

85.degree学位程度=extent to some extent/degree在某种程度上

86.demand order suggest propose insist等后that从句用虚拟语气(加动词原形)

The general ordered that the bridge (should) be repaired before daybreak.

87.deny否认,拒绝(给予)

He denied breaking the window.

Women were denied the right to vote in the past in the U.S.

88.in detail详细地

He explained the question to us in ~.

89.devote…。To…致力于

The scientist devoted the whole life to the study of chemistry.

90.do away with废除get rid of摆脱除掉

have…to do with与…有关

It has nothing to do with what you are talking about.

Do away with the law.

He managed to get rid of the man followed him.

91.drop in=drop by=visit

92.due到期的The book will be due next week.

(按计划,安排要)发生,到达的

What time will the next bus due?

The next meeting is due to be held in three months‘time.

due to =because of=owing to因为,由于

His promotion is due to his hard working.

Due to the heavy rain, we have to give up the plan for the weekends.

93.economic经济的economical节俭的

94.effective有效的efficient效率高的

95.else其它的something ~ somebody ~

96.in the end最终(结果)at last最后(经过很长时间)

I have finished the eay at last.

We were thinking of going to England, but in the end we went to the USA.

97.enjoy oneself=have a good time玩的开心help oneself随便

98.establish=set up=found

99.evident=obvious=apparent明显的显而易见的

100.for example=for instance

101.be exhausted=be tired out =be worn out筋疲力尽的

102.exist存在

103.expose暴露受影响

Being exposed to the sun for some time can do good to your health.

Many of today‘s teenagers have been exposed too much to violence and sex.

104.face up to(勇敢)面对be faced with面临encounter面临

105.in fact as a matter as a fact实际上事实上

106.be familiar with

107.by far非常,最(修饰比较级和最高级)so far迄今为止(完成时态)

far from远非(否定)

In my opinion, he is by far the most suitable one for the job.

He sent out a letter to apply for the job, but has received no answer so far.

My English is far from perfect.

108.fare交通费fee费用tuition学费

109.favor do ** a favor帮…个忙in favor of赞成

I‘m in favor of his suggestion that a power plant(电厂)be built.

Would you do me a favor to carry the box upstairs?

110.feel like doing sth would like to do sth喜欢/想做…。

111.field田野,领域

112.fill in填写be filled with充满

Would you like to fill in your addre and telephone here?

113.fine罚款

推荐第5篇:成人高考专升本英语高频词组二

成人高考专升本英语高频词组二

2008-5-11

81.provide sb with sth / provide sth for sb 向某人提供某物

82.on purpose 故意

83.rather than / other than 而不是/ 除了,不同于

eg.He bought the red tie rather than the green one./ 他买了那条红领带而不是那条绿色的。

eg.He never speaks to me other than to ask for something./ 他除了向我要东西,从不和我说话。

eg.She seldom appears other than happy./ 她很少有不高兴的时候。

84.refer to 指的是,提及

85.play a role in 在……扮演一个角色,在某方面起作用

86.make room for 为……腾地方

87.see sb off / meet sb at the station 为某人送行/ 去车站接某人

88.send out / send for a doctor / send off / send up / 派出/ 派人去请医生/ 发出气体/ 发射

89.make sense 有意义

eg.What you have said makes no sense./ 你刚才说的话都是废话。

90.sentence sb to death / stone sb to death / starve sb to death 判某人死刑/ 用石头把某人打死/ 饿死某人

91.be similar to 与……相似

92.sooner or later 迟早

93.stop sb from doing sth / keep sb from doing / prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事

94.suffer from sth 遭受……痛苦

95.be sure to do sth 有信心做某事

eg.She is sure to win the first prize in the competition./ 她有信心在比赛中获胜。

96.make sure 确保,确定

eg.When you leave the room, make sure that all the windows are shut.

97.it is certain that 毫无疑问的是……

98.tear sth into pieces 把……撕成碎片

99.all the time / all the same / all the best / all the way 一直/ 同样/ 一切都好/ 千里迢迢

eg.He came all the way by air in order to watch the finals./ 他一路飞来,为的就是看最后的决赛。

100.be tired of doing / be tired from doing 厌倦做某事/ 因某事感到劳累

101.keep in touch with sb / lose touch with sb 和某人保持联系/ 和某人失去联系102.turn to sb for help 向某人寻求帮助

103.make oneself understood 使自己被别人理解

104.used to do sth / would 过去常常

105.be used to doing sth / be accustomed to doing sth习惯做某事

106.be used to do sth / get used to do sth / be used for sth 被用来做某事107.by the way / in the way / in a way / on the way / in no way / in this way

顺便说说/ 碍事/ 从某种程度上来说/ 在路上/ 绝不/ 就这样

108.be willing to do sth / be unwilling to do 愿意做某事/ 不愿意做某事109.have a word with sb / have words with sb 和某人谈话/ 和某人吵架110.in a word / in short / to sum up 总之

111.in other words 换言之

112.Word came that …有消息称……

eg.Word came that there would be a new round of sale next week./ 有消息称下周还有新一轮的打折。

113.be worth doing / be worthy to do 值得做某事

eg.The book is worth reading./ The book is worthy to be read./ 这本书值得一读。

114.accuse sb of doing sb 指控某人做某事

eg.He was accused of murdering his bo./ 他被指控谋杀了他的老板。115.aure sb of sth 向某人确保……

eg.The shop aistant kept auring me of the quality, so I took it./ 售货员不断向我保证质量,所以我就买下了。

116.get rid of sth 去除,消除

117.suspect sb of doing sth 怀疑某人做某事

118.warn sb of sth 警告某人某事

eg.I have warned him of the danger many times, but he won't listen to me./ 我警告过他很多次,但是他就是不听我的。

119.differ from 区别于

120.be dismied from / be fired from 被……解雇

121.protect sb from sth / doing sth 保护某人免受,免于……

eg.The umbrella can protect people from the rain./ 雨伞可以保护人们不受雨淋。122.sb be engaged in doing sth 忙于做某事

123.fail in sth / fail to do sth 失败于某事

124.indulge oneself in sth / doing sth 沉溺于某事

eg.He indulged himself in traveling all over the world./他沉溺于他的环球旅行。

125.sb be involved in sth 某人被牵涉进某事中

eg.I don't want to be involved in their quarrel./ 我不想搅和进他们的争吵中。126.concentrate on sth / doing sth 全神贯注做某事

127.decide on sth 决定

eg.They have decided on the date for their outing./ 他们已经决定了出游的日期。

128.economize on sth 节约

eg.We should economize on all kinds of energy./ 我们应该节约各种能源。129.embark on sth 开始着手做某事

130.operate on sb 给某人动手术

131.vote on sth for sb / against sb 就某事进行投票选择,赞成/ 反对132.amount to 达到

133.appeal to sb 吸引某人

eg.The bright colors always appeal to the young girls./ 鲜艳的颜色总是很吸

引年轻女孩。

134.attach to 依恋于,依附于

135.confine sb to 把某人限定在一个范围内

eg.The mother confined her naughty son to the room./ 妈妈把调皮的儿子关在房间里。

136.see to 负责准备

eg.Whose turn to see to the dinner today? / 今天轮到谁做饭了?

137.surrender oneself to 屈服于,投降于

138.yield to 屈服

139.account for sth 解释……的原因

eg.The heavy traffic accounts for my late./ 我迟到的原因是拥挤的交通。140.hope for sth 希望得到某物

141.begin with / end up with 从……开始/ 从……结束

142.cope with 应对,解决

143.reason with sb 规劝某人

eg.I have tried to reason with him, but he is too stubborn./ 我尽力说服他,但是他太固执了。

144.be responsible for sth 对……负责

145.be curious about sth 对……好奇

146.be keen on sth 对……热衷

147.be indifferent to sth 对……感到无所谓

148.be inferior to 低于……,劣等于

149.be new to sth 对……陌生

150.be sensitive to 对……感到敏感

eg.The little girl is very sensitive to the sunshine./ 那个小女孩对阳光很敏感。

151.be obedient to 服从于

152.be harmful to 对……有害

153.be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事

154.be independent of sth / be dependent on sth 独立于/ 依赖于

155.be jealous of sth 嫉妒……

推荐第6篇:成人高考专升本政治复习资料

成人高考专升本政治复习资料.txt22真诚是美酒,年份越久越醇香浓型;真诚是焰火,在高处绽放才愈是美丽;真诚是鲜花,送之于人手有余香。一颗孤独的心需要爱的滋润;一颗冰冷的心需要友谊的温暖;一颗绝望的心需要力量的托慰;一颗苍白的心需要真诚的帮助;一颗充满戒备关闭的门是多么需要真诚这一把钥匙打开呀!成人高考专升本政治复习资料:马克思主义哲学

1.简述马克思主义哲学与具体科学的关系。

(1)马克思主义哲学和具体科学之间是有区别的,它们研究的对象是不同的。马克思主义哲学研究的对象是整个物质世界,具体科学的研究对象是物质世界的一个部分,一个过程。马克思主义哲学揭示的是物质世界的普遍本质和发展的普遍规律,具体科学揭示的是物质世界一定领域、一定层次的本质和规律。它们之间是普遍与特殊、共性与个性、一般与个别的关系。

(2)马克思主义哲学和具体科学之间又是密切联系的:马克思主义哲学以各门具体科学为基础,离开了各门具体科学的研究成果,马克思主义哲学既不能产生,也不能发展。各门具体科学的研究以马克思主义哲学为指导。

2.试述哲学基本问题的理论内容及其意义。

内容:

(1)精神和物质何者为第一性,即谁先谁后,谁决定谁,谁是世界的本质、本原。

(2)精神和物质之间有无同一性,即人们能否认识世界和改造世界。按照对哲学问题第一方面的不同回答,全部哲学特别是近代哲学划分为唯物主义和唯心主义两大基本派别。

意义:

哲学的基本问题具有重要的理论意义。如何回答其内容的第一方面,即如何回答物质和意识哪个是第一性的问题,是划分唯物主义与唯心主义的唯一标准。如何回答哲学基本问题内容的第二方面,即是否承认思维和存在的同一性,是否承认世界的可知性,是区分可知论和不可知论的标准。凡承认思维和存在具有同一性,认为世界是可知的,是可知论;反之,则是不可知论。

哲学的基本问题具有重要的实践意义。思维和存在的关系问题,应用到实际生活中就是主观和客观的关系问题。人们的活动主要是认识世界和改造世界。认识世界是主观反映客观,改造世界是主观反作用客观。只有解决好主观和客观的关系问题,才能正确地认识世界和有效地改造世界,取得工作的成功。

3.简述物质与运动的关系:

物质和运动是不可分的。物质离不开运动,无运动的物质是不存在的,设想不运动的物质是形而上学的观点。运动也离不开物质,任何运动都有物质主体,都是物质的运动,没有脱离物质的运动,设想没有物质的运动是唯心主义观点。

4.试述意识能动作用的表现。简述对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质与核心。

意识:

意识的能动作用即意识对物质的反作用,也称为主观能动性,是指意识能够能动地反映客观事物,形成主观观念,并且自觉地指导人的实践活动,反作用于客观事物。

意识的能动作用主要表现为如下几个方面:1)意识活动具有目的性和计划性;2)意识活动具有主动性和创造性;3)意识的能动作用最突出的表现是指导实践,改造客观世界;4)意识活动能在一定条件下控制人的生理活动。

对立统一:

1)对立统一规律提示了普遍联系的根本内容和事物变化发展的内在动力;

2)对立统一规律是贯穿于唯物辩证法其他规律和范畴的中心线索,也是理解和把握它们的关键;

3)矛盾分析法即对立统一的分析方法是认识世界和改造世界的根本方法;

4)是否承认对立统一规律即矛盾规律,是辩证法和形而上学斗争的焦点和根本分歧。 5.论述质量规律的内容及其意义: 内容:

质量互变规律说明,事物的量变达到关节点超出了度,就出现质变;新质产生后,在新的基础上又出现新的量变;量变、质变、新的量变、新的质变,事物发展的进程就是这样循环往复,由低级向高级、由简单向复杂无限演进的过程。这就是事物的质量互变规律。

意义:

1)质、量、度作为概括事物规定性的基本范畴,要求我们在认识事物时要把定性分析和定量分析结合起来。

2)掌握事物的度也很重要。

3)量变和质变的关系,对于我们至少应该有两个方面的启发意义。

一、既然量变是质变的必要准备,质变是量变的必然结果,那么我们无论做什么工作都应该注重量的积累,脚踏实地埋头苦干。

二、事物的发展是连续性与间断性的统

一、渐进与飞跃的统一,只承认连续性而不承认间断性、只承认渐进而不承认飞跃,或者相反,都不符合事物发展的进程。

总之,善于把握量变和质变的对立统一,在它们的相互转化、相互推动中把握事物的变化发展,从而为实践活动提供正确的指导。

6.试述辩证否定观及其意义。

辩证否定观:

首先,辩证的否定是事物的自我否定;

辩证的否定是事物发展和联系的环节;

辩证的否定是事物发展环节和联系环节的统一,是新事物对旧事物的既克服又保留,是扬弃。

意义:

辩证的否定观要求我们对任何事物不要简单地肯定或简单否定,不要不加分析的肯定一切或否定一切。

7.试述矛盾普遍性与特殊性辩证关系原理及其意义。

内容:

矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辩证统一的原理,是坚持马克思主义普遍真理与中国具体实际相结合这一基本思想原则的理论基础。我国走建设有中国特色社会主义道路,是中国共产党把马克思主义普遍真理同中国的具体实际相结合的过程中的理论成果。

意义:

矛盾的共性和个性、绝对和相对的道理,是关于事物矛盾问题的精髓。

矛盾的共性和个性、绝对和相对统一的原理,是坚持马列主义的普遍真理与各国具体实践相结合这一原则的哲学基础,是反对教条主义和经验主义的思想武器。

矛盾建设中国特色的社会主义,要坚持矛盾的普遍性(共性),要坚持矛盾的特殊性(个性)

8.简述实践及其对认识的决定作用。

(1)实践是认识的来源。认识产生于实践的需要;只有在实践人们才能认识事物的本质和规律,一切真知都来源于实践。

(2)实践是推动认识发展的动力。实践不断给人们提供新的认识课题,提供大量有关的经验材料以及新的认识工具;实践还改造了人的主观世界,锻炼和提高了人的认识能力,从而推动了认识的发展。

(3)实践是检验认识真理性的唯一标准。实践是主观见之说客观的物质活动,具有直接现实性,它是联结主观认识和认识对象的桥梁,因而能把认识与对象相对照,判定认识是否正确。

(4)实践是认识的目的。人们认识世界的目的在于指导实践,有效地改造世界。

成人高考专升本政治复习资料:毛泽东思想 1.简要说明毛泽东思想科学概念的含义

马克思列宁主义普遍原理和中国革命具体实践相结合的产物„„毛泽东思想。毛泽东思想是马克思列宁主义在中国运用和发展,是被实践证明了的关于中国革命和建设的正确的理论原则和经验总结,是中国共产党集体智慧的结晶。

2.简要说明毛泽东思想的主要内容

一是新民主主义理论的完整体系,科学提示了中国革命的特点和规律,系统地论述了新民主主义革命的对象、任务、领导、动力和前途等根本问题,阐明了新民主主义革命的基本理论、基本路线和政治、经济、文化纲领;

二是新民主主义革命的统一战线理论,深刻地论述了统一战线在中华民族民主革命中的重大意义,正确地制定了建立、巩固和发展抗日民族统一战线的方针、政策,从理论和政策上完善了革命统一战线的思想;

三是中国革命战争的战略思想和战术原则,科学地揭示了中国革命战争的特点和规律,论述了建设人民军队和进行人民战争的思想,总结了人民战争的战略战术原则;

四是党建设的理论,阐明了加强党的建设的极端重要性,强调把思想建设放在首位,紧紧围绕党的政治路线进行党的建设,并创造了整风运动的建党经验;

五是哲学思想体系,丰富和发展以马克思主义的世界观和方法论,体现中国共产党特色的立场、观点、方法,在实事求是、群众路线和独立自主三个基本方面形成了完备的理论体系。

3.简要说明毛泽东思想的形成发展过程

把马克思主义同中国革命实际相结合是一项社会系统工程,一个十分艰巨的历史任务。毛泽东思想是在马克思主义的指导下,在调查研究中国国情、总结实践经验的基础上,在同经验主义尤其是教条主义的错误倾向做斗争的过程中,逐步形成和发展起来的。它萌芽于党的创立和大革命时期;形成于20世纪20年代后期和30年代初期;成熟于土地革命战争后期和抗日战争时期;在解放战争时期和建国以后继续得到发展。

4.试述正确认识毛泽东思想活的灵魂

毛泽东思想活的灵魂,是贯穿于毛泽东思想各个组成部分的立场、观点和方法,从而使毛泽东思想成为一个有机的整体。实事求是、群众路线、独立自主,是毛泽东思想活的灵魂的三个基本方面。

第一,实事求是。这是毛泽东思想的精髓,或称根本点。什么叫实是求是?实事求是就是一切从实际出发,理论联系实际,把马克思列宁主义的普遍原理同中国的具体实际相结合。

第二,群众路线。就是一切为了群众、一切依靠群众,从群众中来,到群众中去。

第三,独立自主。是人中国实际出发,依靠群众进行革命和建设的必然结论。独立自主,就是坚定不移地维护民族独立,捍卫国家主权,把立足点放在依靠自己力量的基点上。

5.简要说明近代中国社会的基本特点

特点:

第一,两种经济同时并存,其中封建社会自给自足的自然经济被破坏了,但是封建剥削制度的根基„„地主阶级对农民的剥削,不但依旧保持着,而且同官僚买办资本相结合。

第二,政治上主权沦丧,资本帝国主义逐步控制了中国的财政经济命脉,而且操纵了中国的政治和军事力量。

第三,中国的封建势力与帝国主义相勾结,构成统治中国的社会的政治基础。

第四,地方性的农业经济和帝国主义的分裂剥削政策,造成中国实际上的不统一,经济政治文化的发展表现出极端的不平衡。

第五,在帝国主义和封建主义的双重压迫下,广大民众,特别是农民,过着饥寒交迫和毫无政治权利的生活,中国人民的贫穷和不自由的程度,为世界所仅见的。

6.试述半殖半封中国社会的基本矛盾和中华民族面临的两大历史任务

半殖民地半封建社会的主要矛盾:

(1)帝国主义和中华民族的矛盾

(2)封建主义和人民大众的矛盾

历史任务:

(1)求得民族独立和人民解放

(2)实现国家繁荣富强和人民共同富裕

7.如何理解新民主主义革命是新式的资产阶级革命

中国半殖民地半封建社会的性质决定了中国革命的性质是资产阶级民主主义革命,而不是无产阶级社会主义革命。但是,中国资产阶级民主主义革命,已经不是旧式的一般的资产阶级民主主义革命,而是新式的特殊的资产阶级民主主义革命,即新民主主义革命。

实践证明,以建立资产阶级共和国、发展资本主义为目的的旧式资产阶级民主革命道路在中国行不通。

新民主主义革命也不同于社会主义革命。

8.试述新民主主义革命的政治经济和文化纲领

新民主主义的政治纲领:推翻帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的压迫,建立无产阶级领导的各革命阶级联合专政的民主共和国。

新民主主义的文化纲领:无产阶级领导的人民大众的反帝反封建的文化,即共产主义思想为指导的民族的科学的大众的文化。

9.为什么说武装斗争是中国革命的主要斗争形式

武装斗争是中国革命的主要斗争形式,武装的革命反对武装的反革命,是中国革命的特点和优点之一,并强调武装斗争的长期性和艰巨性。近代中国不是一个独立的民主国家,而是一个半殖民地半封建国家。内部没有民主制度,而受封建主义压迫,外部没有民族独立,而受帝国主义压迫。因此,没有议会可以利用,汉有组织工人进行罢工的合法权利。因此,中国共产党不可能像资本主义国家的无产阶级政党那样,利用议会讲坛,宣传自己的纲领、主张;不可能组织工人成功地举行经济的和政治的罢工,也不可能经过长期的合法斗争以进入起义、战争,推翻反动政权,而是从一开始就必须建立并牢牢地掌握革命武装,以长期的武装斗争反对内部和外部的反革命武装,争取民族独立和人民解放。

成人高考专升本政治复习资料:邓小平理论 1.简述邓小平理论形式的条件

邓小平理论是在战争与革命转变为和平与发展并成为时代主题和新技术革命浪潮的历史条件下,在总结我国社会主义胜利和挫折的经验和教训并借鉴其他社会主义国家兴衰成败的历史经验基础上,在我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的理论探索和伟大实践中,逐步形成和发展起来的。

2.简述马克思主义同中国实践相结合的过程中两次历史性飞跃和产生的两大理论成果

我党把马克思主义与近代中国半殖民地半封建社会我实际相结合,找到了一条农村包围城市、武装夺取全国政权的道路,形成了毛泽东思想。所以,毛泽东思想是马列主义同中国实际结合的第一次历史性飞跃所产生的理论成果。我党把马克思列宁主义与当代一个经济文化比较落后的中国的实际相结合,找到了一条建设有中国特色的社会主义正确道路,形成了邓小平理论。所以,邓小平理论是马列主义同当代中国实际结合的第二次飞跃所产生的理论成果。

3.如何理解“邓小平理论是当代中国的马克斯主义”这一命题

第一,邓小平坚持解放思想,实事求是,在新的实践基础上,一方面继承了马克思主义的基本理论和基本原则,另一方面又突破了陈规,开拓了马克思主义的新境界。

第二,邓小平理论坚持科学社会主义理论和实践的成果,抓住“什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义”这个根本问题,深刻地提示了社会主义的本质,把社会主义的认识提高到新的科学水平。

第三,邓小平理论坚持用马克思主义的宽广眼界观察世界,对当今时代特征和总体国际形势,对世界上其他社会主义国家的成败,发展中国家谋求发展的得失,发达国家发展的态势和矛盾,进行正确分析,作出了新的科学判断。

第四,邓小平理论贯通哲学、政治经济学、科学社会主义等领域,涵盖经济、政治、科技、教育、文化、民族、军事、外交、党的建设等方面,第一次比较系统地初步回答了中国社会主义的发展道路、发展阶段、根本任务、发展动力、外部条件和依靠力量以及祖国统一等一系列基本问题,形成了新的建设有中国特色社会主义理论的科学体系。

4.试述邓小平建设有中国特色社会主义理论首要的基本理论问题及意义

什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义,是建设有中国特色社会主义理论首要的基本理论总是。

意义:

第一、它承认了科学社会主义的基本原则,是探索建设有中国特色社会主义道路的最重大的理论成果之一,是对马克思主义的重大发展。

第二、这一概括为我们坚持公有制又完善和发展公有制指明了方向。

第三、突破把计划经济待一些原本不属于社会主义固有的东西当作社会主义本质特征的传统观念。

第四、这一概括,反映了人民的利益和时代要求,澄清了不合乎时代进步进步和社会发展规律的模糊观念,摆脱了长期以来拘泥于具体模式而忽视社会主义本质的错误倾向,深化了对社会主义本质的认识。

5.党在社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领内容

建设有中国特色社会主义的经济,就是在社会主义条件下发展市场经济,不断解放和发展生产力;建设有中国特色社会主义的政治,就是在中国共产党领导下,在人民当家作主的基础上,依法治国,发展社会主义民主政治;建设有中国特色社会主义的文化,就是以马克思主义为指导,以培育有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民为目标,发展面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的,民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化。

6.社会主义初级阶段基本路线的主要内容及简明概括是什么

党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线是:领导和团结全国各族人民,以经济建设为中心,坚持四项基本原则,坚持改革开放,自力更生,艰苦创业,为把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义现代化国家而奋斗。“一个中心,两个基本点”是它的简明概括。

7.简述实现经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变的重要意义

一是经济体制从传统的计划体制向社会主义市场经济体制转变;二是经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变,促进国民经济持续、快速、健康发展和社会全面进步。

8.怎样认识我国社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度

建设有中国特色社会主义经济,必须坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展。这是社会主义初级阶段的一项基本经济制度。这一制度的确立,是由我国社会的社会主义性质和初级阶段国情决定。

9.我国社会保障制度改革的目标是什么

改革的目标是推动社会保障事业逐步走向规范化、法律化和现代化,提高社会保障的社会化程度。

成人高考专升本政治复习资料:三个代表

试述“三个代表”思想是新世纪党的建设的伟大纲领

“三个代表”思想是指中国共产党要代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大的人民的根本利益。“三个代表”,从根本上回答了我们应该建设一个什么样的党、怎样建设党的问题,是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源。

要坚持党的领导,必须改善党的领导。必须贯彻党的基本理论和基本路线,按照“三个代表”要求,全面深入地加强和改进党的建设,使我们党在世界形势深刻变化的历史进程中始终走在时代前列,在应对国内外各种风险考验的历史进程中始终成为全国人民的主心骨,在建设有中国特色社会主义的历史进程中始终成为坚强的领导核心。

贯彻“三个代表”要求,我们必须坚持党的解放思想、实事求是的思想路线,大力发扬求真务实、勇于创新的精神,创造性地推进党和国家的各项工作,在实践中不断丰富和发展马克思主义。

贯彻“三个代表”要求,我们必须坚持党的工人阶级先锋队的性质,始终保持党的先进性,同时要根据经济发展和社会进步的实际,不断增强党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础,不断提高党的社会影响力。

贯彻“三个代表”要求,我们必须坚持民主集中制,建立健全科学的领导体制和工作机制,充分发扬党内民主,坚决维护党的集中统一,保持并不断增强党的活力。

贯彻“三个代表”要求,我们必须全面贯彻干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化的方针和德才兼备的原则,深化干部人事制度改革,努力建设一支高素质的、能够担当重任、经得起风浪考验的干部队伍。

贯彻“三个代表”要求,我们必须坚持党要管党的原则和从严治党的方针,各级党组织必须对党员干部严格要求、严格教育、严格监督,坚决克服党内存在的消极腐败现象。

推荐第7篇:成人高考专升本生态学基础

2013年成人高等学校专升本招生统一考试

生 态 学 基 础

选择题

一、选择题:1~20小题,每小题2分,共40分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,选出一项

最符合题目要求的。将所选项前的字母填涂在答题卡相应题号的信息点上。 ............1.20世纪30年代首次提出“生态系统”概念的科学家是

A.海克尔

B.坦斯利

C.马世骏

D.竺可桢

2.同种植物的不同种群长期生长在不同的环境条件下,将发生

A.趋异适应,形成不同生态型

B.趋异适应,形成不同生活型

C.趋同适应,形成相同生态型

D.趋同适应,形成相同生活型 3.下列关于阴性植物特点的描述,正确的是

A.耐干旱 B.光饱和点高

C.光补偿点低 D.光补偿点高 4.我国新疆地区瓜果较甜的主要原因是

A.光照时间长,昼夜温差大

B.光照时间长,昼夜温差小

C.光照时间短,昼夜温差大

D.光照时间短,昼夜温差小 5.驯化能改变生物对生态因子的耐受性范围,即可改变其

A.生态幅 B.生态对策

C.种间关系

D.内分布型

6.在种群逻辑斯蒂增长模型

dNNrN(1)中,r表示 dtK

A.瞬时增长率 B.内禀增长率

C.世代增长率

D.种群数量

7.冬小麦等冬性作物需要经过一定的低温阶段才能开花的现象称为

A.光周期现象

B.温周期现象

C.春花现象

D.滞育现象

8.北半球亚热带的地带性森林植被为

A.针叶林

B.针阔混交林

C.落叶阔叶林

D.常绿阔叶林 9.下列不属于森林群落物种组成成分的是 .

A.动物

B.植物

C.微生物

D.落叶 10.“最后产量恒值法则”反映的是植物的

A.他感作用

B.边缘效应

C.密度效应

D.种间关系 11.在生物群种中,物种对环境的潜在综合适应范围属于该物种的

A.栖息地

B.生境

C.现实生态位

D.基础生态位 12.下列光谱成分中,可被绿色植物光合作用利用的主要是

A.绿光

B.红光

C.紫外线

D.红外光 13.确定植物群落中优势种的综合指标是

A.密度

B.盖度

C.频度

D.重要值

14.按照瑙基耶尔对植物生活型的分类,高大乔木属于

A.高位芽植物

B.地上芽植物

C.地面芽植物

D.地下芽植物 15.甲乙两个群落的交错区中的物种数通常

A.少于甲的物种数

B.有多于乙中物种数的趋势

C.等于甲的物种数

B.有少于乙中物种数的趋势 16.陆地生态系统的营养级数目通常不会超过

A.1~2

B.2~3

C.3~4

D.5~6 17.植物光合作用固定的能量有一部分被自身呼吸消耗掉,余下的能量即为

A.总初级生产量

B.净初级生产量

C.总初级生产力

D.次级生产量 18.兔子是食草动物,因而处于食物链的

A.第一营养级

B.第二营养级

C.第三营养级

D.第四营养级 19.下列元素的生物地球化学循环属于典型气相型的是

A..磷

B.钾

C.碳

D.铁 20.一般来说,生态系统可以缺少的组分是

A.生产者

B.消费者

C.分解者

D.非生物成分

非选择题

二、填空题:21~40小题,每小题2分,共40分。将答案填写在答题卡相应题号后。........

21、地球上全部生物及其栖息环境总称为________。

22、在红光和蓝紫光中,_________对植物的伸长生长有抑制作用,使植物矮化。

23、植物光合作用吸收的二氧化碳量和呼吸作用放出的二氧化碳量相等时的光照强度称为________。

24、昆虫完成某一生长发育期需要的总热量是一个常数,这一常数称为________。

25、作物生长发育取决于土壤中数量最不足的养分,这一规律称为________。

26、n营养级的取食量与n-1营养级的取食量的比值称为_________。

27、植物群落中某物种出现的________反映了该物种在群落中分布的均匀程度。

28、生态系统处于稳定阶段时,其物质和________的输入和输出接近平衡。

29、物种多样性指数是群落中物种的丰富度和_________的综合体现。30、种群中各年龄期的个体在种群中所占的比列即为种群的________。

31、研究生物与环境相互关系的科学称为________。

32、影响分解作用的主要因素包括________、理化环境和带分解资源的质量。

33、种群个体数量在短期内异常迅速增长的现象称为________。

34、在寄生物与寄主的协同进化过程中,有害的“负作用”常常趋于________。

35、根据r/K二分法,蝗虫的生态对策为________对策。

36、森林和草原之间存在着过渡地带,这种过渡地带就是群落________。

37、与森林群落的分层现象关系最密切的非生物环境因子是________。

38、随着气候的季节性交替,植物群落呈现不同的外貌,这就是群落的________。

39、生物群落的发生要经历________、定居、竞争和反应等过程。40、与成熟林相比,幼龄林的净初级生产力________。

三、判断题:41~50小题,每小题2分,共20分。判断下列各题的正误,正确的在答题卡...相应题号后划“√”,错误的在答题卡相应题号后划“×”。 .............

41、碳的贮存库主要是大气圈。

42、根据有效积温法则可推算出昆虫在一年内可能发生的世代数,从而进行虫害预报。

43、在最适宜的条件下,种群所表现出来的最大增长率称为内禀增长率。

44、初级生产者都是绿色植物。

45、在微酸性条件下,土壤养分的有效性最差,不利于植物生长。

46、按照生物种群实际占有的空间所计算的密度称为生态密度。

47、石油、煤、天然气等能源属于可再生能源。

48、他感作用可影响植物群落的种类组成和演替。

49、在任何地区,一块农田废弃耕后,经历足够长的时间都能发展为森林群落。50、森林生态系统的食物链以腐屑食物链为主。

四、简答题:51~53小题,每小题10分,共30分。

51、简述土壤微生物的生态作用。

52、什么是种群调节?简述种群调节的意义。

53、从沉水植物开始到森林的水生演替要经历哪些阶段?

五、论述题:54题,20分。

54、试述生态系统的能量流动和物质循环的含义,并说明二者之间的主要区别。

2013年成人高等学校专升本招生全国统一考试

生态学基础试题答案及评分参考

一、选择题:每小题2分,共40分。

1.B 6.A 11.D 16.D

2.A 7.C 12.B 17.B

3.C 8.D 13.D 18.B

4.A 9.D 14.A 19.C

5.A 10.C 15.B 20.B

二、填空题:每小题2分,共40分。

21.生物圈

22.蓝紫光 24.有效积温 26.林德曼效率 28.能量 30.年龄结构 23.光补偿点

25.最小因子定律

27.频度

29.均匀度 31.生态学

32.分解者生物 34.减弱

36.交错区(或交错带) 38.季相 40.高 33.种群大爆发 35.r 37.光

39.入侵

三、判断题:每小题2分,共20分。

41.√ 46.√ 42.√ 47.X

43.√ 48.√

44.X 49.X

45.X 50.√

四、简答题:每小题10分,共30分。

51.答案要点:

(1)土壤微生物参与土壤有机物的分解;(4分) (2)土壤微生物残体增加了土壤有机质;(2分) (3)固氮细菌固氮,提高土壤中的氮素含量;(2分)

(4)有些微生物与植物共生,形成菌根,利于植物生长。(2分) 【评分说明】其他合理答案也给分。 52.答案要点:

(1)种群调节:当自然种群数量偏离平衡水平时,种群数量有返回平衡状态的趋 势,这就是种群调节。(4分)

(2)种群调节的意义:①降低种群波动的幅度,维持种群平衡(3分);②避免种 群大爆发、种群衰退及物种灭绝(3分)。

【评分说明】其他合理答案也给分。 53.答案要点:

(1)浮叶根生植物阶段;(3分) (2)挺水植物阶段;(3分) (3)湿生草本植物阶段;(2分) (4)木本植物阶段。(2分)

五、论述题:20分。

54.答案要点:

能量流动:生态系统中能量的输入、传递、转化和散失的过程。(5分)

物质循环:组成生物体的C、H、O、N等元素,不断进行着从无机环境到生物群落,

由从生物群落到无机环境的循环过程。(5分)

区别:

①能量流动是单向的:能量在流动过程中逐渐递减。(5分)

②物质循环过程中,无机环境中的物质可以被生物群落反复利用。(5分) 【评分说明】其他合理答案也给分。

推荐第8篇:10月成人高考(专升本英语)综合模拟试题

Phonetics

( )1.A.horrible B.horse C.sort D.northern ( )2.A.hospital B.honour C.hotel D.however ( )3.A.manage B.matter C.madam D.many ( )4.A.gather B.government C.geography D.garden

( )5.A.bathroom B.eleventh C.breathe D.maths

II.Vocabulary and Structure

( )6.They all look so happy.They have succeeded in persuading their teacher.

A.can B.will C.must D.would

( )7.A fight broke out among the football fans and soon it went control.

A.under B.beyond C.above D.over

( )8.Not only you but also I __________ mistaken.

A.am B.had C.were D.have

( )9.Hard as he worked from day till night, he couldn\'t make enough money to support his family.

A.and B.but C.therefore D.不填

( )10.George this morning?

-Not yet, but he is sure to be here before noon.

A.Will you see B.Did you see C.Do you see D.Have you seen

( )11.After a long discuion, the workers have finally the decision that they should hold on their strike for two more days.

A.received B.found C.explained D.reached

( )12.Next weekend he will visit the airbase he worked 25 years ago.

A.when B.as C.where D.which

( )13.The sports team of our province won they did at the last National Games.

A.twice as many gold medals as B.as many twice gold medals as

C.as many as twice gold medals D.twice many gold medals than

( )14.Let\'s go out for a walk along the river band.

A.What a fine day B.What fine day

C.How fine day D.How a fine day

( )15.It remains a question when the new claroom building .

A.will be completed B.had been completed

C.would be completed D.has been completed

( )16.While we boys were working hard in the garden, our sisters themselves in the sitting room.

A.had enjoyed B.enjoy C.were enjoying D.would enjoy

( )17.The preure on the object in the water changes with the depth., the further down you go , the greater the preure is.

A.In other words B.In another word

C.By the way D.In a way

( )18.The Yangtze is the longest river in China, which some more bridges have been built in the past few years.

A.onto B.through C.above D.over

( )19.My mother knows Jane; they to each other at a party.A.have been introduced B.are introduced C.were introduced D.had been introduced ( )20.I\'m sure he understands you feel.He\'s very clever.

A.when B.what C.whether D.how

( )21.In those days we seldom went to the theatre, but we saw films

A.now and then B.after a time C.once and again D.in a while

( )22.Many things impoible in the past are quite common today.

A.having been considered B.to be considered

C.considering D.considered

( )23.I\'m not naturally a morning person, I have three clocks set for about 6:30 a.m.

A.because B.so C.though D.all

( )24.that the family had taken with them was one bottle of orange.

A.Anything B.Everything C.What D.All

( )25.The newspapers and magazines in the reading-room outside.

A.are not to be taken B.are not to take

C.are not to be taken to D.are not taken to

( )26.A pipeline will be built to some eastern provinces with natural gas from the west of China.

A.supply B.send C.sell D.offer

( )27.Is it really neceary to spend an hour in the bathroom every morning your hair?

A.to comb B.comb C.combing D.combs

( )28.he first heard of the chemist.

A.That was from the teacher that B.It was the teacher whom

C.It was from the teacher that D.That was the teacher whom ( )29.Paengers are advised not their bags unattended.A.having left B.to leave C.leave D.leaving

( )30.has been pointed out before, air pollution is becoming more and more serious in large cities.

A.That B.What C.Which D.As( )31.Your mother ____for you everywhere.Where have you been?

A.had looked B.has been looking C.looked D.was looking

( )32.Mr.Wilson asked me if thse islands_________Italy.

A.have been belonged to B.are belong to

C.belong to D.belonged to

( )33.He _______TV when I dropped in last night.

A.was watching B.had watched C.watched D.have been watching

( )34.He ______many experiences he ever_____in his childhood.

A.gradually forget; had B.is gradually forgetting; had

C.was gradually forgetting; had had D.have gradually forgotten; had

( )35.Accidents happened frequently at that section of the road, but no accidents_____since last winter.

A.have accurred B.doesn\'t have C.didn\'t have D.hasn\'t have

( )36.When he_____a new word in reading he_____consult the dictionary immediately.

A.comes acro;likes to B.came acro;like to

C.has come acro; like to D.comes acro;like to

( )37.I hope that she______to the demands of the naughty boys.

A.will not have agreed B.will not agree

C.will not be agreed D.will not have been agreed

( )38.\"Is the monitor in?\" \"He _____to the library.\"

A.has been B.has gone C.goes D.went

( )39.She gave me that notebook on my birthday, and I____it it in my drawer.

A.have since kept B.since kept C.am since keeping D.had since kept

( )40.You ought to have put the milk in the refrigetor, now_____sour.

A.it is smelt B.I smelt C.it smells D.it was smelling

( )41.I bought the bread last week.It_____stale.You\'d better not take it now.

A.is going B.was C.had been D.is about to

( )42.He had already known the news before I _____him of it.

A.had informed B.could inform C.would inform D.have informed

( )43.He_____for six years by the time he takes the IELTS examination next week.

A.studied English B.had been studying English

C.studies English D.will have been studying English

( )44.The school authorities and teachers _____over the advantages and disadvantages of the educational system.

A.were always argued B.were always arguing

C.had always argued D.had always been argued

( )45.When I saw her smiling face, I knew she_____the first prize of the speech contest.

A.has B.has had C.had had D.was having

( )46.The united States______fifty states.

A.consisted of B.is consisted of C.consistes of D.consists

( )47.The Chinese food_____delicious.

A.are tasted B.taste C.is tasted D.tastes

( )48.Your hair needs_____.You\'d better have it_____tomorrow.

A.cutting; done B.cutting;to be done C.being cut;done D.to be cut;to be done

( )49._______,wood will soon burst into a flame.

A.Heating B.when heating C.Being heated D.When heated

( )50.\"How do you like your new position?\" \"I_____with it.\"

A.don\'t satisfy B.am not satisfied C.can\'t satisfy D.haven\'t satisfy

( )51.there are more than fifty proposals______at the conference.

A.discued B.to be discued C.discuing D.having discued

( )52.By the end of last year the railway_______.

A.was being completed B.would be completed

C.had completed D.had finally been completed ( )53.By the time the author comes back from abroad, all the books_______.

A.will have punished B.will have been punished

C.will be punished D.have been punished

( )54.I wondered____to come for the party.

A.should he been asked B.he asked

C.if he should have been asked D.if he should have asked

( )55.Some forms of physical education_____by schools acro the nation.

A.have been practised B.practised C.which practised D.have practised

III.Reading Comprehension

A

I was 14 when Mr.Ingram knocked on our farmhouse door in Sacred Heart, Okla.The old farmer lived about a mile down the road and needed help cutting gra.It was the first time I was actually paid for work- about 12 cents an hour, not bad when you consider it was 1939, a time when there was little busine activity.

Mr.Ingram liked the job I did and ended up hiring me to dig potatoes.I even helped when a baby cow was being born.

One day he found an old truck that was stuck in the soft, sandy soil of the melon(瓜)field.It was full of melons that someone had tried to steal before their truck got stuck.

Mr.Ingram explained that the truck\'s owner would be returning soon, and he wanted me to watch and lean.It wasn\'t long before a man from a nearby village, who had a terrible reputation(名声)for fighting and stealing, showed up with his two full-grown sons.They looked very angry.

Calmly Mr.Ingram said,\"Well,I see you want to buy some watermelons.\"

There was a long silence before the man answered,\"Yeah,I gue so.What are you getting for them?\"

\"Twenty-five cents each.\"

\"Well.I gue that would be fair enough if you help me get my truck out of here.\"

It turned out to be our biggest sale of the summer,and an unpleasant,perhaps unfortunate,incident had been prevented.After they left,Mr.Ingram smiled and said to me,\"Son,if you don\'t forgive(原谅)your enemies, you\'re going to run out of friends.\" Mr.Ingram died a few years later,but I have never forgotten him or what he taught me on my first job.

( )56.Which of the following best explains \"ended up\" as is used in the paage ?

A.enjoyed B.finished C.got into D.went on

( )57.The truck owners were angry because .

A.they failed to get the melons away without being seen

B.they forgot to have their truck checked before they started C.they had got too many melons on the truck D.they knew they had a bad reputation ( )58.Why didn\'t the truck owners fight to get away the melons.

A.The old farmer was a strong enemy.B.The price offered for the melons was very low.

C.It was hard to start a fight against friendly people.

D.It was neceary to get the truck out before anythingB

You get all sorts of demands, and the mark of a good hotel is to supply whatever is asked for without sounding surprised.If a guest asks for rubber glover(手套), you don\'t ask why.You say, \"No problem.What colour do you want?\"

There have been some demands which, much as I would have liked to fill, I couldn\'t.A Japanese busineman, for example, thought the manager of a hotel was like the captain of a ship so he asked me to marry him and the woman he loved.There was one time, however, we did help out.A young man thought that if he asked his girlfriend to marry him at the Ritz she would say yes.He asked us to pt the ring in a cake, and she accepted.

Top hotels are used more and more to impre.They are used for doing busine.If you\'ve got something to sell, take your clients(客户) to the best hotel where the surroundings are quite helpful.A friend of mine working at Savoy Hotel tells the story about a man who gave him 5 pounds to say \" good morning, Mr.Smith\" when he walked through the door with two other men.This he did , and could hear Mr.Smith saying, \"I do wish they would leave me alone at this place.\"

According to Julian Payne, the most powerful people in any hotel are the porters, who carry bags for hotel guests.\"Porters can do almost anything.They can get you tables at the best restaurants r tickets for a popular concert.Don\'t ask me how they do it or what their deal is because I don\'t know.Most of them have been there for years.They know more about the history of the hotel and the guests than anyone else.They are invaluable.A head porter will come in even on his day off so he can say hello to someone he remembers visiting the hotel years ago.\"

( )59.When guests ask for something strange, the manager of a good hotel would think_________.

A.how he can meet their needs B.why they have such demands

C.what problems the hotel has D.who is the best person to go to

( )60.Which of the following examples explains \"we did help out\"?

A.The hotel bought a ring for a young lady.B.A Japanese married the woman he loved.

C.The manager once acted as a captain.D.A young lady agreed to marry her boyfriend.

( )61.By saying \"I do wish they would leave me alone at this place, \" Mr.Smith .

A.showed that he disliked such people at the hotel B.gave the impreion that he was a constant guest C.tried to make his clients feel sorry for him D.sounded as if he was tired of such greetings

( )62.Why are the porters considered the most powerful people in expensive hotels?

A.they sell tickets for converts.B.they can complete difficult tasks.

C.they know the history of hotels.D.They usually work in a hotel for a long time.

C

Take a deep breath and spend a week with the Lee family in Minneapolis.The three older children-Anna, 12, Nathan, 9 , and Kristian, 7-play one sport or another almost all year round.(Lisa is only 1 so she gets a break here.) Anna\'s practicing football, volleyball, basketball and softball.Nathan and Kristian do them all except volleyball.In the summer, add on tennis and swim leons.

All of this means that dad, Darwin, a teacher, and mom, Joann, a nurse, spend a lot of time making sure everyone gets where he needs to be.Family dimmers? Forget about it.A busy family timetable, says Barbara Carlson.A school teacher, has become the new thing that shows your status(地位)。 \" It used to be a house or car,\" says Carlson.\"Now you say,\' You\' er busy? You should see how busy we are.\'\"

In hope of getting their children into Harvard, many parents send their children to violin leons at 3 and sign them up for tennis as soon as they\'re big enough to hold a bat.And that\'s just the warm-up.The real serious task begins as soon as they start school.Mr.Moffat, father of a nine-year-old boy, said, \"It\'s important for children to learn honour and responsibility (责任),\" he says.\"It builds discipline (纪律性) and character.\"

Maybe, but scientists say that too many outside activities destroy something children need even moreif they agree to spend 18 dollars a month on the company\'s educational toys and childcare books.

\"We want to build a seven-year relationship with those people,\" said Matthew J.Estes, BabyCare\'s president.\"It starts during pregnancy (孕期) , when the anxiety and needs are highest.\" BabyCare works on a one-to-one basis.Doctors, nurses, and teachers-paid by BabyCare-advise parents, explaining toys that are designed for children at each stage (阶段) of development to age six.

BabyCare opened its first store in China last June in a shopping center in central Beijing and another near Beijing Zoo.It plans to have 80 stores in China within six years.

It is a new model for China and develops a market in young children\'s education and health that no other companies are in.

( )67.What do the first two paragraphs mainly tell us?

A.Educational toys and foreign toy markets.

B.Problems with China\'s toy Markey and education.

C.Reasons for pushing sales of educational toys in China.

D.Baby population and various kinds of toys made in China.

( )68.Which of the following is a fact according to the paage?

A.Club members buy BabyCare products for free child-care advice.

B.Doctors in Beijing help in making BabyCare products.

C.Parents are encouraged to pay $ 18 for club activities.

D.BabyCare trains Chinese doctors at no extra cost.

( )69.BabyCare is developing its busine in China buy .

A.opening stores in Beijing hospitals B.offering 18-month courses on child-care

C.setting up children\'s education centers D.forming close relationships with parents

( )70.Which of the following would be the most suitable title for the paage?

A.Mother\'s club in China B.BavyCare and Doctors

C.American Company Model D.Educational Toys On

IV.Daily Conversation

A.yes, of course.B.I\'m sorry, but he is not in.C.Here you are.

D.No.It began after I got there.E.OK, fine.F.Have you?

G.Yes, I\'ve already done that.H.Yes.I will.Thank you.

( )71.Tom: Would you mind paing me the salt?

Tony:_________________.

( )72.Amy: Do you think you could show me the way to the library?

Ronald:_________________.

( )73.Peter: Did you mi the beginning of the concert yesterday?

Andrew:___________________.

( )74.Simon: Could I see Dr.Brown, please?

Gary:____________________.

( )75.John: I\'d like to book five tickets, please, for the earky morning flight to Paris on June 10th.

Jane: Five tickets.________________.

V.Writing

Direction: For this part, you are supposed to write an announcement in 100-120 words based on the following situation.Remember to write it clearly

假定你是Jack,给在无锡新区工作的笔友王强写信,要点如下:,

1.非常高兴得知王强在准备高考,並鼓励他一定能克服各种困难取得好成绩。

2.告诉他你将去无锡旅游,你将乘火车于5月1日早晨6点到达,请他接站,并请他帮你安排1至4日的住宿(旅馆最好靠近市中心,房间可以小一些,但不要太贵)。

3.此外,你还要他帮你订5日返回上海的火车票

推荐第9篇:专升本英语作文

专升本英语作文范文

1、Preserving Our Environment„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

2、Air Pollution„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

3、What Shall We Do About the Civilization?(略)„„„„„„„2

4、On Opportunity„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

5、Build a Saving Campus(略)„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

6、Going Abroad to Work or Work at Home?(略)„„„„„„„3

7、Choosing a Good Major or a Good University?„„„„„„„„3

8、How to Succeed in the Interview„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4

9、How to Help Old People Live Better„„„„„„„„„„„„4

10、How Should People Keep Health„„„„„„„„„„„„„5

11、What Are Your Opinions About Money?„„„„„„„„„„5

12、抱怨信„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

13、自荐信„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

14、Craze for Civil Service Examination„„„„„„„„„„„„7

15、Use of Free Time„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7

16、Study on the Internet(略)„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7

17、My View on Traveling„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8

18、Using Mobile Phones(The view of using mobile phone in our school)„„8

19、Study Abroad„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9 20、My View on Laid-off Workers(

Re-employment of Laid-off Workers)9

- 1

4、

On Opportunity It seems that the fame of outstanding figures is due to some stroke of luck.Throughout history, some famous people always have admired opportunities that lead to succe.In daily life, some “lucky dogs”(幸运儿) never lack chances in their turning points.In fact, opportunities may come to everyone now and then.

However, it is a pity that most people fail to seize opportunitiesg Why ⅡOpportunities “prefer” those who are prepared to grab.Without a ready mind, admired opportunities may slip through one\'s fingers.

In my view, without diligence, willpower and continual efforts, opportunities are groundle talk.To be qualified for succe, people should be equipped with neceary skills, rich experience and abundant knowledge besides numerous unusual qualities (素质)。 In a word, opportunities are only catalyst (催化剂) of succe, but not precondition (先决条件) of succe.

5、

Build a Saving Campus

6、

Going Abroad to Work or Work at Home?

7、

Choosing a Good Major or a Good University?

(选择好专业还是好大学) Every student will be faced with the same question when he paes the College Entrance Examination: should he choose a good major or a good university? Different people will offer different answers.Some students give priority to a good major.What they cherish is a specialty they like most.To their mind, whether or not the university is famous doesn\'t matter--so long as he works hard, he can learn well in any university, and a bright future is awaiting him.Other students pay more attention to the fame and quality of the universities.They attach great importance to the university because the environment is vital to the making of an excellent person and is the symbol of good job prospects.How can you have a wide vision and a broad horizon if you receive your education at a small college?

Frankly, the best choice is a good major at a good university.We can only get such a chance after making great efforts.If we cannot obtain both, the

8、

first thing to consider is a good major itself.

每一个通过了大学入学考试的学子都面临同一个问题:是应该选择一个好专业,还是应该选择一个所好大学呢?答案众说纷纭。

有些学生认为应该优先选择一个好的专业。他们看重的是自己最喜爱的专业。在他们心目中,所在的大学是否有名气并不十分重要-因为只要努力学习,他可以与其他学校同专业的学生学得一样好,并且会有一个美好的前景。

而另外一些学生却更注重大学的声誉和质量。他们相当重视大学的选择,是因为环境对一个优秀人才的培养至关重要,并且好的大学本身就是将来用以找好工作的招牌。如果在一所小规模的大学接受教育,你怎么可能有广阔的视野和开阔的眼界?

总而言之,最好的选择是在一所好大学里选择一个好专业。而我们只有努力学习才能获得这样的机会。但是,如果两者不可兼得的话,最好还是选择一个好的专业。

How to Succeed in the Interview

- 3 - Nowadays, the interview has become indispensable in seeking a job.Its succe will determine whether or not you will get the job you applied.Then how to succeed in a job interview?

There are many factors involved.According to psychologists,it depends more on the first impreion you leave which is half a battle: how you look, how you sound and what you say are of great importance.In the first place, how you look makes up 55% of a first impreion.This includes facial expreions, body language, and eye contact, as well as clothing and general appearance.Among those, clothing is the most important to show your respect to the interviewer and to leave the interviewer a good impreion in the end.In the second place, how you sound makes up 38% of the first impreion.This includes how fast or slowly, loudly or softly you speak.So make sure that you sound friendly, interested, confident and happy in answering any inquires in the interview.Finally, what you say counts for only 7% of the meage.Therefore, attach more importance to your appearance and expreions rather than your words.

To conclude, no one can escape from the interview.Remember the above points, and you will succeed in the interview.

9、How to Help Old People Live Better 要点:

1.年轻人应多与老年人交谈、沟通 2.老年人应理解年轻人的压力 3.社会应组织相应的活动注意

How to Help Old People Live Better In the last ten years our society is more advanced.Old people also live more happily.But we just noticed old people’s material life.In fact old people’s mental life is more important to them.Because old people are very lonely.I have three methods for this question.Firstly, young people should communicate to old people.They should exchange their ideas.Then they can understand each other more easily.The old people may be happier.

Secondly, old people also should understand young people’s preure.They should know why the young people can’t talk with them.

Finally, society also should hold some activities for old people.To protect their life more colorful and greater!

How to Help Old People Live Better As we know, with the development of economy, people have to face various preures.They don’t have enough time to attend to the old people in their family, which has become a prominent social problem.To solve this problem, we can

总所周知,随着社会经济的发展,人们不得不去面对各种各样的压力。他们没有足够的时间去照顾

家庭中的老人,这已经成为了社会的一大显著问题。为了解决这个问题,

use a household robot, which is designed to take care of old people.It can cook meals at a fixed time which can be adjusted according to individual 4 needs.It can also accompany old people in having a chat, playing che, and doing exercises.Moreover, it can deal with emergencies.For example, if an old man falls ill suddenly, the robot will call doctors for help. All in all, the robot will be our life more convenient.

我们可以使用专为照

顾老年人而开发的家用机器人。它能够在固定的时间煮饭,并且能够随个人需要而进行调整。它也可以陪老人聊天,下棋,和做运动。并且,它还会处理紧急状况,例如如果老人突然生病了,它就会去请医生。

总之,机器人让我们的生活更加方便 希望对你有帮助

10、

How Should People Keep Health Do you want a strong body?Let me tell you how to do.

You should eat lots of fruit and vegetables,and drink lots of boiled water.You should do exercise .You should sleep at least eight in the evening,too.but you shouldn\'t drink coffee or tea before sleep,you shouldn\'t eat too many candies.You shouln\'t work or study too hart. The way can keep your health.

Many students do not have breakfast before they go to school.It\'s a quite bad habit and it\'s bad for your health.Maybe you don\'t have time to have breakfast but you couldn\'t learn well in your claes if you don\'t eat any thing .Keeping in a good health which can help you study well is very important.

11、

What Are Your Opinions About Money?

Believe it or not, almost everybody loves money.But money doesn’t mean everything.You can not fulfill your dream with money only.Money is only the means of exchange.We can hardly say money brings happine.But without money we are certainly unhappy and can do nothing.In this world people sell something for money.If you are a teacher, you can earn your life by selling knowledge.A worker sells his labor and a monk sells spiritual comfort for people’s lives.Even a beggar can sell something for money — he sells his dignity.

Usually we get the things we need by selling something.And the money we get differs according to the service we give.If the customers receive good service from us, they will pay us well.With this money we can buy the things we need.To be rich means you can buy almost everything you want.We are well-off when we are able to afford the things we need.

Quite a few think that they make more money to get more happine.Some even say, “If I make one million dollars, I will be very happy and I can do whatever I like.” When they reach the goal, they find themselves unhappy.A great ancient Chinese thinker said, “Never be fettered by too much money nor be chopped by poverty.” So I personally think a well-off life is an ideal one.A comfortable life is the most important.

5

12、

抱怨信

Dear xxx,

I am glad to hear from you, and much concerned about your requirement in the letter. Regarding our last quotation, you consider the price to be high for you.I do think it is the common iue we face currently.As you know, the price of raw material goes up beyond our predict.We are proceeding to improve craft to lower the cost effectively.

The market goes big for these products day by day.Most clients have urged us to complete their orders in spite of high price.They all agree that these products are of most potential high profits in the near future.

Provided we offer 30% discount to you, could you like to double your volume? If not, I would like to kick off 10% price to start an initial friendly cooperation between us.

Your further comment is highly appreciated. Yours truly, Xxx

13、

自荐信

P.O.Box 36 Tsinghua University Beijing,China 100084 Dear Sir/Madam:

Your advertisement for a Network Maintenance Engineer in the April 10 Student Daily interested me bacause the position that you described sounds exactly like the kind of job I am seeking.

According to the advertisement ,your position requires top university,Bachelor or above in Computer Science or equivalent field and proficient in Windows NT4.0 and LINUX System.I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements.I will be graduating from Graduate School of Tsinghua University this year with a M.S.degree .My studies have included courses in computer control and management and I designed a control simulation system developed with Microsoft Visual InterDev and SQL Server.

During my education, I have grasped the principals of my major and skills of practice.Not only have I paed CET-6, but more important I can communicate with others freely in English.My ability to write and speak English is out of question.

I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information you require, please contact me.I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you for a personal interview.

With many thanks,

Wang Lin

14、

Craze for Civil Service Examination

(公务员考试热) Every year hundreds of thousands of people in China take civil service exams conducted at various levels in the hope of becoming government employees.Among them, college graduates are a fast-growing force that can’t be ignored.The craze for being a civil servant is not limited to liberal arts majors, as it’s also gaining popularity among science and engineering students.

In the final analysis, this growing trend among the youngsters is mainly attributable to two factors–ambitions and comforts.On the one hand, many ambitious college graduates view these exams as a springboard to a higher social status, greater power and prestige, on which many of their other wishes rest.On the other, as being a civil servant generally means a stable income, enviable healthcare and pension programmes, as well as other comforts of life, it’s quite an appealing career option to many people, especially in this age of sluggish world economy.

Personally, the desire to be a government official is beyond reproach, as the nation and the people do need an injection of new blood into the civil service sectors.The fresh-faced college graduates, armed with lofty ideals, new vision, and strong drive, are undoubtedly among the best candidates.

15、

Use of Free Time With the working hours becoming shorter and shorter and holidays becoming longer and longer, how to spend the leisure time has become a hot topic.The use of free time often discloses much about one‘s tastes, values, interests and personality.Some may take to the humanities: literature, magic, art, and they might be interested in movies and television.Others participate in sports, politics, voluntary work or hobbies at home.Still others like parties, traveling, .or just loafing.Obviously, the use of free time is a good means of relaxation, but its benefits go beyond this.All things people do in leisure hours enable them to gratify their wishes.This can contribute to intellectual growth and promote social activities as well.So the good use of free time will make life rich, colorful and rewarding.

16、

Study on the Internet

17、

My View on Traveling

7 I love traveling.Traveling not only broadens my horizons but also opens my eyes to the world.What\'s more, it refreshes me.You can go to Disneyland and experience what it\'s like to be “a child again!” You can visit one of the “seven wonders of the world,” such as the Grand Canyon and feel the magnificence of nature!

You can taste the “magicial” ice water on a glacier, which can help you become more beautiful and make you live longer.Just forget all trifles and burdens that you have in your mind.Experience is a type of living knowledge.You\'ll be sure to experience many new things when traveling.You don\'t even need a tour guide if you long for more freedom.Just don\'t forget to bring your backpack!

18、

Using Mobile Phones

There are advantages and disadvantages for using mobile phone.firstly, it is good. Using mobile phone can enhance your communication with others.It is a good way to keep in touch with your friends , parents, claments,etc, and when in emergency, you can call your friends or 110 for help.on the other hand, it is not good.Phones have radiation.Too much radiation is bad for people\'s healthy.Besides, people usually download games to the phone, it may cause them addict to the games.All in all, we should use phone properly , not too much.The view of using mobile phone in our school There are two different views on the iue of mobile phones in schools.Some believe that students should be able to use mobile phones in school because there are many advantages to doing so.For one thing, if an emergency were to occur at the school, the students would immediately be able to use their mobile phones to reach their parents and relatives.Also, if a student\'s parents wanted to reach the student, they can send a text meage to the student as opposed to having to call the office and then getting transferred.However, there are also some who believe otherwise.If someone called in during a leon, the ringing of the mobile phone would clearly disrupt the cla, and students might be more tempted to send text meage during cla.Furthermore, students might use the mobile phones to cheat on exams, and this would cause many controversies.Overall, the advantages are balanced with the disadvantages, and it is ultimately the school\'s decision whether or not to allow mobile phones.

19、

Study Abroad

8 In recent years, study abroad has flourished.Thousands of scholars and students have gone to foreign countries to study.Many people are sparing no efforts in applying for going abroad.

Attending schools abroad has many advantages.Firstly, students who have studied abroad can act as mediators between peoples of different cultures so as to promote international understanding.Secondly, we can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from the foreign countries.Thirdly, we can enjoy the contact with new and different cultures so as to increase the awarene of our own culture.Fourthly, we can learn a foreign language more quickly.

However, study abroad may have disadvantages such as language barrier in the first few months or financial difficulties before getting a scholarship.Besides, being far away from home country, students may feel lonely.In spite of these, the advantages greatly outweigh the disadvantages.It is advisable to attend schools abroad.

20、

My View on Laid-off Workers

Re-employment of Laid-off Workers As we all know, there are more and more laid-off workers in China now mainly because of the rapid changes in the economic reform.Among them are the old and the young, men and women, and even some well-educated graduates.What\'s more, with more and more workers being laid-off, lots of social problems have appeared.As a result, the iue of re-employment of the laid-off workers has become one of the hot topics and drawn much attention from governments at all levels.A number of solutions are being offered.First of all, re-training programs should be organized to help the laid-off workers to learn new skills to help them keep up w(转载自第一范文网http://www.daodoc.com,请保留此标记。)ith the changing society.Besides, our government should take some neceary measures to createmore new opportunities of employment for these peopie.Finally, colleges and universities should reform their courses to adapt to the development of economy so as to provide qualified studens to meet the needs of society.In my opinion, solving the problem of re-employment of laid-off workers needs the effort of the whole society, including our government, the laid-off workers themselves and all those who are ready to offer their help, Moreover, the lay-off workers, especially the well-educated graduates, should lower their standards before looking for satisfying jobs.

推荐第10篇:专升本英语作文

my favorite TV program my favorite TV program is Animal World.it is a program about animals.i watch it at 7:00 every evening.it tells us a lot about animals\' life and it also tells something about their living habits ,eating habits and living environment.i think it is the most interesting Tv program in China,because i love animals so much.it can help me increase my knowledge,i can learn alot of knowledge that i can\'t learn from books.it also help me broden my horizonand know the natural surroundings.Animal World is a good Tv program ,i hope that everybody likes it.

My Favorite Food I like different kinds of foods, among them, egg is my favorite.Egg contains a lot of eential nutrients needed by the human body.Eggs are oval shaped spheres with a light brown color.Egg is the basic ingredient to many dishes, like omelet and French toast.You can easily get eggs at any supermarket, and they are sold for a very cheap price too.Besides the cheap price, egg contains lots of nutrients and is a very good source of energy.In conclusion, egg is my favorite food. The Book I Like Best(我最爱的书)

“Dream of The Red Chamber”.The book tries to tell us that there are different kinds of love, only one kind which should be considered as True Love.In our life, we should marry the true love instead of wealth and good looks.From this book, we also get to know a part of the noble people’s life in Qing Dynasty and find some life philosophies from it.So this book is very instructive to people.We should learn more from this book as well as other books.

The Job I Like(我喜爱的工作)

I like to be a teacher.Three reasons have led me to choose this occupation.First, teaching is learning.To make my lectures more constructive and stimulating, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world, which is the very thing I enjoy in my life.Second, teaching means freedom and independence.As a teacher, I’m free to use my own ideas and make my own decisions.Finally, I like teaching because it offers certain peace of mind.All in all, the reasons above make me like teaching best.

第11篇:专升本英语作文

英语作文

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 miniutes to write a composition on the title:make our city greener,your composition should be based on the following outline: 1:城市绿色的状况

2:绿化的好处(如:清洁空气,美化城市,改善气候......) 3:怎样才能实现绿化

范文:

Recent efforts toward the greening of our cities have achieved much, although the results are still far from satisfactory.In recent years many trees have been planted in the cities and much care has been taken of the planted trees.In spite of all this, the greening proce is relatively slow compared with cities in many other countries.For example, the green space available on average to each Shanghai citizen is only 0.4 Mu while every Londoner has more than 20 Mu.

We can benefit much from making our cities greener by planting trees.First, trees absorb carbon dioxide to produce oxygen which is eential to the health of human beings.Second, trees and other greenery make our cities more beautiful.Third, trees can also improve the climate of the cities.

Since we can get so much from making our cities greener, we should spare no effort to do that.We should plant more trees and take better care of them.We also should not cut down the trees.In a word, we should do everything to add to the greening of our cities.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to write a composition based on, the following two questions: 1.你在英语学习中有哪些困难? 2.你是如何克服这些困难的? Your composition should be no le than 100 words.Write this composition on the Answer Sheet.Remember to write it clearly.

范文:

To a Chinese, the task of learning English well is not easy.So I, like many other English learners, have met with difficulties in learning English during the past seven years.But I managed to overcome them and made much progre.

The spelling and meaning of words can be said to be the first difficulty I met as a beginner.But I found our my own way to deal with them.As to spelling, I never copied a new work again and again to remember it, but tried to find its relevance to the sound.In fact, as long as I can read the word out, I can write it out.As to the meaning, I rarely recite its Chinese translation but often put the word into the sentence to learn its meaning.Moreover, if you use a word quite often, its spelling and meaning will be no problem.After all, we are learning English in order to use it.

Grammar and idioms may be another difficulty.But I have also got over it.I have not read lots of grammar books.But I spent much time reading the articles written by native speakers or specialists in English.By doing so, I came to gain “a sense of English language”.I began to gain a feel for which sentences are “good English” and which are not.Finally, I want to say that overcoming all these difficulties requires perseverance.In the past seven years I spent at least an hour on English each day.I believe this is an important reason why I am able to make progre in learning English.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Positive and Negative Aspects of Sport.You should write no le than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.运动的积极因素; 2.运动的消极因素; 3.你的体会

范文:

Sports benefit us in many respects.When taking part in sports, we get the chance to train almost all parts of our body.There is no doubt that properly balanced physical activities keep us physically fit.Furthermore, sports can enrich our life and maintain our psychological health.Through participation, everyone can learn that on the playing field he not only competes for himself but also for his team.Sports teach us about consideration, cooperation and optimism, and how to cope with difficulties.

But sports can do harm to those people who cannot balance their activities properly.Training too hard may hurt their body, exhaust their energy and even make them disabled.Personally, I love sports.I enjoy participating in sports.I feel that I not only gain a well-balanced life through sports, but also get more chances to move closer to nature.Sports have really added happine to my daily life.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 1.大学生了解社会的必要性。

2.了解社会的途径(大众媒介、社会服务等) 3.我打算怎么做。

Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus

范文:

With the rapid development of society, it is eential for college students to get to know the world outside the campus.There are a variety of reasons why we should do that.The primary one is that we can expand our horizons.Nowadays, as students, our knowledge is mostly derived from books, which is really limited.Only through contact with society will we learn more practical things.Second, it will enable us to be more sophisticated after graduation.Finally, knowing the world outside the campus may awaken in us a high sense of duty and help us make greater achievements in the future.

As is known to all, there are many ways we can know the society, such as through community service or keeping informed through TV, radio or newspapers.

As a university student, I will read newspapers and magazines to enrich my knowledge and do some volunteer work for the community or take up a part-time job in my spare time so that I can learn from my experience and prepare for my future work.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Online Games.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1)现在有一些大学生沉迷于网络游戏,家长和学校对此忧心忡忡

2)但有人认为网络游戏并不是一无是处

3)你对此的看法是……

【思路点拨】

本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出对于某问题的一种反面看法,提纲第2点指出对于该问题的正面看法,提纲第3点要求谈谈“我”对该问题的看法,由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。

根据所给提纲,本文应包含如下内容:指出大学生沉迷于网络游戏的问题,阐述家长和老师对该问题的否定态度和他们的担忧;指出一些人对待网络游戏的肯定态度,并阐述网络游戏的好处;表明“我”对网络游戏的看法。

【参考范文】

Online Games

As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students.Many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games.But as we see, some students lacking self-discipline are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academic performances are affected.This phenomenon has caused much worry from the teachers and parents。

However, some others argue that online games are not always harmful.They can train the ability of youngsters to respond to things quickly.Moreover, they can stimulate their imagination and their interest in computer science.More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their preure greatly。

From my point of view, online games are a wonderful entertainment if you play them in a clever way.When they interfere too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once.But if you have enough self-control over them, you can certainly obtain real pleasure and benefit a lot from them。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Certificate Craze on Campus.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1)近几年大学校园内出现“考证热”

2)产生这一现象的原因

3)你的看法

【思路点拨】

本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象

根据所给提纲,本文应包含如下内容:描述近几年大学校园内的“考证热”;分析越来越多的大学生热衷考取各种证书的主要原因;阐述“我”对大学生“考证热”的看法。

【参考范文】

Certificate Craze on Campus

In recent years, to get a certificate has become a new craze among college students.Just randomly ask a student on campus what he or she is busy doing, quite poibly, you may get the answer that he or she is preparing for a certificate of some kind.Why does this craze appear?

There are mainly two reasons behind this phenomenon.First, it is the employment preure that forces college students to get more certificates.With the admiion expansion of colleges, a lot more graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job market.How can one make himself more competitive? More certificates at hand, maybe.Second, diploma and certificates are still important standards by which many employers measure a person’s ability.In order to increase the qualifications for a job, the students compel themselves to run from one exam to another。

From my point of view, we should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since certificates do not necearily prove one’s ability.Being crazy in getting certificates blindly is nothing but wasting time.To conclude, we should focus on improving our ability but not getting a certificate of no practical value。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Social Practice of College Students.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1)各大学在假期都会组织学生参加各种社会实践活动

2)这些活动给大学生带来了哪些好处

3)参加社会实践活动应该注意些什么

【思路点拨】

本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种现象,提纲第2点要求分析这种现象带来的好处,提纲第3点要求指出注意事项,由此可判断本文应为现象解释型作文。

根据所给提纲,本文应包含如下内容:概述大学生社会实践活动及其主要内容;分析社会实践活动给大学生带来的好处;指出大学生参加社会实践时应该注意些什么。

【参考范文】

Social Practice of College Students

Nowadays many universities encourage and organize students to take part in social practice activities.During the holidays, more and more students choose to be the volunteers, take part-time jobs, or take part in other practical activities alike.It’s obvious that social practice is playing a more and more important role in China’s college education。

Undoubtedly, college students have benefited a lot from social practice.Above all, they are provided with more opportunities to contact the real world outside the campus.Moreover, in social practice activities, students can apply their knowledge to the solution to the practical problems.So their practical skills are improved greatly.Besides, social practice helps strengthen students’ sense of social responsibility。

Considering the above-mentioned, I think, it is neceary for college students to participate in social practice.However, social practice may bring some problems.For example, some students spend too much time in taking part-time jobs so as to ignore their study.Therefore, we should try to balance the relationship between social practice and study。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Will Network Claroom Replace Traditional Claroom? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1)网络课堂教学的兴起,使传统的课堂教学受到了前所未有的挑战

2)网络课堂教学模式会完全取代传统课堂教学模式吗?

3)你的看法,理由是……

【思路点拨】

本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一种新兴事物,提纲第2点针对该事物提出一个有争议的观点,提纲第3点要求表明“我”的看法,由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。

根据所给提纲,本文应包含如下内容:描述网络课堂对传统课堂的挑战;提出关于网络课堂是否会取代传统课堂的两种不同观点并说明理由;表明“我”的态度并说明理由。

【参考范文】

Will Network Clarooms Replace Traditional Clarooms?

With the popularization of the Internet, network clarooms are gaining more and more popularity.As a new teaching pattern, network clarooms have become an effective complement to traditional clarooms.So some people propose one question: will network clarooms replace traditional clarooms?

As to this question, the opinions vary from one to another.Some people think it quite poible for network clarooms to take the place of traditional clarooms.First, network clarooms needn’t have face-to-face communication and are not limited by time and place, which facilitate both teachers and students.Secondly, network clarooms release teachers from repeating the same contents since the video or audio material can be played time and again.However, many people have opposite standpoints.They say that with online courses, students lack direct communications with teachers and their confusion cannot be solved instantly.In addition, the computer system cannot be guaranteed to work stably all the time。

Personally, both network clarooms and traditional clarooms are neceary for students.If traditional teaching patterns and the modern ones like network clarooms can be combined together, more fruitful education is sure to be realized。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter of Appeal.You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline given below:

在过去几年中,我们已经目睹了人类活动引起的各种灾害。作为一位大学生,请写一封倡议书,呼吁大家关注这些自然灾害并保护环境,内容应包括:

1)举出人类活动引发的灾害的实例

2)指出一些必要的防范措施

3)号召大家行动起来拯救地球

【思路点拨】

本题要求写一封倡议书。根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:点明写信的目的:呼吁大家关注人类活动对地球造成的危害,陈述灾害的具体表现;为了拯救地球,我们应当采取哪些措施;号召大家行动起来拯救地球。

【参考范文】

A Letter of Appeal

June 13, 2008

Dear friends,

I am writing this letter to call on everyone to pay attention to the present disasters caused by human activities.As some of you may know, over the past years, floods, droughts, landslides, and dust storms have frequented our planet.Not long ago, tsunami swept the Southeast Asia, which caused enormous damage.All these have sounded an alarm to human beings.So it is high time that we join efforts to save our planet。

Above all, a task of top priority for us is to plant trees as many as poible, especially in the arid areas.At the same time, we should stop deforesting in large amount.And we can save our planet through many other ways, such as saving water and using recycled paper。

So don’t hesitate to act out these measures.Even a small action is meaningful to our planet.Please join us in the action of protecting our planet.If you are willing to do something to save our planet, please start from the little thing right around you.Thank you!

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is Face to Face Communication Better than Other Types of Communication? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:www.daodoc.com

1)如今人们之间的交流方式越来越多(如:写信,MSN,手机等),你个人认为面对面交流是否优于这些交流方式

2)论证你的观点

【思路点拨】

本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求阐述一种观点,提纲第2点要求论证这个观点,由此可判断本文应为观点论证型作文。

根据所给提纲,本文应包含以下内容:关于面对面交流是否优于如写信和打电话等其他交流方式给出你的观点;通过举例论证此观点;重申观点,总结全文。

【参考范文】

Is Face to Face Communication Better than Other Types of Communication?

Nowadays, with the development of technology, many modern forms of communication, such as phone calls and email, have stepped into our life.Facing with these, the traditional way of communication — face-to-face communication, seems to be left behind the times.But in fact, this is not actually true.For me, noting can parallel with face-to-face communication.The following reasons can account for my opinion。

For one thing, face-to-face communication allows us to make an interactive conversation.For example, we can clear away the misunderstanding in time.Because a person’s tone of voice or facial expreion often reflects his mood, while in other kinds of communication it’s hard for us to perceive the subtle changes of one’s emotion.For another, face-to-face communication can deepen the interpersonal relationship.For instance, trust and respect between businees partners can be established even with a firm handshake。

In a word, face-to-face communication improves the relationship among people and it is the best kind of communication.All the other types are merely the complement of it。

第12篇:专升本英语作文

How Will Our Life Go on without Internet?

1.网络提供给了人们丰富多彩和便捷的生活

2.很多人开始感觉离开网络寸步难行

3.你对网络依赖症的看法

●审题概述●

网络给人们带来了丰富便捷的生活,但有些人却因此离不开网络,本文要求考生对网络依赖症简述自己的看法。第一段,简单描述网络为人们提供了丰富而又便利的生活;第二段,很多人觉得离开网络就寸步难行;第三段,对网络依赖症,阐述自己的观点。

【范文】

How Will Our Life Go on without Internet?

thIf asked whether the Internet is the greatest discovery of the 20 answer

would be yes.The Internet has drawn the world closer incredible dreams, and provideda brilliant life.

Political campaignsand enterprises resort to the Internet for and potential customers home and abroad.they’ like us also rely shopping.

The power of the Internet many negative effects are already visible.For to to their own fantasy world online

are an everyday occurrence.In view of all this, you are with wisdom.Keep it at a safe distance

draw, realize, provide,显得句子很有气势。

◇语言点提示:

从政府部门、研究机构到普通老百姓,网络已经和我们的生活息息相关。原文通过列举

governments, political campaigns, universities and researchers and common folks,一气呵成,让我们真切地感受到网络无处不在。

◇第三段思路点评:

阐述自己对网络依赖症的看法。

◇语言点提示:

(1) online pornography and violence,网络色情和暴力。

(2) Internet frauds are an everyday occurrence.网络欺诈每天都在发生。

Knowledge and Diploma

1.目前社会上存在这样一种说法:文凭越高越吃香

2.而有些人则认为文凭不等于知识

3.你的观点

●审题概述●

本文针对时下一种流行的说法:文凭越高越好,要求考生结合实际阐述自己的观点。第一段,简要描述目前社会上流行的说法:文凭越高越吃香;第二段,有些人却持不同的意见,认为文凭不等于知识;第三段,结合自己的实际情况,阐述自己的观点。

【范文】Knowledge and Diploma

It is generally believed thatCompanies also tend to emphasize the academic .Like it or not, there does exist a social reality—the the more popular he becomes.

On the contrary’t automatically the acknowledgment of one’s educational experience rather s ability.Therefore, ’s diploma.Besides, many knowledgeable diploma.Take Bill Gates for example.His dropping out of that he is one of the world’s most learned men.

So I must say no with knowledge, because a diploma iswhile genuine knowledge needs one’◇第一段思路点评

(1)众所周知。

◇语言点提示

(1) the acknowledgment of one’s educational experience 对一个人的教育经历的认可。

(2) 特别注意本段中所使用的连接词语:on the contrary, besides。

◇第三段思路点评:

以己为例,阐述自己的观点。

◇语言点提示:

(1) equate a diploma with knowledge将文凭和知识等同

(2) nothing but a proof of a short-term study 只是对某一短期学习的证明

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled On VolunteeringActivities.You should write at least 120 words following the outlin

e given below:

1.越来越多的人从事志愿者工作

2.志愿者工作的社会意义

3.作为大学生,应该怎么做

范文:

In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters.According to a survey, in 2008, there were about 1,700,000 volunteers who offered service for Olympic Games.Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China.

Volunteering is of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the societolunteers who ensured the succe of these games.

n and to grow.

第13篇:专升本英语作文

一、观点采择类

句式:

 There is a general discuion nowadays on the problem of … .Some argue/hold that … ; others , on the contrary, set forth a totally different argument about the iue.(最近,„„问题引起了人们的广泛讨论。有些人认为„„,另一些人关于此问题则提出了一个截然不同的观点)  In reaction to the phenomenon/ in answer to the problem/ in response to the ongoing social change, some people argue that … , in their minds, … .However, others maintain … .In their eyes, … .(为应对这一现象/问题/不断变化的社会,有些人认为„„,在他们心里,„„然而,另一些人主张„„在他们眼中„„)

 Personally, I side with the former/latter opinions.(就我个人而言,我支持前者/后者)

 I am of the opinion that priority should be given to ….(我支持这样一种观点,即,我们应优先考虑„„)

 In conclusion, it is clear that … .(总之,显然) 模板:

There is no consensus among people as to the view of ( ).The opinions vary from person to person.(关于„„,人们的观点没能达到一致。每个人的观点都不一样)

Some people hold the idea that ( ).A case in point is that ( ).Others, however, may stand on a different ground.According to them, … .The most typical example is … .(有些人持有这样一种观点„„。相关的例子就是„„。另一些人,然而,可能站在不同的立场。据他们看来,„„。最典型的例子就是„„)

Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to side with … .Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable to some extent, but …is more convincing.(权衡了这些论点的利弊之后,我倾向于支持„„。不可否认,前者的观点在某种程度上似乎合理。但是很„„更有说服力)

二、观点论证

模板:

When asked about … , some people hold the idea that … .As they see it, … .But I could not agree with them in several points.In my point of view, … .(当问到„„,有些人持有这样一种观点„„。在他们看来,„„)但是我在以下几点上不能同意他们。在我看来,„„)

The reasons for my choice can be listed as follows.(出于以下几个原因,我做出了选择)

For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe that … .(基于以上提及的几条原因,我坚定地认为„„)

三、现象阐释类

句式:

 Recently, the phenomenon of … has become the focus of public concern,(最近,„„现象已经成为公众关注的焦点)  It is no easy/ simple tasks to offer the reasons for this phenomenon which involves more than one complicated factor.Among all the important/ convincing reasons for … , one should be emphasized.(列出这一现象背后的原由并不容易,因为它涉及到了不止一个复杂因素。在所有关于„„的有力原因中,有一个应当受到重视。)

 The significant effects of this phenomenon are undeniable, which can be concluded as the following aspects.(这一现象的巨大效应不可否认,总结一下,有以下几个方面。) 框架:

Recently, the phenomenon of … has become the focus of public concern.What are the reasons for this phenomenon? On my standpoint, there are several as follows.(最近,„„现象已经成为公众关注的焦点。这一现象背后的原因是什么?在我看来,有以下几点。)

First of all,… .What is more, … .Last but not the least, … .(首先,其次,最后)

The significant effects of this phenomenon are undeniable, which can be concluded as the following aspects.On one hand, …

.On the other hand, … .(这一现象的巨大效应不可否认,总结一下,有以下几个方面。一方面,„„另一方面,„„)

四、问题解决类

模板:

In recent years, hand in hand with the development of the economy/ society/ people’s living standard, we are faced with a serious phenomenon that… .In order to solve this problem, it is eential for us to analyze the causes behind it.(今年来,随着经济/社会/人民生活水平的提高,我们面临着一个严肃的现象,即,„„为了解决这一问题,我们必须分析其背后的原因。) What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are several reasons as follows.(什么导致了这一问题?似乎,有以下几点原因)

In view of the seriousne of the phenomenon, effective measure should be taken as follows, … .On one hand, it is high time that people all over China realized the seriousne of the phenomenon; On the otherhand, the government should iue laws and regulations to put the situation under control.Only in these ways can we succefully solve the problem.(鉴于问题的严肃性,我们应当采取以下几条有效措施。一方面,是时候,全中国的人们都应意识到问题的严肃性。另一方面,政府应当出台法律法规来控制局面。只有以这些方式,我们才能成功地解决这一问题)

以“Going on Diet”为题,根据以下提纲写一篇字数不少于120字的作文。 (1) 节食减肥渐成时尚 (2) 这现象背后的原因 (3) 你的看法 Example :

Going on Diet Currently, the phenomenon of going on diet has become the focus of public concern.People acro the world, whether old or young, male or female, seem to be crazy to follow the trend of being thin.It is no easy/simple task to offer the reasons behind this phenomenon, which involves a combination of complicated factors.Perhaps the primary one lies in the fact that a growing number of people now hold that stoutne does not conform to the modern ideals of beauty.As they see it, the word fat simply means “ugly”.Furthermore, obesity adds to people’s vulnerability in front of diseases.On the contrary, going on diet helps people keep fit and increase their life expectancy.In addition, going on diet proves an effective way to reshape your image, which plays a significant role in achieving succe in both career and interpersonal relationship.From my perspective, it is definitely a healthy fashion for people to go on diet.Going on diet is not merely a matter whether you want to look well but a matter whether you want to lead a greener life.

第14篇:专升本英语作文

专升本英语作文范文

1、Preserving Our Environment„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

2、Air Pollution„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„2

3、What Shall We Do About the Civilization?(略)„„„„„„„2

4、On Opportunity„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

5、Build a Saving Campus(略)„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„3

6、Going Abroad to Work or Work at Home?(略)„„„„„„„3

7、Choosing a Good Major or a Good University?„„„„„„„„3

8、How to Succeed in the Interview„„„„„„„„„„„„„„4

9、How to Help Old People Live Better„„„„„„„„„„„„4

10、How Should People Keep Health„„„„„„„„„„„„„5

11、What Are Your Opinions About Money?„„„„„„„„„„5

12、抱怨信„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

13、自荐信„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„6

14、Craze for Civil Service Examination„„„„„„„„„„„„7

15、Use of Free Time„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7

16、Study on the Internet(略)„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„7

17、My View on Traveling„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„8

18、Using Mobile Phones(The view of using mobile phone in our school)„„8

19、Study Abroad„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„9 20、My View on Laid-off Workers(

Re-employment of Laid-off Workers)9

- 1

2、

Air Pollution

Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world.A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations.Automobile, trains, planes and bues need energy, too.Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels.The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution.

Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities.They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be le damaging to the environment.In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off le polluted material.Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a \"clean\" world.Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution.There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do.People will continually find new ways to control pollution.空气污染是当今世界的主要问题之一。需要大量的能量来运行现代工业国家的工厂。汽车、火车、飞机和公交车也需要能量。几乎所有的这种能量是由燃烧燃料。燃烧产生的废弃物,其中一些仍然在空中,造成空气污染。

科学家正在寻找方法来阻止空气污染特别是大型工业领域和人口稠密的城市。他们正在研究发电的新方法,可以减少对环境的破坏。与此同时,许多发电厂正在现代化给少污染的材料。此外,工程师尝试设计和定位新的发电厂做最小的对环境的破坏。

然而,它可能是我们仍然有很长的路要走之前我们有一个“干净”的世界。几乎所有的国家都在努力预防和控制空气污染。事实上似乎没有结束任务,环保人士将被要求做的事情。人们会不断寻找新的方式来控制污染。

3、What Shall We Do About the Civilization?

- 3Nowadays, the interview has become indispensable in seeking a job.Its succe will determine whether or not you will get the job you applied.Then how to succeed in a job interview?

There are many factors involved.According to psychologists,it depends more on the first impreion you leave which is half a battle: how you look, how you sound and what you say are of great importance.In the first place, how you look makes up 55% of a first impreion.This includes facial expreions, body language, and eye contact, as well as clothing and general appearance.Among those, clothing is the most important to show your respect to the interviewer and to leave the interviewer a good impreion in the end.In the second place, how you sound makes up 38% of the first impreion.This includes how fast or slowly, loudly or softly you speak.So make sure that you sound friendly, interested, confident and happy in answering any inquires in the interview.Finally, what you say counts for only 7% of the meage.Therefore, attach more importance to your appearance and expreions rather than your words.

To conclude, no one can escape from the interview.Remember the above points, and you will succeed in the interview.

9、How to Help Old People Live Better 要点:

1.年轻人应多与老年人交谈、沟通 2.老年人应理解年轻人的压力 3.社会应组织相应的活动注意

How to Help Old People Live Better In the last ten years our society is more advanced.Old people also live more happily.But we just noticed old people‘s material life.In fact old people‘s mental life is more important to them.Because old people are very lonely.I have three methods for this question.Firstly, young people should communicate to old people.They should exchange their ideas.Then they can understand each other more easily.The old people may be happier.

Secondly, old people also should understand young people‘s preure.They should know why the young people can‘t talk with them.

Finally, society also should hold some activities for old people.To protect their life more colorful and greater!

How to Help Old People Live Better As we know, with the development of economy, people have to face various preures.They don‘t have enough time to attend to the old people in their family, which has become a prominent social problem.To solve this problem, we can

总所周知,随着社会经济的发展,人们不得不去面对各种各样的压力。他们没有足够的时间去照顾

家庭中的老人,这已经成为了社会的一大显著问题。为了解决这个问题,

use a household robot, which is designed to take care of old people.It can cook meals at a fixed time which can be adjusted according to individual 5 needs.It can also accompany old people in having a chat, playing che, and doing exercises.Moreover, it can deal with emergencies.For example, if an old man falls ill suddenly, the robot will call doctors for help. All in all, the robot will be our life more convenient.

我们可以使用专为照

顾老年人而开发的家用机器人。它能够在固定的时间煮饭,并且能够随个人需要而进行调整。它也可以陪老人聊天,下棋,和做运动。并且,它还会处理紧急状况,例如如果老人突然生病了,它就会去请医生。

总之,机器人让我们的生活更加方便 希望对你有帮助

10、

How Should People Keep Health Do you want a strong body?Let me tell you how to do.

You should eat lots of fruit and vegetables,and drink lots of boiled water.You should do exercise .You should sleep at least eight in the evening,too.but you shouldn\'t drink coffee or tea before sleep,you shouldn\'t eat too many candies.You shouln\'t work or study too hart. The way can keep your health.

Many students do not have breakfast before they go to school.It\'s a quite bad habit and it\'s bad for your health.Maybe you don\'t have time to have breakfast but you couldn\'t learn well in your claes if you don\'t eat any thing .Keeping in a good health which can help you study well is very important.

11、

What Are Your Opinions About Money?

Believe it or not, almost everybody loves money.But money doesn‘t mean everything.You can not fulfill your dream with money only.Money is only the means of exchange.We can hardly say money brings happine.But without money we are certainly unhappy and can do nothing.In this world people sell something for money.If you are a teacher, you can earn your life by selling knowledge.A worker sells his labor and a monk sells spiritual comfort for people‘s lives.Even a beggar can sell something for money — he sells his dignity.

Usually we get the things we need by selling something.And the money we get differs according to the service we give.If the customers receive good service from us, they will pay us well.With this money we can buy the things we need.To be rich means you can buy almost everything you want.We are well-off when we are able to afford the things we need.

Quite a few think that they make more money to get more happine.Some even say, ―If I make one million dollars, I will be very happy and I can do whatever I like.‖ When they reach the goal, they find themselves unhappy.A great ancient Chinese thinker said, ―Never be fettered by too much money nor be chopped by poverty.‖ So I personally think a well-off life is an ideal one.A comfortable life is the most important.

6

12、

抱怨信

Dear xxx,

I am glad to hear from you, and much concerned about your requirement in the letter. Regarding our last quotation, you consider the price to be high for you.I do think it is the common iue we face currently.As you know, the price of raw material goes up beyond our predict.We are proceeding to improve craft to lower the cost effectively.

The market goes big for these products day by day.Most clients have urged us to complete their orders in spite of high price.They all agree that these products are of most potential high profits in the near future.

Provided we offer 30% discount to you, could you like to double your volume? If not, I would like to kick off 10% price to start an initial friendly cooperation between us.

Your further comment is highly appreciated. Yours truly, Xxx

13、

自荐信

P.O.Box 36 Tsinghua University Beijing,China 100084 Dear Sir/Madam:

Your advertisement for a Network Maintenance Engineer in the April 10 Student Daily interested me bacause the position that you described sounds exactly like the kind of job I am seeking.

According to the advertisement ,your position requires top university,Bachelor or above in Computer Science or equivalent field and proficient in Windows NT4.0 and LINUX System.I feel that I am competent to meet the requirements.I will be graduating from Graduate School of Tsinghua University this year with a M.S.degree .My studies have included courses in computer control and management and I designed a control simulation system developed with Microsoft Visual InterDev and SQL Server.

During my education, I have grasped the principals of my major and skills of practice.Not only have I paed CET-6, but more important I can communicate with others freely in English.My ability to write and speak English is out of question.

I would appreciate your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information you require, please contact me.I would welcome an opportunity to meet with you for a personal interview.

With many thanks,

Wang Lin

14、

Craze for Civil Service Examination

(公务员考试热) Every year hundreds of thousands of people in China take civil service exams conducted at various levels in the hope of becoming government employees.Among them, college graduates are a fast-growing force that can‘t be ignored.The craze for being a civil servant is not limited to liberal arts majors, as it‘s also gaining popularity among science and engineering students.

In the final analysis, this growing trend among the youngsters is mainly attributable to two factors–ambitions and comforts.On the one hand, many ambitious college graduates view these exams as a springboard to a higher social status, greater power and prestige, on which many of their other wishes rest.On the other, as being a civil servant generally means a stable income, enviable healthcare and pension programmes, as well as other comforts of life, it‘s quite an appealing career option to many people, especially in this age of sluggish world economy.

Personally, the desire to be a government official is beyond reproach, as the nation and the people do need an injection of new blood into the civil service sectors.The fresh-faced college graduates, armed with lofty ideals, new vision, and strong drive, are undoubtedly among the best candidates.

15、

Use of Free Time With the working hours becoming shorter and shorter and holidays becoming longer and longer, how to spend the leisure time has become a hot topic.The use of free time often discloses much about one‗s tastes, values, interests and personality.Some may take to the humanities: literature, magic, art, and they might be interested in movies and television.Others participate in sports, politics, voluntary work or hobbies at home.Still others like parties, traveling, .or just loafing.Obviously, the use of free time is a good means of relaxation, but its benefits go beyond this.All things people do in leisure hours enable them to gratify their wishes.This can contribute to intellectual growth and promote social activities as well.So the good use of free time will make life rich, colorful and rewarding.

16、

Study on the Internet

17、

My View on Traveling

8 I love traveling.Traveling not only broadens my horizons but also opens my eyes to the world.What\'s more, it refreshes me.You can go to Disneyland and experience what it\'s like to be ―a child again!‖ You can visit one of the ―seven wonders of the world,‖ such as the Grand Canyon and feel the magnificence of nature!

You can taste the ―magicial‖ ice water on a glacier, which can help you become more beautiful and make you live longer.Just forget all trifles and burdens that you have in your mind.Experience is a type of living knowledge.You\'ll be sure to experience many new things when traveling.You don\'t even need a tour guide if you long for more freedom.Just don\'t forget to bring your backpack!

18、

Using Mobile Phones

There are advantages and disadvantages for using mobile phone.firstly, it is good. Using mobile phone can enhance your communication with others.It is a good way to keep in touch with your friends , parents, claments,etc, and when in emergency, you can call your friends or 110 for help.on the other hand, it is not good.Phones have radiation.Too much radiation is bad for people\'s healthy.Besides, people usually download games to the phone, it may cause them addict to the games.All in all, we should use phone properly , not too much.The view of using mobile phone in our school There are two different views on the iue of mobile phones in schools.Some believe that students should be able to use mobile phones in school because there are many advantages to doing so.For one thing, if an emergency were to occur at the school, the students would immediately be able to use their mobile phones to reach their parents and relatives.Also, if a student\'s parents wanted to reach the student, they can send a text meage to the student as opposed to having to call the office and then getting transferred.However, there are also some who believe otherwise.If someone called in during a leon, the ringing of the mobile phone would clearly disrupt the cla, and students might be more tempted to send text meage during cla.Furthermore, students might use the mobile phones to cheat on exams, and this would cause many controversies.Overall, the advantages are balanced with the disadvantages, and it is ultimately the school\'s decision whether or not to allow mobile phones.

19、

Study Abroad

9 In recent years, study abroad has flourished.Thousands of scholars and students have gone to foreign countries to study.Many people are sparing no efforts in applying for going abroad.

Attending schools abroad has many advantages.Firstly, students who have studied abroad can act as mediators between peoples of different cultures so as to promote international understanding.Secondly, we can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from the foreign countries.Thirdly, we can enjoy the contact with new and different cultures so as to increase the awarene of our own culture.Fourthly, we can learn a foreign language more quickly.

However, study abroad may have disadvantages such as language barrier in the first few months or financial difficulties before getting a scholarship.Besides, being far away from home country, students may feel lonely.In spite of these, the advantages greatly outweigh the disadvantages.It is advisable to attend schools abroad.

20、

My View on Laid-off Workers

Re-employment of Laid-off Workers As we all know, there are more and more laid-off workers in China now mainly because of the rapid changes in the economic reform.Among them are the old and the young, men and women, and even some well-educated graduates.What\'s more, with more and more workers being laid-off, lots of social problems have appeared.As a result, the iue of re-employment of the laid-off workers has become one of the hot topics and drawn much attention from governments at all levels.A number of solutions are being offered.First of all, re-training programs should be organized to help the laid-off workers to learn new skills to help them keep up w(转载自第一范文网http://www.daodoc.com,请保留此标记。)ith the changing society.Besides, our government should take some neceary measures to createmore new opportunities of employment for these peopie.Finally, colleges and universities should reform their courses to adapt to the development of economy so as to provide qualified studens to meet the needs of society.In my opinion, solving the problem of re-employment of laid-off workers needs the effort of the whole society, including our government, the laid-off workers themselves and all those who are ready to offer their help, Moreover, the lay-off workers, especially the well-educated graduates, should lower their standards before looking for satisfying jobs.

第15篇:成人高考专升本《英语》英语词汇分析+必背词组

英语词汇分析

构词法

英语的构词方法有三:合成(composition),派生(derivation)和转换(conversion)。

(1)副词+动词

overcome 克服, uphold支持,主张 (2)名词+动词

sun-bathe 行日光浴

派生

在一个单词前或后加上一个词缀,变成一个新词,

这种构词的方法叫做派生,词缀有前缀和后缀两种,加在单词前的词缀,叫前缀,加在单词后的词缀,叫后缀。

1、前缀,现将最常用的一些前缀(按字母顺序)举例如下: anti- 反对

anti-Japanese war 抗日战争 arch- 主要的

arch-enemy 主要敌人 auto- 自动的

automobile 小汽车,autobiography 自传 bi- 双

bicycle 自行车,bilingual 用两种语言的 by- 在旁

bystander 旁观者,by-product 副产品 co- 共同

co-operation 合作,co-existence 共处 counter- 反

counter-attack 反攻, de- 除去,否定

decentralization 分散,不集中 dis- 否定

discover 发现, disorder 混乱,杂乱 en-,em- 使成为

enable 使能够,enslave 奴役,encourage 鼓励 ex- 前

ex-president 前任主席、总统或大学校长 extra- 外

extraordinary 非常的,格外的 for-, fore- 先,前,预

forward 向前,foresee 预见,forearm前臂 for- 禁,弃

forbid 禁止,forget 忘记 in-,il-,im-,ir- 不,非

informal 非正式的,incomplete 不完全的, irregular 不规则的 inter- 间,相互 interview 会见 mal- 恶

maltreat 虐待

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2012年成人高考专升本英语必备词组

-ure 结果,动作

pleasure 快乐,preure 压力

3、形容词后缀

-able,-ible 能够

unforgettable 难忘的,responsible 负责的 -al 的

cultural 文化的,national 国家的 -an(地,人)的

Ruian 俄罗斯的,俄罗斯人的,American 美国的,美国人的 -ed 有,象

talented 有才华的 -en 的

golden 金色的,wooden 木制的 -ern(表示方向的) northern 北方的,eastern 东方的,southern 南方的,western 西方的 -ese(地,人)的

Chinese 中国的,中国人的,Japanese 日本的,日本人的 -ful 充满

careful 小心的,beautiful 美丽的,powerful 强有力的

-ic,-ical 的

economic 经济的,political 政治的,grammatical 语法的 -ish 属于,稍微

bookish 书本气的,yellowish 稍黄的,selfish 自私的,childish 幼稚的 -ive 性,倾向

active 积极的, collective 集体的 -le 无

fearle 无所畏惧的,carele 不小心的,usele 无用的,meaningle 无意

义的 -like 如

childlike 儿童般的(亦可作为复合词看) -ly 品质,的

friendly 友好的,weekly 每星期的,manly 丈夫气的,daily 每天的 -ous 多

nervous 神经紧张的,dangerous 危险的 -some 引起,适于,易于

troublesome 烦人的,tiresome(令人感到厌倦的)

-ward 向

backward 落后的 -y 充满,性质

rainy 雨的,snowy 雪的,handy 手巧的,便于使用的

4、动词后缀 -ate

isolate 使孤立, -en

deepen 加深,strengthen 加强 -fy

simplify 简化,claify 分类 -ize,-ise

industrialize 工业化

5、副词后缀 -ly

carefully 小心地,beautifully 美丽地,quickly 迅速地 -ward,-wards 向

forward 向前,backward 向后,upwards 向上,downwards 向下 -wise 方式

likewise 同样地,otherwise 否则,用另一种方式

转换

转换,将一个单词由某一种词类转用为另一种词

类,这就叫做转换。单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的联系。

1、名词转化为动词

elbow 由“肘”转义为“用肘推挤”

back 由“背,后面”转义为“支持,后退”

2、形容词转化为动词

slow 由“慢”转义为“放慢”

3、动词转化为名词 to take a walk 散步 to have a look 看一看 to have a try 试一试

4、形容词转化为名词

the wounded 受伤的人们, the beautiful 美丽的东西,the blind 盲人们

5、其他词类转化为名词

a must 必须做的事情,ups and downs 高低起伏,ins and outs 问题的底细

名词词组和固定搭配

1、介词+名词

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in memory of 纪念

at the mercy of 在„„支配下 by mistake 错误地

at the moment 现在,此刻 for a moment 片刻,一会儿 for the moment 现在,暂时 in a moment 立刻,马上 in nature 本质上

on occasion 有时,不时 in order 秩序井然,整齐 in order to 以便,为了 in order that 以便

out of order 发生故障,失调 on one's own 独自地,独立地

in particular 特别地,尤其,详细地 in the past 在过去,以往 in person 亲自

in place 在适当的位置 in place of 代替

in the first place 起初,首先 in the last place 最后

out of place 不得其所的,不适当的 on the point 即将„„的时候 to the point 切中要害,切题 in practice 在实际中,实际上 out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 at present 目前,现在

for the present 目前,暂时

in proportion to (与„„)成比例的 in public 公开地,当众

for (the)purpose of 为了 on purpose 故意,有意 with the purpose of 为了 in question 正在考虑

at random 随意地,任意地 at any rate 无论如何,至少 by reason of 由于

as regards 关于,至于

with/in regard to 对于,就„„而论 in/with relation to 关系到 with respect to 关于 as a result 结果,因此

as a result of 由于„„结果 in return 作为报答,作为回报 on the road 在旅途中

as a rule 规章,规则;通常,照例 in the long run 最终,从长远观点看 for the sake of 为了„„起见 on sale 出售;贱卖

on a large scale 大规模地 on a small scale 小规模地 in secret 秘密地,私下地 in sense 从某种意义上说 in shape 处于良好状态

on the side 作为兼职,额外

at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 in sight 被看到,在望

out of sight 看不见,在视野之外 in spite of 不管,不顾;尽管,虽然 on the spot 当场,在现场 in step 同步,合拍

out of step 步调不一致,不协调 in stock 现有,备有 in sum 总而言之

in tears 流着泪,含泪,哭

in terms of 依据,按照;用„„措词 for one thing 首先,一则

on the second thoughts 经重新考虑,一转念 at a time 每次,一次 at no time 从不,决不

at one time 同时,曾经,从前曾 at the same time 但是,然而 at times 有时

for the time being 目前,暂时 from time to time 有时,不时 in no time 立即,马上 in time 及时,适时地 on time 准时

on top of 在„„之上 out of touch 失去联系

in truth 事实上,实际上,的确 on try 试穿 on try 试穿

by turns 轮流,交替 in turn 依次,轮流 in vain 徒劳,无效

a variety of 种种,各种 by virtue of 由于

by the way 顺便提一下,另外 by way of 经由,通过„„方式 in a way 在某点,在某种程度上 in no way 决不

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2012年成人高考专升本英语必备词组

a series of 一系列,一连串

3、名词词组的其他形式 trolley bus 电车 I.D.card 身份证 credit card 信用卡 no doubt 无疑,必定 next door 隔壁

out of doors 在户外 face to face 面对面地

as matter of fact 实际情况,真相 a few 有些,几个

quite a few 还不少,有相当数目的 a little 一点,稍,一些,少许 little by little 逐渐的

quite a little 相当多,不少 no matter 无论

the moment (that) 一„„就 no more 不再

fair play 公平竞赛,公平对待 in demand 有需要,销路好 rest room 厕所,盥洗室 primary school 小学

side by side 肩并肩,一个挨一个 heart and soul 全心全意 step by step 逐步 ahead of time 提前

all the time 一直,始终 once upon a time 从前

once in a while 偶尔,有时 no wonder 难怪,怪不得 word for word 逐字地

decline with thanks 婉言谢绝

at large 详尽的,普遍的;未被获取的 at last 终于,最后 at least 至少

at most 至多,不超过 at no time 从不,决不

at once 马上,立刻;同时,一起 at present 目前,现在

at the cost/expense of 以„„为代价 at the end 最终,终了时 at the moment 此刻,目前

at the same tine 同时;然而,不过 at the sight of 一看见„„就 laugh at 因„„而发笑;嘲笑 look at 看着;看待

by

by accident 偶然

by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早 by chance 偶然,碰巧 by far „„得多;最多 by means of 用,凭借

by mistake 错误地,无意中(做错了某事) by no means 决不,绝没有 by oneself 单独地,独自地 by the way 顺便地,附带说说

by way of 经过,经由;通过„„的方法 learn by heart 记住,背诵

little by little 一点一点地,逐渐地 side by side 肩并肩地,一起

词组二:for、from

for

for ever 永远 for example 例如 for good 永久地 for instance 例如

for the sake of 为了„„的利益 for the time being 暂时,眼下 account for 说明(原因等) allow for 考虑到,顾及 as for/to 至于,关于 ask for 请求,要求

but for 倘没有,要不是 call for要求;需要;邀请 care for 照顾,照料,喜欢 except for 除了„„外

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2012年成人高考专升本英语必备词组

中)起作用

pull in (车)进站;(船)到岸 result in 引起,导致;理解 take in 欺骗;领会,理解 take part in 参加,参与

turn in 上床睡觉;交还,上交 on on a small/large scale 小(大)规模地 on account of 由于,因为 on average平均;通畅,普通 on behalf of 代表,为了

on board 在船(或车、飞机等)上 on busine 因事,因公 on duty 值班,当班 on earth 究竟,到底 on foot 步行

on guard 站岗,警戒

on one's own 独立地,靠自己地 on purpose 故意地,有目的地 on sale 出售;廉价出售

on second thoughts 经重新考虑,继而一想 on the contrary 正相反 on the one hand 一方面

on the other hand 另一方面 on the spot 在现场,当场

on the whole 总的来说,大体上 on time 准时 and so on 等等

call on 访问,拜访;呼吁,号召 carry on 继续

count on 依靠,指望

get on 骑上(马、自行车等),登上(车、船、飞机等);有进展

get on with 与„„友好相处;继续干 go on 继续下去,进行

hang on抓紧不放;坚持下去;(电话不挂)等一会儿

hold on 握住不放;坚持;(打电话用语)等一会儿 keep an eye on 留意,照看 keep on 继续进行,反复地做

live on 靠„„生活;以„„为食 look down on/upon 蔑视,看不起 look on 旁观;观看

pa on 把„„传给别人 put on 穿上;上演

switch off/on (用开关)关掉/开启

take on 承担,从事;呈现(面貌) touch on 谈及,提及 try on 试穿

turn on 开,旋开(电灯等) wait on 服侍(某人)

词组四:out、over

out

out of 在„„外;离开„„,缺乏 out of breath 喘不过气来 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过时的,不用的 out of order 出障碍;秩序混乱

out of place 不再适当的位置;不相称的,格格不入的

out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 out of sight 看不见,在视野之外 out of the question 毫无可能

out of question (现在少用)无疑地

break out (战争等)爆发;使逃脱,使逃走 bring out 使„„显示出来;出版

carry out 执行,贯彻;进行(到底) check out 结帐后离开,办妥手续离开

come out 出版,发表;显现,出现;结果是 cut out 删掉,割去 drop out 退学,退出

fall out 脱落;争吵,闹翻 figure out 计算出;估计 find out 查明;找到;发现

give out 分发;发出(气味等) go out 熄灭;外出 hand out 分发,散发 die out 消失,灭绝

lay out 布置,安排,设计;摆出,展开 leave out 忽略,遗漏;省略 let out 放掉(水等),发出 look out 留神,注意

make out 写出,开列;看出,辨认出 pick out 选出;辨认出,分辨出 point out 指出,指明 pull out 拔出,抽出;(车、船等)驶出 put out 熄灭;关(灯);公布,出版 run out (of) 用完,耗尽 set out 动身,起程;开始

stand out 引人注目;杰出,出色 try out 试用,试验

- 910 -

第16篇:成人高考专升本《大学语文》考前试题

不论从事何种工作,如果要想做出高效、实效,务必先从自身的工作计划开始。有了计划,才不致于使自己思想迷茫、头脑空洞,不知从哪里着手开展工作。下面是小编搜索整理的成人高考专升本《大学语文》考前试题,供大家参考学习!

成人高考专升本《大学语文》考前试题

1、\"太史公曰\"的\"太史公\"指的谁( )

A:司马迁自称

B:《史论》点评者

C:《资治通鉴》的作者

D:《资治通鉴》的点评者

答案: A

2、下列哪位作家是唐宋八大家之一?( )

A:李清照

B:辛弃疾

C:王安石

D:杜甫

答案: C

3、岑参《白雪歌送武判官归京》\"山回路转不见君,雪上空留马行处\"两句的抒情方式是( )

A:直抒胸臆

B:借景抒情

C:借典故抒情

D:借议论抒情

答案: B

4、《论快乐》一文驳斥了这样的观点,即把快乐分成( )

A:休闲娱乐的和理性的

B:苦和乐

C:肉体的和精神的

D:知足型的和完满式的

答案: C

5、短篇小说《断魂枪》所描写的时代背景是( )

A:古代社会

B:近代中国(辛亥革命前后)

C:元代

D:戊戍变法

答案: B

6、李商隐《无题》中,写对方的诗句是( )

A:相见时难别亦难,东风无力百花残

B:春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡炬成灰泪始干

C:晓镜但愁云鬓改,夜吟应觉月光寒

D:蓬山此去无多路,青鸟殷勤为探看

答案: C

7、《种树郭橐驼传》采用的主要写作手法是( )

A:类比方法

B:夸张手法

C:讽刺手法

D:拟人手法

答案: A

8、徐志摩的《再别康桥》被收录在诗集( )

A:《志摩的诗》

B:《翡冷翠的一夜》

C:《猛虎集》

D:《云游集》

答案: C

9、认为\"民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻\"的思想家是( )

A:孔子

B:孟子

C:庄子

D:左丘明

答案: B

10、屠格涅夫是( )

A:19世纪俄国作家

B:19世纪法国作家

C:19世纪英国作家

D:19世纪德国作家

答案: A

11、《谈时间》一文的主要论证方法是( )

A:演绎论证

B:比较论证

C:归纳论证

D:类比论证、对比论证和归纳论证

答案: D

12、马致远的《天净沙·秋思》中紧接\"枯藤老树昏鸦\"的句子是( )

A:小桥流水人家

B:古道西风瘦马

C:夕阳西下

D:断肠人在天涯

答案: A

13、《谈时间》一文选自梁实秋著名的散文集( )

A:《槐园梦忆》

B:《雅舍小品》

C:《雅舍谈吃》

D:《实秋杂文》

答案: B

14、下列作品中,属于汉代乐府民歌的是( )

A:《陌上桑》

B:《氓》

C:《短歌行》

D:《杜陵叟》

答案: A

15、柳宗元倡导的是( )

A:新乐府运动

B:古文运动

C:诗* 新运动

D:诗界革命

答案: B

16、《灯下漫笔》一文主要抨击的是( )

A:中国\"固有的精神文明\"

B:帝国主义

C:资本主义

D:中国的奴隶制度

答案: A

17、李密的《陈情表》是一篇( )

A:书信

B:小说

C:辞赋

D:奏疏

答案: D

18、《张中丞传后叙》中所说的\"守一城,悍天下\"的城是指( )

A:汴州

B:睢阳

C:洛阳

D:长安

答案: B

19、下面属于茅盾创作的三部曲系列小说的是( )

A:《爱情三部曲》

B:《蚀》

C:《迎春花》

D:《激流三部曲》

答案: B

20、孔子认为他所生活的时代是( )

A:大同时代

B:三代之英的时代

C:小康时代

D:礼崩乐坏的时代

答案: D

第17篇:成人高考专升本大学语文文学常识

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/ 1.《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集,共收入西周初年至春秋中叶的诗歌305篇,是我国现实主义文学的奠基作。《诗经》主要依据音乐特点作为标准来分类,即风、雅、颂三类。“风”,是地方民间音乐曲调的意思。“国风”是15个地区的乐歌。“雅”,正也,即标准音,是王畿附近的乐曲名称。“颂”是宗庙祭祀的乐歌。重点篇章:《采薇》

2.简述《诗经》的艺术成就。

(1)直抒胸臆的特色

《诗经》中无论是积极干预时政的怨刺诗,抒写民间疾苦的役役诗,还是反映社会生活的婚恋诗、农事诗,无不直面人生,表达真情实感,不作无病呻吟。因为《诗经》真实地反映社会人生,开创了现实主义的创作方法,成为我国古代诗歌创作的优良传统。

(2)赋、比、兴的表现手法

“赋、比、兴”,是后人研究《诗经》时总结出来的三种诗歌艺术表现方法,与“风、雅、颂”合称“六义”。“赋”,就是铺陈直叙,不用比,兴,直截了当地铺叙、抒情、描绘,把要表达的思想内容有层次地说出来。“比”就是比喻,打比方。“兴” 就是借助其他事物作为诗歌的开头,通过联想以触发起诗人思想感情勃发的表现方法。

《诗经》赋、比、兴手法的运用,极大地丰富了我国诗歌的表现艺术,对形成中国诗歌兴寄遥远、含蓄蕴藉的特有风貌起着重大作用。

3.以屈原为代表作家的“楚辞”,是继《诗经》之后中国诗歌史上另一座新的里程碑。它标志着中国诗歌从民间集体歌唱到诗人独立创作的更高发展阶段的出现。这种由诗人创作、带有鲜明楚地文化色彩的新诗歌,将中国诗歌向前推进了一大步。

4.《尚书》是我国第一部古典散文集和最早的历史文献。《春秋》是我国现存的第一部编年体断代史,是继《尚书》之后以记事为主的一部史书。《国语》是我国最早的一部国别史。《左传》是我国第一部记事完整的编年史,也是一部文学价值很高的历史散文著作,标志着史家之文发展到一个崭新阶段。《战国策》是一部“亦史亦文”的著作,其文学性相当高,在历史散文的发展上达到了新的高峰。

5.《左传》的思想倾向:民本思想,是其主要的思想倾向,反映了《左传》进步的历史观。《左传》不只是对历史事件客观的罗列,而且还表达了对历史事件的认识和理解。

6.《战国策》的艺术成就:

刻画了一批栩栩如生的人物形象,注意表现其性格特征和内心世界,血肉丰满,形神兼备。《战国策》打破“编年”限制,以人物游说活动为中心,并以此统率记言、叙事,安排情节结构,描写人物,开了人物传记的先河。

叙事生动曲折,善于夸张渲染,带有传奇色彩。

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/ 语言辩丽恣肆、放言无忌。

善于运用比喻和寓言说理,语言通俗浅显。“鹬蚌相争”、“画蛇添足”、“狐假虎威”、“南辕北辙”、“惊弓之鸟”、“百发百中”等寓言闪耀着迷人的文学光彩,表现出较强的艺术力量。

7.“道”是老子哲学思想的核心。老子认为“道”是天地万物的本源,“道生

一、一生

二、二生

三、三生万物”,就是“道”派生万物的表现;道是万事万物存在与变化的普遍法则和根本规律,它主宰一切。

8.《九章》是屈原所作的一组抒情诗的总称,包括《惜诵》、《涉江》、《哀郢》等9篇作品。

《九章》是某一时期片断的生活记录和心情的反映。具有鲜明的现实主义特征,其中的《哀郢》中记述了他流亡江南的路线,亦情亦景,忧思绵绵,既有忧国忧民的悲愤,又有委屈沉沦的凄怆。

9.《史记》的体例

《史记》是我国第一部以写人物为中心的纪传体通史,全书由12本纪、10表、8书、30世家、70列传组成,计130篇,记载了上自黄帝、下至西汉武帝时代约3000年的历史。本纪,记载历代最高统治者帝王的政绩,以事系年,是全书的纲领;世家,是先秦各诸侯国和汉代有功之臣以及个别杰出的历史人物的传记。列传,是历史上有影响的不同阶层、不同类型的人物传记。表,是各个历史时期的大事记。书,是有关天文、历法、水利、经济、文化等方面的专门史。

10.《史记》的艺术成就

《史记》是一部纪传体史书,又是一部文学性很强的传记文学著作,具有很高的文学价值。其文学成就主要表现在:

(1)塑造了丰富多彩的人物形象。

《史记》是我国古代第一部以人物为中心的纪传文学创作,通过写人来反映历史,所以全书记载了上至帝王将相,下至刺客、游侠、倡优、商贾、医卜等众多小人物,构成丰富的人物画廊。这些人物既有各阶级、阶层的、时代的共性,又具有鲜明独特的个性,富有典型性,这些历史人物在司马迁笔下个个都栩栩如生、形象鲜明、呼之欲出。如张良的善谋,项羽的勇猛、刘邦的奸诈,韩信的多智,商鞅的刻薄,李斯的贪利、李广的善射等。这是因为司马迁恰当地运用了一些塑造人物形象的方法。

(2)谋篇布局,匠心独运

(3)强烈的抒情性

(4)语言雄浑、朴拙有气势感和韵律感

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/ 11.汉赋分为骚体赋、散体赋(汉大赋)、和抒情小赋三类。

抒情小赋,内容上侧重于抒发愤世嫉俗与表现个人放心求志,形式上篇幅短小,不用问答体,通篇用韵文。代表作有张衡《归田赋》,表现的是对世事的厌倦和对恬淡生活的追求,如“超尘埃以遐逝,与世事乎长辞”、“感老氏之遗诫,将回驾乎蓬庐”、“苟纵心物外,安知菜辱之所如?”它一扫汉大赋那种铺采摛文、夸张堆砌的手法,用短小精悍的篇制和优美朴素的语言,集中抒写自己的怀抱。作者的苦闷、不满、追求和意趣贯穿全篇。《归田赋》在文学史上占有重要的地位。它是现存东汉第一篇完整的抒情小赋。它的出现预示着汉大赋的时代即将过去,预示着抒情小赋将以独立的体式在赋坛上占有一席地位。

12.乐府原是古代音乐机关的名称。最早设于秦朝。汉乐府原指汉代的音乐机关。据记载,汉武帝时的乐府开始采集民间歌辞和乐曲。六朝时,将乐府采集和创作的乐歌称为乐府,于是“汉乐府”就由汉代音乐机关的名称而兼为一种诗体的名称了。

13.曹操是汉末杰出的政治家、军事家、文学家,是建安文学的倡导者和杰出代表。

曹操诗歌《蒿里行》反映汉末社会*和民生多艰。作品反映了初平之年关东州群起兵讨伐董卓,便令会师之后,他们各怀异心,观望不前,不久各路人马为争夺权势相互火并、自相残杀。军阀长期混战、造成百姓惨死、抛骨露尸于野的衰败景象。作品真实地反映了这个历史事实,并流露了诗人伤时悯乱的感情,苍凉激楚,形象鲜明。因此,后人称之为“诗史”、“汉末实录”。

14.曹植是建安时期最负盛名的作家,《诗品》称之为“建安之杰”,现存诗80多首,辞赋散文共40余篇。钟嵘评价曹植诗:“骨气奇高,词采华茂,精兼雅怨,体被文质”,是对其诗歌风格的概括。建安七子:孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应玚和刘桢。

15.曹丕代表作是《燕歌行》。此诗历来为人称道,主要原因有二:一是它是我国现存最早的完整的七言诗,对七言诗的形成有很大贡献。二是在于它情致凄婉动人、语言浅显清丽、音节和谐流畅。

16.陶渊明的影响

思想人品方面:恬淡退隐,固穷守节,不屈事权贵,不与黑暗势力同流合污,人品峻洁,精神高尚,教育和影响了无数代作家。

诗歌创作方面:他是汉魏六朝最杰出的诗人,是田园诗派的开山之祖。对田园诗题材的开掘,情、景、理交融的美学旨归,自然纯真的风格,均有巨大的影响。

17.骈文又称骈俪文、骈偶文。以两两相对的句子构成的文章叫骈文。

18.庾信是六朝文学的集大成者。其诗真正融合了南北诗风,兼有刚健与柔媚之美。将咏史与抒情相结合,感情真挚。赋前有序,即《哀江南赋序》,是用四六骈文写的,它概括了全篇大意,并说明创作此赋的动机。庾信的赋,如同其诗,善用典故,而且一般都能灵活运用。语言精美,情文并茂,自然流丽,将骈文推向高峰,达到了六朝骈文的最高水平。

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/

19.南朝乐府民歌的艺术特色:

(1)体裁短小,多是五言四句,和周、汉民歌不同。

(2)以抒情为主,感情真率动人。

(3)多用比兴、象征、谐音双关等手法。

(4)语言自然晓畅,风格清新婉丽。

20.标志着南朝民歌在艺术发展上的最高成就的是:《西洲曲》。

《西洲曲》开头写一位少女回忆梅花初落时与情人在西洲约会,于是折梅一枝遥寄江北的爱人。以下便写那少女从春到秋、从早到晚的无尽相思。情调缠绵悱恻,充满了隐约朦胧之美,颇有艺术感染力。并且巧妙运用谐音双关的修辞方法,如本篇多次写到莲。“莲”和“怜”谐音,“莲子”即“怜子”,暗示爱怜的人。“低头弄莲子”,即暗指爱抚所爱的人。又以莲子的青如水比喻对爱人的感情纯洁如水。“置莲怀袖中”即表示对所爱的人珍爱,以“莲心彻底红”喻爱情的成熟和热烈。运用双关语,使全诗的情调更显得优美迷人。全诗以五言四句为一段,用顶真格的修辞把上下段连接起来,如“风吹乌臼树,树下即门前”,“出门采红莲,采莲南塘秋”,“仰首望飞鸿,鸿飞满西洲”。全诗迂回曲折而又首尾一贯。

21.刘勰的《文心雕龙》是一部体大思精的文学批评巨著,对于文学理论的主要贡献有以下四个方面:(1)把文学的发展同社会生活的变迁联系起来,初步认识到文学的发展受时代的制约,文学本身也有继承关系。(2)比较全面地说明了文学的内容和形式的关系。(3)总结了许多宝贵的文学创作经验。(4)阐述了进行文学批评的态度、方法和标准。在《知音》篇中提出“六观”,既包括了作品的思想内容,也包括了作品的艺术形式。

22.唐代文学繁荣的原因

(1)政治开明。唐代政治较为开明,特别是前期的唐太宗,武则天,玄宗前期,出现了前所未有的贞观之治,开元盛世等政治空前开明的繁盛政治气象。士族的衰落与中小地主的兴起;科举制的兴起;唐代文禁较为宽松,文人思想解放。

(2)经济繁荣。1.均田制和两税法的施行适应了历史的发展;势力范围的广大和对外交易的频繁;城市的空前繁荣,标志着当时经济的发展水平;贞观、开元、天宝盛世促进了盛唐气象的形成。

23.唐诗的繁荣与发展轨迹

原因:经济的繁荣是诗歌发展的温床、民族的大融合和国际交流的增加、统治者兼容并包的治国方针、科举取士制度、诗歌本身的发展已臻完善。

(1)初唐:初唐是唐诗繁荣到来的准备阶段。“初唐四杰”、陈子昂

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(2)盛唐:山水田园游人王维和孟浩然(王孟)。边塞诗人高适、岑参(高岑)。

双子星座李白杜甫。李白是盛唐气象哺育出的伟大诗人,他的诗,也成为了盛世繁荣时期的典型代表。而杜甫则是社会动荡阶段再现苦难世道的思想代表。

(3)中唐:韩孟诗派:韩愈、孟郊、李贺等人。元白诗派:白居易、元稹、张籍等。形成了唐诗创作的第二个高潮。

(4)晚唐“小李杜”崛起诗坛。杜牧、李商隐

24.张若虚与贺知章、张旭、包融齐名,被称为“吴中四士”。他的诗仅存两首,然而就是一首《春江花月夜》让他在文学史上占了一席之地。《春江花月夜》是乐府旧题,艺术特点:

1.题材开拓、意境创新

作诗贵在创新。《春江花月夜》描写的春、江、花、月、夜的景色以及游子思妇的题材,历代屡见不鲜。然而,张若虚却互这些传统题材注入了新的含义,它将诗情、画意、哲理融为一体,凭借对春、江、花、月、夜的描绘,赞美自然奇丽景色,讴歌人间纯洁的爱情,并把对游子思妇的同情心扩大开来,将他们的思念与人生哲理的追求、对宇宙的询问等结合起来,从而汇成了一种情、景、理水乳交融的幽美而邈远的意境,这对唐诗意境开拓作出了很大的贡献。

2.全诗紧扣春、江、花、月、夜的背景来写,而又以月为主体。“月”是诗中情景兼融的突出意象,它象一条纽带,贯穿全诗,情意也随着月亮的升落而起伏曲折。月在诗中经历了一夜的过程,经历了升起——高悬——西斜——落下的全过程。而在月光之下,江水、沙滩、天空、原野、花林、流霜、白云、扁舟、高楼、镜台、砧石、鸿雁、鱼龙,不眠的思妇和漂泊的游子,交相辉映,展现出了一幅充满生活情趣与人生哲理的画卷,形成了完整统一的诗歌意境。

3.韵律节奏美。全诗共36句,每四句一换韵,共换九韵,并随着韵脚的转换变化,交错运用平仄,一唱三叹,前后呼应,既回环反复,又层出不穷,音乐节奏感强烈而优美。随着音律节奏的变化,诗中的情感也在跌荡起伏。

这确实是一篇横绝千古的诗篇,故而有人盛赞张若虚是,“孤篇横绝,竟成大家。”

25.王维与盛唐山水田园诗

王维不光是一个文学、书画、音乐的通才,还是一个诗歌创作的奇才,他各体皆工,尤工五律和五七言绝句,号为“诗佛”。王维是山水田园诗派的代表。山水田园诗奠定了王维在唐诗史上大师地位。

26.李白诗歌的艺术特色

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/ 在盛唐诗人中,李白诗歌的艺术个性非常鲜明;甚至,在整个中国诗歌史上他的诗歌的艺术特色也是绝无仅有的。他上承屈原,将中国诗歌的浪漫精神推向了顶峰。

李白对后世的影响,主要体现在两个方面:

1.人格力量和个性魅力的影响。李白的自信自负、傲视富贵的个性自由精神,是在传统专制政体下,儒家思想熏陶出来的知识分子仰慕不已,借以慰藉的一方心灵土壤。

2.飘逸的风俗的影响。他诗歌飘逸风格、奇特想象和清水出芙蓉的自然美,后代诗人仰慕不已,苏轼、陆游等大家,都受其影响。

27.李白和杜甫同是唐代两位最杰出的诗人,后人将二人喻为中国诗坛的双子星座。由于个性和社会经历等原因,李白诗中较为突出自我,张扬个性;其诗风是飘逸不群;而杜甫则更加关注现实,关注社会,关注政治,关注由社会政治而来的社会苦难;其诗风是沉郁顿挫。

杜甫现存诗歌1400余首,这些诗的内容博大精深,我们可以用四个字“民胞物与”来概括。民胞指所有的人都是我的同胞,物与指的是一切有生命或无生命的物体都是我的朋友。

28.杜甫的诗歌反映现实的深广度是空前的。因此,其诗被后人称为诗史。诗史的涵义有两个方面:

(1)有史的认识价值。常被人提到的重要历史事件,在杜甫诗中均有反映。如两京收复,杜甫有《收京三首》、《喜闻官军已临贼境二十韵》;九节度兵败邺城,为补充兵力而沿途征兵,杜甫写了《三吏》、《三别》。杜甫之诗,就象是一部安史之乱的历史。而且杜甫有些诗所反映的史实,未见于史料记载,还可以补史之缺遗。如杜甫《三绝句》里提及的渝州、开州杀刺史一事,未见史料记载。

而且,杜甫之诗也是他自身的一部历史。我们通过杜甫之诗,可以了解到杜甫一生的行踪历程。

(2)形象的历史生活画面。只提供史的事实,这是史书所做的事情。杜甫的诗不仅提供了史的事实,而且为我们描述了更为广阔,更为具体生动的历史生活画面。

29.杜诗的风格:沉郁顿挫

沉郁,是指感情的悲慨壮大深厚;它表现了杜诗思想内容的博大深厚,生活体验的丰富真切、感情的饱满有力。

顿挫是感情表达的曲折起伏,反复低回;表现了杜诗意境的深厚完整,语言的精工凝炼,音调节奏的抑扬缓急,顿挫变化。

30.柳宗元,著名散文家,亦是著名诗人。他对儒、道、佛思想均有吸收,具有唯物思想和较为进步的历史观。柳诗现存160余首,大部分为遭贬后的悲愤和对山水景物的欣赏寄托之作。

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31.白居易和新乐府运动

新乐府,是与古题乐府相对而言的,是一种用新题目写时事的乐府诗歌。它始创与杜甫(如三吏、三别等),完全摆脱了旧题的束缚,因事立题,根据所写的内容来命题,这样,使乐府诗的题材内容和艺术手法都获得了更大的自由。

新乐府运动,是中唐出现的一次文学运动。继承了汉乐府反映现实的精神,力求诗歌与现实取得紧密联系,以使诗歌发挥社会作用。他们以“文章合为时而著,歌诗合为事而作”作为自己的创作纲领,创作了直接反映现实生活和百姓疾苦的新乐府诗。白居易的感伤诗《长恨歌》《琵琶行》,以其生动的艺术形象和熟练的艺术技巧,成为脍炙人口的名篇。

32.晚唐诗坛,李商隐与杜牧并称,号“小李杜”。

杜牧的写景抒情之作,描摹自然之美,以抒发俊爽之情。如《山行》《清明》这些诗突出了诗人对自然之美的热爱,以及为之陶醉的风情。

33.李商隐的诗其艺术风格深情绵邈、绮丽精工。

(1)工于比兴,情致缠绵。善于运用比兴、象征等手法,刻划入微,传达缠绵的情感。

(2)巧于用典,意蕴含蓄朦胧。诗人往往用神话、典故,以及比兴、象征等手法,构成丰富多彩的艺术形象,意蕴含蓄,耐人咀嚼。非逻辑的、跳跃的意象组合;朦胧情思与朦胧境界的创造;把诗境虚化。这样的非写实的艺术表现手法,不仅极大地扩大了诗的容量,且亦留给读者以更大的联想空间。就艺术表现手法的创新而言,在中国诗史上是空前的。

(3)语言清丽,尤擅七律。李商隐的诗歌语言,兼具清和丽的特点。

34.古文运动指中唐韩愈、柳宗元倡导的一次文学革新运动,其矛头是革除骈文。它以儒学复兴为号召,通过对文体、文风以及文学语言的革新,以刚健质朴的散文取代绮丽柔靡的骈文,从而达到张扬儒术的目的。古文运动开创了散文创作和发展的新时代,新传统。

35.词,和乐府歌辞一样,它是可以合乐歌唱的诗体。唐代称当时流行的杂曲歌词为“曲子词”,后来简称为词。词的名称由此而来。词被称为“诗余”,是因为词是由唐代绝句演变而来的,其表现形式便是依曲调增减字句、裁截重叠而形成长短句。词又称长短句,诗余,乐府,琴趣,乐章等。

词的分类

按体制来划分,词一般分为小令、中调、长调。

按音乐来划分,词一般分为令,引,近,慢四类。

慢词,是依据慢调填写的词。慢调是词曲的一种格调。因曲调舒缓,故名。慢调篇幅体制较

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/ 长,接近长调,但二者并不等同,长调是按体制划分的,慢词则是依据音乐韵律划分的。

36.中唐文人词

词体在民间兴起后,盛唐和中唐一些诗人,开始涉入到了词的领域。盛唐的文人作词者还不多,所写也基本上都是整齐的

五、七言形式,但个别也有是长短句的,如托名李白的两首词《菩萨蛮》(“平林漠漠烟如织”)和《忆秦娥》(“箫声咽”),这两首词究竟是否李白作,学界还有争议。但无可非议的是,二词取得了极高的艺术成就。

37.李煜与南唐词

南唐词人中李煜最为出色。南唐后主。李煜词的艺术创新:

(1)李煜词用血泪抒写亡国破家的不幸,抒情色彩相当强烈。如《虞美人》,词中不加掩饰地流露故国之思,并把亡国之痛和人事无常的悲慨融合在一起,把“往事”、“故国”、“朱颜”等长逝不返的悲哀,扩展得极深极广,滔滔无尽。一任沛然莫御的愁情奔涌,自然汇成“一江春水向东流”那样的景象气势,形成强大的感染力。

(2)多用白描,比喻精妙。

李煜词多用白描,比喻精妙,特别是善于将抽象的情愁比拟为具体可感的意象,使人感到美妙异常。像前面我们提到的“问君能有几多愁,恰似一江春水向东流”,就是这样。

如《清平乐》这首词相传是他亡国前不久的作品,运用白描手法,将离愁别绪表现的深沉委婉。特别值得称道的是其中的两个精妙的比喻:“落梅如雪乱”,形象而生动:“离恨恰如春草”,将抽象的情感比喻为具体可感的物象,贴切精妙。

(3)语言生动自然,清丽隽永,多有口语。

38.宋代文学,以词的成就最高。

北宋前期

柳永是北宋第一个专门的词人,其他对词的贡献在于创制了长调慢词和与之相适应的铺叙手法,并善用俚语俗语,内容上也将城市风光和歌伎生活以及个人羁旅行役纳入了词的题材范围之内。

苏轼则冲破了晚唐五代以来词为“艳科”的传统,打破了诗庄词媚的界限。在内容方面,怀古、感旧、记游、说理等题材,也采用词来表达。在形式方面,苏轼革新了词的语言,不拘音律,将词变成了一种不再依附音乐的新诗体。在风格方面,苏轼在婉约词风之外别开豪放旷达词风,对词的发展做出了划时代的贡献。

南宋前期

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/ 南渡前后,词坛上出现了一个杰出的女词人——李清照。李清照生活在北南宋之交,其词以南渡为界,分为前后两期。前期生活优越,主要内容是爱情相思和歌颂自然之作,风格清新自然;后期国破家亡,主要内容是国破家亡,孀居孤苦的感受,风格沉郁悲凉。另外,李清照的《词论》强调词艺术上的独创性,即“词别是一家”,与诗歌是相对独立的文体,重视词的声律形式,语言上要求典雅浑成。

随之继起于词坛的是爱国词人辛弃疾,辛弃疾南宋词最杰出的代表,他用词表现其抗金救国的意志,风格遒劲,气势磅礴,充满了战斗的激情与浪漫的色彩。辛词继承和发展了苏轼的革新精神和豪迈气慨,把宋词的思想和艺术均推向了空前的高度。苏轼和辛弃疾,标志着宋词的两座高峰。

39.王安石为北宋著名的政治家。是北宋诗*新运动的得力干将。

40.柳永原名柳三变,字景庄,后改名为永,字耆卿。在家族中排行第七,故又称柳七。柳永只在晚年的时候做过一些地方小官。其大半生都是困顿蹇滞,沉沦下僚的。其词带有艳情化、俚俗化的特征。然而,正是社会底层丰富的现实生活,造就了这位天才词人。

柳永一生主要致力于词,他是中国词史上第一个专业词人。在宋词史上,柳永是个里程碑式的人物。

柳永长期的浪迹江湖、晚年的宦海沉浮,使他对飘泊天涯有着强烈而深刻的感受。如《八声甘州》即写的凭栏游思。

柳词的艺术创新一。大量地创作长调慢词。二。长于铺叙白描。三。善于吸收俚语,俗语入词。因此其词流传甚广,是凡有井水处,皆能歌柳词。

41.苏轼词内容上的突破

1.抒性情怀抱,扬人格个性。

2.对人生的思考。

3.广阔的社会生活的描写。

4.自然山水的描写:

5.对乡村的描写:对充满泥土气息的乡村的描写,始于苏轼,也就是说,苏轼第一次将乡村题材引入到了词中,无论走到哪里,苏轼总能和下层农民打成一片。如《浣溪沙》五首组词。

总之,苏东坡以自己的创作实践表明:词是无事不可写,无意不可入的。词与诗一样,具有充分表现社会生活和现实人生的功能。

苏词艺术风格上的突破,推动了词风的变革。

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一、开创了豪放词风。苏轼大量地创作豪放词,促进了词风的转变。苏轼的豪放词能够借助瑰丽壮伟的意象,恢宏的意境来抒发其慷慨豪情。

二、以诗为词。将诗的表现手法移植到词中,这主要体现在:(1)题序。(2)用典。

三、苏词的语言创新。苏词语言风格为清新朴素,他多方面吸收古人语言精华,化用前人语言入词,还运用口语、虚字入词,丰富词的表现力。

四、苏词风格的多样化。苏词风格的豪放,并不是因为苏轼豪放风格的词数量最多,而是因为这类词创新意义最大。《东坡乐府》中,大部分还是婉约风格的作品。而苏词还有部分词作则体现出的是旷达词风,如《定**?莫听穿林打叶声》即是。

42.秦观的词内容范围较为狭窄,主要集中在“情”和“愁”两个方面,但是其词的艺术成就都是很高的,是北宋婉约词派的代表作家,被后人称之为“婉约之宗”。

43.贺铸词特点:

1.以婉约为主,兼具豪放风格。

2.他的婉约词艺术上以情思缠绵,婉约工丽见长。如《青玉案》、《鹧鸪天》均是这样。

3.他的豪放词,首先将英雄豪侠的精神个性与悲壮情怀引入词中,

在贺铸的词中,其英雄豪气和儿女私情是融为一体的。矛盾对立的两个方面贺铸竞能和谐统一在一起,非常奇特。据说贺铸长相奇丑,身长七尺,面色青黑,人称“贺鬼头”,而其情感却兼具了豪放的昂扬个性和细腻的儿女私情。

44.周邦彦被公认为“婉约词的集大成者”。

45.李清照是一位具有多方面文学才能的作家,他最擅长的是词,但其诗文成就也是很高的。

李清照是中国文学史上创造力最强、艺术成就最高的女作家。她以女性身份登上文坛,释放属于女性自己的情感,比代言体的“男子作闺音”真切的自然得多,文学史上也从此有女性的声音。客观地说,李清照是以其杰出的文学成就改变了男子一统文坛的格局,在中国文学史上,有着极其重要的地位。

46.辛弃疾词的内容

辛弃疾首先是一个军人,然后才是一个词人。因此,他既有词人的气质,又有军人的豪情。他的词作中,数量最多,也最有光彩的是它抒发爱国主义豪情的词作。

1、抒发统一中原的雄心壮志。

2、抒发壮志难酬报国无门的愤慨。感情沉郁,风格悲壮。

湖南成人高考网http://www.zkzsb.net/

3、批判了南宋王朝的投降政策。

整个南宋,上层官僚集团的矛盾主要集中在主和派和主战派的斗争。而主和派几乎占的都是上风。投降苟安是南宋对外政策的主流,辛对此十分愤慨。在《摸鱼儿》(更能消几番风雨)中,词人说“君莫舞,君不见,玉环飞燕皆尘土”,就是在警告那些投降的小人,必然遭到毁灭的下场。

第18篇:成人高考专升本大学语文复习六

2009年成人高考专升本大学语文复习六.txt丶︶ ̄喜欢的歌,静静的听,喜欢的人,远远的看我笑了当初你不挺傲的吗现在您这是又玩哪出呢?《课文翻译》

马伶是金陵戏班里的演员。金陵是明朝的留都,祭祀土神、谷神的庙坛和文武百官还都在这里,而且又处在国家太平兴隆时期,人们容易寻欢作乐。那些探访桃叶渡、游览雨花台的男男女女,多到脚趾相错杂的地步。戏班子因演技高而出名的,大约有几十个,而其中最著名的有两个:一个叫兴化部,一个叫华林部。

一天,有个新安商人聚合两个戏班子举办了一个大堂会,邀请了南京城里所有的贵客文人和那些艳丽的妇人、娴静的淑女,他们没有不来的。安排兴化部在东边的戏台,华林部在西边的戏台。两个戏班子都上演《鸣凤记》传奇,就是所说的椒山先生杨继盛的故事。等到演至一半,若论演唱符合节拍、讲究音律,声调高低快慢富于变化都称得上很好。当演到夏言和严嵩两个宰相争论是否收复河套时,西面戏台扮演宰相严嵩的演员叫李伶,东面戏台则是马伶。坐着的客人于是看着西面的戏台而赞叹,有的人大声呼叫拿酒来,有的人移动坐位更加靠近西面的戏台,头不再转向东面。演出继续进行不久,东面的戏台已不能再演下去了。询问其中的原因,是马伶因比不上李伶而感到耻辱,已经卸妆溜走了。马伶是金陵里善于演唱的著名演员,他走了以后,兴化部又不肯马上用别人替代他,于是竟然停止了演出,而华林部就此特别出名。

走后将近三年,马伶回来了,告知他以前戏班子的所有人,向那个新安商人请求说:“请您今天为我请一次客,把上次那些宾客请来,我希望与华林部一起再演一次《鸣凤记》,奉献一天的欢乐。”演出开始后,不久又演到争论是否收复河套,马伶又扮演宰相严嵩登场。李伶忽然大惊失色,匍匐上前向马伶自称弟子。这一天,兴化部的名声大大超过了华林部。

当天晚上,华林部的人来拜访马伶,说:“您是当今杰出的演员,然而无法胜过李伶。李伶扮演的严嵩宰相已经妙到了极点,您又是从哪儿学来的诀窍而超过李伶的呢?‘’马伶说:”的确是这样,世上的人无法胜过李伶。而李伶又不肯把扮演的诀窍传授给我。我听说

当今宰相昆山人顾秉谦,是与严嵩宰相同一类的人。于是,我跑到京城,请求在他门下做了三年的差役。每天在朝房里伺候他,观察他的行动,仔细听他的话,时间长了就掌握了他的特点,这就是我所拜的老师。‘’华林部的人一直向马伶拜别而去。

马伶,名锦,字云将,他的祖先是西域人,当时还称他马回回。

侯方域说:马伶自找老师这件事,可真奇特呀!他因李伶演技高超,没有办法求得,竟然跑去侍奉顾秉谦,见到顾秉谦就好像见到了严嵩,以严嵩本人(的言传身教)来教授如何饰演严嵩,怎能不精妙呢?啊!羞愧自己的技艺不如人家,而远走千里,做了三年差役。倘若三年还学不到要学的东西,就仍然不回来。他的意志如此坚定,技艺的精湛又何须再问呢?

《学习要点与难点》

这是人物传记。

作者详略得当的写作特点

本文主要描写马伶与李伶两次较量技艺,前一次较量,详写李伶演出引起的效果,略写马伶的演出。后一次,重点写马伶,而又采取以李伶的“忽失声,匍匐前称弟子”的反应来衬托的手。

本文的倒叙手法。

文章先写马伶第二次与李伶较量,然后再记述马伶走京师学艺的情况,是倒叙的手法。

故事情节起伏变化,吸引读者探究原委,又以事实为铺垫,使对马伶获胜的原因的揭示更加坚实,充分,令人信服。

本文的写作动机。

侯方域是复社成员,痛恨朝中?党,写此文意在讥讽朝中奸权。马伶扮演奸相严嵩,却

仿效当朝宰相顾秉谦,一举成功,“见昆山犹之见分宜”,有力地提示了严嵩与顾秉谦是一丘之貉,具有很强的讽刺意义。

《重点段落简析》

文章第三,四段。马伶与李伶第二次较量的情节。

这段情节采用的是倒叙手法。先写较量,再写学艺。可以引起悬念,增强吸引力,以事实为铺垫,使读者信服。

《往事》(泛读课文)

《作家作品》

冰心原名谢婉莹,五四时期涌现的第一批现代作家,“文学研究会”成员;

早期作品有《超人》《寄小读者》《繁星》等等,作品热情歌颂了母爱,童真,大自然。解放后有《樱花赞》《小桔灯》《再寄小读者》。

《往事》是一篇抒情散文,选自《往事》。

《主旨》

文章借想象塑造了海神的形象,揭示赞美了大海温柔沉静,超绝威严,神秘有容,虚怀广博的性格与美德,托物言志,从而启发激励人们培养大海似的品性,陶冶情操,努力做个“海化”的青年。

《课文串讲》

全文分为三大部分。

第一部分(1——2自然段)写谈海的缘起。交代了谈海之难。

第二部分(3——15自然段)“一次和弟弟们——竞没有一个海化的诗人。”

从谈海说起,由赞颂大海的风姿和品性,引到对人生理想的追求。

第三部分(16自然段)对人生的思索,点出谈海的意义。首尾呼应。

《学习要点与难点》

掌握托物言志,借景抒情的写作特点。

作者用大量篇幅想象描写海神的形象,着意突出大海的秉性,用来象征人的性格气质,借大海这一具体的物象,来抒发作者对人生的思考与认识,体现自己的情感志向,这采用的是托物言志的手法。

掌握拟人化的写作手法。

作者通过弟弟们之口,把大海当成人来描写,使大海不仅有人的衣着打扮,而且有人的行为感情,并由静到动,将海活化为人。这种拟人化的手法,不仅形象地突出了大海的特性,而且赋予大海明确的象征意味。

先抑后扬的表现手法。

文章开始写我认为海太单调,提不起写海的激情,就是先抑,然后再赞颂海的美德,这是“扬”。

《重点段落简析》

文章开始1——2自然段。

“每次拿起笔来,头一件事忆起的就是海——常常因此默然,终于无语。”

作者反复表示自己常忆起大海,说明她写大海念头已久;并说明写大海之难,大海的深广,内涵丰富,难以把握;这时先抑后扬的手法。

这两小段对全文起到铺垫作用,为下文转入大海象征人格的主题作了情感与内容的铺垫。

《背影》(泛读课文)

《作家作品》

朱自清文学研究会成员现代著名的诗人,散文家,学者。

主要散文作品《背影》,《荷塘月色》等等

《背影》是一篇回忆性叙事抒情散文,收入散文集《背影》。

《主旨》

本文通过回忆父亲送子乘火车背上读书的情景,特别描写父亲送行的背影,表现了父子间真挚动人的感情。

《课文串讲》

全文分为三部分。

第一部分:(1—2自然段)父子为奔丧在徐州相见,描写家境变故,重点交代了父亲送行的缘由。

第二部分:(3——5自然段)具体描写父亲当年去车站送行的情景。

3自然段,父亲原本请别人送行,后改变主意,亲自去送行,表达父亲对儿子的关怀。

4自然段,写送行时,父亲为儿子精心安顿,儿子对父亲“迂”的感受。

5自然段,描绘父亲翻越站台买桔子的背影。

第三部分:6自然段。与文章开始相呼应,通过回忆中父亲背影,抒发了作者对多年没有相见的父亲的思念。

《学习要点与难点》

掌握通过记叙父亲为儿子送行一事表现父子亲情的特点。

文章中间三个段落详细描写父亲送子的过程。父亲先是因为忙,嘱咐茶房送子,又不放心,亲自去送。在车站,照看行李,送子上车,拣定位子,用大衣铺座位,反复嘱咐等等细节,着力描写父亲两次翻越站台为儿子买桔子的背影。其实儿子已经大了,但在父亲眼里。儿子还是小孩,总想为儿子安排得好些,为儿子多做些事情。如此牵肠挂肚,把父亲的对儿子的爱,体贴,表现得极其真挚,细腻。

作者以背影作为刻画的重心,角度独特,情意深切。

作者对父亲的描写,对外貌,表情一字未提。与一般描写人物角度不同。

作者重点描写父亲买桔子时的背影,并通过四次对父亲背影的描写,深入到父亲的内心情感。1,描写父亲的形体衣着,说明体态肥胖,行动不便,以此来铺垫;2,着重描写父亲两次翻越站台时的动作,姿态,而站台的高度与父亲的体态形成了反差,此种铺垫衬托了父亲翻越站台之艰难,从而父亲爱子之情得到突出的体现。

重点掌握儿子对父亲态度的前后变化是侧面烘托作者对父亲的怀念。

开始,作者觉得父亲“说话不漂亮”,心里笑他迂,后面被父亲的行动感动得潸然泪下,既体现了作者的悔恨,反衬了对父亲的怀念,又从侧面烘托了父亲对儿子的深情。

人物肖像,行动描写时的白描手法。

文章运用朴实的文字,描写人物的外貌与行动。特别是父亲给儿子买桔子的情景,对父亲体态,衣着,动作的描写,不用比喻,不事铅华,只是把眼前看到的情景实实在在写出来,自然朴实,读者于质朴中体会厚实的亲情。

本文的结构特点。

本文以背影微结构线索。共出现四次背影。第一次,点出本文中心,引起全文;第二,第三次,描写父亲为自己买橘子的事情,体现了父子情深;第四次,结尾,呼应开头。

《重点段落分析》

1,文章开始第一段。“我与父亲不相见已二年了——我要回北京念书,我们便同行。”

(1)这段话的作用,为文章笼罩一种悲凉气氛。

(2)用人生的失意与生离死别作为父子分别的铺垫,在背景上展示父子深情,使作品更具苍凉感,更显父子间的真情。

2,文章最后一段

“近几年来,父亲和我都是东奔西走——我不知何时再能与他相见。”

(1)这段话表明旧社会中下层知识分子动荡不安和日益窘困的生活遭遇。

(2)述说父亲的颓唐,惦念儿孙,一方面为父亲深深感概,一方面更深刻体会到父亲对儿孙们的爱。

结尾部分的描写与开始部分形成首尾照应。

第19篇:东营成人高考报名_函授专升本报名

一、东营成人高考招生目的和意义

随着社会对学历的要求不断提高,用人单位对学历要求也是越来越高。学历甚至成为人们应聘的敲门砖、职称评定的重要依据以及进修考试的重要证件。许多人因为学历问题错失机遇而叹息。针对这种状况,我们特开展2012成人教育高起专、专升本招生和考前辅导,帮您搬掉成功路上的绊脚石。如果您希望成功升专、升本,并轻松取得毕业证书,请赶快行动吧!我们将助您完成梦想。

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第20篇:【公务员】成人高考专升本政治复习资料

2010年成考专升本政治复习资料

一、马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论

(一)哲学及其基本问题 1.哲学与世界观、方法论

▲哲学是世界观与方法论的统一。 ▲哲学是理论化系统化的世界观。 ▲世界观、方法论 答题要点

A.世界观是对自然界、社会和人类思维在内的整个世界总的根本的看法和观点。

B.方法论是认识世界和改造世界的根本方法的学说。 2.哲学的基本问题

▲思维与存在的关系问题 ▲思维、存在 答题要点

A.是思维与存在的关系问题,或精神与物质的关系问题。

B.(1)思维与存在,谁为第一性、为世界本原

(2)思维、精神能否正确认识存在和物质。 3.哲学的基本派别

▲唯物主义和唯心主义

▲哲学派别:唯物主义、唯心主义

答题要点A.坚持唯物主义,反对唯心主义。 B.主张可知论,反对不可知论。

(二)马克思主义哲学及其基本特征 1.马克思主义哲学产生的根源

▲社会历史条件、自然科学前提、思想理论来源 ▲社会历史条件、自然科学前提、思想理论来源 答题要点

A.社会历史条件:无产阶级登上政治舞台。

B.自然科学前提:细胞学说、能量守恒和转化定律、生物进化论

C.思想理论来源:黑格尔的辩证法和费尔巴哈的唯物主义

2.马克思主义哲学的基本特征

▲以实践为基础的革命性与科学性相统一的无产阶级哲学.▲实践性、科学性、革命性 答题要点

A.是关于自然、社会、思维发展普遍规律的科学

(1)马哲是对具体科学的概括与总结,是以各门具体科学为基础

(2)各门具体科学的发展要以马哲为指导。 B.马哲是辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义相统一

(1)社会存在与社会意识、辩证法与形而上学辩证法与形而上学是两种

对立的世界观。

(2)马哲将唯物主义和辩证法相统一的哲学贯穿于社会历史领域,实现

了唯物辩证的自然观与社会历史观的统一。C.马哲的三个特点:实践性、科学性、革命性

D.马中、中马、二飞、一毛二邓

3.马克思主义哲学是认识和改造世界的伟大工具 ▲科学世界观和方法论 ▲世界观、人生观

答题要点A.目的:是树立正确的世界观、人生观 B.根本方法:是理论联系实际。

二、物质和意识

(一)辩证唯物主义的物质观 1.物质是标志客观实在的哲学范畴 ▲唯心唯物,物质意识谁先谁后 ▲辩证唯物主义 答题要点

A.唯心主义二大分支B.唯物主义三大分支 C.物质的唯一特性:客观实在性

2.运动是物质的根本属性和存在方式 ▲绝对运动相对静止 ▲物质运动静止 答题要点

A.物质与运动不可B.绝对运动相对静止

运动是物质根本属性,物质具有某种相对静止的状态。 3.时空是运动着的物质的存在形式

▲时空同物质运动不可分;时空绝对相对 ▲时间、空间 答题要点

A.持续性、顺序性。B.时空与物质运动不可分 C.绝对性与相对性

时空是绝对性与相对性的统一;是不变性与可变性的统一;是无限性与有 限性的统一。

(二)意识的起源、本质和作用 1.意识是物质世界长期发展的产物 ▲先物质后意识▲意识 答题要点

A.意识是自然界发展到一定历史阶段的产物,即第二性 的。B.意识是社会的产物,是社会劳动的产物。 2.意识的本质

▲意识是人脑的机能;是客观存在的主观映象。 关键词▲意识本质答题要点

A.意识是人脑的机能B.意识是对客观存在的主观映象 3.意识对物质的能动作用

▲物质决定意识是意识能动作用的前提 ▲意识的能动作用答题要点

A.意识能动作用的前提是尊重客观规律 B.正确认识与发挥意识的能动作用

4.意识与人工智能▲电脑思维模拟与人意识间的本质区别▲人工智能意识区别

答题要点人工智能是在信息论、控制论指导下,在人脑科学和电脑科学研究的基础上,用机器模拟人脑思维的信息处理和变换过程,实现人类思维和智能的物化。

(三)世界的物质统一性1.世界的统一性在于物质性 ▲物质世界是无限多样的统一 ▲统一性原理答题要点

A.无限多样是指物质的具体形态无限多样 B.统一到物质的唯一特性:客观实在性 2.坚持从实际出发,解放思想,实事求是 ▲坚持从实际出发,解放思想,实事求是 ▲解放思想、实事求是

答题要点A.在实事求是的基础上解放思想B.一切从实际出发,就是要从国情出发,理论联系实际, 在实践中检验真理 和发展真理。

三、事物的联系、发展及其规律

(一)唯物辩证法的基本特征

1.世界的普遍联系▲联系的客观性,普遍性,多样性 ▲联系 答题要点

A.联系的两层含义。所谓联系,是指一切事物、现象、过程之间及其内部诸要素之间的相互依赖、相互制约、相互影响、相互作用。B.联系的观点与系统的观点;系统特点

2.世界的永恒发展 ▲新旧并非时间先后

▲发展及其实质 答题要点

A.发展的实质是旧事物的灭亡,新事物的产生 B.新事物必然战胜旧事物

(二)唯物辩证法的基本规律1.规律及其特点 ▲违背规律必受处罚▲本质的必然的稳定的联系

答题要点规律具有客观性和强制性2.对立统一规律▲矛盾每年必考▲矛盾:同一与斗争;普遍与特殊

答题要点A.矛盾及其根本属性(1)矛盾、对立统一 (2)矛盾同一性与斗争性的关系 B.矛盾是事物发展的根本动力

1 C.矛盾普遍性和矛盾特殊性的关系即共性与个性对立统一的辩证关系

a.相互区别b.相互依存c.相互转化

D.对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质与核心 ⑴实质与核心(三个知识点)

⑵矛盾普遍性与特殊性辩证关系原理及其意义 a.矛盾普遍性两个基本含义: b.矛盾特殊性三种具体表现:

(3)矛盾普遍性与特殊性的关系(三点)

(4)矛盾普遍性与特殊性辩证关系在认识和实践中具有重要的方法论意义。

a.就人类认识过程而言b.就中国革命与建设的实践而言 3.质量互变规律

▲量变质变前提结果 ▲质、量、度

答题要点A.任何事物都是质和量的对立统一。质与量的结合就是度。度是事物保持自己质的界限。B.量变、质变及其相互转化事物的运动、变化和发展表现为质变和量变两种形式。事物的量变与质变是相互联系的,并在一定条件下相互转化。质量互变规律具有重要的方法论意义。

4.否定之否定规律 ▲扬弃克服保留

▲辩证否定前进性和曲折性

答题要点A.辩证否定观:扬弃;克服保留B.否定之否定规律它揭示事物发展的总方向、总趋势是前进的、上升的,事物发展的具体道路又是曲折的、迂回的,事物的自我发展的道路是前进性与曲折性的统一。C.事物发展是前进性和曲折性的统一

(三)唯物辩证法的基本范畴 1.现象与本质▲现象本质感性理性.▲现象和本质答题要点

A.现象和本质的含义B.现象有真相和假象的区别。真相是以从正面直接表现本质的现象,假象则是从反面歪曲地表现本质的现象;假象不同于错觉,错觉是认识上的错误,属于主观范畴,而假象则是客观存在的。C.现象和本质的辩证关系:对立与统一的表现D.根据现象和把握本质

2.形式与内容

▲形式主义与必要形式是两回事

▲内容和形式答题要点A.内容和形式的含义 B.内容决定形式,形式反作用于内容。 3.原因与结果

▲先因后果▲原因结果答题要点

A.原因:引起一定现象的现象,结果:由一定现象引起的现象。B.因果联系的复杂性:一因多果;同因异果;一果多因;同果异因;多因多果;复合因果等。C.正确认识和掌握事物的因果联系

4.必然性与偶然性▲必中偶;偶中必

▲必然性和偶然性答题要点A.必然性和偶然性的含义B.必然性和偶然性对立统一C.必然性和偶然性辩证关系原理的意义

5.可能性与现实性▲可能现实;理想现实▲可能性和现实性答题要点A.可能性和现实性的含义 B.从可能性到现实性要艰苦奋斗

四、实践和认识

(一)实践的观点是认识论的首要的和基本的观点1.马克思主义认识论是能动的革命的反映。▲马义认识论:能动、革命、反映。 ▲认识论

答题要点(1)把反映论原则贯彻到底(2)把科学的实践观引入认识论(3)把辩证法贯彻于反映论 2.实践及其基本形式

▲基本特点、形式▲实践答题要点

A.三个特点B.三种基本形式C.实践性是马哲最根本的特征,是马义认识论首要的、基本的观点。 3.实践与认识的辩证关系

▲实践对认识的决定作用认识对实践的能动反作用 ▲实践与认识辩证关系 A.实践对认识的决定作用 B.认识对实践的能动反作用

(二)认识及其辩证发展过程 1.认识及其本质

▲主体客体本质▲认识关系本质

答题要点A.认识的主体与客体及其关系:实践关系;认识关系;价值关系;审美关系B.认识本质:将实践的观点引入认识论,坚持在实践基础上揭示认识过程的本质。 2.认识的辩证运动

▲从感性认识到理性认识从理性认识到实践 ▲感性认识理性认识实践

答题要点A.从感性认识到理性认识

(1)感性认识与理性认识a.感性认识的形式;特点 b.理性认识的形式;特点

(2)感性认识和理性认识:对立统一B.从理性认识到实践的意义、条件与途径

3.认识运动的总规律▲不断反复无限发展 ▲规律答题要点

人类的认识必然是一个无限发展和无限深入的过程。

(三)真理及其检验标准1.真理及其客观性 ▲真理谬误客观性 ▲客观性答题要点

A.真理与谬误二者性质相反,不可混淆;B.真理的客观性----客观真理(1)真理的内容是客观的,形式是主观的

(2)真理的标准是客观的,实践是客观的。 2.真理的绝对性与相对性

▲真理绝对与相对▲绝对真理相对真理

答题要点A.真理是绝对性与相对性的统一。B.坚持真理与发展真理

3.实践是检验真理的唯一标准 ▲实践是检验真理的唯一标准 ▲实践检验真理唯一标准

答题要点A.实践是检验真理的唯一标准 B.实践标准的绝对性与相对性 4.真理发展的规律

▲真理谬误发展过程▲真理

答题要点A.真理和谬误是对立的统一。

B.真理的发展过程,就是同谬误进行斗争并不断战胜谬误的过程

五、人类社会的本质和基本结构

(一)唯物史观的创立及其意义

1.历史观的基本问题▲历史观▲社会存在社会意识答题要点

A.社会存在与社会意识的关系问题是社会历史观的基本问题.社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识反作用社会存在 2.唯心史观的根本缺陷及其根源

▲认为意识决定物质,否定人民群众的作用 ▲根本缺陷根源答题要点

A.唯心史观及其根本缺陷:认为意识决定物质,否定人民群众的作用B.唯心史观产生的根源:有其深刻的社会、阶级和认识论的根源。 3.唯物史观创立的伟大意义

▲一整块钢▲唯物史观的创立答题要点

A.唯物史观的创立(1)思想理沦来源。(2)社会历史条件。B.唯物史观创立使马哲成为辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义相统一的“一整块钢”

(二)人类社会生活的本质

1.社会是个有机体▲社会是一个系统 ▲社会生活答题要点

2 社会生活是对人们各种社会活动的总称,包括物质性的社会生活和非物质性的社会生活两类。 2.社会生活在本质上是实践的

▲物质资料的生产是人类最基本的实践活动 ▲物质资料的生产物质生产活动主体和客体

答题要点A.物质资料的生产是人类最基本的实践活动,劳1.社会基本矛盾是社会发展的根本动力 ▲基矛动力 ▲社会基本矛盾

答题要点A.生产力和生产关系的矛盾、经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾交互作用,构成了社会的基本矛盾运动。B.社会基本矛盾与社会形态的更替

2.阶级斗争是阶级社会发展的直接动力 动是人类特有的活动B.在自然界向人类社会飞跃的过程中,劳动起了决定性作用C.物质生产活动是社会存在和发展的基础(1)形成了社会关系、人与自然的关系和人与社会的关系及其相互制约。(2)制约了整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活

3.社会历史发展是一个自然历史过程

▲一个自然历史过程▲物质体系发展过程答题要点A.人类社会本质上是一个客观的物质体系。 B.人类社会本质上是一个辩证的发展过程。 4.社会存在和社会意识及其辩证关系

▲社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识反作用于社会存在 ▲社会意识社会存在

答题要点A.社会存在的含义社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识反作用于社会存在。

B.社会意识对社会存在的依赖性,并不否认社会意识对社会存在具有相对独立性。

(三)人类社会的基本结构1.社会的经济结构 ▲经上政文

▲生产力生产关系社会经济结构与阶级

答题要点A.生产力是人们改造自然以获得物质生活资料的实际能力。B.经济基础特指占统治地位的那种生产关系;

C.社会经济结构与阶级阶级是一个历史范畴,是生产发展到一定阶段的产物 2.社会的政治结构

▲政治结构经济结构国家国家职能▲政治结构经济结构国家国家职能答题要点

A.国家是阶级矛盾不可调和的产物

B.国家的职能一般分为对内职能和对外职能。

C.阶级是一个历史范畴,作为阶级矛盾不可调和的产物,国家也是一个历史范畴。 3.社会的文化结构 ▲文化促进作用

▲社会意识文化精神生产 A.社会意识的构成

B.正确对待传统文化与现代文化 C.精神生产及其相对独立性

六、社会发展规律和历史主体的作用

(一)社会发展的基本规律 1.社会基本矛盾 ▲社会基本矛盾 答题要点

生产力和生产关系的矛盾与经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾的关系

2.生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动及其规律 ▲生产力决定生产关系▲生产力生产关系 答题要点

A.生产力对生产关系决定作用,生产关系对生产力反作用

B.生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律,这一规律贯穿于人类社会发展的全过程,是人类社会发展的基本规律。

3.经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾运动及其规律 ▲经济基础决定上层建筑 ▲经济基础上层建筑 答题要点

A.经济基础对上层建筑决定作用;上层建筑对经济基础的反作用B.上层建筑一定要适合经济基础状况的规律。

(二)社会发展的动力

▲阶级斗争答题要点

A.阶级斗争是社会基本矛盾在阶级社会中的直接表现 B.基本形式有经济斗争、政治斗争和思想斗争。其中政治斗争具有决定意义。C.阶级斗争是阶级社会发展的直接动力。

3.科学技术是第一生产力

▲科学技术是第一生产力▲科学技术

答题要点A.科学技术是现代社会中生产力的必要要素,是现代社会中推动生产力发展的首要要素。B.“科学技术是第一生产力”具有鲜明的时代特征。 4.人民群众在历史发展中的决定作用 ▲人民群众、决定作用▲人民群众 答题要点人民群众推动历史 5.个人及其在历史上的作用 ▲无产阶级领袖与人民群众

▲普通个人历史人物无产阶级政党 答题要点

A.无产阶级领袖的重要作用表现: B.无产阶级政党的群众观点和群众路线

七、社会发展和人的发展

(一)社会发展的历史进程 1.社会形态及其演化

▲社会形态质变、量变▲社会形态 答题要点 社会形态的演化是量变与质变的统一 2.社会发展道路的统一性与多样性

▲前进与曲折▲前进性 曲折性 统一性 多样性 答题要点

A.事物发展是前进性与曲折性的统一 B.事物发展是统一性与多样性的统一 3.社会进步及其标准

▲社会全面进步▲社会进步 答题要点

A社会进步的根源:内部矛盾B.复杂多样性

(二)人的本质和人的价值 1.人性与人的本质

▲人的自然属性和社会属性▲自然属性 社会属性 答题要点

A.人的自然属性和社会属性的统一

B.人的本质在现实性上是一切社会关系的总和 2.人的价值 ▲贡献和满足

▲贡献 满足 人的价值 答题要点

A.人的价值是贡献和满足的统一 B.人的生活目的和意义

C.个人价值与社会价值是相互统一,不可分割的。

(三)人的全面发展与共产主义社会 1.自由王国与必然王国 ▲自由 必然 答题要点

A.自由:人支配物必然:物支配人

B.从必然王国向自由王国的飞跃是历史发展的必然趋势 2.人的全面发展

▲人的发展 社会发展▲人的发展 社会发展 答题要点

A.人的发展是社会发展的重要内容,人的发展程度是社会发展最重要的标志。 B.全面而自由的发展

3.共产主义的理想和实践 ▲共产主义理想 实践

3 ▲共产主义 答题要点

A.共产主义的理想B.坚定共产主义理想与投身社会主义现代化建设

八、毛泽东思想是马克思主义中国化的理论成果

(一)毛泽东思想的形成和发展1.毛泽东思想产生的条件

▲毛泽东思想

答题要点是历史发展的必然

适应了中国半殖民地半封建社会变革的需要 适应了中国无产阶级登上政治舞台迫切需要 2.毛泽东思想形成和发展的历史进程 ▲萌芽基本形成成熟继续发展 ▲记著作 答题要点

A.萌芽从1921年中国共产党创立到1927年初,是毛泽东思想的萌芽阶段

B.基本形成从1927年大革命失败到1935年遵义会议,是毛泽东思想的形成时期 C.成熟

从1935年遵义会议到1945年中共七大,毛泽东思想得到系统总结和多方面的展开而达到成熟,并被确立为党的指导思想 D.继续发展

在解放战争时期和中华人民共和国成立后继续得到发展。

3.毛泽东思想形成发展的特点 ▲中国化的马克思主义 ▲中国化的马克思主义 答题要点

A.毛泽东思想是马克思主义和中国实际相结合的产物 B.毛泽东思想是被实践证明了的关于中国革命和建设的正确的理论原则和经验总结。

C.毛泽东思想的形成和发展凝聚了全党的智慧

(二)毛泽东思想的科学含义和理论体系1.毛泽东思想的科学含义

▲科学内涵 答题要点

A.毛泽东思想是马克思列宁主义在中国的运用和发展。 B.毛泽东思想是被实践证明了的关于中国革命正确的理论原则和经验总结。

C.毛泽东思想是中国共产党集体智慧的结晶。 2.毛泽东思想的活的灵魂

▲实事求是群众路线独立自主 ▲实事求是群众路线独立自主 答题要点 A.实事求是

实事求是是毛泽东思想的精髓,也是毛泽东思想的根本出发点 B.群众路线 群众路线是中国共产党的根本路线,就是一切为了群众,一切依靠群众,从群众中来,到群众中去C.独立自主 独立自主是中国革命和建设的基本立足点

(三)毛泽东和毛泽东思想的历史地位1.对毛泽东的科学评价

▲科学评价答题要点功绩是第一位的 2.毛泽东思想的历史地位

▲是马克思主义与中国实际相结合的光辉典范 ▲光辉典范理论武器思想渊源和理论先导 答题要点

A.是马克思主义与中国实际相结合的光辉典范 B.是夺取中国革命胜利的理论武器 C.是邓小乎理论的思想渊源和理论先导

马克思列宁主义同中国实际相结合的进程中有过两次历史性飞跃,产生了两大理论成果,即毛泽东思想和邓小平理论。

3.在新的形势下坚持和发展毛泽东思想 ▲党的指导思想

▲指导思想 答题要点

正确评价毛泽东的历史功过,确立毛泽东思想的历史地位

九、新民主主义革命总路线和基本纲领

(一)近代中国社会和民族民主革命 1.近代中国半殖民地半封建社会 ▲两大历史任务

▲半殖民地半封建化历史进程特点主要矛盾和主要任务 答题要点

A.半殖民地半封建化的历史进程

经历了由鸦片战争到中日甲午战争,再到八国联军侵华三个阶段 B.特点

C.主要矛盾和主要任务

帝国主义和中华民族的矛盾,是最主要的矛盾。 两大历史任务

2.近代中国的民族民主革命 ▲近代中国的民族民主革命 ▲革命手段 答题要点

A.完成中华民族的两大历史任务必须依靠革命手段。 B.地主阶级改革派的自救举措C.太平天国农民运动 D.资产阶级维新运动E.辛亥革命

3.旧民主主义革命向新民主主义革命的转变 ▲旧民主主义向新民主主义转变 ▲旧民主主义新民主主义 答题要点

A.中国革命由旧民主主义向新民主主义转变的必要性(两点)B.中国革命由旧民主主义向新民主主义转变的条件(三点)C.“五四”运动是新民主主义革命的开端 D.中国共产党的诞生是近代中阔社会发展的必然结果

(二)新民主主义革命总路线1.新民主主义革命的对象 ▲反帝反封建 ▲对象动力 答题要点

帝、封建、官僚资本

2.新民主主义革命的领导权 ▲无产阶级领导 ▲领导阶级 答题要点

新民主主义革命总路线的核心是无产阶级领导 3.新民主主义革命的动力

▲动力答题要点是包括无产阶级、农民阶级、城市小资产阶级和民族资产阶级

4.新民主主义革命的性质和前途

▲革命性质:新民主主义革命;革命前途:社会主义 ▲革命性质革命前途 答题要点

革命性质:新民主主义革命;革命前途:社会主义

(三)新民主主义的基本纲领 1.新民主主义的政治纲领 ▲政治纲领

答题要点A.新民主主义的国体和政体 B.人民民主专政理论的基本内容 C.人民民主专政政权的三个特点 2.新民主主义的经济纲领 ▲经济纲领答题要点 A.三大经济纲领

B.三大经济纲领是中国共产党在新民主主义革命过程中的经济方略,它的实行使中国逐步建立起新民主主义的社会经济制度,形成了五种经济成分并存的局面。 3.新民主主义的文化纲领 答题要点

4 A.反帝反封建的文化—新民主主义文化(四点)

B.新民主主义的政治、经济、文化纲领是新民主主义革命总路线的具体化,是新民主主义理论体系的重要组成部分,为新民主主义社会提供了行动准则和基本模式,它将引导中国经过新民主主义最终走向社会主义。

十、农村包围城市、武装夺取政权道路的理论

(一)武装斗争是中国革命的主要斗争形式 1.武装斗争是中国革命的特点和优点之一 ▲武装斗争,特点优点▲武装斗争答题要点 A.中国革命只能以长期的武器斗争为主要形式。

B.从中国反动统治阶级的残酷性出发,强调中国革命面对庞大的反革命武装,只能以武装的革命反对武装的反革命。这是中国革命的特点和优点。

C.分析了敌我力量对比、帝国主义和国内各派军阀之间的矛盾、国内反动统治集团之间的矛盾,以及中国政治经济发展不平衡的状态,规定了中国革命的武装斗争将不可避免地要经历一个长期和曲折的过程。

2.中国的武装斗争实质上是无产阶级领导下的农民战争 ▲实质:农民游击战争 ▲实质

答题要点A.农民是中国革命的主要力量,是中国革命的最广大的动力,是中国革命队伍的主力军。 B.农民是中国军队的来源。

C.中国革命进行长期的武装斗争,主要的是中国共产党领导之下的农民游击战争。

(二)农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的理论要点 1.中国共产党人对革命新道路的探索 2.农村包围城市的理论要点 ▲“工农武装割据”三结合 ▲红色政权“工农武装割据”

答题要点A.红色政权能够存在和发展的原因和条件 B.“工农武装割据”的思想

C.走农村包围城市、武装夺取政权道路的必要性 3.农村包围城市、武装夺取政权道路理论的意义 ▲农村包围城市,发展马列主义 ▲农村包围城市武装夺取政权 答题要点

A.符合中国国情的正确革命道路,是中国革命惟一正确的革命道路。B.以毛泽东为代表的中国共产党人,坚持实事求是的原则,一切从实际出发,冲破教条主义的束缚,创造性地把马克思列宁主义普遍原理同中国革命实践相结合的产物,是马克思主义中国化的重要成果,是毛泽东思想形成的重要标志。C.在世界共产主义运动史上,为殖民地半殖民地国家的人民进行革命夺取政权树立了榜样。

D.是马克思列宁主义基本原理同中国革命实践相结合,走自己的路,对于中国进行社会主义建设具有启迪意义。

E.农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的理论和实践经验表明,世界无产阶级不可能按一种固定的横式来进行,各国共产党人必须遵循马克思主义基本原理,从本国实际出发走自己的革命和发展的道路。

(三)人民军队的建设和人民战争的战略战术 1.人民军队的建设

▲党对军队的绝对领导

▲绝对领导宗旨和任务政治工作 答题要点

A.坚持中国共产党对军队的绝对领导

任何军队都是从属于一定阶级并为其利益服务的 B.人民军队的宗旨和任务 C.人民军队的政治工作

政治工作是人民军队的生命线 2.人民战争的战略战术

▲人民战争▲战略战术思想 答题要点

A.人民战争的思想

B.人民战争的战略战术(四点)

十一、关于统一战线的理论和策略思想

(一)统一战线是中国革命的主要阵线 1.统一战线是无产阶级政党的基本策略路线 ▲统一战线是中国革命的三大法宝之一 ▲统一战线答题要点

A.统一战线是马克思主义的一个重要原则。

B.中国共产党关于统一战线的基本路线和策略路线 统一战线是中国革命的三大法宝之一

2.建立广泛的统一战线在中国革命中的特殊重要性 ▲建立广泛的统一战线在中国革命中的特殊重要性 ▲特殊重要性答题要点

A.中国无产阶级虽然是中国革命中最先进的力量,但是人数很少。B.由于反革命力量相对强大,由于中国政治经济发展极不平衡,中国革命将是一个艰苦的长期过程。

3.建立广泛的统一战线的可能性 ▲建立广泛的统一战线的可能性 ▲可能性答题要点

A.小资产阶级的处境与农民相似,农民阶级和小资产阶级是革命的基本的和主要的力量。

B.民族资产阶级由于受到帝国主义和封建主义的压迫和排挤,在一定时期和一定程度上,能够参加反帝反封建的斗争。

C.中国带买办性的大资产阶级历来都是革命的对象,但由于他们的各个集团是以不同帝国主义为背景的,当各个帝国主义之间的矛盾尖锐化的时候,大资产阶级集团有可能在一定程度上和一定时期内参加反对某一个帝国主义的斗争。

4.统一战线在中国革命中的实践

▲统一战线在中国革命中的实▲实践答题要点 A.三条统一战线有着不同的任务、内容和特点

B.中国的抗日民族统一战线是世界反法西斯统一战线的重要组成部分。

C.人民民主统一战线:解放战争时期,中国革命的主要阵线是以多党派合作为主要内容,以反对美帝国主义和蒋介石为主要任务的人民民主统一战线。

(二)实施革命统一战线的策略方针 1.政策和策略是党的生命

▲政策和策略是党的生命▲政策和策略答题要点 政策和策略具有特殊的重要性

2.无产阶级在统一战线中的独立自主原则 ▲无产阶级在统一战线中的独立自主原则 ▲独立自主 答题要点

在统一战线问题上,无产阶级及其政党必须保持自己的独立性,在政治上逐步把同盟者提高到当前革命纲领的水平,而不是把自己降低到同盟者的水平3.关于抗日民族统一战线的策略总方针 ▲抗日民族统一战线 ▲抗日民族统一战线 答题要点

A.争取一切可以争取的同盟者,结成最广泛的统一战线,集中力量打击当前最主要的敌人。

B.抗日战争时期,中国共产党提出了发展进步势力,争取中间势力,孤立顽固势力的策略。对顽固派作斗争时,必须坚持有理、有利、有节的原则。 4.新民主主义统一战线的历史经验 ▲工农联盟始终是统一战线的基础。 ▲历史经验 答题要点

A.坚持根据不同历史时期的具体情况确定统一战线的策略,但工农联盟始终是统一战线的基础。

5 B.坚持反倾向斗争是统一战线策略正确实施的重要保证。

C.又联合又斗争是坚持统一战线策略的总方针 D.坚持统一战线中无产阶级的领导权。

(三)社会主义时期的统一战线 1.社会主义时期统一战线的重要性 ▲团结一切力量 ▲重要性必要性

答题要点A.团结一切力量建设社会主义 B.建立国际统一战线的必要性 2.社会主义时期统一战线的方针 ▲长期共存、互相监督 ▲统一方针答题要点

A.与民主党派“长期共存、互相监督”的方针 B.坚持和平共处的国际统一战线

十二、关于中国共产党自身建设的理论

(一)中国共产党自身建设的重要性 1.党的自身建设的有利条件和特殊困难 ▲有利条件特殊困难▲有利条件特殊困难 答题要点A.有利条件(三点) B.特殊的困难(四点)

2.党的自身建设与中国革命的关系 ▲自身建设中国革命 ▲自身建设中国革命 答题要点

A.党的自身建设围绕党的政治路线进行

B.党的自身建设与统一战线和武装斗争的关系

统一战线和武装斗争是中国革命战胜敌人的两个基本武器。

(二)中国共产党自身建设的基本内容 1.党的思想建设 ▲思想建设 答题要点

着重从思想上建党,把思想建设放在党的建设的首位,是由党的自身特点决定的;还要加强党的政治建设和组织建设

2.党的组织建设和作风建设

▲民主集中制优良作风 ▲民主集中制优良作风 答题要点

A.建立健全党的民主集中制

民主集中制的基本要求是在民主基础上的集中和在集中指导下的民主的结合。

B.培育党的优良作风(三点)

(三)在执政条件下加强党的自身建设 1.执政党自身建设问题的提出 ▲两个务必 ▲自身建设 答题要点

1949年3月,毛泽东在中共七届二中全会上指出革命胜利后,共产党面临的新形势、新任务和党内可能出现的新问题,提出了执政条件下党的建设问题。 2.加强执政党自身建设的思考 ▲克服官僚主义 ▲思考 答题要点

A.扫除官气,不断克服官僚主义

B.执政的中国共产党必须接受来自党内和党外的监督来自三个方面

C.培养和造就千百万无产阶级革命事业接班人 无产阶级革命事业接班人的五条准则 十

三、关于社会主义改造的理论

(一)从新民主主义向社会主义的转变 1.新民主主义社会理论的基本内容

▲巩固人民民主政权 ▲巩固政权方针政策 答题要点

A.巩固人民民主政权

B.各项社会改革运动的开展

C.新中国面临的形势和党在国民经济恢复时期的方针政策

迅速恢复国民经济的工作方针和政策(两点)

D.民主革命任务的胜利完成和国民经济的全面恢复(三点)

2.党在过渡时期的总路线 ▲总路线

▲总路线基本内容 答题要点

A.提出的基本依据

B.基本内容:“一化三改”

C.反映中国由新民主主义向社会主义转变的历史必然

(二)适合中国特点的社会主义改造 1.对农业和手工业的社会主义改造 ▲合作化▲社会主义改造 答题要点

A.对农业的社会主义改造 B.对手工业的社会主义改造

我国对个体手工业的改造,也是经过合作社的途径,把个体手工业的生产资料私有制逐步改造为社会主义的集体所有制。

2.对资本主义工商业的社会主义改造 ▲国家资本主义▲工商业和平改造 答题要点

A.对资本主义工商业进行和平改造的原因 B.对资本主义工商业进行社会主义改造的方式

把以剥削工人剩余劳动为基础的资本主义私人所有制改造为社会主义全民所有制 3.社会主义制度的确立

▲第二次历史巨变

▲一五”计划全国人大社会主义改造 答题要点

A.“一五”计划的制定与完成

B.第一届全国人民代表大会的召开 1954年9月在北京举行。 重大意义

C.社会主义改造的胜利完成及其意义

十四、关于社会主义建设的理论原则和经验总结

(一)社会主义重大理论问题的探索 1.以苏联为鉴戒,走中国自己的建设道路 ▲探索始于《论十大关系》 ▲探索

答题要点A.探索中国社会主义建设道路任务的提出 B.在社会主义改造基本完成后,党领导中国人民转入全面建设社会主义的新时期

C.《论十大关系》的发表及其意义 D.中共八大的召开及历史功绩 2.关于社会主义社会矛盾的学说 ▲正确处理社会主义矛盾 ▲社会矛盾的学说 答题要点

A.1957年2月,毛泽东在最高国务会议第11次会议上阐述了关于正确处理社会主义矛盾的理论。

B.正确处理人民内部的矛盾,对我们有重大的意义(两点)

3.社会主义的发展阶段和现代化发展战略 ▲不发达的社会主义阶段、“四个现代化” ▲发展阶段发展战略 答题要点

6 A.中国处于不发达的社会主义阶段 B.实现“四个现代化”的两步走战略

C.毛泽东在1944年5月的一次讲话中就明确指出,要中国的民族独立有巩固的保障,就必需工业化;我们共产党是努力于中国的工业化的。

(二)探索社会主义建设道路的曲折实践及其积极成果 1.探索中国社会主义建设道路的曲折实践

▲曲折实践答题要点

A.当时面临的主要是两大问题

B.1961年初,党的八届九中全会通过了“调整、巩固、充实、提高”的八字方针,我国国民经济开始转人调整的新这两大理论成果都是党和人民实践经验和集体智慧的结晶。

2.时代主题转换和新技术革命浪潮的兴起是邓小平理论形成的时代要求 ▲邓小平理论形成

▲邓小平理论形成答题要点

A.邓小平理论是在对世界形势和时代发展进行科学分析的基础上形成的。

B.随着和平与发展转换成为时代的主题,战后兴起的新技术革命和新工业革命浪潮,世界范围的竞争,从军事转向经济实力和以高科技为基础的综合国力的较量上。 C.邓小平站在时代的高度,敏锐地把握时代的变化,并对之做出科学的分析,及时而正确地回应了时代主题转轨道。

C.1962年初召开的七千人大会,初步总结了“大跃进”以来的经验教训,开展了批评和自我批评,使全党对“左”倾错误的危害有了进一步的认识。 2.关于经济建设和经济体制改革 ▲经济建设经济体制改革 ▲经济建设经济体制改革 答题要点

A.关于经济发展战略,强调发展工业必须和发展农业并举,以工业为指导,以农业为基础,按照农业、轻工业、重工业的次序安排国民经济。

B.关于经济体制改革,把资本主义经济作为社会主义经济的补充,帮助社会主义发展。

C.关于经济运行体制和管理体制,只要存在两种所有制,商品生产和商品交换就极其必要、极其有用。 3.关于社会主义民主政治建设和思想文化建设 ▲政治建设思想文化建设 ▲政治建设思想文化建设 答题要点

A.关于社会主义民主政治建设的思想 B.关于社会主义思想文化建设的思想 4.关于祖国统一和对外关系的指导方针 ▲祖国统一对外关系 ▲祖国统一对外关系 答题要点

A.解决台湾问题,实现祖国统一的主张 B.独立自主的和平外交政策 C.关于三个世界划分的战略思想

(三)毛泽东探索社会主义建设道路的重大意义和历史局限

1.毛泽东探索社会主义建设道路的重大意义 ▲毛泽东探索社会主义建设道路的重大意义 ▲重大意义 答题要点

A.标志着中国共产党人开始摆脱苏联模式,独立自主地探索一条适合中国国情的社会主义建设道路。

B.党在中,形成了一些正确和比较正确的理论观点和方针政策,以新的内容丰富了毛泽东思想的科学体系。 C.探索中所提出来的许多正确的和比较正确的思想观点为邓小平理论的重要思想来源。

2.毛泽东探索社会主义建设道路的历史局限 ▲历史局限答题要点

这些理论观点还带有历史性的局限性(有三点主要表现)

十五、邓小平理论是当代中国的马克思主义

(一)邓小平理论的形成和发展

1.马克思主义同中国实际相结合的两次历史性飞跃 ▲中马、马中、一毛二邓 ▲飞跃

答题要点马克思列宁主义同中国实际相结合有两次历史性飞跃,产生了两大理论成果。第一次飞跃的理论成果是毛泽东思想,第二次飞跃的理论成果是邓小平理论, 换带来的机遇和挑战。

3.中国和其他国家社会主义建设的经验教训是邓小平理论形成的历史条件 ▲历史条件 答题要点

邓小平理论形成的特定的历史背景,就是战后苏联社会主义模式的由盛转衰和中国社会主义建设的曲折发展 4.中国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的实践是邓论形成的社会实践基础

▲中国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的实践是邓小平理论形成的社会实践基础 ▲发展阶段 答题要点

A.第一阶段,从1978年党的十一届三中全会到1982年党的十二大,邓小平理论初步形成。

B.第二阶段,从1982年党的十二大到1987年党的十三大,在全面改革逐步展开的过程中,邓小平理论逐步展开并形成轮廓。

C.第三阶段,从1987年党的十三大到1992年邓小平南方谈话和党的十四大,邓小平理论走向成熟,形成理论体系。

D.1997年9月,中共十五大把“邓小平理论”确定为党的指导思想并写人党章。1999年3月,全国人大九届二次会议正式把邓小平理论作为国家的指导思想写入宪法。

(二)邓小平理论的科学体系

1.邓小平理论的精髓是解放思想、实事求是 ▲解放思想、实事求是 ▲解放思想、实事求是 答题要点

A.是贯穿于邓小平理论全部观点的精髓,是邓小平理论的哲学基础。

B.解放思想与实事求是是辩证统一的关系。

解放思想是实事求是的前提条件;实事求是是解放思想的客观基础。

C.解放思想、实事求是是马克思主义的理论基础,是毛泽东思想的出发点和根本点,是邓小平理论的精髓。 2.邓小平建设中国特色社会主义理论的科学体系 记忆要点 ▲邓9

▲邓小平理论 答题要点

A.邓小平理论第一次比较系统地初步回答了在中国这样的经济文化比较落后的国家如何建设社会主义、如何巩固和发展社会主义的一系列基本问题,构成了这一理论的科学体系 B.主要内容

3.邓小平理论是马克思主义在当代中国发展的新阶段

▲邓小平理论是当代中国发展了的马克思主义▲新阶段 答题要点

7 A.邓小平理论是马克思主义在当代中国发展的新阶段,是指这一理论所依据和坚持的世界观和方法论是马克思主义的,遵循的是马克思主义的基本理论和基本原则,是与马列主义和毛泽东思想一脉相承的。

B.邓小平理论是当代中国发展了的马克思主义。

4.邓小平理论是我们党的指导思想和中华民族振兴的精神支柱 ▲精神支柱 答题要点

A.在中国改革开放和现代化建设的新时期,在跨越世纪的新征途上,一定要高举邓小平理论的伟大旗帜,用邓小平理论来指导我们整个事业和各项工作。

B.邓小平理论不仅是中国共产党的指导思想,而且是中华民族振兴的精神支柱。

十六、“三个代表”重要思想是马克思主义中国化的最新理论成果

(一)“三个代表”重要思想形成的社会历史条件1.当代世界的新变化是“三个代表”重要思想形成的时代背景 ▲发展马义 ▲时代背景 答题要点

当今国际局势(有四个特点)

2.社会主义兴衰成败的历史经验是“三个代表”重要思想形成的历史依据

▲正反教训▲历史依据

A.社会主义国家的兴衰为社会主义运动提供了反面的教训。B.党80年来的基本经验和中国特色社会主义的兴起提供了正面的依据。

3.国情与党情的变化是“三个代表”重要思想形成的现实依据

▲改革成就 ▲现实依据

答题要点A.党的十一届三中全会以来,改革开放取得了伟大成就。B.是在对党的现状科学分析的基础上形成的。

(二)“三个代表”重要思想的主要内容1.“三个代表”重要思想的科学内涵 ▲科学内涵答题要点

由一系列内涵丰富、相互联系的思想观点构成的统一整体。2.“三个代表”重要思想是一个统一的有机整体 ▲是一个统一的有机整体 ▲三个代表 答题要点

代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大人民的根本利益,是统一的整体,相互联系,相互促进。

3.贯彻“三个代表”重要思想,关键在坚持与时俱进,核心在坚持党的先进性,本质在坚持执政为民 ▲与时俱进坚持党的先进性执政为民 答题要点

A.必须使全党始终保持与时俱进的精神状态,不断开拓马克思主义理论发展的新境界。 B.核心在坚持党的先进性。 C.本质在坚持执政为民。

(三)“三个代表”重要思想的历史地位和指导意义 1.“三个代表”重要思想是马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的继承和发展 ▲历史地位指导意义 答题要点

“三个代表”重要思想是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的继承和发展,反映了当代世界和中国的发展变化对党和国家工作的新要求,是加强和改进党的建设、推进我国社会主义自我完善和发展的强大理论武器,是中国共产党集体智慧的结晶,是党必须长期坚持的指导思想。

2.“三个代表”重要思想是新世纪全面加强党的建设的伟大纲领 ▲伟大纲领 答题要点

A.党的建设新的伟大工程

B.必须切实加强和改进党的思想建设、组织建设和作风建设,把制度建设贯穿其中。

3.“三个代表”重要思想是推进我国社会主义自我完善和发展的强大理论武器 ▲理论武器 答题要点

科学的理论是社会完善和发展的先导

4.“三个代表”重要思想是我们党的“立党之本、执政之基、力量之源”

▲立党之本执政之基力量之源 答题要点

A.揭示了党的立党之本,回答了在新的历史条件下建设一个什么样的党、怎样建设党的问题。

B.揭示了党的执政三基,回答了党应该怎样执政、执政到底干什么的问题。

C.揭示了党的力量之源,回答了党怎样保持先进性和生命力、始终走在中国社会发展前列的先进政党。 十

七、社会主义的本质和根本任务

(一)搞清楚“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”1.建设中国特色社会主义的首要的基本理论问题 ▲社会主义理论的基本问题 ▲社会主义理论的基本问题 答题要点

邓论围绕对“什么是社会主义,怎样建设社会主义”这个首要的基本理论问题的再认识,逐步形成和发展起来的。

2.邓小平对社会主义本质的科学概括 ▲社会主义的本质 ▲社会主义的本质

A.社会主义的本质,是解放生产力,发展生产力,消灭剥削,消除两极分化,最终达到共同富裕 B.社会主义本质的科学论断的科学内涵 3.邓小平社会主义本质论的特点 ▲邓小平社会主义本质论的特点 ▲邓小平社会主义本质论的特点 答题要点

A.突出生产力,将“解放生产力、发展生产力”放在首位 B.在生产关系上,把“消灭剥削,消除两极分化”作为社会主义的目标

C.把“共同富裕”作为社会主义的本质规定和最终目的 D.社会主义本质的科学论断,是生产力和生产关系、手段与目标的辩证统一

4.邓小平社会主义本质论对实践的重大指导意义 ▲邓小平社会主义本质论的指导意义 ▲邓小平社会主义本质论的指导意义 答题要点

这一科学概括具有重大的意义的表现

(二)社会主义的根本任务1.社会主义的根本任务是发展生产力 ▲发展生产力 答题要点

A.社会主义的根本任务是大力发展生产力,人类社会发展的最终决定力量和最根本的推动力

B.发展生产力,是社会主义本质的内在要求

C.发展生产力,是显示社会主义制度优越性和巩固社会主义制度的需要

D.发展生产力是解决社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾的根本手段

2.发展是硬道理

8 ▲发展答题要点

A.中国发展得越强大,世界和平越靠得住

B.最终说服不相信社会主义的人要靠我们的发展 C.中国解决所有问题的关键是要靠自己的发展 3.“三个有利于”标准

▲“三个有利于”答题要点

“是否有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力,是否有利于增B.党的纲领,是党的基本路线的展开。

C.党的基本纲领,为实现党的最高纲领迈出了重要一步 D.基本纲领的制定是党在理论上和政治上成熟的标志。 十

九、科学发展观和社会主义建设的发展战略

(一)全面理解和认真落实科学发展观1.全面建设小康社会是科学发展观形成的社会实践基础▲科学发展观 答题要点科学发展观既符合时代发展潮流,又符合当代强社会主义国家的综合国力,是否有利于提高人民的生活水平”,即“三个有利于”的判断标准。

十八、社会主义初级阶段和党的基本路线、基本纲领

(一)我国正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段1.社会主义初级阶段理论的形成过程 ▲对我国国情的认识

▲社会主义发展阶段的理论的形成答题要点

A.社会主义发展阶段的理论足科学社会主义的重要内容 B.中国共产党对我国社会主义发展阶段的认识也经历了一个曲折的过程。

2.社会主义初级阶段理论的主要内容 ▲社会主义初级阶段 答题要点

A.社会主义初级阶段的含义 B.社会主义初级阶段的基本特征

C.社会主义初级阶段的长期性及其原因 D.社会主义初级阶段的主要矛盾。

E.我国长期处于社会主义初级阶段的国情是党制定路线、方针、政策的根本出发点

3.社会主义初级阶段理论的重要意义 ▲社会主义初级阶段理论 答题要点

社会主义初级阶段理论的形成具有重大的理论意义和实践意义。

(二)社会主义初级阶段的基本路线1.党在社会主义初级阶段基本路线的形成 ▲基本路线

答题要点一个中心,两个基本点

2.经济建设是全党和全国一切工作的中心 ▲经济建设▲以经济建设为中心 答题要点

A.社会主义初级阶段的主要矛盾决定的。 B.社会主义本质的内在要求。 C.社会主义社会全面进步的基础。

3.四项基本原则是社会主义现代化建设的根本保证。▲四项基本原则根本保证 ▲四项基本原则 答题要点

四项基本原则是进行改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的政治保证(三点)

4.改革是社会主义社会发展的直接动力 ▲改革直接动力▲改革 答题要点

改革是邓论的重要组成部分,也是进入社会主义现代化建设新的时期最鲜明的特征。

5.正确处理改革、发展、稳定的关系 ▲改革、发展、稳定 ▲改革、发展、稳定 答题要点

A.改革、发展、稳定三者是互相依存和互相促进的。 B.在稳定稀前提下,通过改革实现发展

(三)社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领1.基本纲领的内容 ▲“十五大”答题要点

党的“十五大”提出的社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领 2.基本纲领的意义 ▲“十五大”的意义

▲“十五大”的意义答题要点 A.党的基本纲领是经验的总结

中国国情;既体现出鲜明的时代特征,又包含着深刻的人文精神。

2.以人为本是科学发展观的基本价值取向 ▲以人为本答题要点

(1)我们发展经济的目的就是为了不断满足人民物质、文化生活的需要。全面、协调、可持续发展围绕的中心就是要满足人民的这些需要。

(2)我们发展的目的是为了促进人的全面发展。 (3)注重以人为本,也是立党为公、执政为民的本质要求。

3.全面、协调、可持续发展是科学发展观的根本要求 ▲科学发展观

答题要点全面、协调、可持续是科学发展观的根本要求(三点内容)

4.和平发展是科学发展观的国际战略理念 ▲科学发展观中国和平发展的道路 ▲科学发展观中国和平发展的道路 答题要点

A.科学发展观就是对中国坚持走和平发展道路这一国际战略理念的反映。

B.中国和平发展的道路的特点(三点)

(二)社会主义初级阶段经济社会发展的战略目标和战略步骤1.社会主义初级阶段的发展战略目标和“三步走”发展战略的内容

▲社会主义初级阶段发展的战略目标三步走 答题要点

A.我国社会主义初级阶段发展的战略目标 B.我国经济建设的战略部署大体分三步走。

2.21世纪头20年,全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标 ▲小康社会 答题要点

小康社会的奋斗目标(四点) 3.我国经济社会发展战略的特点 ▲经济

答题要点四个特点(经政文可)

(三)调整和优化经济结构,走新型工业化道路 1.经济工作要按经济规律办事 ▲经济规律答题要点

经济规律是指经济发展过程中各种经济活动和经济现象之间内在的、本质的必然联系(三点) 2.走新型工业化道路 ▲工业化 ▲工业化 答题要点

我国正在实现工业化,又面临信息化的浪潮,实现工业化仍然是我国现代化进程中艰巨的历史性任务,信息化是我国加快实现工业化和现代化的必然选择。 3.实现经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变 ▲经济增长方式 答题要点

一是经济体制从传统的计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制转变;二是经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型转变,促进国民经济持续、快速、健康发展和社会全面进步

4.以经济效益为中心,促进国民经济持续、快速、协调、健康发展 ▲经济效益 答题要点

9 遵循经济增长速度与经济效益的统一是保持国民经济持续、快速、健康发展的保证

5.调整和优化产业结构和加强战略重点 ▲产业结构 答题要点

A.产业结构,指国民经济各产业部门以及产业内部各部门间的建立起最佳的结合状态。

B.调整和优化产业结构,是实行可持续发展战略的重要措施。

C.农业是国民经济的基础,也是经济发展、社会安定、国家自立的基础,要大力加强第一产业即加强农业,这是国民经济发展的首要任务。

D.第三产业的加快发展是生产力提高和社会进步的必然结果。

6.促进区域经济合理布局和协调发展 ▲区域经济协调发展 答题要点

A.区域经济协调发展的重要意义。

B.区域经济梯次推进的战略构想要消除区域问发展不平衡,是一个长期的过程。

C.正确处理东部地区和中西部地区发展的关系。 二

十、中国特色社会主义经济

(一)社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度

1.以公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的必然性 ▲生产资料所有制 答题要点

A.生产资料所有制的含义和生产资料所有制结构的含义 B.建设有中国特色社会主义经济,必须坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济的共同发展(三点) 2.坚持公有制为主体是社会主义的一条根本原则 ▲公有制的地位 答题要点

A.在我国社会主义初级阶段,公有制主体地位主要表现 3.公有制实现形式的多样化 ▲公有制形式 答题要点

A.所有制与所有制的实现形式是两个既有联系又有区别的概念。B.党的十五大报告指出,公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化。C.在我国的改革开放实践中,出现了多种公有制的实现形式,如股份制、股份合作制、合作经济等。D.股份合作制,是一种融合作制和股份制为一体的企业制度,是实行劳动联合和资本联合相结合的一种新型集体所有制经济的组织形式。

4.鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的健康发展 ▲非公有制经济答题要点

鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的三点内容

(二)社会主义市场经济

1.建立社会主义市场经济的理论背景和实践依据 ▲市场经济理论市场经济实践依据 答题要点

A.社会主义市场经济理论可以分为三个阶段。 B.我国经济体制改革的目标

2.社会主义市场经济的基本特征和基本框架 ▲市场经济答题要点 A.市场经济的五个特征

B.社会主义市场经济体制的基本特征、主要表现、基本框架和主要环节

3.完善社会主义市场经济的主要任务 ▲社会主义市场经济 答题要点

A.完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度;

B.建立有利于逐步改变城乡二元经济结构的体制; C.形成促进区域经济协调发展的机制;

D.建设统一开放竞争有序的现代市场体系;

E.完善宏观调控体系、行政管理体制和经济法制制度; F.健全就业、收入分配和社会保障制度;

G.建立促进经济社会可持续发展的机制

(三)社会主义初级阶段的分配制度

1.实行以按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度的必然性

▲分配制度答题要点

A.社会主义初级阶段实行以按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度(三点)

2.社会主义初级阶段的其他分配方式 ▲分配方式 答题要点

在社会主义初级阶段,按劳分配以外多种分配方式主要五种

3.让一部分地区、一部分人先富起来,最终实现共同富裕

▲共同富裕 答题要点

A.“先富后富,共同富裕”的客观必然性(四点) B.效率优先,兼顾公平C.坚持共同富裕的原则

4.改革和完善社会保障制度 ▲社会保障制度 答题要点

A.社会保障制度及其主要功能

B.改革和完善我国社会保障制度的必要性和主要途径 二十

一、中国特色社会主义政治

(一)发展社会主义民主政治是社会主义现代化建设的重要目标

1.社会主义民主政治是人类历史上迄今为止最高类型的民主▲社会主义民主 答题要点

A.社会主义民主是人民当家作主的新型民主

B.社会主义民主是不同于以往类型的新型的民主特点(四点)

2.没有民主就没有社会主义,就没有社会主义的现代化 ▲民主与社会主义答题要点

A.没有民主就没有社会主义发展社会主义民主是社会主义现代化的重要目标。

B.没有民主就没有社会主义现代化没有民主就没有社会义现代化。

3.社会主义民主政治建设的紧迫性和长期性 ▲民主政治答题要点

建设社会主义民主政治的目标

(二)改革政治体制,发展民主,健全法制 1.政治体制改革的必要性和目标 ▲政治体制改革 答题要点

政治体制改革任务的提出、必要性、目标和主要内容 2.政治体制改革必须在党的领导下进行 ▲政治体制改革 答题要点

政治体制改革是一项长期的艰巨的任务,需要从我国的国情出发,在党的领导下有步骤、有秩序地推进 3.依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家 ▲依法治国答题要点 祟尚宪法和法律的权威

二十二、中国特色社会主义文化

(一)建设中国特色社会主义文化是一项重大的战略任务

1.社会主义文化即社会主义精神文明是社会主义的重要特征

▲社会主义精神文明建设

10 答题要点

社会主义精神文明是社会主义区别于其他社会的重要标志,是社会主义优越性的重要表现,其主要特点为有五个.

2.社会主义精神文明建设的重要性和紧迫性、长期性和复杂性 ▲社会主义精神文明建设

答题要点A.具有重要性和紧迫性B.具有长期性和复杂性

(二)社会主义精神文明建设的指导思想和基本内容

坚持对外开放是建设有中国特色社会主义的一项长期的基本国策

(二)我国独立自主的和平外交政策 1.我国外交政策的基本目标 ▲和平与发展 答题要点

和平与发展是当代世界的两大主题,维护世界和平,谋求人类的共同繁荣与发展,是世界各国人民的共同愿望▲坚持社会主义精神文明建设

答题要点坚持以马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论作为社会主义精神文明建设的指导理论。

2.社会主义精神文明建设的目标 ▲社会主义精神文明建设 答题要点

我国社会主义精神文明建设的根本任务足:适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的需要,培养“四有”新人,努力提高全民族的思想道德素质和科学文化素质。

3.社会主义精神文明建设的基本内容

▲社会主义思想道德建设 社会主义精神文明

答题要点

A.社会主义思想道德建设社会主义精神文明建设包括思想道德建设和教育科学文化建设两个方面。

B.社会主义教育科学文化建设教育科学文化建设,是社会主义精神文明不可缺少的方面,它要解决的是提高整个民族科学文化素质和现代化建设的智力支持问题

(一)社会主义精神文明重在建 ▲社会主义精神文明 ▲社会主义精神文明 答题要点

A.所谓重在建设,就是要把“建设”作为精神文明工作的出发点和落脚点,以立为本,持之以恒,贵在落实,务求实效。

B.社会主义精神文明重在建设的方针,反映了社会主义现代化建设的客观要求,体现了社会主义精神文明发展的内在规律。有三点主要体现

▲中国特色的社会主义 答题要点

A.具有中国特色的社会主义文化,是民族的、科学的、大众的文化。

B.我国的文化发展,不能离开人类文明的共同成果。 C.扬弃

二十三、我国的外交战略和对外开放

(一)邓小平对国际形势的新判断 1.世界大战是可以避免的 ▲国际形势 答题要点

对国际形势进行了实事求是的科学分析,对战争与和平问题做出了新的判断

2.和平与发展是当今时代的两大主题 ▲和平发展 答题要点

和平问题是东西问题,发展问题是南北问题。 3.世界多极化、经济全球化趋势 ▲世界格局答题要点

A.当前世界局势的发展,充分说明世界格局正在向多极化发展

B.在经济全球化的趋势之下,一个国家只有在积极参与国际经济活动中才能使自己得到更快发展。

4、霸权主义、强权政治是和平与发展的主要障碍 ▲经济全球化 答题要点

A.霸权主义、强权政治是指大国、强国欺侮、压迫和支配小国、弱国,实行在世界范围内或某一地区范围内称霸的政策。B.经济全球化(三点内容)

和根本利益。

2.独立自主的和平外交政策的基本内容 ▲独立自主 答题要点

独立自主是中国人民经过长期浴血奋战而获得的权利,是中国革命和建设取得胜利的法宝。20世纪80年代以来,为了维护世界和平和实现我国社会主义现代化建设的宏伟战略目标,邓小平赋予了独立自主原则新的内容,即不结盟。

(三)对外开放是我国一项长期的基本国策

1.现在的世界是开放的世界,中国的发展离不开世界 ▲对外开放 答题要点

A.邓小平提出我国必须实行对外开放的主要原因(三点)

B.坚持对外开放是建设有中国特色社会主义的一项长期的基本国策。我国的对外开放是以发展对外经济关系为主体,带动其他方面的队外交流,使之相互促进、协调发展的政策体系。

2.大胆借鉴和吸收人类社会创造的一切文明成果 ▲吸收和借鉴答题要点

邓小平反复强调要学习资本主义国家的先进技术知识,大胆吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果。 3.坚持对外开放和独立自主、自力更生的统一 ▲独立自主、自力更生和对外开放 答题要点

独立自主、自力更生地发展本国经济是实行对外开放的基础和前提;对外开放可以增强独立自主、自力更生的能力。

4.全方位的对外开放格局

▲经济特区▲对外经济关系▲对外开放水平答题要点

A.建立经济特区,逐步完善对外开放格局 经济特区的概念

我国的对外开放采取分步骤、有层次、由点到面、逐步推进、全面展开的办法。

发展对外经济关系,提高对外开放水平

(1)发展对外经济关系我国的对外开放是全方位、宽领域的,但最主要的是发展对外经济关系。 (2)提高对外开放水平(主要内容) 二十四 “一国两制”和实现祖国的完全统一

(一)“一国两制”构想

1.香港、澳门、台湾问题的由来 ▲实现祖国统一答题要点

1949年10月1日,中华人民共和国宣告成立,但祖国统一大业尚未最终完成。

2.“一国两制”构想的形成和发展 ▲“一国两制”构思的意思答题要点

A.中国共产党第一代领导人有关和平解决台湾总的主张,是“一国两制”理论的思想来源和理论准备。

B“一国两制”是为解决台湾问题而提出,后来进一步考虑用于解决香港、澳门问题。

3.“一国两制”构想的基本内容▲“一国两制”的理解 答题要点

A.一个中国的原则是“一国两制”的前提 B.“一国两制”政策的四点内容

11 4.“一国两制”构想的意义 ▲一国两制 答题要点

一国两制的五点意义

(二)“一国两制”构想的伟大实践

1.香港、澳门问题的成功解决,是“一国两制”构想的重大胜利▲“一国两制”对中国的意义 答题要点

香港、澳门回归的三点意义

2.以“一国两制”的基本方针推动海峡两岸关系的发展 ▲和平统

一、一国两制 答题要点

现阶段发展两岸关系、推动祖国和平统一进程的八项主张

二十五、社会主义事业的领导核心和依靠力量

(一)中国共产党是中国社会主义事业的领导核心 1.坚持中国共产党的领导是社会主义事业胜利的根本保证

▲坚持和加强党的领导 答题要点 五个坚持

2.坚持党的领导必须改善党的领导

▲党的思想路线工人阶级先锋民主集中制管党的原则和从严治党的方针

▲党的思想路线工人阶级先锋民主集中制管党的原则和从严治党的方针 答题要点 五个必须

(二)依靠各族人民的团结合作实现中华民族的伟大复兴

1.依靠广大人民群众建设社会主义 ▲中国人民解放军答题要点

A.建设中国特色的社会主义必须依靠工人、农民、知识分子B.中国人民解放军是人民民主专政的坚强柱石 中国人民解放军是中国共产党领导的人民军队

2.全国各族人民的大团结是社会主义建设事业取得胜利的根本保证

▲民族平等、民族团结和民族共同繁荣答题要点

A.民族平等、民族团结和民族共同繁荣,是中国处理民族问题的基本原则民族平等是民族团结、各民族共同繁荣的政治前提和基础。B.民族区域自治制度是正确处理民族问题的基本政策民族区域自治制度是指在国家的统一领导下,在各个少数民族居住的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权。

3.发展爱国统一战线,实现中华民族的伟大复兴 ▲统一战线▲宗教政策▲人民政协答题要点 A.统一战线是我们党的重要法宝

B.新时期爱国统一战线的内容、基本任务和特点

我国新时期爱国统一战线的特点集中体现在三个方面 C.全面正确地贯彻执行党的宗教政策

切实加强、巩固和发展新时期的爱国统一战线,要全面正确地贯彻执行党的宗教政策

D.充分发挥人民政协在政治协商民主监督和参政议政中的作用切实加强、巩固和发展新时期的爱国统一战线,要充分发挥人民政协的重要作用。

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