推荐第1篇：高考英语作文高级词汇
①词汇篇
单词可以说一个人单词量的展现，如果总停留在使用very good等小学词汇，那老师把你当成发育不完全也正常.所以要使用一些高级词汇，我不建议大家用考纲以外的词汇（当然你能用更好），老马可以教你用高级替换简单词汇~~
优缺点：Merit demerit, advantages disadvantages, drawbacks superiority
形容词并列：important and inevitable
Conversely 替换掉 however
Impact 替换掉 influence
Not merely but even 替换掉 not only but also
Somebody aert 替换掉 someone insist/thought/holds
severe 替换掉serious（严重的）
a severe water shortage严重缺水
needy替换掉 poor（ 贫穷的）
wealthy 替换掉 rich （ 富裕的）
beneficial 替换掉 good （有益的）
undesirable 替换掉 bad （不好的，不受欢迎的）
neverthele 替换掉 however（然而，不过）
fundamental / significant 替换掉 important（ 重要的）
relevant 替换掉 related （有关的）
....is highly relevant to.......
extraordinary 替换掉 surprising （惊人的，非凡的）
provided/providing （that）替换掉if （如果.....）
promote /strengthen 替换掉 improve （提高，加强）
More should be done to strengthen industry\'s links with universities.
应该做更多的事情加强工业界和大学的联系.
cope with 替换掉 solve（ 解决）
motivate 替换掉 encourage（ 激励）
We are looking for someone who will be able to motivate the staff to work hard.我们在寻找能激励职员们努力工作的人.
jeopardize 替换掉 be bad to （损害，危及）
Failing exams could jeopardize her future.
考试不及格危及她的前程.
ease 替换掉 relieve （减轻，缓解）
To ease the problem of .....
为了缓解....的问题.....
well-being 替换掉 happine （幸福，安康）
pros and cons 替换掉 advantages and disadvantages（好处和坏处）
You must consider all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision.在你做决定之前，必须考虑这个问题的正反两个方面.
approach / method 替换掉 way（方法，方案）
adopt 替换掉 use （采用，采取）
the aged 替换掉 old people（老人）
adolescents 替换掉 the young （青少年）
employment 替换掉 job（就业）
affair 替换掉 thing （事情，东西）
bent 替换掉 gift （天赋，爱好）
catastrophe 替换掉（ disaster 灾难）
subscribe to 替换掉 agree with（ 同意）
tend 替换掉 want（趋向于..想要.....）
I am tending to another customer at he moment.
acquire 替换掉 gain （获得（尤指知识上的））
administration 替换掉 government （政府部门）
contribute to 替换掉 cause （引起）
extremely 替换掉 very （非常的）
frown on sth替换 disagree with sth （不同意）
for instance 替换掉for example（例如）
advocate 倡导
compensate for 弥补.....
Spare no efforts for努力
In contemporary society 在当今社会
A vast amount of 大量的
be abundant in 富有...
on ones own account 为了某人自己的利益
at ones own risk 自行负责
on account of 由于
On no account绝不要
arise from 由....引起
Are these any matters arising from the last meeting？
这些事情都是由上次的会议引起的吗？
ae 评估，评价
Examinations are not the only means of aeing ones ability.
考试不是评价一个人能力的唯一方法.
authentic 真实的，可信的
gradual 逐渐的
There has been a gradual improvment in ...over the last two years.
过去的两年中...逐渐改善.
....multiply rapidly ...迅速增加.
ripe 时候成熟的
The country is ripe for change.
国家已是时候改变.
trend 趋势，趋向，潮流
The trend at the moment is that ....
现在..是一个趋势.....
emphrasize 强调，重视
I’d like to emphrasize how important it is to ....
sustainable development 可持续发展
推荐第2篇：英语作文高级写作素材
英语作文高级写作素材—背诵，日积月累，灵活运用
1.According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。
2.The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant aociations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。
3.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。
4.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。
5.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。
范文背诵：Smoking Is Harmful
According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.Many young boys and girls have the habit of smoking, though they are middle school students
As we all know, smoking does great harm to human beings.More and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is.But they are never bored with it.Some people think it is a kind of fashion, some think it is of great fun and others think that smoking can refresh themselves.
Smoking causes many illnees.A lot of people always cough because of smoking.The most serious illne caused by smoking is lung cancer.Meanwhile smoking is a waste of money.Besides, carele smokers may cause dangerous fires.
In order to keep healthy, we should get rid of the bad habit of smoking.Please stop smoking at once.
据说，中国有一半人在吸烟。许多男孩和女孩都有吸烟的习惯，尽管他们还是中学生。 众所周知，吸烟对人身体有害。越来越多的人们认识到这个问题的严重性，但他们仍然乐此不疲。一些人认为抽烟是一种时尚，一些人认为抽烟很有趣，还有一些人认为吸烟可以提神。
吸烟能导致很多疾病。由于吸烟，一些人一直在咳嗽。肺癌是吸烟导致的最严重的疾病。同时，吸烟很浪费金钱。除此而外，粗心的烟民还可能引起火灾。
为了保证人们的身体健康，我们应当改掉吸烟的坏习惯。请立即停止吸烟吧。
推荐第3篇：英语作文高级短语 句型
英语作文万能短语
一、引出开头¬
1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（ 就我所知…）¬ 2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus.==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）¬
3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）¬
4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）¬ 5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）¬ 6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）¬
7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）¬ 8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...）¬
二、表达不同观点¬
1：People\'s views on……vary from person to person.Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）¬
2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）¬
3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）¬
4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）¬
三、表示结尾¬
1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）¬
2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）¬
3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）¬ 4：Hence/Therefore, we\'d better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）¬
5:There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点）¬ 6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）¬
四、提出建议¬
1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）¬
2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）¬
3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is eential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）¬
4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）¬ 5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）¬
五、预示后果¬
1：Obviously，if we don\'t control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）¬
2：No doubt, unle we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）¬ 3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）¬
六、表示论证¬
1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)¬
2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）¬
3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）¬ 4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……）¬
5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）¬
七、给出原因¬
1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） ¬ 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……¬
3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……¬
4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。¬
八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法¬
1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……¬
2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……¬ 3;It is obvious that……很显然……¬
4：It may be true that……but it doesn\'t mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……¬
5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn\'t ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……¬
6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……¬
九、表示好处和坏处¬
1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势¬
2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处¬
3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处¬
十、表示重要、方便、可能¬
1：It is important(neceary/difficult/convenient/poible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……¬
2：It plays an important role in our life.¬ 十
一、采取措施¬
1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施¬ 2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难¬
3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……¬ 4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难¬ 十
二、显示变化¬ 1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化¬
2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化 3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…¬ 4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%¬ 十
三、表明事实现状¬
1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……¬ 2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……¬ 3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.¬ 4:be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关） ¬ 十
四、进行比较¬
1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……¬ 2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.¬ 十
五、常用英语谚语¬
1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩¬ 2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子¬ 3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马¬
4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半¬ 5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊¬ 6：A mi is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里¬ 7：Failure is the mother of succe.失败是成功之母¬ 8:Industry is the parent of succe.勤奋是成功之母¬ 9:It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老¬ 10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量¬
11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人
一 As the world that we living today, people turns to /things turns to:在当今社会里，人民总是（或者）事物总是（这句话可以替代，nowadays.)
From my point of view , that .....从我的想法里，。。。。。、（这句话可以替代，I think)
Soon after that :紧接着。(可以替代AFTER.)、
As this result turns out to be.....(最后这个结果会。。。。） still as the result of been.........(最后的结果还是。。。。）
On the other hand of this / the argument:(但是从另一方面想。。。。）
To the point that i can no longer think of:( 我已近想不出。。。。。）
Personlly i think that (我个人认为。。。。。）
the consequnce will be.....( 这个是最终会。。。。）
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V,
~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progre you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discuion/ debate
10.有争议性的问题 a controversial iue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外 …be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27.开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31.从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33.对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质 comprehensive quality
37.无可非议 blamele / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40.应当承认 Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)
46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progre
50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this iue
52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55.理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56.…必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益.interest in the long run
60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the eence and discard the dregs。
63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth
67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。
No garden without weeds。
69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。
70.重视 attach great importance to…
71.社会地位 social status
72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…
73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…
76.提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77.可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stre/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。
80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with
81.相反 in contrast / on the contrary。
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85.社会进步的反映 mirror of social progre
86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
推荐第4篇：大学英语作文高级词汇
作文高级词汇短语
要点:四级120-150六级150-180长短句交叉,不多次重复,高级词汇15个
被动句,插入语,定语从句,强调,名词从句,问句 句型
There is no denying the fact that......不可否认是It is undeniable that……毋庸置疑的是…… It is indisputable that......不可争辩是
when it comes to sth,the overwhelming majority of ......说到sth An increasing /great number of……一个数目增加的……
It is,therefore,high time that same applicable approaches were implemented by……。Thus,its competetive edge will be sharpened effectively。适当方法被用，提高竞争力。
sth exert a tremendous fascination on sb某人对某物感兴趣 exert positive impact 有积极影响 It is no exaggeration to say……说……是毫不夸张的
Recently the iue of the phenomenon of……has been brought into focus……问题已成为焦点 As the （claical） proverb goes,‘’……‘’正如谚语所说 With the rapid growth of……,随着……快速增长, 名词短语
fresh point/look新论点/看法 applicable/apposite/appropriate approaches恰当的方法 an empty slogan一个空洞的口号 bridge the income/generation gap缩小 收入差距/代沟 a local point of view狭隘的看法 specialized knowledge and skills专业知识与技能 sustainable/rapid development可持续/快速发展 Pandora\'s Box潘多拉的魔盒
international prestige国际地位 culture/economic globalization文化/经济全球化 vigor and vitality生机与活力 macro regulatory and control ability宏观调控能力 Ivory Tower象牙塔 maintenance of ecological balance保护生态平衡 urban/affuent life城市/富足的生活 indispensable element不可或缺的要素 domin/experiential/rudimentary knowledge领域/经验/基础 知识
merits and demerits优点和缺点 a double-edged sword双刃剑 动词短语
hatch and breed孕育与培养 develop/cultivate/foster 培养
seize the opportunities and rise to the challenges抓住机遇,迎接挑战
scrape up/reinfore one\'s knowledge积累/巩固知识 differentiate virtue from vice区分善恶 （be）despised and condemned被蔑视和谴责 take sth seriously严肃对待
pay a heavy price付出代价 be virtually impoible极不可能 focus attention on self-image注重自我形象 be proficient in精通于 reap the benefits of因/从……得到好处 be conducive to sth有助于
turn a bleed eye on无视 sharpen one\' competitive edge提高某人竞争力 be inclined to do想要,倾向做 contribute directly to直接有助于 pray in aid of求助于 frown on/upon反对 ignite one\'s enthusiasm点燃热情
swarm into涌入 exert a positive/negative impact on对……有积极/消极影响 discriminate against/（in favour of）歧视/偏爱 illustrate sth with sth用……解释…… strengthen basic and public construction加强公共基础建设
google the Internet上网搜索 deliver emails发邮件
undertake correspondent obligation承担相应义务function in the diervice of对……有害 foster strengths and circumvent weaknees扬长避短 连词
Ironically讽刺地说 Unquestionably毋庸置疑 on most occasions大多情况下
Specifically speaking具体地说 Conspicuously显然 as a consequence of由于……（不好） Confronted with sth(问题)面临......In my perspective在我看来 whereas/howbeit=however as an illustration作为例子 in that＝because principally最重要地
be the occasion of引起 futhermore/moreover/additionally另外,此外,而且 in consequence/consequently结果（不好）（be）in contradiction of与……矛盾 in the foreseeable future在可预见的将来 Albeit/notwithstanding虽然,即使
Initially起初 therewithal/thereupon于是,因此 eventually最后previously首先 in conclusion总之 conversely相反 量词
a wealth of大量的 a trifle稍稍有点 a minimum/maximum of最少/多的 a chain of一连串的 a variety of各种各样的segental/a slice of一部分 a multitude of许多 替换词
care亲昵,爱抚n investigation调查,研究n.aspiration志向,愿望n statistics/pictograph统计数据/图表n.bribery贿赂n prejudice/bias偏见n deforestation森林砍伐n summarization总结n dedication敬业,奉献n perseverance毅力n jubilation欢呼n indispensable不可少的adj不可少的人/物n enhancement提高,增加n individual/humanrity人n consciousne/ awarene意识n merit价值n值得vt bookworm书虫n valetudinarian体弱多病的人n多病的adj alternative＝chance descendant后代n potential潜力n emphasis重点n idiosyncrasy/trait/individuality＝character deficiency缺乏，缺点n client/consumer/purchaser顾客n stripling小伙子n ignoramus无知的人n undergraduate/ academician大学生n adolescent青少年n青春期的adj juvenile青少年n青少年的adj diligence勤奋n expenditure花费（时间、钱）n civilization文化n dominance支配,优势n exceedingly非常地adv primarily主要,首先adv apiece每个,每人adv conscientiously谨慎地adv automatically不假思索地adv ineritably不可避免地adv spontaneously主动地,不由自主地adv miraculous/marvellous极多的adj introverted内向的adj dynamic精明能干的adj immeasurable大量的adj meritorious/instrumental（in）有帮助的adj numerous许多,大量（可数）adj persuasive有说服力的adj vulnerable脆弱的adj thrilling令人兴奋的adj significant重要的,有用的adj dwindling渐渐变少的,衰退的adj vital/crucial/consequential重要的adj isolated孤独的adj accelerate加快v crystallize使……更具体vt conceive认为vt accentuate/emphasize强调v participate in＝join in aimilate吸收v utilize使用v dedicate to＝devote to anticipate/desire想要vt contemplate/muse深思v stimulate/motivate/spur刺激,促进v propagandize/publicize宣传v triumph成功n击败vi manufacture生产制造n,vt propagate/ promote促进vt anticipate预期vt 格言
Knowledge is power知识就是力量
Misfortune is the touchstone of virtue逆境是美德的试金石 Truth conquers all things真理胜过一切 Time tries truth时间鉴真理
Laughter makes good blood笑使人健康
推荐第5篇：,高考英语作文 高级句型
一． 议论文型
1、A类：A好不好（is college education useful?）
2、B类：A好还是B好（colledge education or working experience which is more useful?）
3、C类：解决问题（what can we do to improve the efficiency of colledge education?）
（A类和B类）: 开头段：
When asked about the heated dispute concerning (A类：wether A or not)/(B类：A or B,which we should focus more attention on).Some people who are in favor of(A类：its value)/(B类：the value of A)believe that (A观点)/(B观点)，meanwhile some others (with an opposit perspective)/(who prefer B)insist that（相反观点）.As far as I am concerned (the former/the latter) can hold water.中间段：
A类：Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First--(Ａ的优点一).Besides---（Ａ的优点之二）. B类：The reason is that ----(原因1),moreover,-----(原因2) As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
让步段：However,(the merits of A)/(the value/significance of B) should not be ignored by us.以反面观点作为出发点，写一个主题句。So,how to bridge up the gap between A and B(the disadvantages and advantages of A) remains a big iue for us to ponder over and figure out.结尾段：In conclusion/To wrap up,---主题总结句。Only if...can our world be better
C类：Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the iue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一_.In addition, another way contributing to succe of the solving problem is _途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
PLUS:句子写作技巧
1 colledge education 2 3 4 can 5 provide us with 6 knowledge 7 8 1逻辑词：to commence with/futhermore/last but not least 2加主语的同类型名词或者并列名词：as well as 3主语的同谓语: 主语 ，which is consider as 又被称作什么 4万能插入语：to a large extent/directly or indirectly 5副词（表程度）：significantly/seemingly 6形容词：considerable/appreciable/not only...but also...(加两个形容词) 7加宾语后面的主语：in terms of/especially 8加在宾语后面的非限制性定语从句：which can/may/will 例句：colledge education can provide us with knowledge==To commence with, colledge education as well as other academic institutions，referred as the candle for educating and cultivating the talented people,can,to a large extent,provide us with not only practical but interesting knowledge in diverse fields,which can lay a solid foundation for our future career and enable us to accommodate ourselves to the upcoming challenges and competition.二.阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．
１． 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． ２． 分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义).Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,-----------------(理由一).For example, -------------------(举例说明).Secondly,----------------(理由二).Another case is that ---------------(举例说明).Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)．
In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点).In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necearily benefit a lot from it.三.图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is 书写高考英语作文的四步流程
第一步，审题。
拿到题目后，手中拿铅笔，手脑眼嘴并用，开始审题。看题目的要求是什么，要点是什么，特殊要求是什么。譬如你是叫李华，还是随便一个名字？ 要议论文还是记叙文？对分几段写有无要求？等等。诸如此类的硬性要求信息，都最好用铅笔划下来，以免出错，也许你一开始会记得，可随着时间的流逝，你会不会因紧张而遗忘这些信息呢？还是小心为妙。边看最好边张嘴默读，这样就不会遗漏或忽略任何一个字了。
第二步，草稿。
草稿怎么打？
1.结构就是你打算分几段写，每段都写什么？哪段转哪段承哪段起合？心里都要是有谱的。
2.关键词：结构拟定后，迅速在草稿纸上写下自己这篇作文可能用到的一些关键词。包括一些漂亮的词和自己可能会忘记的词。主要是动词和名词。
譬如一省作文题： 假设你的名字是李华，亚洲冬季运动会将在你居住的地方举办，现招募志愿者。你希望成为志愿者。申请信的格式已经写好了，你直接写内容就可以。你的个人情况：年龄性别学历，个人条件。英语好，爱好体育，擅长交际，乐于助人。承诺提供最佳服务。
关键词就是学历、爱好、擅长、乐于、承诺，和你对这篇作文初步构思时想到的一些词。先把这些词（指词的英文表达）写在纸上。有一些词的拼写，譬如学历，可能你本身就记得不是特别清楚，这时一定要在开始写作文前先把它写下来，以免一会因干扰而遗忘。
可能看到聪明这个关键词时，你最初写下的往往是clever，再仔细想想，你是不是又想到了smart, deligient好多词，挑个漂亮和合适的用吧。再比如转折，你写了but，这会再想想，是不是又有一堆表示转折的词在你脑里打转呢？挑一个吧。千万别用but.
3.句式：词写下来了，其实你构建这篇作文的建筑材料就到位了，下步就是要把它们盖成漂亮的作文。先用最普通的陈述句把它们在头脑中过一遍，然后看看都能改成什么句式。能不能把一句陈述句改成问句？能不能用上一个双重否定句？能不能用一个主语从句套定语从句的长句？能不能用一个插入语？等等。把你高中三年的英语积累展示出来。在草稿纸上同样标注。
三．正式写。
这样的草稿打完后，就要快快写了。注意，英语作文的卷面简直太重要了，一定要把字写整齐，写大。没有把握的词和句子不用。别忘了遵守你最初用铅笔划下的题目的规定。
四．检查。
注意，最最重要的一步来了。尽管很小心，可是我们写英语作文还是会犯下很多错误。单词拼写的，大小写的，等等。这些错误会极大破坏我们在阅卷老师心目中的形象，一定要坚决誓死消灭。即使时间再紧，请务必留下1——2分钟检查作文的时间，消除隐性错误。
需要说明的是，英语的开头和结尾是最关键的，尤其是开头。基本上，不跑题，遵守题目要求，一个漂亮的开头，一个还过得去的结尾，2-3个高级词汇，1-2个漂亮的句子，加上整齐的字迹，作文的分就不会低了哦。所以，精心为你的作文想个漂亮的开头吧。
高考英语作文写作之高级词汇句型 1.It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。 • 2.It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of succe but hard work.一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。
• 3.It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。
• 5.As is known to us, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。 • 6.It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。
• 11.As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved.正如我们指的的一样，直到最近，这个问题才被解决。 英语免费试听
• 13.All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。
• 15.It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。
• 17.To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。
• 19.We will be succeful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。
• 22.I take it for granted that they will support this idea.我认为他们会支持这个提议是理所当然的。
• 25.There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。
• 27, As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。
• 42.Apart from students from Guangming Middle school, the attendants include students from other middle schools or colleges, even doctors and engineers.除了光明中学的学生之外，参加的人还有其他中学的学生或大学的学生，甚至还有医生和工程师们。
高考英语书面表达技巧·口头通知 （要点、格式与范例）
一、掌握口头通知特点
口头通知即以口头的形式表达通知的内容，其特点是：用词较口语化，句子不会太复杂，通常只需用一段话讲清其内容即可。另外，口头通知的开头和结尾通常都有一定的固定套语，同学们也应特别注意。
二、妥用口头通知呼语摘自高考英语网
口头通知的开头称呼语通常需根据听众的具体情况来确定，有时还要考虑其场合是否正式。如在比较正式且男女听众兼有的场合，通常用Ladies and gentlemen 来称呼听众，同时注意该表达的词序，不要想当然地将其倒过来，且一定要用复数。当然，若听众中只有男士，则只用Gentlemen；或者只有女士，则只用Ladies。但是，如果在非正式场合，则比较随便。对学生用的称呼语通常是Boys and girls。
三、熟记口头通知套语
(1) 在用口头下达通知时，发通知者通常要将听通知人的注意力吸引过来，这类表达常见的有：
May I have your attention, please? Attention please, everyone.I have an announcement to make.Be quite.There is something important I have to tell you.I have something (important) to tell you.I’m glad to tell you something important.
(2) 其他用于口头通知的固定套语(如叫听者不要迟到、欢迎某人参加某活动等)：
Everyone is asked to be there on time.Be sure not to be late.Please be present on time.Please take your notebooks with you and be sure on time.Those who are interested in it are warmly welcome.(3) 口头通知的结束套语主要有： That’s all.Thank you very much.
四、牢记口头通知时态摘自高考英语网
口头通知是要告诉大家即将进行的活动，因此要以一般将来时为主。如： We will go to the Great Wall tomorrow.We’ll have a meeting about it after the sixth CLASs. There will be an English film in our school tonight.The match will be put off to next week.We are going to hold a meeting to discu the problem.
五、口头通知实战演练摘自高考英语网
假如你是班长，根据下面的内容和提示，写一篇100左右的口头通知，以便向同学们宣布。
事由：欢迎澳大利亚学生来校参观。 参观时间：6月15日上午9:00-12:00.参观人数：约60人。
活动安排：1.8:30在校门口。
2.9:00带客人到会议室开联欢会。 3.领客人参观植物园、校办工厂。 4.11:00在操场进行篮球比赛。 5.客人12:00离校。 注意事项：1.对客人要友好。 2.要用英语交谈。 写作示范：
Boys and girls, May I have your attention, please? About sixty Australian students will come to visit our school on June 15.We’ll meet them at the school gate at 8:30.We’ll take them to the meeting-room, where a get-together will be held.After that, we’ll show them around our botanical garden and the school-run factory.At11:00 there will be a basketball match on the playground.They’ll leave our school at 12:00.
Please be friendly to them.We must talk with them in English.That’s all.Thank you.
高考英语书面表达技巧·书面通知 （要点、格式与范例）
一、掌握书面通知特点
书面头通知即以书面的形式表达通知的内容，其特点是：措辞较严谨，句子结构相对口头通知会更复杂，尤其会使用一些非谓语动词短语(如用不定式表目的等)和从句(如if 从句、when从句、so that从句等)。
二、熟记书面通知格式 与口头通知不同，书面通知在用书面形式表达出来时，它有自己比较固定的格式：如通知开头要有标题(通常为Notice或Announcement)，标题下面是正文，正文后通常还应有发通知的单位(通常写在右下角)和写发通知的日期(通常写在左下角)等。
三、注意与口头通的区别摘自高考英语网
口头通知一般有开头称呼语(Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls等)，而书面通知通常不用这些开头称呼语；口头通知用来吸引听众注意力的句子(如May I have your attention, please? / Attention please, everyone.I have an announcement to make./ Be quite.There is something important I have to tell you.等)在书面通知中通常不可以用；口头通知的结束套语(That’s all.Thank you very much.)在书面通知中也不会使用。
四、熟记书面通知套语摘自www.daodoc.com 尽管书面通知与口头通知有很多表达套语不一样，但有些表达(如叫听者不要迟到、欢迎某人参加某活动等方面的套语)是可以通用的，不过有时可能在措辞方面会有所不同(书面通知措辞可能会略正式些)。如：摘自高考英语网 口头通知：Everyone should be there on time.Be sure not to be late.Please be present on time.书面通知：Everyone is required to be present on time.口头通知：Be sure to attend it on time.书面通知：Everybody is expected to attend it on time.另外，书面通知的以下套语也需注意：
All teachers and students are required to…(全体师生务必要……) Notice is hereby given that…(兹通知……)
Our school / The Student Union will / is going to hold… A lecture will be given at 7:00 this evening in…
四、牢记书面语通知时态摘自高考英语网
与口头通知一样，书面通知也以一般将来时为主。如：
The students of Senior Grade One will go to Jingshan Park on May 4.We will climb up the hill and have a picnic on the top of it.After that we will visit the famous botanical garden nearby.On July 22, Saturday, we will visit the following places — a school or a hospital.We will be pided into four groups and each group can visit one of the places.
五、书面通知实战演练摘自高考英语网 请根据提示写一份通知。
(1) 高二(5)在本周五晚上要开个英语晚会。 (2) 晚饭后6:30在教室集合，晚会7:00开始。 (3) 每个同学都要表演一个节目，内容不限。 (4) 欢迎老师和全班同学参加。
(5) 出通知的时间是2005年3月15日。摘自高考英语网 NOTICE An English evening party will be held on Friday Evening.Every one of our CLASs is requested to be in the CLASsroom at 6:30 after supper.The party will begin at 7:00 P.M.Each of the students should perform during the evening party.You may tell a story, sing a song, make a speech or read a poem and so on.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend our English evening.Everybody is expected to attend it on time. Cla 5, Grade Two March 15, 2005
推荐第6篇：英语作文高级表达方式总结
1.occur 替换think of
An idea/It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.2.devote替换spendHe devotes all his spare time to reading.3.seek替换want / look for
They sought (wanted) to hide themselves behind the trees.4.average 替换ordinaryI’m an averagestudent.5.but替换very
The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting.电影很有趣
The film we saw last night was anything but boring.电影很不错，不无聊
6.seat 替换sitOn his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road, looking worried.7.besupposed to do sth.=shoulddo 8.on替换as soon as As soon as he arrived, he began his research.=On his arrival,
9.due to替换because ofHe arrived late due to (because of) the storm.10.contribute to替换be helpful/useful to Hard work contributes to (is helpful to) our study.11.come to light替换discover She wes so pleased when she discovered the lost jewels. →when the lost jewels came to light.12.be of + n.替换adj.The products are of high quality (very good) and are sold everywhere in China.13.cannot but / cannot help but替换have to doI can not but (have to) go home.15.more often than not替换usually More often than not (Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily gueed.16.be long for sth./ be long to do sth.替换want to do/wish for I am long for the display.17.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to=be interested inHe is caught up in (very interested in) collecting stamps.18.do sb.a favor替换help Would you please do me a favor (help me ) to turn down the radio? 19.the other day替换a few days ago The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.20.consist of替换be made up of Our cla consists of (is made up of) 50 students.21.the majority of替换most The majority of (Most of) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.22.attend to(照顾；处理)=look after 23.on condition that()=as long as My mother promised me a new basketball on condition that (as long as) I get an A.24.neverthele(然而)=however 25.spare no efforts to do=try one’s best to do 26.meanwhile=at the same time 27.occasionally/once in while=sometimes 28.for instance=for example 29.seldom替换not often He seldom (not often) makes mistakes.30.as a matter of fact=in fact
推荐第7篇：自编高级英语组合作文
Leon 1
The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds-even thousands of years.The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic arched gateway of aged brick and stone.Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market.
推荐第8篇：英语作文常用高级词汇
英语作文常用高级词汇
★ 形容词：
1.贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2.富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3.优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4.积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5.消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental= baneful =undesirable 6.明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7.健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8.惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9.美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10.有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11.流行的： popular = prevailing = prevalent= pervasive
★ 动词：
1.提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize 2.引起：cause = trigger = endanger 3.解决：solve =resolve =addre = tackle =cope with = deal with 4.拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate 5.培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture 6.激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7.认为： think = aert= hold = claim = argue 8.完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9.保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold 10.有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize 11.减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten
★ 名词：
1.影响：influence= impact 2.危险：danger = perils =hazard 3.污染：pollution = contamination4.人类：human beings= mankind = human race 5.老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6.幸福：happine = cheerfulne = well-being 7.老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers 8.教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9.青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents 10.优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue 11.责任： responsibility = obligation = duty = liability 12.能力： ability = capacity = power = skill 13.职业： job = career = employment = profeion 14.娱乐： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment 15.孩子： children = offspring = descendant= kid
★ 短语：
1.充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with 2.努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for 3.从事： embark on = tap = set about = go in for 4.在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age 5.大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of 1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons) 2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad, 如果bad做表语，可以有be le impreive替换
4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 首先, 第一: initially, to begin with, to start with 其次, 第二, 第三, 第四……: furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides 最后: finally, last but not the least 现在(目前), XXXX现象是不可避免且难以否认的
Currently, there is an inevitable and undeniable fact that …… At present, it is inevitable and undeniable that …..
例句: Currently, there is an inevitable and undeniable fact that computer is playing a significant role in our daily lives At present, it is inevitable and undeniable that advertisement has been flooding into our daily lives 随着社会(科技)的发展,人们开始注意到XXXX的重要性 Along with the advance of the society (science and technology), people are attaching much importance to ……
例句: Along with the advance of the society, people are attaching more and more importance to the interview in the job-hunting 最近, XXXXX现象引起了人们的广泛关注
recently, the phenomenon of (that) …… has aroused wide public concern 例句: Recently, the phenomenon that CPI keeps increasing has aroused wide public concern 一部分人认为……., 而另一部分人认为……
Some people argue that….., whereas others maintain that….就我个人而言(老实说), 我全力支持前者(后者) As for me, I am in high favor of the former (latter) Personally, I side with the former (latter) Frankly speaking/ To be frank/ To be honest/ Honestly speaking, it is the former (latter) that I approve of 我认为(在我看来,就我看来,我的观点是, 我想….) I am convinced that….
As far as I am concerned, …..To my point of view, …..From where I stand, …… 作为一把双刃剑
as a two-bladed sword, as a double-edged sword 因此, 基于以上讨论, 我们很容易得出……的结论
hence (Consequently), based on the discuion above, it is easy for us to draw the conclusion that…..
作文中一些可用来替换常用词汇的高级词汇
important—significant good—stunning, fabulous, sensational way—approach, method Use—adopt but—neverthele understand/know—figure so— consequently, therefore out
推荐第9篇：高考英语作文高级词汇
①词汇篇
单词可以说一个人单词量的展现，如果总停留在使用very good等小学词汇，那老师把你当成发育不完全也正常.所以要使用一些高级词汇（就象是给文章穿上了成人内衣），我不建议大家用考纲以外的词汇（当然你能用更好），夏哥可以教你用高级替换简单词汇~~
severe 替换掉serious（严重的）
a severe water shortage严重缺水
needy替换掉 ppor（ 贫穷的）
wealthy 替换掉 rich （ 富裕的）
benificial 替换掉 good （有益的）
undesirable 替换掉 bad （不好的，不受欢迎的）
neverthele 替换掉 however（然而，不过）
fundamental / significant 替换掉 important（ 重要的）
relevant 替换掉 related （有关的）
....is highly relevant to.......
extraodinary 替换掉 surprising （惊人的，非凡的）
provided/providing （that）替换掉
if （如果.....）
promote /strengthen 替换掉 improve （提高，加强）
More should be done to strengthen industry\'s links with universities.
应该做更多的事情加强工业界和大学的联系.
cope with 替换掉 solve（ 解决）
motivate 替换掉 encourage（ 激励）
We are looking for someone who will be able to motivate the staff to work hard.我们在寻找能激励职员们努力工作的人.
jeopardize 替换掉 be bad to （损害，危及）
Failing exams could jeopardize her future.
考试不及格危及她的前程.
ease 替换掉 relieve （减轻，缓解）
To ease the problem of .....
为了缓解....的问题..... well-being 替换掉 happine （幸福，安康）
pros and cons 替换掉 advantages and disadvantages（好处和坏处）
You must consider all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision.在你做决定之前，必须考虑这个问题的正反两个方面.
approach / method 替换掉 way（方法，方案）
adopt 替换掉 use （采用，采取）
the aged 替换掉 old people（老人）
adolescents 替换掉 the young （青少年）
employment 替换掉 job（就业）
affair 替换掉 thing （事情，东西）
bent 替换掉 gift （天赋，爱好）
catastrophe 替换掉（ disaster 灾难）
subscribe to 替换掉 agree with（ 同意）
tend 替换掉 want（趋向于..想要.....）
I am tending to another customer at he moment.
acquire 替换掉 gain （获得（尤指知识上的））
administration 替换掉 government （政府部门）
contribute to 替换掉 cause （引起）
extremely 替换掉 very （非常的）
frown on sth 替换 disagree with sth （
不同意）
for instance 替换掉
for example （例如）
advocate 倡导
compensate for 弥补.....
Spare no efforts for努力
In contemporary society 在当今社会
A vast amount of 大量的
be abundant in 富有...
on ones own account 为了某人自己的利益
at ones own risk 自行负责
on account of 由于
On no account绝不要
arise from 由....引起
Are these any matters arising from the last meeting？
这些事情都是由上次的会议引起的吗？
ae 评估，评价
Examinations are not the only means of aeing ones ability.
考试不是评价一个人能力的唯一方法.
authentic 真实的，可信的
gradual 逐渐的
There has been a gradual improvment in ...over the last two years.
过去的两年中...逐渐改善.
....multiply rapidly ...迅速增加.
ripe 时候成熟的
The country is ripe for change.
国家已是时候改变.
trend 趋势，趋向，潮流
The trend at the moment is that ....
现在..是一个趋势.....
emphrasize 强调，重视
I’d like to emphrasize how important it is to ....
sustainable development 可持续发展
②句型篇
英语里面常用的句型也就那么几个，尽量往里套。能用到以下句型的千万别用一般陈述句，能用长句千万别用短句，最好一句话老长.每个句型我都弄个例句~~
倒装：
Not only di he speak correctly，but he spoke easily.
Here comes a bus.
Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here .
双否：
The postman never fails to come on time .
被动：
Many things can be done to solve this problem .
非限定：
The man is from the UK，which we can tell from his accent.
定从：
This is the reason why he came late.
This is the reason for which he came late.
The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous
让步：
Child as he is ，he can speak many foreaign languages.
独立主格：
（With）There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.
③常用句子篇——起到一个首饰的作用，让文章更销魂~~~~
这个有点头疼，多背一背吧~~~
Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
在过去的5年中这里发生的一些变化.
A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．
在世界的沟通与交流方面产生了巨大的变化.
This is a phenomenon that .....
有一个...的现象........
It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．
...从...增加到了...........
People have（take，adopt，aume）different attitudes towards sth．
人们对..有不同的态度.
When it comes to ..., some think ...
当谈到...一些人认为..........There is a public debate today that ...
当今有一个公共的争论关于...........Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
最近这个问题得到了关注.
Now there is a growing awarene that...
现在....的意识增强了.
Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….
有许多人，不是特别多，怀有这样的想法.....
it is universally acknowledged that.....
....是一个社会的共识.....Just imagine what would be like if...
设想一下如果......
It is of great benefit to us.
...对我们是有很大的好处的.
It has more disadvantages than advantages．
它有很多的优点和缺点.
It plays an important role in our life．
它在我们的人生中扮演了很重要的角色.
...this story is not rare. 这样的故事不少见...., such dilemma we often meet in daily life.这样的事情我们在生活中经常遇到...., the story still has a realistic significance.这个故事很有现实意义.
But some others have just the opposite opinion.
一些人有相反的意见.
But every coin has two sides.
每个硬币都有两面.（即每件事情都有两面）
As for me, I\'m in favour of the latter opinion.我支持后者.
promote the public awarene of 增强了...的公共认识
The government should take effective measures and immediate actions.
政府应该采取及时有效的措施.
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
为了理解...的真相......，认识到....也是重要的.A study of ...will make this point clear .一项研究使这个观点更清楚了.
There is no point(use) in doing.....做...是没有意义的.
Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years.(很优美的句子,值得借鉴) from the …point of view 从…角度来看
最近, XXXXX现象引起了人们的广泛关注
Recently, the phenomenon of (that) …… has aroused wide public concern
随着社会(科技)的发展,人们开始注意到XXXX的重要性
Along with the advance of the society (science and technology), people are attaching much importance to ……
Take ...for an example, it is a very obvious case .
拿..来说，这是个很明显的案例.
Some people argue that….., whereas others maintain that….
一些人争论.....另一些人支持....观点.就我个人而言(老实说), 我全力支持前者(后者)
As for me, I am in high favor of the former (latter)
Personally, I side with the former (latter)
Frankly speaking/ To be frank/ To be honest/ Honestly speaking, it is the former (latter) that I approve of
我认为(在我看来,就我看来,我的观点是, 我想….)
I am convinced that….
As far as I am concerned, …..To my point of view, …..From where I stand, ……
We should take some effective measures．
我们应该采取有效的措施.We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．
我们应该努力克服困难.
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
当然，B有自身的优势，比如........
As far as we know....正如我们所知道的...
In a certain sense......在某种情况下......
There is no denying the fact that .....不可否认的事实是.....
结尾常用句：
From what has been discued above, we may safely draw ....the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short.....
From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ...
推荐第10篇：高考英语作文高级【修正版】
●比较性的句型
1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D).2) Just as..., so...3) A and B have sth in common.4) A is similar to B.5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(„„也是如此).6) The advantages of A are much greater than B.7) Compared with B, A has many advantages.8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊).9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...12) What people fail to consider is that...13) It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite another to show that...14) Nothing can rival„(„„是无与伦比的).15) „has drawbacks as well as merits.16) A is superior (inferior) to B.17) ...varies from person to person(„„是因人而异的) 18) A is just the opposite (to B) 19) A differs from B in that„(A不同于B在于„„) 20) „is not the same (as)
●过渡性句型：
1) This is true that...2) This is true, no doubt, but...3) ...also...4) It is one thing to...; it is another to...
●描写图表和数据的句型
1)...ranks first (both) in...2)...in proportion to...3) A is by far the largest...4) As many as....5) The number is ...times as much as that of ...6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last year.7) It accounts for 35% of...8) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...9) ...rise rapidly (slowly) 10) ...remain level...11) ...reach...12) There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand/income/population/prices/production/decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in.13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline („„在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)
●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：
1) As can be indicated in the table...2) As we could find out later， ...3) As is revealed in the table，...4) As the survey results show，...5) This table provides several important points of comparison between，...6) The two graphs depict the same thing in...7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows: 8) According to the figures given in the table...9) This chart shows that...10) As is shown by the graph...11) It can be seen from the statistics that...12) It is generally believed /accepted/thought/held...●说明原因的句型: 1) There are some/two/many good reasons for.../to do...2) We have two good reasons for...3) The reason for ...is that + 从句
4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people for..., one should be mentioned...5) One may think of the trend as a result of...6) The change in...largely results from the fact that...7) There are several causes for this significant growth in...First...8) A number of factors could account for the ....9) It is no simple task to give the reason for ...10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.13) The demand has increased.14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are higher.15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise./go up./boost./are higher.16) Different people look at...in different ways...●表示不同看法的句型: 1) Different people have/hold different opinions/views
on the question/problem/matter.Some believe that ...; Others argue that ...:Still others maintain that ...2) They are quite different from each other in their opinions.3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to ....4) They think quite differently on this question.5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture.●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型: 1) It is important (neceary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb.to do sth.2) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.(有困难做某事) ●用于文章开头的句型：
1) Faced with...; quite a few people argue that...; But other people conceive differently.2) There is a general discuion today about the iue of....; Those who object to...argue that ...;They believe that...; But people who favor ..., on the other hand, argue that ...3) Currently there is a widespread concern that...4) Now people in growing number are coming to realize that...5) Now it is commonly held that ...; they think ...; But I doubt whether...6) Recently the iue of...has been brought to public attention.7) One of the great men once said that...Now more and more people share this belief.8) Until recently, ...has been regarded as....But people are taking a fresh look at it.9) Sb.argues/maintains /holds/insists/believes that...10) More and more people are realizing /have come to realize...11) There is no denying/doubt that ...●用于文章结尾的句型：
1) From what has been discued above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that ...2) It is high time that we put considerable/great/special emphasis on ...3) We must look for all immediate method, because the present situation of ..., if permitted to continue, will sure lead to/result in...4) Many solutions/methods are being offered here, all of them make some sense, but none is quite satisfactory.The problem should be examined in a new way.5) There is no immediate solution to the problem of..., but...might be helpful/beneficial.6) No easy method can be at hand to solve the problem of ..., but the general awarene of the neceity/importance of...might be the first step on the right way.7) There is little doubt/denying that ...8) It is, therefore, obvious/evident that the task of...require immediate attention.9) As far as ...be concerned, I believe/think that ...10) In conclusion,...11) In my opinion, I am in favor of ...12) Personally, I prefer to...13) In short,...should learn to...; Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly.14) As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that...
●用于论证和说明的句型：
1) We may cite/quote/take a single/common example to illustrate...2) Our society abounds with the examples of ...3) A recent study indicates/suggests/shows that...4) According to the statistics provided by..., it can be seen that...5) There is good/sufficient evidence to show that...6) This brings out/set forth the important fact that ...7) No one can ignore/overlook the fact that...
●常用谚语 (在议论文中): 1) As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”.2) As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”.On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health.On the other hand, if you don t deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health.So we should look at the matter from two sides.3) As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成) 4) As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友,知其为人) 5) As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”.(没有苦,就没有甜)
●辩论中常用的句型: 1) There is no doubt that...2) It is obvious/clear that...3) As is known to all...4) (It s) no wonder...(难怪) He didn’t work hard and no wonder he lost his job.5) It goes without saying that ...(不用说,不成问题,很自然„„) 6) What is more important...7) I am convinced that ...(我深信„„) 4 写作常用句型总结
1.as an old saying goes,....正如一句古老的谚语所说 2....are nothing but.......不过就是...3.from where I stand....从我的立场来说
4.give oneself a chance to.....给某人一个机会去...5.i feel sure that...我坚信...6....is the best way to make sure that....确保...的最好办法是...7.we must do our absolute best to....我们必须竭尽全力做...8.there is no denying the fact that...无可否认....9.Nothing is more+adj.+than to+v.没有比...更重要的了
10.主语+cannot emphasize the importance of....too much 再怎么强调..的重要性也不为过
11....pose a great threat to......对..造成了一大威胁（e.g.：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.) 12.stole the spotlight from...从...获得大众的瞩目 13....touch sb.on the raw ....触到某人的痛处 14.It is not uncommon that...这是常有的事儿。。 15.It is almost impoible to do...。。。是很困难的 16.The recent research has shown that..最近研究表明。。 17...has/have no alternative but to...除...外别无选择
18....between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷，左右为难 19.content in the thought that...满足于...的想法
20(重磅出击，一般老师都会感动，这个句子可以千变万化，可以替换其中的一些词）The long,(costly strike) proved to be the last nail in the coffin for (the company),with( its history of financial problems).长时期的罢工损失巨大，再加上一直以来的财政问题，使得该公祠一蹶不振。 注：（...)都是可替换的
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/ heard/ had/ read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的...) 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道...) 例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的...) 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的优点是...) 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won\'t create (produce) any pollution. 用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 (...的原因是...) 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此...以致于...) 例句：So precious is time that we can\'t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然...) 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~(愈...愈...) 例句：The harder you work, the more progre you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十
二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着...，..能够..) 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十
三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (..使..能够..) 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十
四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能...) 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十
五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是...的时候了) 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十
六、Those who ~~~ (...的人...) 例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十
七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不...) 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。
十
八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不...) 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
十
九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的) 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二
十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是...的原因) 例句：Summer is sultry.That is the reason why I don\'t like it.夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...(过去...年来，...一直...) 例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
二十
二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
二十
三、It pays to + V ~~~ (...是值得的。) 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。
二十
四、be based on (以...为基础) 例句：The progre of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十
五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的) 例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
二十
六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让...明白...事) 例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
二十
七、be closely related to ~~ (与...息息相关) 例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。
二十
八、Get into the habit of + V+ing = make it a rule to + V (养成...的习惯) We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/V+ing, ~~~ (因为...) 例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
三
十、What a + adj + N + S + V!= How + adj + a + N + V!(多么...!) 例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事! 三十
一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意) 例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。
三十
二、Have a great influence on ~~~ (对...有很大的影响) 例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
三十
三、do good to (对...有益)，do harm to (对...有害) 例句：Reading does well to our mind. 读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health. 工作过度对健康有害。
三十
四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对...造成一大威胁) 例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
三十
五、do one\'s utmost to + V = do one\'s best (尽全力去...) 例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life
第11篇：英语作文高级短语及其词汇
英语作文高级短语及高级词汇
1、tend to=opt to =incline to 倾向于
例：People tend to hold parties,date at cinemas,go to picnic,etc.译：人们会举办派对，去电影院约会或去野餐等度过闲暇时光。
2、Ignore =have an oversight of 忽略，忽视
3、make use of =take advantage of 利用
4、get refreshed 恢复生机
5、downside =disadvantage =negative aspect =negative =drawback =harmfulne 坏处
6、Moreover=furthermore=in addition =additionally=besides 好处
7、Widespread phenomenon 普遍存在的现象
8、wipe out 消除
例：As far as I am concerned,exceive packing is a harmful phenomenon,which is a waste of resources and ought to be totally wiped out.
译: 在我看来，过度包装是一种有害的现象，它是一种资源浪费，应该被彻底消除。
9、first...furthermore...首先.......其次......
10、Come down to 归结于
11、equal to等同于
例：Consumers’ awarene that exceive packing doesn’t equal to high quality should be aroused.
译:必须让消费者认识到过度包装不等于高质量。
12、contribute to 促成；对......有贡献
13、appealing 吸引人的
例：in appealing boxes 在吸引人的盒子里
14、make it more productive 使......更有成效
例：Therefore,to make it more productive,both the museums and the public should work and coordinate in concert.
译：因此，为了使这项举措更有成效，博物馆和公众应该共同协作、一起努力。
15、in concert 一齐，一致
例：Therefore,to make it more productive,both the museums and the public should work and coordinate in concert.
译：因此，为了使这项举措更有成效，博物馆和公众应该共同协作、一起努力。
16、in abundance 大量的
17、fully support 全力支持
18、The purposes for ......的目的
19、Be eligible for =be responsible for =be obligated to 有资格......,有能力......
例：The students’ union is eligible for some contributions.
20、definitely =absolutely 肯定的，绝对的
21、be beneficial to 对......有益的
22、on top of =besides =apart from 除了
23、to start = to commence = to begin with 首先（用于句首）
24、make more efforts = make it a point to = manage to= get round to 努力做某事
25、cozy = comfortable 合适的，惬意的
例： offer a cozy environment to the students
26、a neceary step to ......的步骤
27、play tricks 耍伎俩
28、play a key role in 在......中扮演重要角色
29、to sum up总而一致，总的说来
30、resolute 坚决的，刚毅的
例：To be the winner,try to be the resolute.
译:为了成功，让我们做一个有志者
31、In accordance with 与......一致
例：We should enforce relative laws in accordance with the rapid growth of online shopping.
译：我们应该实施与网上购物配套的相关法律。
32、in most occasions 在大多数情况下
33、be delivered to 被传送给......
34、be harmful to对......有害
35、in high frequency 高频率的
36、daily stuff日常物品
37、in view of由于
38、without so much as 甚至连......都没......
39、with/by a small/large margin 小/大幅度的
40、wear away 时间流逝，磨损，磨去
41、now and again/then
42、not care a fig for 对......毫不在乎
第12篇：大学英语作文高级词汇自编
要点:四级120-150六级150-180长短句交叉,不多次重复,高级词汇15个
被动句,插入语,定语从句,强调,名词从句,问句 句型
There is no denying the fact that......不可否认是It is undeniable that……毋庸置疑的是…… It is indisputable that......不可争辩是
when it comes to sth,the overwhelming majority of ......说到sth An increasing great number of……一个数目增加的……
It is,therefore,high time that same applicable approaches were implemented by……。Thus,its competetive edge will be sharpened effectively。适当方法被用，提高竞争力。 sth exert a tremendous fascination on sb某人对某物感兴趣 It is no exaggeration to say……说……是毫不夸张的
Recently the iue of the phenomenon of……has been brought into focus……问题已成为焦点 As the （claical） proverb goes,‘’……‘’正如谚语所说 With the rapid growth of……,随着……快速增长, 名词短语
fresh point/look新论点/看法 applicable/apposite/appropriate approaches恰当的方法 an empty slogan一个空洞的口号 income/generation gap收入差距/代沟
a local point of view狭隘的看法 specialized knowledge and skills专业知识与技能 sustainable/rapid development可持续/快速发展 Pandora\'s Box潘多拉的魔盒
international prestige国际地位 culture/economic globalization文化/经济全球化 vigor and vitality生机与活力 macro regulatory and control ability宏观调控能力 Ivory Tower象牙塔 maintenance of ecological balance保护生态平衡 urban/affuent life城市/富足的生活 indispensable element不可或缺的要素 domin/experiential/rudimentary knowledge领域/经验/基础 知识
merits and demerits优点和缺点 a two-edged sword双刃剑 动词短语
hatch and breed孕育与培养
seize the opportunities and rise to the challenges抓住机遇,迎接挑战
scrape up/reinfore one\'s knowledge积累/巩固知识 differentiate virtue from vice区分善恶 （be）despised and condemned被蔑视和谴责 take sth seriously严肃对待
pay a heavy price付出代价 be virtually impoible极不可能 focus attention on self-image注重自我形象 be proficient in精通于 reap the benefits of因/从……得到好处 be conducive to sth有助于
turn a bleed eye on无视 sharpen one\' competitive edge提高某人竞争力 be inclined to do想要,倾向做 contribute directly to直接有助于 pray in aid of求助于 frown upon反对 ignite one\'s enthusiasm点燃热情
swarm into涌入 exert a positive/negative impact on对……有积极/消极影响 discriminate against/（in favour of）歧视/偏爱 illustrate sth with sth用……解释…… strengthen basic and public construction加强公共基础建设
google the Internet上网搜索 deliver emails发邮件
undertake correspondent obligation承担相应义务function in the diervice of对……有害 foster strengths and circumvent weaknees扬长避短 连词
Ironically讽刺地说 Unquestionably毋庸置疑 on most occasions大多情况下
Specifically speaking具体地说 Conspicuously显然 as a consequence of由于……（不好） Confronted with sth(问题)面临......In my perspective在我看来 whereas/howbeit=however as an illustration作为例子 in that＝because principally最重要地
be the occasion of引起 futhermore/moreover/additionally另外,此外,而且 in consequence/consequently结果（不好）（be）in contradiction of与……矛盾 in the foreseeable future在可预见的将来 Albeit/notwithstanding虽然,即使 Initially起初 therewithal/thereupon于是,因此 eventually最后previously首先 in conclusion总之 conversely相反 量词
a wealth of大量的 a trifle稍稍有点 a minimum/maximum of最少/多的 a chain of一连串的 a variety of各种各样的segental/a slice of一部分 a multitude of许多 替换词
care亲昵,爱抚n investigation调查,研究n.aspiration志向,愿望n statistics/pictograph统计数据/图表n.bribery贿赂n prejudice/bias偏见n deforestation森林砍伐n summarization总结n dedication敬业,奉献n perseverance毅力n jubilation欢呼n indispensable不可少的adj不可少的人/物n enhancement提高,增加n individual/humanrity人n consciousne意识n merit价值n值得vt bookworm书虫n valetudinarian体弱多病的人n多病的adj alternative＝chance descendant后代n potentiality潜力n emphasis重点n idiosyncrasy/trait/individuality＝character deficiency缺乏，缺点n client/consumer/purchaser顾客n stripling小伙子n ignoramus无知的人n undergraduate/ academician大学生n adolescent青少年n青春期的adj juvenile青少年n青少年的adj diligence勤奋n expenditure花费（时间、钱）n civilization文化n dominance支配,优势n exceedingly非常地adv primarily主要,首先adv apiece每个,每人adv conscientiously谨慎地adv automatically不假思索地adv ineritably不可避免地adv spontaneously主动地,不由自主地adv miraculous/marvellous极多的adj introverted内向的adj dynamic精明能干的adj immeasurable大量的adj meritorious/instrumental（in）有帮助的adj numerous许多,大量（可数）adj persuasive有说服力的adj vulnerable脆弱的adj thrilling令人兴奋的adj significant重要的,有用的adj dwindling渐渐变少的,衰退的adj vital/crucial/consequential重要的adj isolated孤独的adj accelerate加快v crystallize使……更具体vt conceive认为vt accentuate/emphasize强调v participate in＝join in aimilate吸收v utilize使用v dedicate to＝devote to anticipate/desire想要vt contemplate/muse深思v stimulate/motivate/spur刺激,促进v propagandize/publicize宣传v triumph成功n击败vi manufacture生产制造n,vt propagate促进vt anticipate预期vt 格言
Knowledge is power知识就是力量
Misfortune is the touchstone of virtue逆境是美德的试金石 Truth conquers all things真理胜过一切 Time tries truth时间鉴真理
Laughter makes good blood笑使人健康
第13篇：大学生英语专业必备高级英语作文
An insatiable appetite
Laurie Lee states in his composition Appetite that “wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their heart’s desire, but sorrier still for those who did.” For his part, appetite is one of the main pleasures in life, which can guard the happine of life.I quite agree with his viewpoint.
When I was young, I had a strong desire to poe a beautiful dre.However, my parents would not buy me a dre in order to cut down family expenditures.At the same time, my companions could have pretty clothes and all they wanted to eat, which made me envious.I would rather poe a pretty dre than have a meal.The craving was so intensive that I dreamt every lovely dre at night.Neverthele, when I got a dreamy dre from my parents one day, all appetite was disappeared.I felt joyful for an acute moment.Then, nothing can remain in the wanting, neither dre nor lust.
As the proverb goes, “Happine is the proce of acquisition, rather than results.” When we finally reach our goals, the happine is not as keen as we have anticipated.In conclusion, life is short and precious, and we should preserve the desire to have a happy life.
3080311131 顾晓晨 英语085班
第14篇：高考英语作文常用高级句型
高考英语作文常用高级句型
李俊锋2013-3-16
1.A is to B what C is to D.
2.There is no doubt that ….
3.There is/was no point in doing …
4.…can’t/can never…too much/enough.
5.The +比较级…,the +比较级…
6.So +adj./adv.+部分倒装+that…
7.Such +a/an +adj.+n.+ 部分倒装+that…
8.Only +adv./prep.Phrase /状语从句+部分倒装。
9.It is /was +被强调部分+that …
10.It is ( high) time that sb +did/should do….
11.It is universally acknowledged that…
12.The reasonwhy…is that…
13.I t is/was the first/second…time that sb have/has /had +done…
14.adj./n./v./adv.+as/though +主语+谓语。
15.I find /think/feel/make/consider…+it +adj./n.+to do…/that…
16.It is /was no good/no use/usele+doing…
17.定语从句 尤其是非限制性定语从句。
18.It’s no wonder that….
19.There is no need to do…
20.No sooner +had +sb.+done +than …Hardly/scarcely +had +sb+done +when…
第15篇：高级英语丘吉尔
Exercises for Unit 5
Cla __________ No._________ Name ________________
Ⅰ.Multiple-choice 1.He said that everyone should turn their backs _____ a craving for fame and prestige.A.for B.down C.up D.on 2.Hitler was however wrong and we should ______ to help Ruia.A.make all out B.make out all C.go all out D.go out all 3.In June 1941 Hitler suddenly ______ an attack on Ruia.A.launched B.exerted C.developed D.created 4.I see the Ruian soldiers standing on the ________ of their native land, guarding the fields.A.threshold B.frontiers C.entrance D.gate 5.The subjugation of the western Hemisphere______ his will… A.to B.in C.according to D.against 6.When I awoke on the morning of Sunday, the news was brought ______ me ______Hitler’s invasion of Ruia.A.for…of B.to…on C.to… of D.for… on 7.Hitler was wrong and we should ______ to help Ruia.A.go out all B.go all out C.make out all D.make all out 8.Winant said the same would be true ______the U.S.A.A.with B.of C.for D.to 9.The Nazi regime is devoid ______ all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.A.of B.away C.from D.for 10.We shall ______ all our friends and allies in every part of the world to take the same course and pursue it.A.appeal to B.appeal for C.appeal with D.appeal of 11.This is no time to moralize ______ the follies of countries which have allowed themselves to be struck down one by one.A.to
B.on C.by D.in 12.In June 1941 Hitler suddenly launched an attack ______ Ruia.A.for
B.to C.on D.against
II.Proof-reading 1.I suppose they will be rounded out in hordes.
2.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him on the air.
3.The Iraqis are counting in enlisting the support of the world. 4.On the contrary, we shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts to rescue mankind of his tyranny.
5.If you do not commit the crime, you don’t have to go all out to concealing the evidence.
III.Please identify the figures of speech used in the following sentences.1.After the failure of his last novel his reputation stands on slippery grounds.______ 2.I see also the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.______ 3.Let us learn the leon already taught by such cruel experience.__________ 4.But can you doubt what our policy will be? _____________ 5.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, ...______________ 6.We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.__________ 7.…with its clanking, heel-clicking, dandified Pruian officers…__________
IV.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the following words or expreions in its proper form.Each word or expreion is to be used only once.
be true of, count on, devoid of, fresh from, in due course,
iue,
round up, thereby, to that effect
1.The great___________________ today is whether there will be war or peace.2.The sheepdog____________________ the sheep and drove them through the gate.3.Our team is ________________________ you to win the match, Joe.4.As _____________________ \"due to\", \"prior to\" can never begin a sentence.5.He finished first in the race, _________ winning the championship for his school.6.She called him a villain or words_________________________.7.Sound waves can not travel through a space_____________________ air.8.These are eggs______________________ the hen, not preserved ones.9.I will answer all your questions______________________.
V.Translation 1.Chinese to English Translation.1) 他真是个好人，经常在我妈妈面前说我的好话。(reference)
2) 过去的一切——我们曾经的承诺，曾有过的快乐，都烟消云散了。(flash)
3) 我记不得他是怎么说的，但我肯定他讲话的大意是那样的。(effect)
第16篇：高级英语复习
Death of a pig
1.It is tragedy enacted on most farms with perfect fidelity to the original script.The murder, being premeditated, is in the first degree but is quick and skillful, and the smoked bacon and ham provide a ceremonial ending whose fitne is seldom questioned.
2.A pig couldn’t ask for anything better-or none has, at any rate.
3.…and when a pig (or a child) refuses supper a chill wave of fear runs through any household, or ice-household.
4.you could see him down there at all hours, his white face parting the gra along the fence as he wobbled and stumbled about, his stethoscope dangling-a happy quack, writing his villainous prescriptions and grinning his corrosive grin.
5.When the enema bag appeared, and the bucket of warm suds, his happine was complete, and he managed to squeeze his enormous body between the two lowest rails of the yard and then aumed full charge of the irrigation.
6.…ours was a businelike proceion, with Fred, the dishonorable pallbearer, staggering along in the rear, his preserve bereavement showing in every seam in his face; and the post-mortem performed handily and swiftly right at the edge of the grave, so that the inwards that had caused the pig’s death precede him into the ground and he lay at last resting squarely on the cause of his undoing.
7...and the premature expiration of a pig is, I soon discovered, a departure which the community marks solemnly on its calendar, a sorrow in which it feels fully involved.
8.I have written this account in penitence and in grief, as a man who failed to raise his pig, and to explain my deviation from the claic course of so many raised pigs.
9.The graves in the woods is unmarked, but Fred can direst the mourner to it unerringly and with immense good will, and I know he and I shall often revisit it, singly and together, in seasons of reflection and despair, on flagle memorial days of our own choosing.
翻译
10.He stood his ground, sucking slightly at the residue of oil; a few drops leaked out of his lips while his wicked eyes, shaded by their coy little lashes, turned on me in his disgust and hatred.
它站稳身子，轻轻最了最残留的蓖麻油：有几滴蓖麻油从它唇上滴下来，它狡黠的双眼转向我，在纤细的睫毛遮挡下，充满了厌恶与怨恨。
11.we had been having an unreasonable spell of weather –hot, close days, with the fog shutting in every night, scaling for a few hours in mid-day, then creeping back again at dark, drifting in first over the trees on the point, then suddenly blowing acro the field, blotting out theworld and taking poeion of houses, men, and animals.
一段时间以来，气候始终很怪异—白天又闷又热，夜晚雾气沉沉，中午前后有几个小时雾气散开，随后又随夜幕潜入，它先是浮动在树梢上，募地就吹向原野，笼罩世界，吞噬了房舍，人和畜生。
12.with very small, timid pigs, weanlings, this ruse is often quite succeful and will encourage them to eat; but with a large, sick pig the ruse is sensele and the sound I made must have made him feel, if anything, more miserable.
这个把戏，对那些羞怯的小猪，刚断奶的幼崽很管用，往往就能鼓动它们进食，但对一头病中的大猪，却毫无意义。我的啧啧声，如果还有作用，怕也只是让它觉得更加悲惨。
13.from the lustine of a healthy pig man derives a feeling of personal lustine; the stuff that goes into the trough and is received with such enthusiasm is am earnest of some later feast of his own, and when this suddenly comes to an end and the food lies stale and untouched, souring in the sun, the pig’s imbalance becomes the man’s, vicariously, and life seems insecure, displaced, transitory.健康的猪精神气儿十足，人能从中感觉到自己的健旺，倒入食槽的饲料给它开心地吃干净，预示着自己今后的盛宴也有了着落，一旦这一切突然停滞，饲料放在那里变了味儿，原封不动地在太阳下馊掉，猪的失调就转换成了人的失调，生活似乎从此变得捉摸不定，紊乱无着，让人难以把握。
14.The pig’s lot and mine were inextricably bound now, as though the rubber tube were the silver cord.From then until the time of his death I held the pig steadily in the bowl of my mind; the task of trying to deliver him from his misery became a strong obseion.His suffering soon became the embodiment of all earthly wretchedne.
现在这头猪的命运与我的命运紧紧地联系在一起，就像胶皮管与胶带纠缠在一起。从这一刻开始直到它死，我心中再也抛不开它，我魔怔了一般，只想如何来解除它的痛苦。它的不幸很快成了世界一切苦难的象征。
15.The awakening had been violent and I minded it all the more because I knew that what could be true of my pig could be true also of the rest of my tidy world.I tried to put this distasteful idea from me, but it kept recurring.
此番觉醒来势迅猛，想到发生在猪身上的事，同样也会发生在我那本来有条有理的小天地的其他地方，更令我难以释怀。我努力打消这种讨厌的想法，但它去而复来。
16.…all of us working in darkne and in comfort, working with the instinctive
teamwork induced by emergency conditions, the pig unprotesting, the house shadowy, protesting, intimate.
大家都在暗夜中安祥地忙碌，突发事件激发了我们本能的协作精神，猪不吵不闹，房舍隐在朦胧中，警醒而又亲切。
17.everything about this last scene seemed overwritten-dismal sky, the shabby
woods, the imminence of rain, the worm (legendary bedfellow of the dead), the apple (conventional garnish of a pig)
这最后一幕的每件事。似乎都给人写滥了—灰暗的天空，荒凉的丛林，迫近的阴雨，蚯蚓（传说中与尸体作伴的），苹果（烤猪是常用作点缀的）
Inaugural Addre
1.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human
poverty and all forms of human life.
2.… unwilling to witne or permit the slow undoing of those human rights…
3.to those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the
bonds of ma misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves…
4.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.
5.and let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master
of its own house.
6.…before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all
humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
7.…yet both racing to alter the uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of
mankind’s final war.
8.…civility is not a sign of weakne, and sincerity is always subject to proof.
9.let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors
10.…each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its
national loyalty.
翻译
11.We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of
freedom-symbolizing an end as well as beginning- signifying renewal as well as change.
12.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided ,
there is little we can do-for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and
split asunder.
13.…one form of colonial control shall not have paed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.
14.…and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.
15...we renew our pledge of support- to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective- to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak- and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
16.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.
17.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate.
我们不会由于恐惧而去谈判：但是我们永远不畏惧谈判。
18.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungles of suspicion.如果小小的一点合作能驱散深深的猜疑。
19.In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final succe and failure of our course.
同胞们，我们事业的最终成败不是掌握在我的手中，而是掌握在你们手中。
20.Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.不要问你的国家能为你做什么-首先要问你能为你的国家做什么
A Rose for Emily
1.But garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood;
2.Not that Mi Emily would have accepted charity.
3.”just-as if a man- any man- could keep a kitchen properly,” the ladies said…
What the ladies said meant that they did not in the least believe a man, any man, could keep a kitchen properly.
4 It was another link between the gro, teeming world and the high and mighty Griersons.
The Griersons regarded themselves as very important and the outside world as vulgar and full of people inferior to them.They belonged to two entirely different worlds.However, the complaints about smell served as a link between the two different worlds and compelled Mi Emily to deal with the outside world.
5 The next day he received two more complaints, one from a man who came in diffident deprecation
The next day the mayor received two more complaints.One of them was from a man who came and pleaded to the mayor in a shy and timid way.
6.People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last, believed that the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were.
People in the town fell that the Grierson family regarded themselves more important
than they really deserved to be.The fact that Mi Emily’s great-aunt, old lady Wyatt, had gone crazy had to do with this blind, exceive self-importance.
7.Now she too would know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or le.
Ordinary people often become excited or worried when they get a penny more or a penny le.Being poor, now she would learn to appreciate the value of money like other people in the town.
8.But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblee oblige-without calling it noblee oblige.
9.We were glad because the two female cousins were even more Grierson than Mi Emily had ever been.
10..…and the very old men…confusing time with its mathematical progreion, as the old do, to whom all the past is not a diminishing road but, instead, a huge meadow which no winter ever quite touches, divided from them now by the narrow bottle-neck of the most recent decade of years.
翻译
11.When Mi Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral: the men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old man-servant--a combined gardener and cook--had seen in at least ten years.=
12.And now Mi Emily had gone to join the representatives of those august names where they lay in the cedar-bemused cemetery among the ranked and anonymous graves of Union and Confederate soldiers who fell at the battle of Jefferson.
13.Alive, Mi Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town.
埃米莉在世时，一直是传统的化身，履行责任和给予关照的对象，这是全镇人沿袭下来的一种义务…
14.They were admitted by the old Negro into a dim hall from which a stairway mounted into still more shadow.
接待他们的是那个黑人男仆，他们来到阴暗的门厅，厅里的楼梯通往光线更加一男的楼上
15… and when they sat down, a faint dust rose sluggishly about their thighs, spinning with slow motes in the single sunray
他们落座时，一股细细的灰尘在大腿周围慢慢扬起，在射进的唯一一缕阳光中，与尘粒一起缓缓地旋转着。
16.Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpne in another was obesity in her.
因为她的骨架小，换了别人只是有点富态，而到她身上就显得肥胖了。
17.So the next night, after midnight, four men croed Mi Emily\'s lawn and slunk about the house like burglars, sniffing along the base of the brickwork and at the cellar openings while one of them performed a regular sowing motion with his hand out of a sack slung from his shoulder.
18.They had not even been represented at the funeral.
19.Mi Emily just stared at him, her head tilted back in order to look him eye for eye, until he looked away and went and got the arsenic and wrapped it up.
20.Now and then we would see her in one of the downstairs windows--she had evidently shut up the top floor of the house--like the carven torso of an idol in a niche, looking or not looking at us, we could never tell which.
第17篇：高级英语演讲稿
1.NEW YORK SENATE RACE SPEECH
HILARY CLINTON
Youknow, you know, we started this great effort on a sunny July morning in Pinders Corner on Pat and Liz Moynihan\'s beautiful farm and 62 counties, 16 months, 3 debates, 2 opponents, and 6 black pantsuits later, because of you, here we are.
You came out and said that iues and ideals matter, jobs matter, downstate and upstate, health care matters, education matters, the
environment matters, social security matters, a woman\'s right to choose
matters.It all matters and I just want to say from the bottom of my heart, thank you, New York!
Thank you for opening up your minds and your hearts, for seeing the
poibility of what we could do together for our children and for our future here in this state and in our nation.I am profoundly grateful to all of you for giving me the chance to serve you.
I willabout overcrowded or crumbling schools, about the struggle to care for growing children and aging parents, about the continuing challenge of providing equal opportunity for all and about children moving away from their home towns because good jobs are so hard to find in upstate New York.Now I\'ve worked on iues like these for a long time, some of them for 30 years, and I am determined to make a difference for all of you.
You see, I believe our nation owes every responsible citizen and every responsible family the tools that they need to make the most of their own lives.That\'s the basic bargain.I\'ll do my best to honor in the United States Senate.
And to those of you who did not support me, I want you to know that I will work in the Senate for you and for all New Yorkers.And to those of you who worked so hard and never lost faith even in the toughest times, I offer you my undying gratitude.
2.Gettysburg Addre
AbrahamLincoln
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow – this ground.The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
3.The Declaration of Independence
When in the Course of human events, it becomes neceary for one people to diolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to aume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature\'s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happine.--That to
secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happine.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the neceity which
constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.The history of
the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
……
第18篇：高级财务英语
英译汉
1.Owner’s equity 所有者权益2.Charge of accounts账目管理3.bankreconciliation银行对帐单4.Marketable security 有价证券5.Intangible aets无形资产6.impairment test7.accumulate depreciation 累计折旧8.interest payable 应付利息9.common stock 普通股10.capital supplies 资本来源11.accounting elements会计要素12.debets balance 借方余额13.posting 过账14.net realizable value净变现价值15.securities exchange 证券交易所16.amortization分期偿还17.premium bonds溢价债券18.current liabilities流动负债19.partnership合资企业20.cash dividends现金股利
汉译英
1.公认会计准则generally accepted accounting principle （GAAP）2．总账generalledger3.应收账款receivable account4．坏账准备Bad Debit Reserve5.存货inventory6.固定资产fixed aets7.预收账款Accounts Received in Advance8.债券折价发行bond discount9.独资企业individual proprietorship10股票、股利 stock dividend11.经济业务busine transaction 12.丁字账户skeleton account13.调整及结账分录closing entry14．债券bond15.折旧率rate of depreciation16.使用寿命service life17.特许权franchise18.债券面值Face value19.优先股 preferred stock20.实收资本paid-in capital 1．The difference between the bonds and debentures Answer:A bond is secured by physical aets in a trust in a trust deed written into the bond contract.If the bond goes into default,the trust deed provisions allow the bondholders to seize specified physical aerts and sell them to recover their investment.A debenture may be secured by something other than a physical aet that can be seized and sold in the event of default on the iue.The aet secured may be a general claim on residual aets or the iuer’s credit rating.2.What are the accounting element? Answer:Aets(what an organization owns)LiabilitiesOwner’s equityRevenueExpenseProfit(gains/loes) 3.What is good will? Answer: is the difference between the actual purchase price of an acquired firm and the estimated fair market value of the identifiable net aets acquired.(Aets-Liabilities,valued at fair value) 4.corporations’ advantages and disadvantages.Answer: Advantages Corporationsare separate legal entitiesHave continuity life Shareholders are not liable for the corporationOwnership rights can be esily transferred Disadvantages (1) the income of a corporation is taxed twice(2) Corporations are generally subject to more regulations than other businees
第19篇：中石化高级英语
一、短文（阅读理解）
1、How to be Happy如何获得幸福
In the past two weeks we have looked at the happine formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happine) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happine quotient. Step 1: Peace and quiet：Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happine Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.It is eential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council.Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite.If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. Step 2: Relationships：This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happine quotient.Often our deepest sources of unhappine are found in poor relationships with others.A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned.A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compaionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery.When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. Step 3: Share：If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends.Paing on what works is eential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
第一步：平和宁静：乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
第二步：人际关系：这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。
第三步：分享：如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。
1、What\'s the happine formula according to the paage? The formula refers to H (happine) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).
2、Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.
3、How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindne and consideration to our neighbors.
4、Where does the unhappine come from? Our unhappine often comes from poor relationships with others.
5、What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you can to do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.
2、City Design城市设计
When I\'m being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn\'t help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.The world\'s cities are in trouble.In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels. In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism.In just a few years,many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly succeful bus-base rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people. Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.Cars promise mobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city.After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car.Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars.A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted --- all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this disaster, we\'d better start designing sustainable cities.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。
现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。
1、What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center? He takes a bus.
2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people\'s health but also cause heavy traffic jam.
3、What does the last sentence \"the vision of a city designed for people\" in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not (for) cars.
4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars
5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars (mechanism) no human.
3、Population人口
A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet.The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate. So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as \"Death Control\".You have no doubt heard of the term \"Birth Control\".\"Death Control\" is something rather different.It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases.Through a wide variety of technological innovations that \"include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die.However, this succe is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind. If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem.If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 50,000 square meters.This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have.More than three-fifths of the world\'s land cannot produce food.Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further.But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its \"capital\" ---its nonrenewable foil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades.We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。
那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。
如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。
显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。
1、What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase at its present rate.
2、According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control
3、What is the doctors\' job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.
4、Why isn\'t there enough land to support human beings? Because the world\'s land has already been taken up by the ever-increasing population.
5、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as ___.nonrenewable
4、Earthquake地震
Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men; since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in millions and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation.The greater part of such damage and lo of life has been due to collapse of buildings and effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves. The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas.One such area encompaes the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land maes.The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions.They may happen anywhere at any time. This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be poible.By analyzing changes in animal behavior, pattems of movements in the earth\'s crust, variations in the force of gravity and the earth\'s magnetic field and the frequency with which minor earth tremors are observed, scientists have shown increasing succe in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike.As a result, worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected. It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructivene altogether, but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。
大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。
几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。
人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未可知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好地应对可能造成的破坏。
1、What are the causes of the great part ofthe damage and lo of life? Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena from earthquakes.
2、Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? The area encompaes the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land maes, East Indians to the Atlas Mountains.
3、What fact does “element of the unknown\" in paragraph 3 refer to? It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time.
4、What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? a) analyzing changes in animal behavior b) patterns of movements in the earth\'s crust c) variations in the force of gravity and the earth\'s magnetic field d) observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors
5、What is the author\'s attitude toward the poibility of earthquake predictions? Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more poible.
5、The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏
In the aftermath of the BP oil spill, President Obama voiced the concerns of countle scientists, environmentalists, and Gulf Coast residents when he declared, \"We\'re dealing with a maive and potentially unprecedented environmental disaster.\" The sheer size of the oil spill --- 210,000 gallons a day contaminating the Gulf of Mexico --- has many people worried about the short and long-term environmental harm it is causing.The oil spill could severely damage fragile ecosystems for years, poibly decades.Beaches fouled by oil spills are very difficult to clean up.To make matters worse, the spill threatens beaches just as shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles are coming ashore to lay their eggs. Even worse is the effect the oil spill could have on.sensitive salt marshes and mangrove coastlines, which would be practically impoible to clean and that some fear might be permanently destroyed.These wetlands are considered the nurseries for the fishing and seafood industry and are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.Because they cover much more land area than beaches, the risk oftheir exposure to damage is greatly increased. Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexico depend on estuaries, which are coastal waters where freshwater from rivers and streams mix with sea water.Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.Many species depend on wetlands for food, shelter and breeding.The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are homes to hundreds of species of aquatic life.The longer the oil fouls the water, the more polluted the food chain becomes, which could result in large fish kills and seafood too contaminated for consumption.英国石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到，“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难”。每天足足有21万加仑的原油泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所造成的短期和长期的危害感到担忧。
这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海滩造成污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节。
还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不可能被清理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕鱼业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。
在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场所。
墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间越长，水产品食物链被污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重污染而无法食用。
1.In the first sentence \"President Obama voiced the concems ofcountle scientists...\" what does the word \"voice\" mean? Voice here means \"to expre an idea of...\" 2.How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.3.How important are the wetlands to the wildlife? The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.4.Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands? Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.5.How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico? Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.
6、Green Computers“绿色”电脑
Computer manufacturers, chipmakers and software companies are developing \"greener\" products for environmentally conscious consumers.While some tech companies are developing more energy-efficient product lines, others are releasing software to make existing computers consume le.And electronics manufacturers are expanding_ways to make new computers out of recycled materials, as well as encourage customers to recycle old machines.Consumers may pay a slight premium for some eco-friendly electronics, but many prices will be comparable with traditional offerings. Several factors are pushing companies to be greener.Many want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to garner favor with green investors.And with energy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses. The computer industry has been working on improving energy consumption for years.The newer focus has been on toxins and recycling.For example, Lenovo Group Ltd.uses 10% to 25% recycled plastics harvested from water bottles.Last month, Intel Corp.introduced new chips that it says will speed up computing performance without sucking up additional power.The company also developed technology, called Remote Wake, to keep computers in a low-energy mode until users need them for retrieving files over the Internet.Hewlett-Packard Co.has developed a new feature called Auto-On / Auto-Off that puts inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once they are used again.This feature has been added to HP\'s personal desktop laser printers in 2009.Attention to manufacturing materials is a priority.HP introduced an ink-jet printer that is made of 83% recycled plastics. Experts say that keeping your old computer out of the landfill is better for the environment than buying a new one.目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司都纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造企业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环利用旧电脑。某些环保类电子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但仍有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多。
有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试吸引那些设法节省费用的消费者。
计算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中有10%至25%是用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的技术可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不在工作状态的打印机进入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快地恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生产的个人桌面激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先放在了制造材料上，他们生产的一款喷墨打印机就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。
专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填埋比买台新电脑更好。
1.Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products? Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers.2.Compared to the old computer, the price of the greener machine is_____.A little bit more expensive.3.From the three examples, Lenovo, Intel and HP, we can know that_______ .Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impreion from green investors.On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price。 4.What is the function of Auto-On /Auto-Off? It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.5.What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean? Don\'t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.
7、Cell Phones手机
What would life look like without cell phones? Today\'s hottest selling mobile phones are now loaded with features such as MP3 music players, TV, music and wirele photo printing.Cell phones have changed so much in the past few years that with every new product launch comes another big dilemma for the cellular manufacturers.How do you create the next big hit? How does the manufacturer separate the hits fiom the gimmicks, while trying to decipher what cell phone users really want or need in the near future? Industry insiders say the most popular phones will have advanced functions that are simple to customize for individual tastes. Manufacturers believe that the succe of the cell phone lies in the building and development of high-speed networks-to deliver services like video, music and high speed Internet.While these networks are now in operation the industry insiders are considering radical redesigns to phones, displays and services to ensure the new features are simple to use.Such developments, combined with software that allows users to customize their cell phone browser for services such as sports scores or news, could replace PDAs and other-gadgets.Cellular companies are also betting consumers will soon use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.Developers should now concentrate on designing exciting new looks for phones, since few things have more direct influence over a consumer\'s fickle buying behavior than the emotional response that the shape,color or look of a phone evokes.没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢？今天畅销的手机都有MP3播放器、电视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去几年里的变化非常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机制造商们都会再次陷入苦恼之中。该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢？制造商该怎样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要的东西，并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢？业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机是具有能够简单地迎合顾客个人喜好的尖端功能的手机。
制造商相信手机的成功取决于高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速互联网的服务。在这些网络运营的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其新的功能使用简化。这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以在手机浏览器上定制体育比赛得分或新闻等服务的软件，可以代替PDA（掌上电脑）和其它装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，消费者将用手机完成一切事务，从看电视到学习和学校考试。开发商们现在应当集中精力设计外形更吸引入的新手机，因为除了手机的外形、颜色或款式所引起的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。
1、What are the features of today\'s mobile phones? They are loaded with (features such as) MP3 music players, TV, music and wirele photo printing.
2、What will manufactures face if they produce a new product? They will face a big dilemma.
3、What should the most popular phones have? The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customize for individual tastes.
4、What will people do with cell phones in the future? People will use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.
5、Why does the writer mention \"the emotional response\" in the last sentence? Because he thinks that it affects customers\' buying behavior.
8、Touch Tech触屏技术
For mobile touch technology, it\'s only the beginning.Apple Inc.\'s phone revolutionized the mobile phone with easy-to-use touch-screen technology that allows users to surf the Web, tap out meages or control any number of inventive applications. Developers are working on new applications for \"multi-touch\" screens.These screens can proce commands the user gives with more than one finger, which broadens the poibilities for application.Other developers are working on advances in \"haptic\" feedback --- vibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she\'s reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard.And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands. Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications.Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone.But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games. Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications.In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they\'re controlling on the screen.In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them.The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications. For now, at least many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen.A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.就移动触摸技术而言，现在只是刚刚开始。苹果公司的电话产品使移动电话行业产生了突破性变革，其便利的触摸屏技术可以便于用户浏览网络、发送短信或者掌控许多新颖应用软件。
开发人员正致力于新“多触点”屏幕的应用研究。这些屏幕可以处理用户用多手指同时给出的指令，这也增加了这项技术被应用的可能性。其他开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升级技术——即现在所应用的震动和其它物理感知技术，它们不但可用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真实键盘的触觉。对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也将能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。
软件开发人员开始研发多触点应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。
触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到了广泛应用。例如，在视频游戏中，它可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶他们所控制的荧屏赛车。在医疗培训中，它可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员能更自如地操作这些仪器。触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛运用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。
目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
1、Why do we say Apple\'s iPhone is a revolution Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen.
2、What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can proce commands the user gives with more than one finger.
3、What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations.
4、What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games.
5、Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.
9、Foil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活
Oil and natural gas are an important part of our everyday life.Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily. In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector (cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from fuels made from oil. Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol.However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products.Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to auring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future. In areas of the world that are still developing, businees and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products.World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations.Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand.Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020. World population is currently around 6 billion peoplet but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020.That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。它们不仅使我们出行方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。
在美国，交通运输系统（私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等）的运行所依赖的能源中有97%来自石油炼制的燃料。虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。
在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。在可预测的将来，石油仍将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57%。
目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会增至约76亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。
1.According to the text, how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.They can also be made into many products that we use every day.2.What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles? They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.3.Can altemate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? Why? No, it can\'t.Oil and gas will still be crucially important to auring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.4.Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership? In the developing world.5.What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.
10、Carbon Emiions碳排放
The task --- in which carbon emiions are pumped into underground reservoir rather than released --- is challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas. Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second most common fuel used for electricity generation.In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and le efficient machinery, the equation is even worse. Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green.But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend. There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages.But progre has not been promising. The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe.Many have likened carbon capture\'s road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon.Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its ‘moon landing\'.Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local iue.Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site, calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety.A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.将燃料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。
在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家，情况则更糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。
如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。 欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设12个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。挪威正在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。
碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。 1.In paragraph l, what does the underlined word \"so\" refer to? The word \"so\" refers to \"challenging\".2.What can be learned about carbon emiions in the coal plants in developing countries? The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are le efficient.As a result, produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3.How can the use of coal become \"green\"? Coal can become \'green\' through carbon capture and storage.4.According to the text, what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5.What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site? The carbon stored at an underground site could leak, and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.
11、Marine Pollution海洋污染
By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world\'s population could have increased to around 12 billion.Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea.The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant preures on fertile coastal areas. One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution.The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea. Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources (including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources and radioactive discharges). Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and poibly dangerous \"blooms\" of algae in coastal waters.As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water, this led, in some areas, to \"creeping dead zones\". Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations.Radioactive elements traceable to reproceing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast. Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and proceing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some sea foods unfit for human consumption.到2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到120亿。其中大约有60%的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。
人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。
虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源（包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、农业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物）相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。
污水排放物和农业生产所造成的肥料污染使海岸水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，使这些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区”。
放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。远在格陵兰岛西部海岸的海草里都能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元素。
金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。
1.Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050? Because 60% of the world\'s population will live within 60km of the sea.2.How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the paage? What are they? There are four: marine pollution, nutrient pollution, radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution.3.What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution? Oil pollution.4.Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of____ .Oxygen.5.The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by _____.Radioactive elements.
12、China\'s Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术
China\'s unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price.Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking.Just l in 100 of China\'s nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe.At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields. The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China: The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categories.Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power.The country is the world\'s second largest market for wind turbines.In car-making, China\'s BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first ma-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet. Understanding they are in a global race, China\'s leaders are supporting businees with policies and incentives.Beijing recently hiked China\'s auto mileage standards to a level the U.S.is not expected to reach until 2020.Beijing also says it will boost the country\'s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020 from 16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe.Beijing\'s green intentions will soon be put to the test.China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history.A study estimates that over 350 million people will migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025.Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers --- equal to 10 New York Cities.And as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants.中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。中国2/3的河流湖泊污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。中国近6亿城市人口中只有1%的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏了大量良田。
诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。中国也是全球第二大风电机组市场。在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。
中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各种政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要到2020年才能达到的水平。北京还表示，到2020年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16%上升到23%，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。中国正处于有史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。随着新建办公室和房屋的成倍增长，那些耗费能源的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。
1、What are some of the downsides to China\'s growth? Rivers, lakes and air are seriously polluted.Water and agricultural land have been poisoned.
2、According to the paage, how many people in China breathe safe air? 6 million.
3、What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic (homegrown) manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels.
4、What are Beijing\'s green intentions? Beijing will boost the country\'s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020.
5、What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population.
13、Market Economy市场经济
There are pros and cons for command and market economies. Let\'s look at the command economy first.The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralized government.A command economy means that the government is involved in every step.There are other downsides to a command economy.Often factories don\'t meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on.Basically things have to be adjusted.Production and prices might have to be increased or decreased; there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy. Now let\'s look at the market economy.That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.Here\'s how it works.We\'ll use the example of clothing.Maybe somebody --- say Jack --- decides to open a company making clothes.He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them.If the clothes become popular then Jack can mcrease the price and keep increasing it.By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his busine to make even more money.At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businees in competition.This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing le.The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with le profit to stay in busine.In this case the market economy is the way to go. With a command economy the government runs everything and everybody, but with a market economy the government supposedly provides aistance only to correct problems that can\'t be solved by the market.With a command economy come chronic shortages, inefficiencies.On the other hand, the market economy offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progre and prosperity.计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。
现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制而政府并不能为它们做任何决定。我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他杰克，决定开一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并维持价格的攀升。通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的利润。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别人将注意到他做的很优秀，于是这些人将创办新的企业与杰克竞争。这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为人们都愿意买更便宜的衣服。各家公司将不得不降低成本、减少利润，使自己在行业内得以生存。在这种情况下，市场经济才是正确的方向。
在计划经济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人：而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。计划经济逐渐导致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进步和社会繁荣的良机。
1.What is the role of government in the command economy? The economy is directed, controlled by the centralized government.2.What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy.3.What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.4.Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtual person who owns a company that makes clothes.5.What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides / offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progre and prosperity.
14、CPI消费者物价指数
If the CPI, Consumer Price Index was 2.1% in a country, what does that mean? In a nutshell, it means that consumers in that country paid 2.1% more than in the previous year for the goods and services included in the CPI basket.Although prices of goods and services rise and fall over time, when prices change too dramatically, they can have negative effects on an economy.In order to tell if an economy is experiencing inflation, deflation or stagflation, we use the CPI as a gauge of the prices ofgoods and services. When the Department of Labor\'s Bureau of Labor Statistic releases the CPI data monthly, the CPI\'s results are widely anticipated and watched.Who would eagerly await the results, you might ask? Well, the CPI plays an important role for many key financial decision makers, including individual investors, the Central Banks and the Federal Reserve in the U.S.The CPI helps central banks forecast the interest-rate policy and other decisions of major banks and corporations. I mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to expand on what this basket is and how we get the information.The base-year market basket, which makes up the CPI, comes from detailed expenditure information collected from surveys of thousands of families.The information is not randomly collected, instead, the information is gathered through interviews and diaries kept by participants who have agreed to disclose their buying habits.The basket is divided into eight groups: food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication and other goods and services, and includes more than 200 categories.Finally, the prices of 80,000 items in the market basket are collected monthly from thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors\' offices. 如果某个国家的消费者物价指数为2.1%，那意味着什么？简单地说，这意味着这个国家的消费者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了2.1%。虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波动，但是如果价格变动幅度过大，则会给经济带来负面影响。为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、通货紧缩或者是滞胀，我们把CPI作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺度。
劳工部劳动数据统计局每月公布CPI数据的时候，很多人都期待并关注CPI结果。你或许会问什么人会热切地等待着这些结果？CPI对许多重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮备银行。CPI帮助中央银行预测主要银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。
前面提到过CPI篮子，现在我想进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，以及我们如何获取信息。组成CPI的基本年度市场篮子是在调查了成千上万户家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。这些信息不是随机搜集来的，而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。基本篮子可分为8个组，包括了200多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。最后，市场篮子中的8万件物品的价格是从成千上万个零售商店、服务部门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得来的。 1.What is CPI short for? Consumer Price Index.2.What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country this year? Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3% more than in the previous year for the goods and services.3.What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on an economy.4.Who are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why? Many key financial decision makers.Because the CPI plays an important role for them.5. How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interviews and diaries kept by the participants.
15、The Internet互联网 The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources.The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources.The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication.The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services, such as science, education, busine, history, law, art, and entertainment, etc. The most commonly used network service is electronic mail.Mail permits network users to send textual meages to each other.Computers and networks handle delivering the mail, so that communicating mail users do not have to handle details of delivery, and do not have to be present at the same time or place. Before you can use the Internet, you must choose a way to move data between the Internet and your PC.This link may be a high-speed data communication circuit, a local area network (LAN), a telephone line or a radio channel.Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Internet. Worldwide web (www) is a networked hypertext protocol and user interface.It provides acce to multiple services and documents like Gopher does but is more ambitious in its method.A jump to other Internet service can be triggered by a mouse click on a \"hotlinked\" word, image, or icon on the Web page. As more and more systems join the Internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to digital form, the amount of stuff available to Internet users continues to grow.At some points very soon after the nationwide (and later worldwide) Internet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community.So we can say that the Internet is your PC\'s window to the rest of the world.互联网是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源为我们提供各种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。
最常被使用的网络服务是电子邮件。电子邮件允许网络用户彼此传送文本消息。计算机和网络负责传递邮件，这样一来，邮件用户不必关心传递的细节，而且没有必要在同一时间或地点出现。
在上网之前，你必须选择一种方法，在网络和你自己的电脑之间移动数据。这个连接可能是一个高速数据通信线路、局域网(LAN)、电话线或无线频道。大多数情况下，你可以使用一个连接到你的电话线上的调制解调器来实现网络连接。
万维网( WWW)是一种网络的超文本协议和用户界面。像Gopher 一样它能提供多种服务和文件接入方法，但其功能更加齐全。向其它互联网服务的跳转可在“网”页上由鼠标器点击“热链接”的文字、图像或按钮来启动。
随着越来越多的系统加入互联网，而且越来越多的信息可以转变成数字形式，用户能得到的信息量也在持续增长。随着互联网在全国（然后在全世界）开通，人们便会开始将互联网看作是一个社区。
所以我们可以说，互联网是你的个人计算机通向世界其它地方的窗口。 1.What can network resources be divided into? They are divided into network facilities resources and network information resources.2.What\'s the function of each network resource? The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication and also provide us all kinds of information services 3.Why do most people choose the Internet to deliver e-mails nowadays? Because it is the fastest and most convenient way 4.What is the most poible way you choose to move data between the Internet and your PC? Using a Modem attached to the telephone line. 5.Why do people regard the Net as a community in the near future? Because people can get and do whatever they want at home as more and more systems join the Internet and more and more forms of information are available to the amount of Internet users.
16、Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision 苹果公司用iPad延续梦想
The launch of Apple’s iPad in the US is a polarizing moment.The television news lingers on the queues outside Apple stores, and fans are seen drooling over these latest shiny objects of techno-lust.Doubters, meanwhile, point out that general purpose tablet-style computers such as this have always bombed beforewithout major technological breakthroughs2010 targets. The practical conclusion is that if global warming is potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.Only an aggreive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on foil fuels or dealing with it.全球变暖或许是也或许不是21世纪的环境大危机。但不管是与否，我们都不会采取什么措施。我们会对其争论不休，甚至作为一个国家发表一些听起来庄重的誓言来避免全球变暖。但这些誓言听起来越激动人心、越意味深长，实现它们的可能性却越小。
美国前副总统戈尔将全球变暖称作“令人不快的真相”，似乎只要我们认识到这个真相就可以找到解决这一问题的途径。但是实际的真相是我们并没有足够的能力消除全球变暖；若没有重大的科技突破，我们根本无能为力。
2003年至2050年世界人口预计将增长42%，即从64亿增长至91亿。如果人均消耗能源和科技水平不变，到2050年，能源消耗总量和温室气体排放将增加42%。但是这只是一个保守数字，因为社会的进步和富足意味着更多的能源消耗。经济发展是必需的，除非不再提高人们的生活水准，让世界上的贫困人口永远过贫穷的生活。但即使经济保守地发展，到2050年，能源消耗及温室气体排放也会增加一倍多。
任何政府都不会采取刚性的措施限制经济发展和个人自由（如：限制用电量、开车出行、外出旅行等），尽管这样的措施会减缓全球变暖。但是政治家们依然想证明他们没有对全球变暖“置之不理”。“京都议定书”就是个实例。其中规定所有签约国家有权利惩罚那些非签约国。但是“京都议定书”并没有使二氧化碳的排放有所减少，况且很多签约国也并没有采取足够严厉的措施以实现2008witne the damage wreaked by apparently small misjudgments about subprime mortgages.This is Naim Nicholas Taleb\'s meage when he warns of \"black swans\".Every now and then something unlikely but very important happens.当肆虐的冰岛火山喷发把我困在赫尔辛基时，我注意到与我有类似遭遇的同事和那些没有旅行计划的同事之间存在严重的意见分歧。对于我，这就是世界末日。对于那些安全地待在英国的同事而言，火山灰云不过是关注欧元危机和英国大选等重要事件之余的一点谈资而已。
我开始设想一些可怕的场景。还有什么是依赖于航空的？肯尼亚的鲜花业务依赖于航空，但它对肯尼亚人的重要性要远远超过我们。没有沙拉，我们同样可以生存。但别的呢？我依赖手机，但假若手机网络在伦敦的哈克尼出现了故障，而知道如何修理的系统工程师也被困在了赫尔辛基，该怎么办？如果伯明翰的生产线出现故障，而修理所需的零配件在名古屋怎么办？情况开始看上去比惹恼一些脾气暴躁的旅客更为严重，特别是埃亚菲亚德拉火山可能持续爆发几年。而附近矗立的另一座更大的火山卡特拉显示出了在埃亚菲亚德拉火山喷发后不久也会喷发的迹象。我刚看过一幅关于冰岛9座“主火山”的地图，埃亚菲亚德拉不在其中。
即使火山灰云经常出现，市场经济往往也具有惊人的活力。日本神户大地震或者9.11恐怖袭击等可怕事件几乎都没有对全球经济产生持久性影响。尽管航空旅行的持续中断会损害一些行业，但其它行业会从中受益。我们会用本地蔬菜替代沙拉，企业可以将核心员工迁往别处，持有更多库存以防航空服务中断，我们会顺应环境。
我们真的会吗？在一个像欧洲经济一样复杂的体系中，我们很难对某一事件所产生的影响抱有绝对信心，看看对次级抵押贷款做出的明显微小的误判所带来的损害吧。这就是纳西姆·尼古拉斯·塔雷伯对“黑天鹅”发出警告时所传递的信息。一些看似不可能但又非常重要的事件时有发生。
1.What is the different impact of ash cloud on the author and the people in UK? For the author, it was the end of the world.But for the people who stay safely in the UK, the ash cloud was not a very important thing at all, comparing with the Euro crisis and British election.2.Summarize all the categories of things that depended on air travel? The Kenyan flower busine, salads, the system engineer, the components to fix certain machines and frequent flyers.3.Why have \"market economies tended to be surprisingly resilient\"? Because other sectors would benefit if some sectors would suffer from sustained disruption to air travel.4.What does the author mean by \"others would benefit\"? For example, we\'d substitute local vegetables for salads, while businees would relocate eential staff and hold more inventory to allow for disruptions.5.What does \"black swans\" mean in the paage? Every now and then something unlikely but very important happens.
30、Project Management项目管理
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management procees of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing.The project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives. Managing a project includes: identifying requirements; establishing clear and achievable objectives; balancing the competing demands for quality, scope, time and cost and adapting the specifications, plans, and approach to the different concerns and expectations of the various stakeholders. Project managers often talk of a \"triple constraint\" --- project scope, time and cost --- in managing competing project requirements.Project quality is affected by balancing these three factors.High quality projects deliver the required product, service or result within scope, on time, and within budget.The relationship among these factors is such that if any one of the three factors changes, at least one other factor is likely to be affected.Project managers also manage projects in response to uncertainty.Project risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on at least one project objective.The project management team has a profeional responsibility to its stakeholders including customers, the performing organization, and the public.It is important to note that many of the procees within project management are iterative because of the existence of progreive elaboration in a project throughout the project\'s life cycle.That is, as a project management team learns more about a project, the team can then manage to a greater level of detail.项目管理就是将各种知识、技能、手段和技术应用到项目活动中，以满足项目的各项要求。项目管理是通过启动、计划、执行、监控和关闭这几个阶段的实施和整合来实现的。项目经理则是对实现项目目标负责的那个人。
管理一个项目包括以下几个部分：分析项目要求，确立清晰并可实现的目标，权衡质量、范围、时间和成本间的竞争水平，并依照行业规范和项目计划采取相应办法满足利益相关者的要求和期望。
项目经理们经常谈到的“三重制约”是指项目的范围、时间和成本。这三者的权衡关系到项目完成的质量。高质量项目一定是在计划的范围、时间和预算成本之内完成并达到项目要求。这三个因素间有着密切的关系，其中一个因素的改变会影响到至少其它一个因素也发生变化。项目经理的另外一项责任就是应对项目的不确定因素。项目风险就是一种不确定的事件或条件，一旦出现风险，它可能会给至少一个项目目标带来正面或负面的影响。项目管理团队还对客户、组织机构和公众等这些利益相关者负有职业责任。
还需要注意的一点是项目管理的很多阶段是重复发生的，这是因为在项目建设周期中需要不断地对项目进行完善。也就是说，随着项目管理团队对项目了解的增多，项目管理团队就能达到更精细化经营的水平。
1.What are the procees of project management? Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing.2.What are the four things a project manager should do when managing a project? Identify the requirements; establish clear and achievable objectives; balance the competing demands for quality, scope, time and cost and adapt the specifications, plans, and approach to the different concerns and expectations of the various stakeholders.3.What does \"triple constraint\" imply? And how does it affect the quality of project? \"Triple Constraint\" implies the project scope, time and cost.Project quality is affected by balancing these three factors.4.Who are the stakeholders to the project management team? Customers, the performing organization, and the public.5.Why are the procees of project management often iterative? Because the project has to be progreively elaborated throughout the project\'s life cycle and as a project management team learns more about a project, the team can then manage to a greater level of detail.
二、短文英译汉
l、Origin of Oil and Gas石油和天然气的成因
Oil and gas result mostly from dead microorganisms buried quickly in anoxic environments, where oxygen is so scarce that they do not decompose.This lack of oxygen enables them to maintain their hydrogen-carbon bonds, a neceary ingredient for the production of foil fuels.Newly developing ocean basins, formed by plate tectonics and continental rifting (deformation), provide just the right conditions for rapid burial in anoxic waters.Rivers fill these basins with sediments carrying abundant organic remains.Because the basins have constricted water circulation, they also have lower oxygen levels than the open ocean. Plate tectonics is also responsible for creating the \"preure cooker\" that slowly matures the organics into oil and gas.This proce usually takes millions ofyears, giving the oil and gas deposits time to migrate around the globe on the back of plate movements.Because these hydrocarbons are much more buoyant than water, they eventually force their way to the surface.Alternatively, rifting, collisions between landmaes, and other tectonic forces can free the mature oil and gas from deep within sedimentary basins and then trap these organic fluids in reservoirs before they escape to the earth\'s surface.We know these reservoirs as oil and gas fields.The same plate tectonics that creates the locations and conditions for anoxic burial is also responsible for the geologic paths that these sedimentary basins subsequently take.Continental drift, subduction (where one plate thrusts under another) and collision with other continents provide the movement from swamps, river deltas and mild climates --- where most organics are deposited --- to the poles and deserts, where they have ended up today by coincidence. 石油和天然气大多是由缺氧环境下迅速被掩埋的死亡微生物生成的。这种环境氧气奇缺致使这些微生物无法分解。氧气的缺乏能够使那些死去的微生物保持它们的碳氢键——这是产生化石燃料的一种必要组分。由板块构造运动和大陆裂谷作用（变形）而新近演化形成的大洋盆地，正好为在缺氧水域的快速埋藏提供了合适环境。河流携带着丰富的有机残余物充填这些盆地。由于这些盆地的水循环受到局限。因此，它们的含氧量比开阔大洋更低。
板块构造还形成了一个使有机质缓慢成熟演化成石油和天然气的“压力锅”。油气生成过程通常要经历数百万年，从而为在板块运动背景下油气的运移提供了时间。因为烃类化合物比水的浮力大，所以它们最终会竭力上升到地表。同时裂谷作用，板块之间的碰撞以及其它构造力可以将沉积盆地深处成熟的石油或者天然气释放出来，并在这些有机流体逸散到地表之前，将它们圈闭在油气藏中，我们称这些油气藏为油气田。
为缺氧条件下微生物的埋藏提供了空间和条件的板块构造运动同样对这些沉积盆地的后期地质演化起着重要作用。大陆漂移、俯冲（一个板块俯冲到另一板块之下的过程）以及和其它大陆的碰撞作用能使沼泽、河流三角洲和温带气候区（大部分有机质沉积的地方）恰巧演变成现今的极地和沙漠环境。
2、Evolution of Petroleum Exploration Concepts and Techniques石油勘探概念和技术的演变
From the days of Noah to OPEC, the role of the petroleum geologist has become more and more skilled and demanding.In the early days oil was found by wandering about the countryside with a naked flame, optimism, and a sense of adventure.One major U.S.company, which will remain namele, once employed a chief geologist whose exploration philosophy was to drill on old Indian graves.Another oil finder used to put on an old hat, gallop about the prairie until his hat dropped off, and start drilling where it landed.History records that he was very succeful (Cunningham-Craig, 1912).One of the earliest exploration tools was \"creekology\".It gradually dawned on the early drillers that oil was more often found by wells located on river bottoms than by those on the hills.The anticlinal theory of oil entrapment, which explained this phenomenon, was expounded by Hunt (1861).Up to the present day the quest for anticlines has been one of the most succeful exploration concepts. Experience soon proved, however, that oil could also occur off structure.Carll (1880) noted that the oil-bearing marine Venango sands of Pennsylvania occurred in trends that reflected not structure, but paleo-shorelines.Thus was borne the concept that oil could be trapped stratigraphically as well as structurally.Stratigraphic traps are caused by variations in deposition, erosion, or diagenesis within the reservoir. Through the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth, oil exploration was based on the surface mapping of anticlines.Stratigraphic traps were found accidentally by serendipity or by subsurface mapping and extrapolation of data gathered from wells drilled-to test structural anomalies.Unconformities and disharmonic folding limited the depth to which surface mapping could be used to predict subsurface structure.The solution to this problem began to emerge in the mid-1920s, when seismic (refraction), gravity, and magnetic methods were all applied to petroleum exploration. Pure geological exploration methods advanced slowly but steadily during the first half of the twentieth century.One of the main applications to oil exploration was the development of micropaleontology.The claic biostratigraphic zones, which are based on macrofoils such as ammonites, could not be identified in the subsurface because.of the destructive effect of drilling.New zones had to be defined by microfoils, which were calibrated at the surface---with macrofoil zones.The study of modem sedimentary environments in the late 1950s and early 1960s, notably on Galveston Island (Texas), the Miiippi delta, the Bahama Bank, the Dutch Wadden Sea, and the Arabian Gulf gave new insights into ancient sedimentary facies and their interpretation.This insight provided improved prediction of the geometry and intemal porosity and permeability variation of reservoirs. The 1970s saw major advances on two fronts: geophysics and geochemistry.The advent of the computer resulted in a major quantum jump in seismic proceing.Instead of seismologists poring painfully over a few bunched galvanometer traces, vast amounts of data could be displayed on continuous seismic sections.Reflecting horizons could be picked out in bright colors, first by geophysicists and later even by geologists.As techniques .improved, seismic lines became more and more like geological cro-sections, until stratigraphic and environmental concepts were directly applicable. In the 1980s increasing computing power led to the development of 3D seismic surveys that enabled seismic sections of the earth\'s crust to be displayed in any orientation, including horizontal.Thus it is now poible to image directly the geometry of many petroleum reservoirs.Similarly enhanced proceing methods made it poible to detect directly the presence of oil and gas.These improvements went hand in hand with enhanced borehole logging.It is now poible to produce logs of the mineralogy, porosity, and pore fluids of boreholes, together with images of the geological strata that they penetrate. 从圣经里的诺亚时代到OPEC（石油输出国组织）时代，石油地质学家这一职业需要越来越多的技能，要求越来越高。早期石油都是人们满怀热情、乐观和冒险精神，在乡村信步游荡时发现的。一个大型的美国公司（匿名）曾聘用了一位首席地质学家，他的勘探哲学是在印第安人古墓上进行钻探。另一个石油探寻者习惯于带上一顶旧帽子，然后在草原上骑马狂奔直至他的帽子掉落，并在他帽子落地的地方开始钻井。据历史记载，他是非常成功的（坎宁安一克雷格，1912）。“溪滨学”是最早的石油勘探工具之一，早期钻井工程师逐渐明白在河流底部钻井比山顶钻井更容易发现石油。由亨特创立的(1861)石油捕集的背斜理论可以解释这种现象。直至今日，背斜钻探一直是最成功的石油勘探概念之一。
然而，经验很快证实，石油也能出现在偏离构造的地方。卡尔(1880)指出，宾夕法尼亚含油的海相韦南戈砂岩分布带反映的不是构造，而是古海岸线。因此，石油能赋存于地层圈闭和构造圈闭的勘探概念诞生了。地层圈闭是由沉积、侵蚀或储层内部的成岩作用的变化形成的。 19世纪末到20世纪初，石油勘探是以对背斜构造的地面绘图为依据。地层圈闭偶尔靠运气发现，或是通过地下绘图和对为检验构造异常体而进行钻井所得到的数据推断而来。不整齐和不规则的褶皱作用限制了地表绘图对地下构造推断的深度。20世纪20年代中期，当地震（反射）、重力和磁力方法都应用于石油勘探时，该问题才开始得以解决。
20世纪上半叶，纯粹的地质学勘探方法发展缓慢但稳步前行，石油勘探的主要应用之一是微体古生物学的发展。基于菊石等大化石的传统生物地层带不能够在地表下鉴定，因为钻井具有毁坏性作用。新的生物带不得不由微体化石来确定，微体化石带在地表由大化石带校准。20世纪50年代末60年代初的现代沉积环境研究，特别是在加维斯顿岛（德克萨斯州）、密西西比三角洲、巴哈马堤岸、荷兰瓦登海、阿拉伯湾的研究，为古沉积相及其解释提供了新的见解。这种新视野提高了预测储层几何形状、内部孔隙度和渗透率变化的能力。
20世纪70年代，见证了两个前沿领域——地球物理学和地球化学的主要发展。计算机的出现带来了地震处理技术的巨大飞跃。地震学家不再对几束检波器记录苦思冥想，大量数据可以显示在连续的地震剖面上。地球物理学家首先将反射层位挑出来用鲜明的颜色标示，后来甚至地质学家也能这么做。随着技术的进步，地震测线变得越来越像地质剖面，直至地层学概念和环境概念直接应用于此。
20世纪80年代，计算机计算能力的提高促进了三维地震勘探技术的发展，这就使得地震剖面能够从任意方位进行显示，包括水平显示。因此，现在可以对许多油藏的几何形态直接成像。同样增强了的处理方法使得直接探测油气的存在成为可能。这些技术进步与先进的测并技术齐头并进。现今，可以测到矿物、孔隙度、井眼孔隙流体的测井曲线，以及钻井所穿过地层的图像。
UNIT 3 Exploration Methods勘探方法
In the early 1900s drillers finally realized that petroleum occurred in the tiny pore spaces in subsurface reservoir rocks and was concentrated in traps within the reservoir rocks.According to the so-called anticlinal theory, oil accumulates in large, upward folds formed in reservoir rocks.Anticlines are often identified by the pattern ofrock layers cropping out onto the surface of the ground.In the early 1900s oil and gas were found by mapping and drilling anticlines and domes identified at the ground\'s surface. Geophysicists use three methods of oil exploration: magnetic, gravity, and seismic exploration.In magnetic exploration a magnetometer is used to determine the strength of the Earth\'s magnetic field at a specific point on the Earth\'s surface.In gravity exploration a gravity meter, or gravimeter, is used to determine the strength of the Earth\'s gravity at a location.The magnetometer and gravity meter are used to locate hidden, subsurface petroleum traps.In seismic exploration sound is transmitted into the ground by an explosive, such as dynamite, or by a thumper truck.As the sound paes into the subsurface, it is reflected off by subsurface rock layers and returns to the surface as echoes.The echoes are detected and recorded at the surface with microphones.The recordings are proceed to form a picture of subsurface rock layers.Seismic exploration also works well in the ocean.Computers are used to enhance the subsurface picture formed from sound waves. 十九世纪初，钻探家最终认识到石油存在于地下储集岩的微小孔隙中，并且聚集在储集岩的圈闭中。根据所谓的背斜理论，石油聚集在储集岩石中形成的大型上隆褶皱中。背斜构造通常可根据出露地面的岩层产状来识别。十九世纪初，油气就是通过对地表上识别的背斜和穹窿构造的绘图和钻探而发现的。
地球物理学家通过三种方法进行石油勘探：磁力、重力和地震勘探。在磁力勘探中，用磁力仪测定地球表面某一点的地球磁场强度。在重力勘探中，用重力测定仪或重力计测定某一点的地球重力场强度。磁力计和重力计用来确定地下隐藏的石油圈闭的位置。在地震勘探中，通过用爆炸物（如甘油炸药或重锤车）将声波传入地下。当声波向地下传播时，被地下的岩层反射回地面，称为反射波。反射波在地面可用检波器进行检测和记录，这些记录经过处理可以形成地下岩层的图像。地震勘探在海洋中也很有效。计算机可用来提高声波形成的地下图像的质量。
4、Relationship of Petroleum Geology to Petroleum Exploration and Production石油地质学和石油勘探、开发之间的关系
Geologists, in contrast to some nongeologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthermore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonymous, which they are not.Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted.If the petroleum geologists\' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted, then present exploration methods would need extensive modification. Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search.In 1982 a succeful oil finder from Texas, admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them, all it did was increase their costs per barrel of oil found.The South African state oil company (SOEKOR) was under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to test every claim to an oil-finding method, be it dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique.These examples are not isolated cases, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the application of scientific pnnciples. Petroleum geology is only one aspect of petroleum exploration and production.Leaving aside atypical enterprises, petroleum exploration now involves integrated teams of people poeing a wide range of profeional skills.These skills include political and social expertise, which is involved in the acquisition of prospective acreage.Geophysical surveying is involved in preparing the initial data on which leasing and, later, drilling recommendations are based.Geological concepts are applied to the interpretation of the geophysical data once they have been acquired and proceed.As soon as an oil well has been drilled, the engineering aspects of the discovery need appraisal.Petroleum engineering is concerned with establishing the reserves of a field, the distribution of petroleum within the reservoir, and the most effective way of producing it.Thus petroleum geology lies within a continuum of disciplines, beginning with geophysics and ending with petroleum engineering, but overlapping both in time and subject matter. 与非地质学家相比，地质学家相信地质学的概念知识能够帮助寻找石油，并且通常认为石油地质学和石油勘探是同义词，尽管它们不是同义的。关于石油不是由沉积物中的有机质转化而来的理论已经引起了人们的注意。如果石油地质学家关于石油生成和运移的观点没有被接受，那么现行的石油勘探方法将需要进行大幅度的调整。
一些石油勘探家仍不承认他们需要地质学家的帮助进行石油勘探。1982年，一位德克萨斯州成功的石油勘探者声称不需要地质学家，因为当他的竞争对手在雇用了地质学家之后，结果只是增加了每桶原油的发现成本。南非国家石油公司在国家政府法律的强行规定下，对每种发现石油的方法必须进行验证，以便确认它们是找矿方法还是复杂的科学技术。这些例子都不是孤立的情况，人们一直在争论，使用随机钻井可能比采用科学原理更好地找到石油。
石油地质学只是石油勘探和生产的一个方面。除去非典型的公司，现今的石油勘探需要掌握广泛专业技能的人员组成的综合团队。这些技能包括政治和社会知识，以便用于远景区块的并购。地球物理勘探为区块租赁以及后来的钻井建议提供原始数据。地质学概念应用于解释已采集的和处理的地球物理资料。一旦油井完钻，即需要对油气发现进行工程方面的评价。石油工程要考虑油田的储量，油藏中油气分布以及最有效的生产方式。因此，石油地质学位于一个连续的学科体系中，始于地球物理学、止于石油工程，但是在时间和主题上有交叉。
5、Geophysical Methods of Exploration地球物理勘探方法
Petroleum exploration and production are largely concerned with the geological interpretation of geophysical data, especially in offshore areas.Petroleum geologists need to be well acquainted with the methods of geophysics.For many years a large communication barrier existed in many oil companies between the two groups, which were usually organized in different departments.This separation has now largely disappeared, as a new breed of petroleum geoscientist appears --– half geologist and half geophysicist.Unfortunately, a new division has developed within the geophysical world between the mathematicians, physicists, and computer programmers (who acquire and proce geophysical data) and those who use geological concepts to interpret this information. The following account of geophysical methods of petroleum exploration has two objectives.It seeks to explain the basic principles and to illustrate the wonders of modem geophysical display.What it does not pretend to do, however, is explain the arcane mathematics (神秘的数学) and statistical gymnastics (统计学的技巧)that are used to get from first principles to the finished brightly colored geophysical image(色彩鲜明的地球物理图像) .This account is probably sufficient for petroleum reservoir engineers seeking to know the origins of the maps by which fields are found and reserves aeed.For petroleum geologists, however, it is only an introduction and will be followed by courses in geophysics in general and in seismic interpretation in particular. Three main geophysical methods are used in petroleum exploration: magnetic, gravity, and seismic.The first two of these methods are used only in the predrilling exploration phase.Seismic surveying is used in both exploration and development phases and is by far the most important of the three methods. 石油勘探和生产很大程度上与地球物理资料的地质解释密切相关，特别是在海上区域。石油地质学家需要非常熟悉地球物理学方法。多年来，在很多石油公司，通常隶属不同部门的地质和地球物理两个小组之间存在很大的交流障碍。而今，随着石油地球科学家这一新的群体的出现，他们既是半个地质学家，又是半个地球物理学家，原有的两派分化现象在很大程度上已经消失。令人遗憾的是，在地球物理学领域，数学家、物理学家及计算机程序员（采集和处理地球物理资料）和那些应用地质学概念解释这些信息的人员之间又出现了新的分化。
以下所述的石油勘探的地球物理方法有两个目的。一是寻求解释基本现象，二是展示现代地球物理学的技术奇迹。但它并不解释从基本现象到最终色彩鲜明的地球物理图像中所运用的神秘的数学和统计学技巧。该描述可能足以帮助油藏工程师了解发现油田及进行储量评估所用的图件。但是，对于石油地质学家而言，这只是个基础，还要接着学习一般的地球物理学的课程，尤其是地震解释的课程。 石油勘探中的三种主要的地球物理学方法是磁力勘探、重力勘探和地震勘探。前两种方法仅用于钻井之前的勘探阶段。地震勘探用于勘探和开发两个阶段，是目前这三种方法中最重要的方法。
6、Shale Gas页岩气
Shale gas production, which had continued steadily since 1821, underwent renaiance during the energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s and continues to increase.U.S.shale gas production has accelerated from 195 Bcf (billion cubic feet) in 1992 to 300 Bcf in 1995. Extensive research has been undertaken in the exploration for and production of shale gas.It is now known that the regional distribution of shale gas is controlled by the quantity, quality, and level of the maturation of organic matter in the shale formations.Local concentrations of shale gas occur either in siltstone strata or in fracture systems.Siltstone beds commonly occur in the syndepositionallows that are carefully avoided in conventional petroleum exploration. Fracture systems may be best developed where strata are stretched over the crest of anticlines, but they also occur along regional fault and basin hinge-line trends.These can be located by remote sensing and by seismic surveys.Conventional seismic surveys are inappropriate to locate low velocity gas-charged shale zones.Specific methods of shooting and proceing seismic data have now been developed. Conventional drilling with a mud-filled hole will seldom locate shale gas.The weight of the mud forces the gas away from the well bore.Such gas as may escape into the drilling mud is recorded as \"background gas\", with little thought that it may be commercial.Shale gas is found by air drilling.Production is only established after specialized well stimulation techniques have been applied. 自1821年起稳步增长的页岩气生产，在20世纪70年代末和80年代初的能源危机时期经历了一次复兴，并继续增长。美国页岩气生产由1992年的195Bcf(十亿立方英尺)，增加到1995年的300Bcf。
在页岩气勘探和生产领域已经开展了广泛的研究。现在已知页岩气的区域分布是由页岩层中有机质的数量、质量和成熟度水平来控制的。页岩气在粉砂岩地层或裂缝系统中局部聚集。粉砂岩地层通常出现在同沉积期的低洼地带，而常规油气勘探会特意避开这些地方。
裂缝系统最有可能发育在背斜脊部地层拉张的地方，但是沿着区域断层和盆地枢纽线走向也有可能发育。可以通过遥感和地震勘探来确定这些裂缝的位置。常规的地震勘探不适用于确定低速含气页岩区域。特定的激发和地震资料的处理方法现在已经发展起来了。
因为泥浆的重量会迫使页岩气远离井筒，所以传统的泥浆钻井方法很难找到页岩气。这些页岩气可能逃逸到钻井泥浆里而被记录为“背景气体”，没有人想到这些气体会有商业价值。页岩气是由空气钻井发现的。只有应用了特殊的油井增产技术，才能进行页岩气生产。
7、Petroleum System含油气系统 A petroleum system is defined as a natural system that encompaes a pod of active source rock and all related oil and gas and which includes all the geologic elements and procees that are eential if a hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist.This once-active source rock may now be inactive or depleted.Petroleum here includes high concentrations of (1) thermal or biogenic gas found in conventional reservoirs or in gas hydrate, tight reservoirs, fractured shale, and coal; or (2) condensates, crude oils, and asphalts found in nature.The term system describes the interdependent elements and procees that form the functional unit that creates hydrocarbon accumulations. The eential elements include a petroleum source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock, and overburden rock, and the procees are trap fonnation and the generation-migration-accumulation of petroleum.The functions of the first three eential elements are obvious, however, the function of the overburden rock is subtler because, in addition to providing the overburden neceary to thermally mature the source rock, it can also have considerable impact on the geometry of the underlying migration path and trap.These eential elements and procees must occur in time and space so that organic matter included in a source rock can be converted to a petroleum accumulation.A petroleum system exists wherever the eential elements and procees occur. 含油气系统可以定义为一个天然系统，该系统包括一套有效烃源岩和与之相关的所有石油和天然气，以及油气藏存在所必需的所有地质要素和地质作用。这一套曾经有效的烃源岩目前可能已不再有效或已排烃殆尽。这里的“油气”包括高浓度的：(1)在常规储集层、天然气水合物、致密储集层、裂缝性页岩和煤层中发现的热成因或生物成因气；(2)在自然界发现的凝析油、原油和沥青。“系统”一词指油气成藏的功能单元形成所需的相互依存的地质要素和地质作用。
“基本要素”包括烃源岩、储集层、盖层和上覆岩系。“地质作用”包括圈闭的形成和油气的生成一运移一聚集。前三种基本要素的作用是显而易见的，但上覆岩系的作用比较难以捉摸，它不仅提供烃源岩热成熟必须的上覆条件，而且还对其下伏的运移通道和圈闭的几何形态产生很大的影响。这些基本要素和地质作用必须发生在一定的时间和空间，从而使烃源岩中的有机质转化为油气藏。含油气系统存在于具备这些基本要素和地质作用发生的地方。
8、Offshore Development海上开发
Onshore development wells are drilled on various types of geometric arrangement at spacings determined by the permeability of the reservoir and of drainage anticipated for each well.Offshore, however, this procedure is not feasible.Various types of production facilities are now used.These include floating buoys, ships, floating production platforms, and fixed production platforms.Fixed platforms have been used for water depths of up to some 450 m; below that floating production facilities are used.Petroleum production has already been achieved from 890m of water, and production systems are planned for water depths of 1650m in the Mensa field of the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore petroleum production requires the ability to drill a multitude of wells that radiate out from a single platform.In the old days wells could be deviated from vertical by dropping a steel wedge or \"whipstock\" down the borehole.Nowadays with motorized drill bits and sophisticated navigation systems it is poible to steer a well in any orientation that is required.Though this technology was largely developed to facilitate drilling many wells off a single offshore platform, it has now been reintroduced onshore and applied to drilling horizontal wells.Such wells can be drilled to penetrate individual channel reservoir sands or to cro-cut fault systems that may serve as natural conduits for petroleum production.Horizontal drilling has been widely applied, for example, to the Austin Chalk of Texas, where petroleum is produced from fault-related fracture systems in a rock that has porosity, but normally lacks permeability. 陆上开发井是按照各种不同类型的几何布局进行钻井的，井间距离取决于油藏的渗透率和每口井预期的泄油半径。然而，这个过程在海上不可行。目前海上使用不同类型的生产设备，包括浮标、轮船、浮式采油平台和固定式采油平台。固定式生产平台用于水深约450米以内的区域，更深水域使用浮式生产设备。目前在水深达890米的地方已经实现了原油生产，在墨西哥湾的Mensa油田，已经计划实施水深1650米的生产系统。
海上石油生产需要具备在一个平台向四周钻多口井的能力。以前可以通过向井眼里放入一个钢楔或者“造斜器”的方法来造斜。现在使用电动钻头和先进的导航系统”可以按照要求控制钻井的任意走向。尽管这种技术在很大程度上是为了达到在一个海上平台上钻探多口井的目的，现在它却被重新引入陆上应用于水平钻井。水平井钻井可以穿透单个河道储集砂体，或可以穿越与断层相关的层面使之成为石油生产的天然渠道。水平井钻井已经得到广泛应用，如德克萨斯州的奥斯丁白垩层，这种岩石多孔隙但渗透率较低，水平钻井使得石油从与断层相关的裂缝系统中生产出来
9、Preure of the Reservoir油藏的压力
For oil to move through the pores of the reservoir rock and out into the bottom of a well, the preure under which the oil exists in the reservoir must be greater than the preure at the bottom of the well.As long as this difference in preure can be maintained, the oil with its aociated diolved gas will continue to flow into the well bore.Some free gas or water may flow into the well with the oil and these additional fluids tend to reduce the amount of oil produced by well.The rate at which the oil will move through the rock towards the well will depend on the reservoir preure, the preure at the bottom of the well, the permeability of the rock and the viscosity of the oil.The greater part of the flow will take place through the zones of highest permeability as these offer the path ofleast resistance into the well.This is most marked in a fractured reservoir where the fractures will carry almost the entire flow into the well, while the oil in the matrix continues to replenish the fractures. As oil is removed from the rock, the preure of the reservoir will decrease, and consequently the rate of production will tend to decline unle the preure is sustained by a natural water drive.The rate at which the preure decreases will affect the total amount of oil which can be moved from the reservoir in a given period of time. 油藏中原油的压力必须大于井底压力，原油才能流经储层岩石中的孔隙进入井底。只要维持这种压力差，原油及其伴生的溶解气就会源源不断地流入井筒。一部分游离气或水可能会随石油一起流入井筒。这些伴生流体的产出常常会减少井的产油量。石油通过岩石流向井筒的速度取决于油藏压力、井底压力、岩石的渗透率和原油的粘度。大部分石油将通过渗透率最高的层段流动，因为这些层段提供了流入井筒阻力最小的通道。这种情况在裂缝性储层中最为显著。几乎所有流体都通过裂缝流入井筒。同时，储层孔隙中的原油持续不断地补充到这些裂缝中。
随着石油的开采，油藏的压力就会降低，如果没有天然水驱来维持压力，石油的产量就会降低。压力下降的速度会影响一定时间内从油藏中采出的原油总量。
10、Oil Extraction采油
In most cases- the reservoir has sufficient preure for oil or gas to flow to the surface.In this situation casing is generally run below the producing zone, and perforations are shot through it by explosive charges opposite the hydrocarbon pay interval.Steel tubing is hung from the well head to the producing zone, and the annulus between tubing and casing sealed off with a packer.The productivity of many wells may be stimulated, either initially or worked over later during their life.Typical stimulation techniques involve fracturing the formation, generally by high-preure pumping of metallic or plastic shrapnel into fractures to wedge them open.For a finale, hydrochloric or some other acid may then be injected to enlarge the fractures and hence increase permeability and productivity.These techniques are largely, but not exclusively, applied to carbonate reservoirs. At the well head a system ofvalves, termed the Christmas tree, is installed from which a flowline leads to a tank in which produced oil and gas are separated at atmospheric preure. If the reservoir preure is too low for oil to flow to the surface, a pumping device is used: either a nodding donkey at the well head, or a downhole pump installation.A diesel or electrically powered beam engine raises and lowers a connected string of sucker rods, which are connected to a piston at the base of the borehole.Altematively, an electrically driven centrifugal pump may be installed at the bottom of the hole. 在大多数情况下，油藏有足够的压力，可以使石油和天然气流出地面。在这种情况下，套管通常安装到生产层之下，在生产层对应的位置用射孔弹将套管射穿。油管悬挂在井口和生产层之间，油管和套管之间的环形空间被封隔器所密封。许多油井都采取了增产措施，可以在生产刚开始的时候，也可以在稍后的时候。典型的增产措施包括地层造缝，通常通过高压喷出金属性或塑性的物体使之炸开。最后，将盐酸或者其它酸液注入，以便扩大裂缝，从而提高渗透率和生产能力。这些技术主要应用于碳酸盐岩油藏，但并不局限于这类油藏。
在井口装有一整套阀门，它被称作采油树，连着它的一根出油管将油导入一个油罐，采出来的石油和天然气在那里进行常压下分离。
如果油藏的压力太低，不能使石油流出地面，就需要安装一个抽吸装置：井口的抽油机或者井下泵。柴油或者电力驱动的游梁举起和放下抽油杆，抽油杆另一端与井筒内的活塞相连。或者也可以在井底放一个电动的离心泵。
11、Artificial Lift and Enhanced Recovery人工举升和提高采收率
Not all fields produce by natural drive mechanisms, and even these natural drive mechanisms do not recover all the oil.Artificial methods are used to produce oil from fields lacking natural drive, and enhanced recovery methods increase the recoverable reserves. A well will flow oil to the surface if the static preure at the bottom of the well exceeds the preure of the column of mud and the frictional effect of the borehole.In many shallow fields with low reservoir preure and in depleted fields, the wells do not flow spontaneously.In such instances the oil is pumped to the surface using the nodding donkey or bottom hole pumps. Once a field becomes depleted, it may be abandoned or subjected to a secondary recovery program to step up production.In due course even a tertiary recovery program may be initiated.Today the practice is to initiate an enhanced recovery program when a field first goes on stream.There are many enhanced recovery techniques.Some of the methods are briefly discued as follows. One of the main objectives of enhanced recovery is to maintain or reestablish the original reservoir preure.This objective can be accomplished in one of several ways.Gas may be injected, either petroleum gas from the same or adjacent field or naturally occurring or industrially manufactured inert gases, such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen.Alternatively, liquids may be injected; these liquids may be seawater or connate waters from adjacent strata.Careful chemical analysis and treatment of injected waters is eential to prevent and monitor unwanted chemical changes taking place within the reservoir.Some waters damage permeability by precipitating salts in pore spaces and causing clays to swell.Seawater must be treated to destroy bacteria, since they degrade oil and increase its viscosity.More elaborate enhanced recovery methods involve the injection of detergents (micellar floods) to emulsify heavy oil and move it to the surface.Electric radiators have been used to mobilize oil from shales and from conventional petroleum reservoirs. 并不是所有的油田都能依靠天然驱动机理进行生产，而且即便采用了天然驱动机理，也不能采出所有的石油。人工举升方法用于天然驱动不足的油田中采油。提高采收率的方法可以增加可采储量。
如果井底的静态压力大于泥浆柱压力和井眼的摩阻，油井内的原油就会流到地面。但在许多油藏压力低的浅层油田和枯竭油田，油井不能自动流出原油。在这种情况下，原油是用抽油机或者井底抽油泵抽到地面的。
一旦油田枯竭了，要么报废该油田，要么进行二次采油来提高产量。在适当的时候，甚至还要实施三次采油。现在的做法是，在油田刚开始投入生产时就采用提高采收率措施。提高采收率技术有很多，以下简要讨论其中一些方法。
提高采收率的主要目标之一是保持或者重新恢复原始油藏压力。这个目标可以通过好几种方式来实现。可以注入气体，要么注入来自相同或相邻油田的石油天然气，要么注入天然或工业生产的惰性气体，例如二氧化碳或氮气。另一种方式是注入液体，这些液体可以是海水或相邻地层中的原生水。对注入水进行仔细的化学分析和处理对于预防和监控油藏内发生不必要的化学反应是非常重要的。一些水因为会在孔隙空间内沉淀盐以及造成粘土矿物的膨胀而破坏渗透率。因为细菌会降解原油而增加其粘度，海水必须经过处理杀死细菌。更复杂的提高采收率的方法包括注入乳化剂（胶束驱油）使重油乳化，然后采出。电热辐射已经被用来驱动页岩和常规油层中的原油。
12、Reservoir Simulation of Incised Valley Fill深切谷充填的油藏模拟
The principal aim of reservoir simulation at outcrop is to quantify the impact that lithological heterogeneity on a scale of one to hundreds of meters has on the production ofhydrocarbons from incised valley fill reservoirs.Excellent exposure of an incised valley fill unit in the Kaiparowits Plateau region of southem Utah has enabled high-resolution interpretations of the lithofacies distributions to be adapted as two-dimensional flow simulations.The outcrop section through incised valley fill strata is oriented approximately perpendicular to paleoflow and is above the A sandstone sequence boundary within the Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation.The lithofacies, identified as shale, heterolithics, and sand bodies with bounding surfaces, give rise to heterogeneity, predominantly in the vertical direction.The direction of least variability is horizontal and parallel to the paleocurrent. Petrophysical properties of the lithofacies have been varied by altering the flow properties, thus generating different scenarios and realizations for comparison.This allows the impact of each rock type on the fluid-flow simulation to be quantified.Our simulation results indicate that for linear drive, where horizontal flow is induced by an injector-producer pair, the distributions of zero-and low-permeability shale and heterolithic bodies only affect flow significantly if sand body properties vary significantly.For vertical flow, however, these lithological units strongly affect the flow because of their effects on flow-path tortuousity.The simulations show that horizontal well placement, parallel to the paleocurrent (i.e., in the direction of least variability), offers the best sweep efficiency, although the well location must be optimized. 根据露头区进行油藏模拟研究的主要目的是量化1米至数百米尺度的岩性非均质性对深切谷充填油藏油气产量的影响。犹他州南部Kaiparowits高原地区的深切谷充填单元出露完好，这使高分辨率的岩相分布解释成果能应用于二维流体流动模拟。穿过深切谷充填地层的露头剖面大致与古水流方向垂直，并位于白垩纪直崖组地层内的A砂岩层序边界之上。其岩相为泥岩、异粒岩和带边界面的砂体，主要在垂直方向产生非均质性。变化最小的方向是与古水流平行的水平方向。
通过改变流体特性可以改变岩相的岩石物理特征，因此生成不同的模拟情景来进行对比。这样，可以将每种岩性对流体流动模拟的影响进行量化。我们的模拟结果表明，对于线性驱动，其水平流动是由注入井——采油井的井组引起的，零渗透率和低渗透率的泥岩以及异粒岩体的分布仅仅在砂体特性变化明显的情况下对流体流动产生显著影响。但是，对于垂直流动，由于这些岩性单元对流动路径弯曲度的影响，其对流体流动的影响很大。模拟表明，尽管井的位置必须进行优化，但与古水流平行（即岩相变化最小的方向）进行水平井的布署能够获得最佳的驱油效率。
13、Outline of Natural Gas Gathering and Transmiion天然气集输概述
Gathering and transrmion of natural gas is an important production course at well sites.Gathering of gases is referred to be the course from well heads to the gathering station through the pipelines.By the rough treatment, natural gas can be transmitted to the inlet of purification station, this course is called the transmiion or transportation (not including the transmiion of pure commercial gases after purification). Pipelines used to transmit natural gas from well head to gathering station and purification station are called gathering pipe network, which connected to all the gas wells to provide the paages for gathering and pre-treatment of natural gases.All the pipelines are closed to keep the gases flowing continuously.The pattem of pipeline basically includes three types: radial, branch and loop-shape pattems, they are combined sometimes.If there were two or more gas reservoirs need to be developed at the same time, several sets ofpipe networks would be put according to the quality and preure of natural gases.The preure kept inside the pipelines can be determined by formation preure, technology of gas-liquid separation and preure requirement of transmiion system.In some gas fields that contain H2S, the pipe networks need to be constructed with low carbon steel pipe or sulfide resistant low-alloy steel pipes, to prevent the stre corrosion caused by sulfide. Stations for gathering and pre-treatment of natural gas are the specific sites, including gathering station (single well station included), dehydration station, preure-adjusting and metering station, distribution station, booster station, storage station, valves room, pipe cleaner station and cathode protection station, etc.The patterns, numbers, spots of stations and equipment are determined by the quality of natural gas, gas well locations and pre-treatment techniques. 在井场进行天然气集输是非常重要的生产过程。集气是指天然气从井口通过管网到达集气站的过程。预处理后将天然气输送到净化站入口，这个过程称为天然气的传输或运输（不包括净化处理后纯净商业天然气的输送）。
用于把天然气从井口传输到集气站和净化站的管道称为集气管网，它连接所有产气井，为天然气集气和预处理提供通道。所有的管网都是密闭的，以使天然气保持持续流动。管网布局的基本样式包括放射状、枝状和环状三种，有时也组合使用。如果有两个或更多气藏需要同时开采，应根据天然气的品质和压力设置几套管网。管网内的压力可由地层压力、气液分离工艺和输气系统的压力要求来确定。在有些含硫化氢气田，管网系统要用低碳钢管或抗硫低合金钢管来建造，以防止硫化物造成应力腐蚀。
天然气采集和预处理厂站包括集气站（含单井站）、脱水站、调压计量站、分输站、增压站、储配站、阀室、清管站和阴极保护站等。厂站的样式、数量、布点、设备配置由天然气的品质、气井位置和预处理工艺来确定。
14、H2S and Hydrocarbon Monitors H2S和油气监测 Safety equipment in the gas purification plant consists of preure relief devices, continuous H2S monitors, personal H2S monitors, continuous hydrocarbon monitors, fire hydrants, fire monitors, fire extinguishers, self contained breathing apparatus, utility stations and safety showers. Continuous H2S monitors are installed in throughout the plant.The exact location of these monitors will be determined during detailed engineering.The monitors need to be located near potential leak sources of H2S where the concentrations of H2S could be at toxic levels.This includes nearly all equipment and piping within the sulfur recovery complex.Monitors are to be located approximately 0.4 meters above ground or platforms since H2S is heavier than air.The monitors should be wired back to the DCS and to horns and beacons in the units.Beacons are typically located near normal acce points to the unit.H2S monitors are required at all elevations where personnel may routinely be required for normal operation monitoring. In addition to the permanent area H2S monitors, personnel working in the plant should carry H2S monitors at all times during normal plant operation.These portable monitors are neceary because the area H2S monitors can not safely monitor all areas ofthe plantat all elevations. Continuous hydrocarbon monitors are also installed.The monitors need to be located near potential leak sources of hydrocarbons. Fire hydrants, monitors and extinguishers should be strategically located throughout the plant.The location of this equipment should be based on fire fighting plans and practices. Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be strategically located throughout the plant.The exact location of the SCBAs will be determined during detailed engineering.The SCBAs are used when responding to toxic gas leaks.SCBAs are typically located at the main entrances to the units.This location is required so that operators can put the SCBAs on before entering the units to rescue downed personnel or isolate leaking equipment or pipe Utility stations should be located throughout the plant.Utility stations include connections for low preure steam, nitrogen, plant air and service water.The steam connections can be used for steam lances. 天然气净化厂的安全设备包括泄压装置、H2S连续监测仪、个人H2S监测仪、油气连续监测仪、消防栓、防火探测器、灭火器、自给式呼吸器、公用工程站及安全淋浴器。
整个天然气净化厂到处都安装有H2S连续监测仪。这些监测仪的确切安装位置在具体工程施工中确定。这些监测仪需安装在H2S浓度可能达到有毒级别的H2S泄漏源附近。几乎包括硫回收装置的所有设备和管线。因为H2S比空气重，所以监测仪安装在大约高于平台或地面0.4m的位置。应将监测器用电线连回到设备中的数字控制系统、报警器和信号灯上。信号灯通常安装在通往设备的常经之路上。H2S监测仪要求安装在员工通常进行正常操作检查作业时要到达的所有高度的地方。
除了这些H2S固定的监测仪外，在厂区工作的职工在正常生产期间必须一直携带个人H2S监测仪。这些便携式监测仪是必要的，因为固定H2S监测仪不能监测工厂内所有高度上的各个区域。
油气连续监测仪也要安装。检测仪须安装在可能的油气泄漏源附近。
整个工厂内应有策略地放置消防栓、监控器和灭火器。这些设备的位置应根据消防计划和演习的情况而定。
整个工厂内还应有策略地放置自给式空气呼吸器(SCBA)。这些呼吸器的确切安装位置将在详细工程施工中确定。呼吸器在毒气泄漏时可以用到。自给式空气呼吸器通常放置在装置的主要入口处。要求将呼吸器放在这里，以便操作人员在进入装置区营救晕倒的员工或者隔离泄漏设备和管线前就可以佩戴上呼吸器。
整个工厂都应有公用工程站，包括连接低压蒸汽、氮气、厂用空气和工厂用水的管线。蒸汽管线可以用于蒸汽吹扫。
15、Intelligent Well智能井 The term intelligent well generally refers to the migration down hole of fundamental proce control.Today\'s intelligent well systems are real-time production and injection management networks that provide in well monitoring, data aement and action in the form of remote flow control.Intelligent well systems acquire date parameters from advanced in well sensors and allow the operator to change flow characteristics without need for well intervention.The closer measurements are made to the zone of interest, the greater their resolution and ultimate value.Thus, in-well permanent sensors also contribute to a better understanding of specific production and/or injection zones, and near-and inter-well reservoir characteristics. Most intelligent systems well are paying out in le than six months.This quick payback adds value beyond the cost of intervention, as production and reservoir personnel now apply the system to manage the aet.Intelligent well systems now deliver real-time buildup and draw down profiles on demand.Injection programs can be evaluated quickly to determine whether they deliver modeled rates.In many cases, reservoir structures, specifically sealing faults, have been confirmed by intelligent well systems data parameters.The ability to isolate specific zones within an aet, preure up the well and establish whether there is any communication to surrounding zones has tremendous benefit. 智能井通常指将基本的过程控制移到井下进行。当今的智能井系统是一个实时注采管理网络，能提供井内监测、数据评价及流量遥控作业的功能。智能井系统通过先进的井内传感器获得数据，操作者无需进行井的作业便能改变流动特性。测量点离目标层越近，其分辨率越高，最终价值越大。这样，井内的永久性传感器还有助于更好地了解特定产层和／或注水层以及邻井和井间油藏的特征。
大多数智能井系统的成本不到6个月就可以收回。快速的成本回收所增加的价值超过了进行井的作业所需的成本，所以现在生产和油藏管理人员使用智能井系统进行资产管理。如今智能井系统可以根据需要提供实时压力恢复和压降曲线，快速完成注入方案评价，从而确定它们是否与模拟的速率一致。在许多情况下，智能井系统获取的数据参数可以确定油藏构造，尤其是封堵性断层。智能井系统具备分隔开特定的产层、提高油井压力和确定是否与周围产层连通等方面的功能，对油气生产大有益处。
16 Target constraints of air drilling空气钻井目的层的限制
The types of lithologies that can be drilled with air are limited, with older, consolidated rocks the most applicable to air drilling.Some of these hard rock formations do not need the preure forces of fluid to support the borehole wall.Le consolidated formations are not well-suited to air drilling because they may have a tendency to slough.The amount of water that can be accommodated in an air-drilled hole is limited because too little can lead to sticking and too much can negate the benefits of air drilling. With the lack of a cost-effective steerable system, thin reservoirs cannot be drilled efficiently with air.A target thickne of 50 ft is a minimum when using rotary aemblies because the build and drop tendencies of rotary-hold aemblies are
。difficult to maintain below 0.25/100 ft.In thin targets, too many motor-correction runs would be required to make air drilling beneficial. Air drilling horizontal wells can be a beneficial altemative for certain applications.The operator must be aware of the limitations and advantages of air drilling to optimize its drilling operations.Many standard practices used in air-drilling vertical holes have to be modified continuously as the hole angle increases to horizontal.As with any horizontal drilling operation, careful planning is one of the keys to a succeful well. 能采用空气钻井的岩性类型是有限的，最适合用空气钻井的是较老的固结的岩石。这些硬的岩层有些不需要液体压力来支撑井壁。而固结较差的地层不太适合用空气钻井，其原因是这些地层可能有坍塌的倾向性。空气钻井的用水量一定要适当，用水量太少会导致卡钻，过多又会降低空气钻井的优势。
由于缺乏性价比高的导向系统，薄油层不能有效地采用空气钻井。当使用旋转钻具组合时目的层的最小厚度为50英尺，原因是旋转钻具组合能增加和减少的倾向很难维持在0.25度/100英尺以下。对于薄的目的层，为了使空气钻井更有效，会要求很多次马达方向的修正。
在某些情况下，用空气钻水平井是有效的。为了优化钻井作业，作业人员必须要了解空气钻井的优点和局限性。随着井斜角度变大直到水平，空气钻直井时许多标准化的作业方法不得不连续地进行改进。和任何水平井钻井作业一样，精细的计划是钻一口成功井的关键要素之一。
17、Precipitation of Salt井下盐的析出
The precipitation of salt downhole results in substantial well productivity decline, and may culminate in total flow blockage.Relatively low produced water rates per day can still result in rapid salt deposit buildup and dramatic oil or gas
。production reduction.For example, a well with a down hole temperature of 212F, a wellhead temperature of 90。F, and producing sodium chloride brine at or near salt satufation, will precipitate about 10 lb of salt per.barrel water produced.Although halite deposits are generally easier to remove than other scales --- most commonly by periodic washing with fresh or low-salinity water --- rapid buildup rate requires frequent wellintervention to maintain well productivity. Deposition of sodium chloride in well systems is a significant problem in different areas of the world that can result in significant production deferment and neceitate costly well intervention.Salt scaling is particularly severe in wells producing highly saline formation brines, or brines near saturation with respect to sodium chloride.In such cases, the potential for generation large quantities of halite scale exists as produced fluids rise in the well bore and cool-precipitating salt from solution and forming salt bridges in the flow system.Like any scale deposit, these halite deposits can bridge in the tubing and restrict production capacity of the well or surface flow line. 井下盐的析出会导致油井的产能显著下降，甚至会造成流动通道完全被堵塞。油井每天相对较低的产水量仍可造成盐沉积物的快速形成，明显地降低原油或天然气产量。例如，某口油井的井下温度为212。F，井口温度为90。F，产出的氯化钠盐水处于或接近于盐饱和，那么每桶产出水中会析出大约10磅盐。虽然岩盐沉积物较之其它结垢物更容易清除，但由于盐沉积物的形成较快，需要频繁地进行洗井作业以保持油井的产能。最常用的方法是用淡水或低矿化度水进行定期的清洗。
在世界各地，油井系统中氯化钠的沉淀都是一个严重的问题，因为它不仅会导致重大的生
第20篇：高级英语感想
姓名：李念念 学号：1201200165 班级：英教一班
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