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初中英文范文加翻译(精选多篇)

发布时间:2022-11-26 09:06:32 来源:其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文 手机版

推荐第1篇:英文生日祝福语加翻译

英文生日祝福语

时间:2008-09-23 20:41 作者:中华婚庆助理 阅读:583 wishing you —— glad days filled with friendline, bright days filled with cheer, warm days filled with happine to last throughout the year! have a wonderful brithday1 愿你一年到头都有——

充满友谊的欢欣日子,

充满愉快的明朗日子,

充满幸福的温馨日子!

祝你度过一个美妙的生日!

roses, sweet and fragrant, sent to you to say, may each hour be a happy one on this special day. have a happy birthday! 送你一束甜蜜芬芳的玫瑰,

她对你说,今天的喜庆分外美妙,

每时每刻都同样幸福,令人陶醉。

祝你生日快乐!

every day is birthday time when thinking of you, and i shall keep one sublime 每当想到你我好似天天都在过生日,

可我特别珍视其中的一天,

祝愿你在这天美梦都能实现。

the kindest friend there could ever be is the kind of friend you are to me. happy birthday! 世上如有诤友,

那就是像你对我那样关怀的朋友。

祝你生日快乐!

among the friends we make in life, there are only one or two who can be called a special friend and thats how i think of you. you show the warmth of your friendship in so many diff erent ways, that’s why i hope your birthday is the happiest of days. 在我们结交的朋友中,

只有

一、二人堪称“知已”。

我正是这样看你。

你事无巨细都表现出温馨的友谊,

为此我祝你生日幸福无比。

happy birthday to a wonderful person! 祝一位极帅的人生日快乐!

wishing you a wonderful day and a year filled with happine! 祝你生日妙不可言,整年沉浸在幸福里!

hope your birthday is like you —— special. a happy birthday! 希望你的生日像你一样——不同寻常。

生日快乐!

2.祝心上人生日

to you, sweetheart, with all my love. have a very happy birthday! 我把全部的爱都献给你,心上的人儿。篇2:英文生日祝福语大全

英文生日祝福语大全 wishing you —— copyright xzhufu glad days filled with friendline, bright days filled with cheer, warm days filled with happine 献祝福网

have a wonderful brithday1 献祝福网

愿你一年到头都有—— 充满友谊的欢欣日子,

献祝福,祝福网

充满愉快的明朗日子,

充满幸福的温馨日子! copyright xzhufu 祝你度过一个美妙的生日! copyright xzhufu roses, sweet and fragrant, sent to you to say, may each hour be a happy one on this special day.献祝福,祝福网 have a happy birthday! 送你一束甜蜜芬芳的玫瑰,

她对你说,今天的喜庆分外美妙, copyright xzhufu 每时每刻都同样幸福,令人陶醉。 copyright xzhufu 祝你生日快乐!

every day is birthday time when thinking of you,

and i shall keep one sublime copyright xzhufu

每当想到你我好似天天都在过生日,

可我特别珍视其中的一天,

祝愿你在这天美梦都能实现。 献祝福网

the kindest friend there could ever be is the kind of friend you are to me.happy birthday! 献祝福,祝福网

世上如有诤友, 献祝福网

那就是像你对我那样关怀的朋友。

祝你生日快乐!

献祝福网

among the friends we make in life, there are only one or two who can be called a special friend and that’s how i think of you.献祝福网

you show the warmth of your friendship in so many different ways, copyright xzhufu that’s why i hope your birthday is the happiest of days.

在我们结交的朋友中,

只有

一、二人堪称“知已”。 copyright xzhufu 我正是这样看你。

献祝福,祝福网

你事无巨细都表现出温馨的友谊,

happy birthday to a wonderful person! 献祝福,祝福网

祝一位极帅的人生日快乐!

wishing you a wonderful day and a year filled with happine!

祝你生日妙不可言,整年沉浸在幸福里! copyright xzhufu hope your birthday is like you —— special. 献祝福网

a happy birthday! 希望你的生日像你一样——不同寻常。

生日快乐!

2.祝心上人生日 献祝福,祝福网

to you, sweetheart, with all my love. have a very happy birthday! 我把全部的爱都献给你,心上的人儿。

献祝福,祝福网

你可曾知道,有一个人爱你至深, copyright xzhufu 这爱情无日终止,与日俱增。

英语生日祝福语大全

among the friends we make in life, there are only one or two who can be called a special friendand thats how think of you and why hope your birthday is the happiest of days! wishing you —— glad days filled with friendline, bright days filled with cheer, warm days filled with happine,to last throughout the year! have a wonderful brithday愿你一年到头都有—— 充满友谊的欢欣日子,充满愉快的明朗日子,充满幸福的温馨日子!祝你度过一个美妙的生日! copyright xzhufu roses, sweet and fragrant, sent to you to say, may each hour be a happy one on this special day.have a happy birthday! 送你一束甜蜜芬芳的玫瑰,她对你说,今天的喜庆分外美妙,每时每刻都同样幸福,令人陶醉。祝你生日快乐!

the whole worlds nicer,brighter,too,because of thougntfulpeople like you.happy birthday! copyright xzhufu thank you for your helping my dreams,my life,my future ,happy birthday,sir! its good to have one day a year which just belongs to you ,so take this chance to enjoy yourself in everything you do. happybirthday ,friend of mine .on this your apecial day ,may gladne fill your every hour with joy to light your may. the kindest friend there could ever be is the kind of friend you are to me.happy birthday! 世上如有诤友, 那就是像你对我那样关怀的朋友。祝你生日快乐!

your kindne couldnt be appreciated more...thank you very much on your auspicious birthday!篇3:英文生日祝福语大全

英文生日祝福语大全

among the friends we make in life, there are only one or two who can be called a special friend and that’s how i think of you.you show the warmth of your friendship in so many different ways,that’s why i hope your birthday is the happiest of days.在我们结交的朋友中,只有

一、二人堪称“知已”。我正是这样看你。你事无巨细都表现出温馨的友谊,为此我祝你生日幸福无比。

grandma means sunshine filled with bleings from above, grandma means kindne because it’s another name for love may this be a special birthday for you.奶奶是充满祝福的阳光,照耀我身;奶奶是慈祥和蔼的别名,爱的象征。愿您的生日特别快乐!

happy birthday to a wonderful person!祝一位极帅的人生日快乐! happy birthday to my husband!for all you do the whole year through,this brings world of love to you.祝我的丈夫生日快乐,感谢你一年到头辛苦劳碌,让贺卡带给你倾心的爱慕。

hope your birthday is like you —— special.a happy birthday! 希望你的生日像你一样——不同寻常。生日快乐!

roses, sweet and fragrant, sent to you to say, may each hour be a happy one on this special day.have a happy birthday! 送你一束甜蜜芬芳的玫瑰,她对你说,今天的喜庆分外美妙,每时每刻都同样幸福,令人陶醉。祝你生日快乐!

send this special birthday wish just to let you know that you’ll always be remembered for the thoughtfulne you show.献上这特别的生日祝愿,只想让您知道:因为您对我的体贴关怀,我永远不会把您忘怀。

thank you, mother, for your love, your smiles, your faith and trust, but most of all for being such a wonderful mother.谢谢您,母亲,谢谢您的爱抚、您的微笑、您的信念、您的信任,但最重要的是,谢谢您是这样慈祥敦厚的母亲。

the kindest friend there could ever be is the kind of friend you are to me.happy birthday!世上如有诤友,那就是像你对我那样关怀的朋友。祝你生日快乐! wishing you a wonderful day and a year filled with happine!祝你生日妙不可言,整年沉浸在幸福里!

you know you’re thought of lovingly each day throughout the year.but it’s nice to mention it again when special days are here.您知道我们无日不把你亲切思念,逢寿辰当然要把这话再说一遍。

推荐第2篇:生日祝福语英文加翻译

用英语说生日祝福

关键词:英语学习-英语生日祝福

on your special day and every day, may love and joy surround you, because you bring such happine to everyone around you. have a wonderful birthday! 愿您在生日和平日,天天都沉浸在爱和欢乐里,

因为您让身边亲人,个个生活在这样的幸福里。

祝您生日快乐无比!

as a brother, you’re the greatest, but your good points dont stop there. as a person and friend, you’re the nicest anywhere. 作为哥哥,你最伟大,你的优点还有不少,

作为一个和朋友,不论在哪一方面你都最好。篇2:英文生日祝福语

英文生日祝福语

时间:2008-09-23 20:41 作者:中华婚庆助理 阅读:583 wishing you —— glad days filled with friendline, bright days filled with cheer, warm days filled with happine to last throughout the year! have a wonderful brithday1 愿你一年到头都有——

充满友谊的欢欣日子,

充满愉快的明朗日子,

充满幸福的温馨日子!

祝你度过一个美妙的生日!

roses, sweet and fragrant, sent to you to say, may each hour be a happy one on this special day. have a happy birthday! 送你一束甜蜜芬芳的玫瑰,

她对你说,今天的喜庆分外美妙,

每时每刻都同样幸福,令人陶醉。

祝你生日快乐!

every day is birthday time when thinking of you, and i shall keep one sublime 每当想到你我好似天天都在过生日,

可我特别珍视其中的一天,

祝愿你在这天美梦都能实现。

the kindest friend there could ever be is the kind of friend you are to me. happy birthday! 世上如有诤友,

那就是像你对我那样关怀的朋友。

祝你生日快乐!

among the friends we make in life, there are only one or two who can be called a special friend and thats how i think of you. you show the warmth of your friendship in so many diff erent ways, that’s why i hope your birthday is the happiest of days. 在我们结交的朋友中,

只有

一、二人堪称“知已”。

我正是这样看你。

你事无巨细都表现出温馨的友谊,

为此我祝你生日幸福无比。

happy birthday to a wonderful person! 祝一位极帅的人生日快乐!

wishing you a wonderful day and a year filled with happine!

祝你生日妙不可言,整年沉浸在幸福里!

hope your birthday is like you —— special. a happy birthday! 希望你的生日像你一样——不同寻常。

生日快乐!

2.祝心上人生日

to you, sweetheart, with all my love. have a very happy birthday! 我把全部的爱都献给你,心上的人儿。篇3:中英文生日祝福语大全

中英文生日祝福语大全

among the friends we make in life, there are only one or two who can be called a special friend and that’s how i think of you.you show the warmth of your friendship in so many different ways,that’s why i hope your birthday is the happiest of days.在我们结交的朋友中,只有

一、二人堪称“知已”。我正是这样看你。你事无巨细都表现出温馨的友谊,为此我祝你生日幸福无比。

grandma means sunshine filled with bleings from above, grandma means kindne because it’s another name for love may this be a special birthday for you.奶奶是充满祝福的阳光,照耀我身;奶奶是慈祥和蔼的别名,爱的象征。愿您的生日特别快乐! happy birthday to a wonderful person!祝一位极帅的人生日快乐! happy birthday to my husband!for all you do the whole year through,this brings world of love to you.祝我的丈夫生日快乐,感谢你一年到头辛苦劳碌,让贺卡带给你倾心的爱慕( )。

hope your birthday is like you —— special.a happy birthday! 希望你的生日像你一样——不同寻常。生日快乐! roses, sweet and fragrant, sent to you to say, may each hour be a happy one on this special day.have a happy birthday! 送你一束甜蜜芬芳的玫瑰,她对你说,今天的喜庆分外美妙,每时每刻都同样幸福,令人陶醉。祝你生日快乐! send this special birthday wish just to let you know that you’ll always be remembered for the thoughtfulne you show.献上这特别的生日祝愿,只想让您知道:因为您对我的体贴关怀,我永远不会把您忘怀。

thank you, mother, for your love, your smiles, your faith and trust, but most of all for being such a wonderful mother.谢谢您,母亲,谢谢您的爱抚、您的微笑、您的信念、您的信任,但最重要的是,谢谢您是这样慈祥敦厚的母亲。 the kindest friend there could ever be is the kind of friend you are to me.happy birthday!世上如有诤友,那就是像你对我那样关怀的朋友。

推荐第3篇:英文励志小短文加翻译

每天一篇短文阅读,可以加强阅读能力,下面是小编整理的英文励志小短文加翻译,欢迎阅读。

【第一篇】

Have you ever been around someone who immediately put you at ease? Perhaps you may be one of those people who others feel safe around.有没有遇到过那么一个人,只要他/她在你身边,你立即就觉得安心?或许你就是让别人觉得安心的那么一个人。

What is the common thread in people who emanate warmth? Some may think it is related to personality or physical appearance.But this does little to explain why bright beacons of light can be found anywhere.Eence has nothing to do with our exterior.

那些气场中自带温暖的人有哪些共性呢?一些人也许认为这与性格或外貌有关。但这基本解释不了为什么明亮的灯塔之光四处可见。本质与咱们的外在无关。

I like to believe the common thread is a universal trait we are all able to tap into.When we see the truth of who we are and wholeheartedly love every part of that truth, we automatically shine.When we embrace our eence and live in congruence with who we are, we radiate peace.

我愿意相信这个共性是咱们都能够触及的、普遍存在的品质。当咱们欣赏自己的本质并全心全意热爱着这一切的时候,咱们自然而然就会出类拔萃。每当咱们欣然接受自己的本质并遵循本心来生活的时候,咱们会自带平和的光环。

Every day we can choose to wake up and see the gift of getting to be who we are.When we decide to live from this way of \"being,\" it becomes easy to see this same light and gift in everyone — even those who may not yet see it in themselves.每天,咱们都可以选择一醒来就欣赏做自己这一项天赋。当咱们决定以“本性”来生活的时候,在每一个人身上,甚至是那些可能还没有开始欣赏自身本性的人身上,咱们变得很容易就能看到同样的光芒和天赋了。

The benefits of self-love are many.What I know to be true without a doubt in my heart, is that we are all capable of giving this gift to ourselves.

自爱的益处有很多很多。我所知道的真相就是,咱们都能赋予自己这项天赋,这点我深信不疑。

These words help me remember why embracing my eence is always the best thing to do.Perhaps this may resonate with where you are.

这些话让我想起欣然接受自己的本质始终是上策的原因。或许这也会与你产生共鸣。

When you love who you are,

当你爱自己的时候,

you become a conduit of light.

你会成为一道光。

Just drop into your heart space,

只需触及心房,

and live life from this view.

并遵循本心来生活。

For all of this doing

做这一切

is not who you are.

无关你是谁。

Listen to your heart’s soft whisper,

聆听内心轻柔的呢喃,

this voice will show you the way.

她会告诉你方法。

Live life from your eence

遵循本性来生活

is what she will say.

她会这样告诉你。

See the light in yourself,

欣赏自身的光芒,

and your world will be bright.

你的世界都会变得明亮。

There is no need to worry,

没必要担心,

you are exactly as you should be;

你正是自己本来的模样;

remember to love who you are,

记得爱自己,

and love you will see.

爱自己欣赏的一切。

【第二篇】

\"Always remember that your present situation is not your final destination.The best is yet to come.\" - Unknown

“一定要记住,你目前的处境并非你的最终目标,最好的日子终将到来。”——匿名

If your life isn\'t where you want it to be, change it.It\'s what succeful people have done for thousands of years.You may currently be struggling and frustrated with your life but it\'s not going to stay like this forever, that is, unle you don\'t do anything to change it.

如果现在的生活并非如你所愿,那就去改变,数千年来成功人士都是这样做的。你现在可能正在挣扎,目前的生活使你沮丧,但生活不会一成不变,只要你能行动起来做出改变。

The best time of your life may still be ahead of you but it won\'t just magically show up, you have to create it.It\'s in your power to create whatever future you want for your life.Even if your best days are truly behind you, you can still have plenty of great days ahead of you if you decide to make it so.

最好的生活仍在前方等着你,但它不会无缘无故出现,需要你亲手去创造。你拥有那种力量去创造自己未来想要的生活,即使最好的日子已经过去,但只要你下定决心未来仍有很多好日子等着你。

Instead of letting circumstances control and defeat you, use them to push you into action so that you can change your present situation.Bad times aren\'t going to last forever but if you want more great times ahead of you instead of just good times, it\'s time to start doing things that will make that a reality… it\'s time to work toward your ideal destination.

不要让生活控制或打败你,你要把压力变成动力去改变目前的处境。糟糕的情况不会永远持续下去,但如果你想要以后的生活更美好,那现在就要行动起来去把愿望变成现实,现在就要朝自己梦想的生活努力前行。

【第三篇】

Not until you realize that life itself is a beautiful thing will you really start to live.Although living combines tragedy with splendor, life is beautiful and even tragedies reflect something engaging.If you were simply to live, do more than that; live beautifully.

唯有在你了解了人生的真谛后,才能真正地生活。虽然人生苦忧参半,但依旧美妙,而且即使在悲剧中也藏着迷人之处。如果你只是活着,那就再努力点吧,试着活得精彩。

Through the sea of darkne, hope is the light that brings us comfort, faith, and reaurance.It guides our way if we are lost and gives us a foothold on our fears.The moment we lose hope is the moment we surrender our will to live.We live in a world that is disintegrating into a vicious hatred, where hope is needed more than ever but cannot be discerned.Finding that is rare while the world lives in fear, but the belief in something better, something bigger than this, is what keeps life worth living.

在潮水般的黑暗之中,希望是光。它带来舒适、信仰和信心。它在咱们迷失时给予指引,在咱们恐惧时给予支持。而在咱们放弃希望的那一刻,也就放弃了生命。咱们生活的世界正瓦解成一个充满恶意和仇恨的地方,在这里咱们就更需要希望,却又难以寻得。在这充满恐惧的世界里,找到希望谈何容易,但是,对更好、更有意义的人生的信仰才会让生命有意义。

Then you hear a baby speaking her first word, you see seniors holding hands, you feel the first spring rain, or smell the pine tree at Christmas, and remember that no matter how awful it is, there is always hope.No matter how weak we are, we will always survive.然后,你听到婴儿说出第一个字、看到老年夫妇挽起对方的手、感受到第一场春雨或是闻到圣诞节松树的味道,你要明白,无论现在多么糟糕,希望永在;无论咱们多么脆弱,咱们终将是人生的幸存者。

【第四篇】

An elderly carpenter was ready to retire.He told his employer (contractor) of his plans to leave the house building busine and live a more leisurely life with his wife enjoying his extended family.He would mi the paycheck, but he needed to retire.They could get by.一位老木匠打算退休了。他向自己所在的建筑公司雇主请辞,表示想要和自己的老伴以及大家庭去过一种更加闲适的生活。他会想念领薪水的日子,但他还是该退休了,他想日子总是能过下去的。

The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor.The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work.He resorted to shoddy workmanship and usedinferior materials.It was an unfortunate way to end his career.

老板很舍不得自己的好员工离开,他对木匠说请你再建最后一座房子吧,就算是帮我个忙。木匠答应了,但很快就明显可以看出他的心已经不在工作上了。他用拙劣的技巧和劣质的材料建这座房子,用这种状态来结束他的职业生涯其实是一种遗憾。

When the carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed the front-door key to the carpenter.\"This is your house,\" he said, \"my gift to you.\"

木匠完成了他的工作,负责人来验收房屋,老板将这座房屋的前门钥匙递到了木匠手上,说:“这房子现在归你了,作为我给你的礼物。”

What a shock! What a shame! If he had only known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently.Now he had to live in the home he had built none too well.

木匠顿时感到很震惊。多可惜啊!如果他知道是在为自己修建这所房子的话,他会完全以另一种态度来对待。而现在他不得不住在这座自己胡乱修建的房子里了。

So it is with us.We build our lives in a distracted way, reacting rather than acting, willing to put up le than the best.At important points we do not give the job our best effort.Then with a shock we look at the situation we have created and find that we are now living in the house we have built.If we had realized, we would have done it differently.

想象下你就是这个木匠,想象你正在建造这座房子,你每天钉进颗钉子、安装块板子或者筑起一面墙。请用心对待吧,这是唯一一个你为自己打造的生活。即使你只在里面住上一天,这一天也要活得有光彩、有尊严。正如格言所说,“生活是一个只有靠自己才能完成的项目。”

Think of yourself as the carpenter.Think about your house.Each day you hammer a nail, place a board, or erect a wall.Build wisely.It is the only life you will ever build.Even if you live it for only one day more, that day deserves to be lived graciously and withdignity.The plaque on the wall says, \"Life is a do-it-yourself project.\"

谁还能说的再清楚些呢?你今天的生活就是你自己过去的态度和选择的结果,你未来的生活就是你现在的态度和选择的结果。

Who could say it more clearly? Your life today is the result of your attitudes and choices in the past.Your life tomorrow will be the result of your attitudes and the choices you make today.

推荐第4篇:My dad绘本(英文加翻译)

MY DAD(我爸爸)

1、He’s all right, my dad.

1、这是我爸爸,他真的很棒!

2、My dad isn’t afraid of ANYTHING.

2、我爸爸什么都不怕

3、even the Big Bad Wolf.

3、连坏蛋大野狼也不怕。

4、He can jump right over the moon,

4、他可以从月亮上跳过去。

5、And walk on a tightrope (without falling off).

5、还会走高空绳索(不会掉下去)

6、He can wrestle with giants.

6、他敢跟大力士摔跤

7、or win the father’s race on sports day, easily.

7、在运动会比赛中,轻轻松松就获得了第一名。

8、He’s all right, my dad.

8、我爸爸真的很棒!

9、My dad can eat like a house,

9、我爸爸吃得像马一样多

10、and he can swim like a fish.

10、我爸爸游得和鱼一样快。

11、He’s as strong as a gorilla,

11、他像大猩猩一样强壮。

12、And as happy as a hippopotamus.

12、也像河马一样快乐

13、He’s all right, my dad.

13、我爸爸真的很棒!

14、My dad’s as a house,

14、我爸爸想房子一样高大

15、and as soft as my teddy.

15、有时又像泰迪熊一样柔软

16、He’s as wise as an owl,

16、他像猫头鹰一样聪明。

17、except when he tries to help.

17、有时又会做一些傻事。

18、He’s all right, my dad.

18、我爸爸真的很棒!

19、My dad’s a great dancer,

19、我爸爸是个伟大的舞蹈家。20、and a brilliant singer.

20、也是个了不起的歌唱家。

21、he’s fantastic at soccer,

21、他踢足球的技术一流。

22、and he makes me laugh.A lot.

22、也常常逗得我哈哈大笑。

23、I love my dad.

23、我爱他

24、And you know what?

24、而且你知道吗?

25、HE LOVES ME!(and he always will.)

25、他也爱我(永远爱我)!

推荐第5篇:翻译英文

海南公路HainanHighway

前言Preface

目录Content

干线公路ArterailHighway

东线高速公路EasternLineFreeway

西线高速公路WesternLineFreeway

海文高速公路HaiwenFreeway

海口绕城高速公路HaikouCity-CircleFreeway

农村公路RuralHighway

国、省、县道National,Provincial &County Highways国道National Highway

省道Provincial Highway

县道.County Road

市县出口路ExitRoadtotheCityorCounty 公路养护HighwayMaintenance

生态建设EcologicalConstruction

内业管理InternalAdministration

机械化养护MechanizationMaintenance

体制改革InstitutionalReform

应急抢险EmergencyMeasures

服务保障ServiceAurance

路政执法LawenforcementofRoadAdministrtion

行业风彩Industry Image

推荐第6篇:2奥巴马上演演讲稿英文加翻译2

奥巴马(欧巴马)访华演讲稿(英文演讲稿+翻译)时间:2009-11-17 11:52 作者:Slang Freak 点击: 773次美国总统奥巴马11月16日在上海科技博物馆举行的与上海大学生的直接对话会上发表演讲,并回答了大学生以及网友提出的一系列问题。本站提供演讲及问答记录稿英文及译文。奥巴马在上海演讲稿的英语全文:

President Obama at Town Hall Meeting in Shanghai Obama answers questions from Fudan University students and the Internet

THE WHITE HOUSE Office of the Pre Secretary November 16, 2009

REMARKS BY PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA AT TOWN HALL MEETING WITH FUTURE CHINESE LEADERS

Museum of Science and Technology Shanghai, China 1:18 P.M.CST

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Good afternoon.It is a great honor for me to be here in Shanghai, and to have this opportunity to speak with all of you.I\'d like to thank Fudan University\'s President Yang for his hospitality and his gracious welcome.I\'d also like to thank our outstanding Ambaador, Jon Huntsman, who exemplifies the deep ties and respect between our nations.I don\'t know what he said, but I hope it was good.(Laughter.)

What I\'d like to do is to make some opening comments, and then what I\'m really looking forward to doing is taking questions, not only from students who are in the audience, but also we\'ve received questions online, which will be asked by some of the students who are here in the audience, as well as by Ambaador Huntsman.And I am very sorry that my Chinese is not as good as your English, but I am looking forward to this chance to have a dialogue. This is my first time traveling to China, and I\'m excited to see this majestic country.Here, in Shanghai, we see the growth that has caught the attention of the world -- the soaring skyscrapers, the bustling streets and entrepreneurial activity.And just as I\'m impreed by these signs of China\'s journey to the 21st century, I\'m eager to see those ancient places that speak to us from China\'s distant past.Tomorrow and the next day I hope to have a chance when I\'m in Beijing to see the majesty of the Forbidden City and the wonder of the Great Wall.Truly, this is a nation that encompaes both a rich history and a belief in the promise of the future. The same can be said of the relationship between our two countries.Shanghai, of course, is a city that has great meaning in the history of the relationship between the United States and China.It was here, 37 years ago, that the Shanghai Communique opened the door to a new chapter of engagement between our governments and among our people.However, America\'s ties to this city -- and to this country -- stretch back further, to the earliest days of America\'s independence.

In 1784, our founding father, George Washington, commiioned the Empre of China, a ship that set sail for these shores so that it could pursue trade with the Qing Dynasty.Washington wanted to see the ship carry the flag around the globe, and to forge new ties with nations like China.This is a common American impulse -- the desire to reach for new horizons, and to forge new partnerships that are mutually beneficial.

Over the two centuries that have followed, the currents of history have steered the relationship between our countries in many directions.And even in the midst of tumultuous winds, our people had opportunities to forge deep and even dramatic ties.For instance, Americans will never forget the hospitality shown to our pilots who were shot down over your soil during World War II, and cared for by Chinese civilians who risked all that they had by doing so.And Chinese veterans of that war still warmly greet those American veterans who return to the sites where they fought to help liberate China from occupation.

A different kind of connection was made nearly 40 years ago when the frost between our countries began to thaw through the simple game of table tennis.The very unlikely nature of this engagement contributed to its succe -- because for all our differences, both our common humanity and our shared curiosity were revealed.As one American player described his visit to China -- \"[The] people are just like us…The country is very similar to America, but still very different.\"

Of course this small opening was followed by the achievement of the Shanghai Communique, and the eventual establishment of formal relations between the United States and China in 1979.And in three decades, just look at how far we have come.

In 1979, trade between the United States and China stood at roughly $5 billion -- today it tops over $400 billion each year.The commerce affects our people\'s lives in so many ways.America imports from China many of the computer parts we use, the clothes we wear; and we export to China machinery that helps power your industry.This trade could create even more jobs on both sides of the Pacific, while allowing our people to enjoy a better quality of life.And as demand becomes more balanced, it can lead to even broader prosperity.

In 1979, the political cooperation between the United States and China was rooted largely in our shared rivalry with the Soviet Union.Today, we have a positive, constructive and comprehensive relationship that opens the door to partnership on the key global iues of our time -- economic recovery and the development of clean energy; stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and the scourge of climate change; the promotion of peace and security in Asia and around the globe.All of these iues will be on the agenda tomorrow when I meet with President Hu. And in 1979, the connections among our people were limited.Today, we see the curiosity of those ping-pong players manifested in the ties that are being forged acro many sectors.The second highest number of foreign students in the United States come from China, and we\'ve seen a 50 percent increase in the study of Chinese among our own students.There are nearly 200 \"friendship cities\" drawing our communities together.American and Chinese scientists cooperate on new research and discovery.And of course, Yao Ming is just one signal of our shared love of basketball -- I\'m only sorry that I won\'t be able to see a Shanghai Sharks game while I\'m visiting.

It is no coincidence that the relationship between our countries has accompanied a period of positive change.China has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty -- an accomplishment unparalleled in human history -- while playing a larger role in global events.And the United States has seen our economy grow along with the standard of living enjoyed by our people, while bringing the Cold War to a succeful conclusion.

There is a Chinese proverb: \"Consider the past, and you shall know the future.\" Surely, we have known setbacks and challenges over the last 30 years.Our relationship has not been without disagreement and difficulty.But the notion that we must be adversaries is not predestined -- not when we consider the past.Indeed, because of our cooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and more secure.We have seen what is poible when we build upon our mutual interests, and engage on the basis of mutual respect.

And yet the succe of that engagement depends upon understanding -- on sustaining an open dialogue, and learning about one another and from one another.For just as that American table tennis player pointed out -- we share much in common as human beings, but our countries are different in certain ways.

I believe that each country must chart its own course.China is an ancient nation, with a deeply rooted culture.The United States, by comparison, is a young nation, whose culture is determined by the many different immigrants who have come to our shores, and by the founding documents that guide our democracy.

Those documents put forward a simple vision of human affairs, and they enshrine several core principles -- that all men and women are created equal, and poe certain fundamental rights; that government should reflect the will of the people and respond to their wishes; that commerce should be open, information freely acceible; and that laws, and not simply men, should guarantee the administration of justice. Of course, the story of our nation is not without its difficult chapters.In many ways -- over many years -- we have struggled to advance the promise of these principles to all of our people, and to forge a more perfect union.We fought a very painful civil war, and freed a portion of our population from slavery.It took time for women to be extended the right to vote, workers to win the right to organize, and for immigrants from different corners of the globe to be fully embraced.Even after they were freed, African Americans persevered through conditions that were separate and not equal, before winning full and equal rights.

None of this was easy.But we made progre because of our belief in those core principles, which have served as our compa through the darkest of storms.That is why Lincoln could stand up in the midst of civil war and declare it a struggle to see whether any nation, conceived in liberty, and \"dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\" could long endure.That is why Dr.Martin Luther King could stand on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and ask that our nation live out the true meaning of its creed.That\'s why immigrants from China to Kenya could find a home on our shores; why opportunity is available to all who would work for it; and why someone like me, who le than 50 years ago would have had trouble voting in some parts of America, is now able to serve as its President.

And that is why America will always speak out for these core principles around the world.We do not seek to impose any system of government on any other nation, but we also don\'t believe that the principles that we stand for are unique to our nation.These freedoms of expreion and worship -- of acce to information and political participation -- we believe are universal rights.They should be available to all people, including ethnic and religious minorities -- whether they are in the United States, China, or any nation.Indeed, it is that respect for universal rights that guides America\'s openne to other countries; our respect for different cultures; our commitment to international law; and our faith in the future.

These are all things that you should know about America.I also know that we have much to learn about China.Looking around at this magnificent city -- and looking around this room -- I do believe that our nations hold something important in common, and that is a belief in the future.Neither the United States nor China is content to rest on our achievements.For while China is an ancient nation, you are also clearly looking ahead with confidence, ambition, and a commitment to see that tomorrow\'s generation can do better than today\'s.

In addition to your growing economy, we admire China\'s extraordinary commitment to science and research -- a commitment borne out in everything from the infrastructure you build to the technology you use.China is now the world\'s largest Internet user -- which is why we were so pleased to include the Internet as a part of today\'s event.This country now has the world\'s largest mobile phone network, and it is investing in the new forms of energy that can both sustain growth and combat climate change -- and I\'m looking forward to deepening the partnership between the United States and China in this critical area tomorrow.But above all, I see China\'s future in you -- young people whose talent and dedication and dreams will do so much to help shape the 21st century.

I\'ve said many times that I believe that our world is now fundamentally interconnected.The jobs we do, the prosperity we build, the environment we protect, the security that we seek -- all of these things are shared.And given that interconnection, power in the 21st century is no longer a zero-sum game; one country\'s succe need not come at the expense of another.And that is why the United States insists we do not seek to contain China\'s rise.On the contrary, we welcome China as a strong and prosperous and succeful member of the community of nations -- a China that draws on the rights, strengths, and creativity of individual Chinese like you.

To return to the proverb -- consider the past.We know that more is to be gained when great powers cooperate than when they collide.That is a leon that human beings have learned time and again, and that is the example of the history between our nations.And I believe strongly that cooperation must go beyond our government.It must be rooted in our people -- in the studies we share, the busine that we do, the knowledge that we gain, and even in the sports that we play.And these bridges must be built by young men and women just like you and your counterparts in America.

That\'s why I\'m pleased to announce that the United States will dramatically expand the number of our students who study in China to 100,000.And these exchanges mark a clear commitment to build ties among our people, as surely as you will help determine the destiny of the 21st century.And I\'m absolutely confident that America has no better ambaadors to offer than our young people.For they, just like you, are filled with talent and energy and optimism about the history that is yet to be written.

So let this be the next step in the steady pursuit of cooperation that will serve our nations, and the world.And if there\'s one thing that we can take from today\'s dialogue, I hope that it is a commitment to continue this dialogue going forward.

So thank you very much.And I look forward now to taking some questions from all of you.Thank you very much.(Applause.)

So -- I just want to make sure this works.This is a tradition, by the way, that is very common in the United States at these town hall meetings.And what we\'re going to do is I will just -- if you are interested in asking a question, you can raise your hands.I will call on you.And then I will alternate between a question from the audience and an Internet question from one of the students who prepared the questions, as well as I think Ambaador Huntsman may have a question that we were able to obtain from the Web site of our embay. So let me begin, though, by seeing -- and then what I\'ll do is I\'ll call on a boy and then a girl and then -- so we\'ll go back and forth, so that you know it\'s fair.All right? So I\'ll start with this young lady right in the front.Why don\'t we wait for this microphone so everyone can hear you.And what\'s your name?

Q: My name is (inaudible) and I am a student from Fudan University.Shanghai and Chicago have been sister cities since 1985, and these two cities have conduct a wide range of economic, political, and cultural exchanges.So what measures will you take to deepen this close relationship between cities of the United States and China? And Shanghai will hold the World Exposition next year.Will you bring your family to visit the Expo? Thank you.

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, thank you very much for the question.I was just having lunch before I came here with the Mayor of Shanghai, and he told me that he has had an excellent relationship with the city of Chicago -- my home town -- that he\'s visited there twice.And I think it\'s wonderful to have these exchanges between cities.

One of the things that I discued with the Mayor is how both cities can learn from each other on strategies around clean energy, because one of the iues that ties China and America together is how, with an expanding population and a concern for climate change, that we\'re able to reduce our carbon footprint.And obviously in the United States and many developed countries, per capita, per individual, they are already using much more energy than each individual here in China.But as China grows and expands, it\'s going to be using more energy as well.So both countries have a great interest in finding new strategies.

We talked about ma transit and the excellent rail lines that are being developed in Shanghai.I think we can learn in Chicago and the United States some of the fine work that\'s being done on high-speed rail.

In the United States, I think we are learning how to develop buildings that use much le energy, that are much more energy-efficient.And I know that with Shanghai, as I traveled and I saw all the cranes and all the new buildings that are going up, it\'s very important for us to start incorporating these new technologies so that each building is energy-efficient when it comes to lighting, when it comes to heating.And so it\'s a terrific opportunity I think for us to learn from each other.

I know this is going to be a major focus of the Shanghai World Expo, is the iue of clean energy, as I learned from the Mayor.And so I would love to attend.I\'m not sure yet what my schedule is going to be, but I\'m very pleased that we\'re going to have an excellent U.S.pavilion at the Expo, and I understand that we expect as many as 70 million visitors here.So it\'s going to be very crowded and it\'s going to be very exciting. Chicago has had two world expos in its history, and both of those expos ended up being tremendous boosts for the city.So I\'m sure the same thing will happen here in Shanghai.

Thank you.(Applause.)

Why don\'t we get one of the questions from the Internet? And introduce yourself, in case --

Q: First shall I say it in Chinese, and then the English, okay?

PRESIDENT OBAMA: Yes.

Q: I want to pose a question from the Internet.I want to thank you, Mr.President, for visiting China in your first year in office, and exchange views with us in China.I want to know what are you bringing to China, your visit to China this time, and what will you bring back to the United States? (Applause.)

PRESIDENT OBAMA: The main purpose of my trip is to deepen my understanding of China and its vision for the future.I have had several meetings now with President Hu.We participated together in the G20 that was dealing with the economic financial crisis.We have had consultations about a wide range of iues.But I think it\'s very important for the United States to continually deepen its understanding of China, just as it\'s important for China to continually deepen its understanding of the United States.

In terms of what I\'d like to get out of this meeting, or this visit, in addition to having the wonderful opportunity to see the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, and to meet with all of you -- these are all highlights -- but in addition to that, the discuions that I intend to have with President Hu speak to the point that Ambaador Huntsman made earlier, which is there are very few global challenges that can be solved unle the United States and China agree.

So let me give you a specific example, and that is the iue we were just discuing of climate change.The United States and China are the world\'s two largest emitters of greenhouse gases, of carbon that is causing the planet to warm.Now, the United States, as a highly developed country, as I said before, per capita, consumes much more energy and emits much more greenhouse gases for each individual than does China.On the other hand, China is growing at a much faster pace and it has a much larger population.So unle both of our countries are willing to take critical steps in dealing with this iue, we will not be able to resolve it.

There\'s going to be a Copenhagen conference in December in which world leaders are trying to find a recipe so that we can all make commitments that are differentiated so each country would not have the same obligations -- obviously China, which has much more poverty, should not have to do exactly the same thing as the United States -- but all of us should have these certain obligations in terms of what our plan will be to reduce these greenhouse gases.

So that\'s an example of what I hope to get out of this meeting -- a meeting of the minds between myself and President Hu about how together the United States and China can show leadership.Because I will tell you, other countries around the world will be waiting for us.They will watch to see what we do.And if they say, ah, you know, the United States and China, they\'re not serious about this, then they won\'t be serious either.That is the burden of leadership that both of our countries now carry.And my hope is, is that the more discuion and dialogue that we have, the more we are able to show this leadership to the world on these many critical iues.Okay? (Applause.)

All right, it\'s a -- I think it must be a boy\'s turn now.Right? So I\'ll call on this young man right here. Q: (As translated.) Mr.President, good afternoon.I\'m from Tongji University.I want to cite a saying from Confucius: \"It is always good to have a friend coming from afar.\" In Confucius books, there is a great saying which says that harmony is good, but also we uphold differences.China advocates a harmonious world.We know that the United States develops a culture that features diversity.I want to know, what will your government do to build a diversified world with different cultures? What would you do to respect the different cultures and histories of other countries? And what kinds of cooperation we can conduct in the future?

PRESIDENT OBAMA: This is an excellent point.The United States, one of our strengths is that we are a very diverse culture.We have people coming from all around the world.And so there\'s no one definition of what an American looks like.In my own family, I have a father who was from Kenya; I have a mother who was from Kansas, in the Midwest of the United States; my sister is half-Indonesian; she\'s married to a Chinese person from Canada.So when you see family gatherings in the Obama household, it looks like the United Nations.(Laughter.)

奥巴马上海演讲稿

[奥巴马] 你好。诸位下午好。我感到很荣幸能够有机会到上海跟你们交谈,我要感谢复旦大学的杨校长,感谢他的款待和热情的欢迎。我还想感谢我们出色的大使洪博培,他是我们两国间深厚的纽带。我不知道他刚才说什么,但是希望他说得很好。 [13:17:39]

[奥巴马] 我今天准备这样,先做一个开场白,我真正希望做的是回答在座的问题,不但回答在座的学生问题,同时还可以从网上得到一些问题,由在座的一些学生和洪博培大使代为提问。很抱歉,我的中文远不如你们的英文,所以我期待和你们的对话。这是我首次访问中国,我看到你们博大的国家,感到很兴奋。在上海这里,我们看到了瞩目的增长,高耸的塔楼,繁忙的街道,还有企业家的精神。这些都是中国步入21世纪的迹象,让我感到赞叹。同时我也急切的要看到向我们展现中国古老的古迹,明天和后天我要到北京去看雄伟壮丽的故宫和令人叹为观止的长城,这个国度既有丰富的历史,又有对未来憧憬的信念。

[奥巴马] 而我们两国的关系也是如此,上海在美中关系的历史中是个具有意义的重大城市,在30年前,《上海公报》打开了我们两国政府和两国人民接触交往的新的篇章。 [13:17:54]

[奥巴马] 不过美国与这个国家的纽带可以追溯更久远的过去,追溯到美国独立的初期,乔治·华盛顿组织了皇后号的下水仪式,这个船成功前往大清王朝,华盛顿希望看到这艘船前往各地,与中国结成新的纽带。希望中国开辟新的地平线,建立新的伙伴关系。在其后的两个世纪中,历史洪流使我们两国关系向许多不同的方向发展,而即使在最动荡的方向中,我们的两国人民打造深的,甚至有戏剧性的纽带,比如美国人永远不会忘记,在二战期间,美国飞行员在中国上空被击落后,当地人民对他们的款待,中国公民冒着失去一切的危险罩着他们。 [13:18:01]

[奥巴马] 而参加二战的老兵仍然欢迎故地重游的美国老兵,他们在那里参战。40年前,我们两国间开启了又一种联系,两国关系开始解冻,通过乒乓球的比赛解冻关系。我们两国之间有着分歧,但是我们也有着共同的人性及有着共同的好奇,就像一位乒乓球人员一样,那的国家就是一样,但是这个小小的开头带来了《上海公报》的问世,最终还带来了美中在1979年建交。在其后的30年我们又取得了长足的进展,1979年美中贸易只有50亿美元,现在已经超过了4000亿美元。 [13:18:10]

[奥巴马] 贸易在许多方面影响人民的生活,比如美国电脑中许多部件,还有穿的衣服都是从中国进口的,我们向中国出口中国工业要使用的机器,这种贸易可以在太平洋两岸创造更多的就业机会,让我们的人民过上质量更高的生活。 [13:22:50]

[奥巴马] 在需求趋于平衡的过程中,这种贸易可以是更广阔的贸易。如今我们有着积极合作和全面的关系,为我们在当前重大的全球问题上建立伙伴关系打开了大门,这些问题包括经济复苏、洁净能源的开发、制止核武器扩散以及应对气候变化。还有在亚洲及全球各地促进和平和稳定,所有这些问题我明天与胡主席会谈时都会谈到。1979年的时候,我们两国人民的联系十分有限,如今当年乒乓球运动员的好奇可以在许多领域建立的联系中都可以看到,在美国数量最多的留学生都来自中国。而在美国的学生中,学中文的人数增加了50%。我们两国有近200个友好城市,美中科学家在许多新的研究领域和发现领域进行合作,而我们两国人民都热爱篮球,姚明就是个例子。不过,此行中我不能观看上海鲨鱼队的比赛,有点遗憾。 [13:23:12]

[奥巴马] 那么我们两国之间的这种关系给我们带来了积极的变化,这并不是偶然的,中国使得亿万人民脱贫,而这种成就是人类历史上史无前例的。而中国在全球问题中也发挥更大的作用,美国也目睹了我们经济的成长。中国有句古言,温故而知新。当然,我们过去30年中也遇到了挫折和挑战,我们的关系并不是没有困难的,没有分歧的。但是我们必须一定是对手这种想法不应该是一成不变的。由于我们两国的合作,美中两国都变得更加繁荣、更加安全。我们基于相互的利益、相互的尊重就能有成就。 [13:23:27] [奥巴马] 不过,这种接触的成功要取决于我们要彼此了解,要能够进行开诚布公的对话,彼此进行了解。就像当年美国乒乓球运动员所说的,我们作为人有着共同的向往,但是我们两国又不同。我认为我们两国每个国家都应该勾画出自己要走的路,中国是一个文明古国,它有着博大精深的文化。相对而言,美国是一个年轻的国家,它的文化受到来自许多不同国家移民的影响,而指导我们民主制度文件的影响,我有一个非常简单的向往,代表了一些核心的原则,就是所有的人生来平等,都有着基本的权利,而政府应当反映人们的意志,贸易应该是开放的,信息流通应当是自由的,而法律要保证这个公平。

[奥巴马] 当然,我们的国家历史也不是没有过困难的地方,从很多方面来讲,很多年以来,我们是通过斗争来促进这些原则或者是所有的人民能够享受到,为了缔造一个更完美的联合,我们也打过一个很痛苦的内战,把一部分我们被奴役的人口释放出来,经过一段时间才能使妇女有投票权,劳工有组织权,包括来自各地的移民能够全部不接受。即使他们被解放以后,非洲与美国人也和美国人经过一些分开的、不平等的条件,经过一段时间才争取到全面的平等权利,所有这些是不容易的。但是我们对这些核心原则的信念我们取得的进展,在最黑暗的风暴当中是作为我们的指南针。 这是为什么林肯在内战期间站起来说过,任何一个国家以自由、以所有人类平等的原则能够长久的存在,也就是为什么金博士在林肯纪念馆的前台站起来,说我们国家要必须真正的实现我们的信念。也就是为什么来自中国或者肯尼亚的移民能够到我们的家,也是为什么一个不到50年前以前在某些地方连投票都遇到困难的人,现在就能够做到那个国家的总统。

推荐第7篇:最新考研英语复试自我介绍英文加翻译

Good morning.Now that we don’t know each other,would you like to introduce yourself?

Good morning.I am glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself.My name is Yangnan,24.I come from Harbin.I graduated from English Department of Harbin Normal University in July,2009.In the past two years I have been preparing for the postgraduate examination while I have been teaching English in No.5 middle school.Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interviewed by you.

In my spare time,I have broad interests like many other youngers.I like reading books,especially those about law.Frequently I exchange with other people by making comments in the forum on line.In addition,during my college years,I was once a Net-bar technician.So,I have a comparatively good command of network application.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for information on the Internet.I am a football fan for years.My favorite team is Brazil.Anyway,I feel great pity for our country’s team.

I always believe that one will easily lag behind unle he keeps on learning.Of course,if I am given a chance to study law in this famous university,I will spare no effort to master a good command of advanced law.

That’s all.Thank you very much for your time and attention.

早上好。现在,我们互相都不认识,你愿意介绍一下你自己吗?

早上好。我很高兴能在这里接受我们的采访。首先,让我介绍一下我自己。我的名字是冯悦,26岁。我来自大庆。我毕业于哈尔滨师范大学英语系的7月份,2009年。在过去的两年里我一直准备考研而我教英语已经在第五中学。现在我所有的努力都有一个结果由于我有机会采访你。

在我的业余时间,我还有广泛的兴趣和许多其他的年轻人。我喜欢读书,特别是那些关于法律的。我跟别人交流频繁进行评论,在论坛上上网。此外,我上大学期间,我曾是一个网吧里呆上技术员。因此,我有一个比较良好的网络应用程序。我能操作这台电脑。我熟练掌握搜索信息在互联网上。我是个足球迷好几年了。我最喜欢的球队是巴西。不管怎样,我觉得可惜的,为我国的团队。

我始终相信,你将很容易落后,除非他继续学习。当然,如果我得到一个机会来学习法律在这所著名的大学,我会不遗余力地掌握一种良好的先进的法律。

这就是全部。非常感谢您的时间和注意力。

Good morning,my dear profeors.I am very glad to be here for your interview.My name is Liu Li,I am 26 years old.I come from Daqing,a very beautiful ancient city.My undergraduate period will be accomplished in Nanjing University in July,2009 and now,I am trying my best to obtain a key to peking University.

Generally speaking,I am a studious student especially when doing the thing I am interested in.I will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is.When I was a sophomore,I found web design very interesting,so I learned it very hard.To weaver a homepage for myself,I stayed with my personal computer for half a month,and I am the first one in my cla who own the homepage.Furthermore,I am a person with great perseverance.During the days preparing for the first examination,I insist on running every day,no matter what the weather was like.And just owning to this,I could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.

Well,in my spare time,I like badminton,volleyball and Chinese che.Also English is my favorite.I often go to English corner to practise my oral

English on every Thursday, and write diary in English to improve my written ability.But I know my English is not good enough,I will continue studying.

Ok,so much for my introduction,thank you!

早上好,我亲爱的教授。我很高兴能在这里为你的面谈。我的名字叫刘丽,我26岁。我来自大庆,很美丽的古老的城市。完成我的大学本科时期将在七月,在南京大学2009年结束,现在,我要努力获得一个关键的北京大学。

一般来说,我是个勤奋好学的学生,尤其是当你做这件事我很感兴趣。我将尽我最大的努力去完成它,不管它有多么困难。我在大学二年级的时候,我发现网页设计很有趣,所以我认识到它很努力。网站主页,织布工,为我自己,我陪个人电脑为半个月,我是第一个在我的阶级,他们拥有自己的主页。此外,我是一个人以极大的毅力。白天准备的第一次考试,我坚持每天跑步,不论什么天气很像。由于这,只是,我可以集中于我的学习情况,最后终于成功了。

嗯,在我的业余时间,我喜欢打羽毛球、排球和中国象棋。也会说英语是我的最爱。我经常去英语角练习我的英语口语在每个星期四,用英语写日记来提高我的书写能力。但我知道我的英语不够好,我将会继续学习。

好了,我的介绍,谢谢!

推荐第8篇:初中文言文整理加点字、翻译、问答题(公输)

《公输》

公输盘为楚造云梯之械,成,将以攻宋。子墨子闻之,起于鲁,行十日十夜,而至于郢,见公输盘。 公输盘曰:“夫子何命焉为?”

子墨子曰:“北方有侮臣者,愿借子杀之。”

公输盘不说。

子墨子曰:“请献十金。”

公输盘曰:“吾义固不杀人。”

子墨子起,再拜,曰:“请说之。吾从北方闻子为梯,将以攻宋。宋何罪之有?荆国有余于地,而不足于民,杀所不足而争所有余,不可谓智;宋无罪而攻之,不可谓仁;知而不争,不可谓忠;争而不得,不可谓强;义不杀少而杀众,不可谓知类。”

公输盘服。

子墨子曰:“然,胡不已乎?”

公输盘曰:“不可,吾既已言之王矣。”

子墨子曰:“胡不见我于王?”

公输盘曰:“诺。”

1、起于鲁: 出发、动身

2、何命焉为:见教

3、公输盘不说: 通“悦”,高兴

4、吾义固不杀人:坚守道义

5、再拜: 两次

6、请说之:解说、解释

7、不可谓仁:对人亲善、友爱

8、知而不争:谏诤

9、不可谓知类:明白事理

10、公输盘服:被说服

11、胡不已乎: 胡:为什么;已:停止

12、胡不见我于王:引见

1、公输盘为楚造云梯之械,成,将以攻宋。

公输盘给楚国制造云梯这种器械,制成后,将要用它来攻打宋国。

2、夫子何命焉为? 先生有什么见教呢?

3、北方有侮臣者,愿借子杀之。

北方有人欺侮我,我希望借助您去杀了他。

4、吾义固不杀人。

我坚守道义,本来就不会杀人的。

(我是讲道义的人,绝不能平白无故杀人)

5、子墨子起,再拜,曰:“请说之。墨子站起来,拜了两拜说:“请允许我解说这件事。”

6、荆国有余于地,而不足于民,杀所不足而争所有余,不可谓智;

楚国有的是土地,但缺少的是民众,损失不足的去争夺有余的,不能说是聪明的。

7、宋无罪而攻之,不可谓仁;

宋国并没有罪而要去攻打它,不能说是对人亲善、友爱。

8、知而不争,不可谓忠;

知道这道理而不对楚王谏诤,不能说是忠诚。

9、争而不得,不可谓强;

据理力争却没有结果,不能说是坚强。

10、义不杀少而杀众,不可谓知类。

你坚守道义不杀少数人却杀多数人,不能说是明白事理。

11、胡不见我于王?

为什么不向楚王引见我呢?

子墨子见王,曰:“今有人于此,舍其文轩,邻有敝舆而欲窃之;舍其锦绣,邻有短褐而欲窃之;舍其粱肉,邻有糠糟而欲窃之——此为何若人?”

王曰:“必为有窃疾矣。”

子墨子曰:“荆之地方五千里,宋之地方五百里,此犹文轩之与敝舆也。荆有云梦,犀兕麋鹿满之,江汉之鱼鳖鼋鼍为天下富,宋所为无雉兔鲋鱼者也,此犹粱肉之与糠糟也。荆有长松文梓楩楠豫章,宋无长木,此犹锦绣之与短褐也。臣以王吏之攻宋也,为与此同类。”

王曰:“善哉!虽然,公输盘为我为云梯,必取宋。”

于是见公输盘。子墨子解带为城,以牒为械,公输盘九设攻城之机变,子墨子九距之。公输盘之攻械尽,子墨子之守圉有余。

公输盘诎,而曰:“吾知所以距子矣,吾不言。”

子墨子亦曰:“吾知子之所以距我,吾不言。”

楚王问其故。

子墨子曰:“公输子之意,不过欲杀臣。杀臣,宋莫能守,乃可攻也。然臣之弟子禽滑厘等三百人,已持臣守圉之器在宋城上而待楚寇矣。虽杀臣,不能绝也。”

楚王曰:“善哉。吾请无攻宋矣。”

1、文轩:装饰华美的车。文:彩饰;轩:有篷的车

2、短褐:粗布衣服

3、长木:多余的木材,形容宋国小而穷

4、以牒为械:木片

5、攻城之机变: 巧妙的方式

6、九距之:通“拒”,抵御

7、守圉有余:守卫。圉:通“御”,抵挡

8、公输盘诎:屈服

9、所以距我:用来---的方法

10、楚寇:入侵者

1、今有人于此,舍其文轩,邻有敝舆而欲窃之

现在这里有个人,舍弃自己装饰华美的车子,看见邻人有破车子就想偷。

2、荆之地方五千里,宋之地方五百里,此犹文轩之与敝舆也。

楚国的土地方圆五千里,宋国的土地方圆五百里,这就好像装饰华美的车子同破车子相比。

3、臣以王吏之攻宋也,为与此同类。

我认为大王所派的官吏攻打宋国,正和这个害偷窃病的人一样。

4、善哉!虽然,公输盘为我为云梯,必取宋。

好啊!虽然如此,公输盘给我造好云梯了,我一定要打下宋国。

5、子墨子解带为城,以牒为械。

墨子解下衣带当作城,用木片当作器械。

6、公输盘九设攻城之机变,子墨子九距之。

公输盘多次用了攻城的巧妙战术,墨子多次抵御他。

7、公输盘之攻械尽,子墨子之守圉有余。

公输盘的攻城器械用尽了,墨子的守卫方法还绰绰有余。

8、公输盘诎,而曰:“吾知所以距子矣,吾不言。” 公输盘屈服了,但他说:“我知道用来对付你的方法了,我不说。”

9、吾知子之所以距我,吾不言。

我也知道你用来对付我的方法了,我也不说。

10、公输子之意,不过欲杀臣。杀臣,宋莫能守,乃可攻也。

公输盘的意思,只不过是想要杀掉我。杀了我,宋国就守不住了,就可以攻下了。

11、然臣之弟子禽滑厘等三百人,已持臣守圉之器在宋城上而待楚寇矣。虽杀臣,不能绝也。” 可是我的学生禽滑厘等三百人,已经拿着我的守卫器械在宋国城上等待楚国的入侵者了。即使杀了我,也不能杀尽(宋国的抵抗者)。

1、“造云梯之械”和“行十日十夜”分别表明了什么?表现了墨子的什么思想? “造”表明一场大战即将爆发,宋国形势很危急;“行”既表现出时间紧急、刻不容缓,又表现了墨子不辞劳苦的精神。

表现了墨子非攻兼爱的思想。

2、概括说明墨子是怎样一步步止楚攻宋的?

可分为三个步骤:使公输盘理屈词穷;使楚王理屈词穷;模拟攻守,说明楚国攻宋是不会有好结果的,迫使楚王放弃攻宋。

3、墨子是如何让公输盘理屈词穷的?(墨子是如何劝服公输盘的?)

①以“北方有侮臣者,愿借子杀之”设下圈套,诱使公输盘说出“吾义固不杀人”这句话。②抓住公输盘的话来做文章。“宋何罪之有”立刻将公输盘置于理亏的境地;接着墨子用“不可谓智”“不可谓仁”“不可谓忠”“不可谓强”“不可谓知类”,从各个角度、步步深入地批判了公输盘的行为,让公输盘陷入矛盾,无法为自己的行为作任何辩解,使公输盘无话可说。③“义不杀少而杀众”一句揭示出公输盘所标榜的义的欺骗性。 {⑴、墨子曰:“北方有侮臣者,愿借子杀之”。墨子真的要公输盘杀人吗?如果不是,他为什么这么说? 不是。是设下圈套,诱使公输盘说出“吾义固不杀人”这句话,然后进行反驳。

⑵、怎样理解墨子的五个“不可谓”中的“智、仁、忠、强、知类”墨子用五个“不可谓”的目的是什么? 智:聪明;仁:对人亲善、友爱;忠:忠诚;强:坚强;知类:明白事理。

目的是从各个从各个角度、步步深入地批判了公输盘的行为,让公输盘陷入矛盾,无法为自己的行为作任何辩解,使公输盘无话可说。

⑶墨子抓住公输盘的哪句话进行批驳?从哪句话可以看出公输盘的虚伪性?} “吾义固不杀人”

“义不杀少而杀众”

4、“公输盘服”一句中的“服”字有何作用?

表明了墨子的论说有理有力,使公输盘无话可说。

5、墨子是如何让楚王理屈词穷的?(墨子采取了和对付公输盘相同的策略,先让他陷入以子之矛攻子之盾的困境,不过在楚王面前,墨子更注意劝说的婉转和艺术性) ①先用一个假设,诱使楚王说出“必为有窃疾矣”。②一连用了颇有夸张意味的三个对比,极言楚国的幅员辽阔、物产丰富和宋国的地小物乏,从而类推出楚国攻宋是和有“窃疾同类”的结论。墨子采用“以子之矛攻子之盾”的方法,使楚国陷入自相矛盾的境地,最终理屈词穷。

【墨子把楚国和宋国从哪些方面进行了比较?这样写有什么用意?

从幅员和物产两方面进行比较;用意:一方面为了满足楚王的虚荣心,使他乐于接受自己的劝说;另一方面为了突出宋国的贫穷弱小,使楚王认识到攻打宋国是非正义、愚蠢的行为,从而终止攻打宋国。】

6、公输盘动了杀机,为什么没有做?从这一点上能给我们什么启示?(楚王最终放弃攻宋说明了什么道理?或墨子成功地止楚攻宋有什么启示?)

启示:要制止侵略,单靠说理是不够的,还得有足够的实力做后盾。 然臣之弟子禽滑厘等三百人,已持臣守圉之器在宋城上而待楚寇矣。虽杀臣,不能绝也。

7、文中两个“吾不言”体现了各自什么心理?

公输盘的“吾不言”表现了他阴险怯懦的心理,墨子的“吾不言”体现了他机智镇定的心理。

8、“九设”“九距”点明 战斗的激烈 ,用“攻械尽”“守有余”交代 激战结果 ,用“诎”点明

公输盘已经技穷

推荐第9篇:英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)(材料)

A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目,百度一下就能找到原文好,原文还有表格,我没有

翻译)

A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils Contamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1.We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground bioma.This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.

We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig.1a).We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.).We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m.As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m.As).Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 p.p.m.Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m.These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain le than 3.6 p.p.m.of arsenic3.

As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m.arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1).Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m.Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m.in two weeks.Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m.arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m.Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment.Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were le than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.

Addition of 100 p.p.m.Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in bioma compared with the control (data not shown).

After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma ma spectrometry.Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4.The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.

As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig.1c).Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds.Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.) at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.

Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate.In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5.The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available).It has considerable bioma, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.

We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant.Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USA e-mail: lqma@ufl.edu †Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson, Georgia 31742, USA ‡Department of Chemistry & Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199,

1.Nriagu, J.O.(ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2.Brooks, R.R.(ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ.Pre, 1998).3.Kabata-Pendias, A.& Pendias, H.in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4.Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C.A., Cullen, W.R.& Reimer, K.J.Envir.Sci.Technol.34, 22–26 (2000).5.Jones, D.L.Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).

积累砷的蕨类植物

耐寒,多功能,生长快速的植物,有助于从污染土壤去除砷

有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。我们已经发现,蕨类植物蜈蚣草(凤尾蕨)对从土壤中提取砷和转运到地上部生物量是非常有效的。据我们所知这种植物,是第一个已知的砷超富集植物以及也是第一种在已发现的蕨类中可以作为超富集植物,它有许多属性比如建议使用在砷污染土壤的修复。

我们发现被铬砷酸铜污染的生长在佛罗里达州中部的一个站点的凤尾蕨图1a)。我们用石墨炉原子吸收法分析了在站点正生长植物叶子总砷的吸收光谱。 对于14种研究植物物种中,只有凤尾蕨植物中含有大量的砷(含量;3280–4980 ppm)。我们从受污染的站点(18.8–1603 ppm)和未受污染的站点(0.47–7.56 ppm)收集更多的植物和土壤样品。凤尾蕨从土壤中有效吸收砷转运到其叶子中,在受污染的站点生长的植物,含有1442–7526 ppm的砷和那些未受污染的站点包含11.8–64 ppm的这些值是比那些正常的土壤中生长的植物的高很多,其中包含小于3.6 ppm的砷。

对于含有高达1500 ppm砷的疏松土壤中,凤尾蕨植物可以在很短的时间内吸收大量的砷进入它的叶子(表1)。在掺入1500 ppm砷的土壤中蕨类叶子中砷浓度是不断增长的,在两周内砷含量从29.4增加到15861 ppm。在蕨类叶子中的砷,是126倍的富集。凤尾蕨根的砷浓度小于303 ppm,而那些在叶的浓度达到7234 ppm。

加入100 ppm的砷显著刺激蕨类生长,导致在与对照相比,生物量增加了(数据未显示)。

经过20周的增长,用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取该植物用高效液相色谱法–电感耦合等离子体质谱法来平衡砷。目前几乎所有的砷是相对无毒的无机形式,几乎没有检测到有机砷物种。作为(Ⅲ)的浓度叶(47-80%)与根(8.3%)相比更多,表示AS(V)被转换AS(III)在根转运到叶的过程中。

以及从土壤中除去砷的植物含有不同浓度的砷(表1),从土壤中去除含砷的凤尾蕨也含有不同形态的砷(图1C)。再着,高达93%的砷主要集中在叶。 虽然feaso4和AlAsO42H2O在土壤中的相对不溶,凤尾蕨富集的砷来自这些化合物进入它的叶状体(136–315 ppm)在3级–6倍大于土壤砷。凤尾蕨是裸子植物,并广泛栽培归功于许多地区气候温和。在美国,它生长在东南部和加利福尼亚南部。蕨类植物是有多种有优点,耐寒,喜欢阳光(不寻常的蕨类植物)和碱性环境(如砷是更有效)。它具有相当大的生物量,而且常年生长迅速,易于繁殖。

我们相信这是用一个未经处理的显著砷超富集植物为例的第一次报告。凤尾蕨在修复砷污染土壤方面的潜力很大,也可以帮助研究砷的吸收,转运,形态研究,在植物中的分布及排毒。

*土壤和水科学系,大学

佛罗里达州,盖恩斯维尔,佛罗里达州32611-0290,美国 电子邮件:lqma@ufl.edu †合作推广服务,大学

格鲁吉亚,特勒尔县,邮政信箱271,道森, 佐治亚州31742,美国 ‡化学与东南部

环境研究中心,佛罗里达州

国际大学,迈阿密,佛罗里达州,33199,

1。Nriagu,J.O.(主编)环境中的砷1部分:循环 与特性(威利,纽约,1994)。

2。布鲁克斯,R.R.(主编),重金属超富集植物 (剑桥大学出版社,1998)。

3。kabata pendias,A.pendias,在土壤中的微量元素 植物203–209(CRC,博卡拉顿,1991)。

4。科赫,I.,王,L.,ollson,C.A.,卡伦,W.R.& Reimer,K.J.环境。SCI。技术。34,22,26(2000)–。

5。琼斯,D.L.百科全书的蕨类植物(洛锡安区,墨尔本,1987)。

感想:首先来了解一下砷,砷俗称砒,为银灰色晶体,具有金属性,毒性很小,但其化合物都有毒性。砷中毒主要由砷化合物引起,三价砷化合物的毒性较五价砷为强,其中以毒性较大的三氧化二砷(俗称砒霜)中毒为多见。砷化物还可经皮肤或创面吸收而中毒。长期接触砷化物可引起慢性中毒。熔烧含砷矿石、制造合金、玻璃、陶瓷、印染、含砷医药和农药的生产工人和长期服用含砷药物均可引起砷中毒,饮水中含砷过高,可引起地方性砷中毒。

从这篇文章中我了解到了蕨类植物蜈蚣草(凤尾蕨)是第一个已知的砷超富集蕨类植物,可以在在砷污染土壤修复方面有所应用。通过石墨炉原子吸收法这种方法来分析植物叶子总砷的吸收光谱,在分析过程中用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取该植物用高效液相色谱法–电感耦合等离子体质谱法来平衡砷,而且了解到目前几乎所有的砷是相对无毒的无机形式,几乎没有检测到有机砷物种。

那么即然这样,可不可以用此类蕨来定期富集土壤中的砷然后除去,来达到治理砷的土地污染的问题呢?有这个想法,我们要明确几个问题:

1、凤尾蕨是否容易生长?

2、凤尾蕨在什么样的情况下生长旺盛?

3、是否有明确的昆虫或动物以此为食?

4、在植物类中有没有天地?

5、在新环境中是否会出现不受控制的情况?

6、如果容易成活,怎么样大批量的生产?

7、在凤尾蕨富集砷的过程中,有没有特殊的培养条件?

8、富集完成后,凤尾蕨怎么样处理?等等问题,都需要我们来明确的解答。

在实验的基础上如果成功(可以来治理土地砷污染),还需要在具体的环境中进行测试。

读完此篇文章后,感到又增长了知识,以后会多读文献来增长自己的知识。

推荐第10篇:英语作文加翻译

1、My Favorite Place at School 在学校我最喜欢的地方

I find the library to be the best piace in school.我发现在学校的图书馆是最好的去处。

I like the quiet atmosphere in the library,which makes me deeply 我喜欢图书馆的安静氛围,这让我深深 adsorbed in my study.吸附在我的书房里。

there are a great number of books there that I\'m interested in.有许多书,我很感兴趣。

I usually sit there quietly,enjoying my books with a piece of light music.我通常坐在那里安静,享受我的书用一块轻音乐。

Besides,there are reference books in the library which provide ready guidance to help me solve my problems.除此之外,在图书馆有参考书提供指导,帮助我解决我的问题。

The library is really a wonderful place to study school work and to expand my knowledge.图书馆真是个学习的好地方学校工作和扩大我的知识。 sometimes,I can even make new friends who loves reading too.有时候,我甚至可以结交新朋友也喜欢阅读。

2、My Favorite Place at School 在学校我最喜欢的地方

My Favorite Place in School is the fantastic library from which I borrow books.在学校我最喜欢的地方是我的奇妙的图书馆借的书。

In a quiet reading room,i can better concentrate and study more effectively.在一个安静的阅览室,我可以更好的集中和更有效地学习。

Besides,there are all kinds of books,magazines and newspapers in a library which provide us with a great deal of useful knowledge.此外,有各种各样的书籍,杂志和报纸在图书馆给我们提供了大量的有用的知识。 When we want to borrow books,the library is open every afternoon.当我们想借书,图书馆每天下午开放。 I love reading,and really enjoy it.我爱阅读,真的很喜欢它。 It is a part of my life.这是我生活的一部分。

It\'s a good place to read books.这是一个读书的好地方。

The library helps me a lot with my study.图书馆对我的学习帮助我很多。

3、My Favorite Place at School 在学校我最喜欢的地方

Our school has a lot of places students like to hang out,such as playground,art room and computer room etc.我们学校有很多学生喜欢闲逛的地方,如操场,美术教室、计算机房等。 My favorite place is library.我最喜欢的地方是图书馆。

In library,people know how it behave more politely,and the bright reading room is a good place for you to read plenty of novels and study your own subjects,I used to hang out in library after school.在图书馆,人们知道如何表现得更礼貌,和明亮的阅览室是一个好地方让你阅读大量小说和研究自己的课题,我放学后在图书馆闲逛。

It is a good place for you to meet some friends who have something in common and we can share experience on study or other subjects.这是一个好地方见面对你一些朋友有一些共同点,我们可以分享经验研究或其他科目。 It\'s really good to have such a quiet place! 真的很高兴有这样一个安静的地方!

4、How to Protect Myself

如何保护自己

As a student,I think it important for me to protect myself from dangerous situations.作为一名学生,我认为这对我来说重要的保护自己免受危险的情况。 First of all,I must calm down as soon as poible,for panicking is of no help.首先,我必须尽快冷静下来,因为恐慌是没有帮助的。

then,as is known to all,when we are in danger,for example,in a fire,asking for help is neceary.众所周知,当我们处于危险之中,例如,在一个火,寻求帮助是必要的。 Calling 119 immediately is one of the most effective ways to save ourselves.立即拨打119是最有效的方法之一,拯救我们自己。

As well as that,it is best to take the stairs instead of elevators.同时,最好走楼梯,而不是电梯。

In conclusion,with positive attitude and sufficient preparations,we will de able to protect ourselves from fires.总之,积极的态度和充分的准备,我们将能够保护自己免受火灾。

5、How to Protect Myself

如何保护自己

In recent years some big earthquakes happened in our country.近年来我国一些大地震发生了。

When the earthquake happens,I will tell myself to calm down and think about the ways to protect myself.当地震发生的时候,我会告诉自己冷静下来,思考的方式来保护自己。 I should get outside instead of hiding inside the building.我应该得到,而不是隐藏在大楼外。 I can\'t take the lift but walk downstairs.我不能坐电梯但走下楼。

No sooner have I got outside than I\'ll ask the police for help.一外我有我会找警察帮忙。

And I should always be aware of the unexpected dorp overhead.我总是应该意识到意想不到的村落开销。

Following these ways,I would manage to prevent myself from being hurt ,and survive.以下方式,我会设法防止自己受到伤害,和生存。

I believe that these are useful ways to protect myself in an earthquake.我相信,这些都是有用的方法来保护自己在地震。

6、How to Protect Myself

如何保护自己

A terrible fire in Shanghai took many people\'s lives in 2010 and brought endle pains to a large number of families.一场可怕的大火在上海拍了许多人们的生活,2010年给许多家庭带来了无尽的痛苦。 Were I caught in a fire,I\'d try my best to protect myself.是我陷入了火,我会尽我最大的努力来保护自己。 First,I would calm down.首先,我会冷静下来。

A cool heaed can prevent me from taking rash actions.一个很酷的是可以阻止我采取鲁莽的行动。

Second,asking for help is a right solution the first time.第二,寻求帮助是一个正确的解决方案。

Then,I would call 119 with my exact location and the situation.然后,我将和我的确切位置和情况拨打119。

Most importantly,I would cover myself with wet clothes and made my way to the safe channel.最重要的是,我会用湿衣服盖住自己,使我的安全通道。 So I will sure be able to protect myself from fires.所以我肯定能保护自己免受火灾。

7、white cloud:I come from China.白云:我来自中国。

I\'m a middle school student,too.我是一个中学生。

I\'m the same age as Ding.我是丁一样的年龄。

Having read the news,I was shocked.看新闻,我很震惊。

What Ding did made me sad.丁的所作所为让我伤心。 Ding should say sorry for that.丁应该说对不起。

As a middle student,it\'s very importent to care about what we are supposed to do in public places.作为一个中间学生,是很重要的关心在公共场所我们应该做的。

The bad behaviors not only destory the ancient relics but also affect our country\'s image.坏的行为不仅破坏古迹,也影响我们国家的形象。

8、white cloud:I come from China.白云:我来自中国。

I\'m a middle school student studying in Chongqing.我是一个中学生在重庆学习。

when I read the news,I felt ashamed for what Ding did.当我看到这个消息,我对丁的所作所为而感到羞愧。

It\'s not polite to scribble in public places,especially on the ancient relics.是不礼貌的在公共场所乱涂,尤其是在古代文物。

Noone has right to expre personal feelings by scribbling on them.没有人有权通过涂鸦表达个人的感情。

In fact,most of the marks left there are meaningle and very ugly.事实上,大多数留下有意义的和非常丑陋。

9、white cloud:I come from China.白云:我来自中国。

I\'m also a middle school student like Ding.我也是一个中学生喜欢丁。

When I read the news,my heart ached.当我看到这个消息,我的心隐隐作痛。 What Ding did made me sad.丁的所作所为让我伤心。

Ding should feel really sorry for that.丁应该感到真的很抱歉。

As a student,It\'s very important to care about what we do in public.作为一名学生,这是非常重要的在公共场合关心我们所做的。 For example,we\'d better keep our voice down.例如,我们最好压低我们的声音。

I will be more polite to people around me and take better care of public things.我身边的人会更有礼貌,照顾好公众的事情。

And I\'m sure we Chinese will show our best to the whole world.,我相信我们中国会告诉我们最好的整个世界。

10、I think talking about hobbies is better than talking about lucky money.我想谈论爱好比谈论压岁钱。

As is well known,everyone has his own different hobbies such as singing,listening to music.众所周知,每个人都有自己的不同爱好,比如唱歌,听音乐。 Music can make us very happy.音乐可以使我们很高兴。

when we are unhappy,it cheers us up.当我们不开心时,我们欢呼起来。

When we are streed,it makes us calm down.当我们有压力的时候,它让我们冷静下来。 Music is really important to us.音乐对我们是非常重要的。

hobbies make our life more meaningful.爱好使我们的生活更有意义。

11、I think talking about hobbies is better than talking about lucky money.我想谈论爱好比谈论压岁钱。 It is simple and interesting.它既简单又有趣。

Hobbies are activities from which one can benefit a lot.爱好是活动从哪一个可以受益很多。

Different people have differen hobbies,such as saling,climbing and mountian biking.不同的人有不同的爱好,比如销售,攀岩和旁边的自行车。

Hobbies can be relaxing,challenging,interesting,enjoyable or educational.爱好可以放松的,具有挑战性的、有趣的、愉快的或教育。 Hobbies can bring us happine.爱好可以带给我们幸福。

However,lucky money is a too personal topic for us to discu because not all of us get lucky money.然而,压岁钱是一个太私人的话题讨论,因为不是所有的人得到压岁钱。 If we talk about it,some of us perhaps may be unhappy.如果我们谈论它,我们中的一些人可能会不高兴。 So I prefer talking about hobbies to lucky money.所以我更喜欢谈论爱好压岁钱。 It is really a good choice.这真的是一个不错的选择。

12、I think talking about hobbies is better than talking about lucky money.我想谈论爱好比谈论压岁钱。 It is easy and interesting.很容易和有趣。

Everyone has own hobby,like playing ball games,listening to music,drawing and so on.每个人都有自己的爱好,喜欢玩球游戏,听音乐,绘画等等。 It can bring us pleasure and make us relaxed.它可以带给我们快乐,让我们放松。 We have a lot to say when we talk about it.我们有很多说当我们谈论它。

Lucky money however,isn\'t a proper topic for us,because it\'s too personal.然而,压岁钱对我们不是一个合适的话题,因为它太个人了。 What\'s more,not all of us can get lucky money.更重要的是,不是所有的人可以得到压岁钱。 Some may feel unhappy if we talk about it.有些人可能会感到不愉快,如果我们谈论它。 so talking about hobbies is really a good choice.所以谈论爱好确实是一个不错的选择。

13、Dear John, 亲爱的约翰, It\'s Father\'s Day today.今天是父亲节。

It\'s a special day,isn\'t it? 这是一个特殊的日子,不是吗? Of course,I\'ll spend this specid this special day with my father to expre my love for him.当然,我会为了这特别的一天,和我的父亲来表达我对他的爱。 My father loves me so much and we are always friends.我父亲爱我这么多,我们是永远的朋友。

first,I\'d like to make a special curd for him with my best wishes on it.首先,我想为他做一个特殊的凝乳和我最好的祝福。

second,I\'ll cook him some delicious food in the morning so that he can sleep late.第二,我将在早上做饭他一些美味的食物,这样他可以睡迟了。 When he gets up,I\'ll make the bed for him and help dean his shoes.当他起床时,我会为他铺床并帮助院长他的鞋子。

Last,I\'ll walk with him,talking about what he is interested in.最后,我将跟他走,谈论他感兴趣的是什么。 Also,I\'ll play table tennis with my father.同时,我将和父亲一起打乒乓球。 it\'s his favorite.这是他的最爱。

what\'s your plan for father\'s Day? 父亲节你有什么计划吗? I\'m looking forward to hearing from you.我期待着你的来信。

Yours, 你的, Li Hua 李华

14、Dear John, 亲爱的约翰, It\'s Father\'s Day today.今天是父亲节。

It\'s a special day,isn\'t it? 这是一个特殊的日子,不是吗? On such a special day we are supposed to show our love for our fathers.在这样一个特殊的日子里我们应该展示我们的爱我们的祖宗。 My father is not only my first teacher but also my good friend.我的父亲不仅是我的第一个老师,还是我的好朋友。

He does a lot to bring me up and always tries his best to lend me a hand when I am in trouble.他做很多给我,总是尽力借给我一只手当我遇到了麻烦。

I will make a beantiful card for my father which show my respects and love for him.我必使美丽的卡片为我父亲表达我的尊重和对他的爱。 What\'s more,Iwill buy him a tie.更重要的是,我给他买一条领带。 It will make him more handsome.这将使他更英俊。

Besides,I\'ll cook some nice food him and we\'ll have a dinner togther,talking and laughing.此外,我给他做些好吃的,我们将有一个晚餐一起,有说有笑。 going for a walk with my father will be another choice.散步和我的父亲将会是另一个选择。

I sincerely hope that father will spend a happy father\'s day.我衷心希望父亲会度过一个快乐的父亲节。 what\'s your plan for father\'s Day? 父亲节你有什么计划吗? I\'m looking forward to hearing from you.我期待着你的来信。

Yours, 你的, Li Hua 李华

15、Dear John, 亲爱的约翰, It\'s Father\'s Day today.今天是父亲节。

It\'s a special day,isn\'t it? 这是一个特殊的日子,不是吗? I think we should do something to show our love for our father on this special day.我认为我们应该做些事情来显示我们的爱我们的父亲在这特殊的日子。 My father and I are good friend.我的父亲和我是好朋友。

Whenever I meet with difficulties he is always there,ready to help me.每当我遇到困难他总是在那里,准备帮助我。

Today I will make a beautiful card for him,with my thanks and best wishes on it.今天,我将为他做一个漂亮的卡片,我的感谢和祝福。

Then I will help him wash the car this afternoon and cook his favorite food in the evening.然后我将今天下午帮他洗车,做饭在晚上他最喜欢的食物。

Besides,I\'ll take a walk with him after dinner and them play ce with him,for he likes it veri much.除此之外,我会和他散步晚饭后,他们玩与他运气,因为他喜欢真实。 i\'m sure he\'ll be very happy.我相信他会很高兴。

what\'s your plan for father\'s Day? 父亲节你有什么计划吗? I\'m looking forward to hearing from you.我期待着你的来信。

Yours, 你的, Li Hua 李华

16、Dear friends, 亲爱的朋友们, It\'s a great honor to speak here.这是一个伟大的荣誉在这里说话。

My topic is\"The importance and Secrets of Keeping Healthy\".我的主题是“的重要性和保持健康的秘密”。

We all know that health is so important to us that it can even help improve our study and life.我们都知道,健康对我们很重要,它甚至可以帮助提高我们的学习和生活。 Without good health,nobody can live happily.没有健康,没有人可以幸福地生活在一起。 Then what are secrets of keeping healthy? 然后保持健康的秘密是什么? Here is my opinion.这是我的意见。

Above all,keep a balanced diet.最重要的是,保持均衡的饮食。

Fruits and vegetables are always the best choice.水果和蔬菜总是最好的选择。

Then it\'s a good idea to have an attitude towards life.那是一个好主意,生活态度。

What\'s more,we can\'t ignore the importance of enough exercise every day.更重要的是,我们不能忽视每天足够的锻炼的重要性。

In our spare time,try listening to some music to make ourselves happy.在我们的业余时间,尝试听一些音乐让自己快乐。 Thanks for listening.谢谢你的倾听。

17、Dear friends, 亲爱的朋友们, It\'s a great honor to speak here.这是一个伟大的荣誉在这里说话。

My topic is\"The importance and Secrets of Keeping Healthy\".我的主题是“的重要性和保持健康的秘密”。

Without doubt,no one can deny the importance of good health.毫无疑问,没有人能否认了身体健康的重要性。 When we are healthy,we can enjoy a happy life.当我们健康的时候,我们可以享受一个快乐的生活。 Keeping we are healthy can help us study or work better.保持我们健康可以帮助我们更好地学习和工作。

As to the secrets of keeping healthy,I think the most important is having an active lifestyle.保持健康的秘诀,我认为最重要的是有一个活跃的生活方式。

To live actively,first we are supposed to have a balanced diet and enough sleep.积极生活,首先我们应该有一个均衡的饮食和充足的睡眠。 Then remember to keep on doing sports.然后记得要坚持做运动。

In addition,it\'s useful to get along well with others because it can make you have a good mood all the time.此外,它是有用的与他人相处得很好,因为它可以让你有一个好心情。 Of course,to be happy can also help keep healthy.当然,幸福也可以帮助保持健康。 Thanks for listening.谢谢你的倾听。

18、Dear friends, 亲爱的朋友们, It\'s a great honor to speak here.这是一个伟大的荣誉在这里说话。 I\'m so glad you care about health like me.我很高兴你关心健康喜欢我。

Good health may bring us a long happy life,good work and even better grades.健康可以给我们带来幸福的生活,好的工作,甚至更好的成绩。 Keeping healthy is really is really important.保持健康是真的是非常重要的。

As for the secrets of keeping healthy,Ithink different people have different answers.对于保持健康的秘密,我想不同的人有不同的答案。 In my opinion,having a lifestyle is the most important.在我看来,拥有一种生活方式是最重要的。

First,It\'s helpful to have enough sleep and a balanced diet.首先,它是有用的,有足够的睡眠和均衡的饮食。 Breakfast is the top meal of the day,so we can\'t mi it.早餐是一天前的一餐,所以我们不能错过它。

At the same time,find a physical activity you enjoy doing it.与此同时,找一个你喜欢的体育活动。

I have kept playing ping-pong for seven years and I really enjoy doing that.七年来我一直打乒乓球,我很享受这样做。

Also,everyone should develop a humor and always be a happy person.同时,每个人都应该制定一个幽默和永远是一个快乐的人。

I hope you look after your healthy from now on and live a happy and healthy life forever.我希望你照顾好你的健康从现在开始永远,过幸福健康的生活。 Thanks for listening.谢谢你的倾听。

19、What Makes Me a Good Friend?

是什么让我的好朋友吗? My fellow students find me a good friend.我的同学找到我一个好朋友。

Why? I think that below are the main reasons.为什么?我认为,以下是主要原因。

First,I\'m an easy-going boy and friendly to everyone,so they all like to make friends with me.首先,我是一个随和的男孩对每个人都友好,所以他们都愿意和我交朋友。 Second,I\'m very helpful.第二,我非常有帮助。

No matter when my friend is in trouble,I\'m quite humorous.无论当我的朋友遇到了麻烦,我很幽默。 I\'m good at trlling stories and jokes.我擅长实验室的故事和笑话。

My friends say that they will find it fun to be with me.我的朋友说,他们也能从中找到乐趣。 Besides,I\'m honest and never tell a lie.除此之外,我很诚实,从不说谎。 This way,my friends all believe in me.这样,我的朋友都相信我。

I hope I will be a good friend of theirs forever.我希望我永远是他们的一个好朋友。

20、What Makes Me a Good Friend?

是什么让我的好朋友吗? I\'m very popular with my friends and everyone likes to play with me.我和我的朋友非常受欢迎,每个人都喜欢和我玩。 I think that the main reason is that I\'m a good girl.我认为主要原因是我是一个好女孩。

First of all,I\'m hardworking and always good at my leons.首先,我勤劳,总是擅长我的教训。

When my firends are in trouble with their studies,I will give then a helpful hand.与他们的研究中,当我的朋友有困难时我会给很有帮助。 Second,I\'m strict with myself and never break our cla rules.第二,我严格要求自己,从不违反我们的班级规则。 Third,I am easy-going and kind-hearted.第三,我是随和的,善良的。

I never quarrel with others,let alone fight with them.我从不和别人吵架,更不用说和他们战斗。 Therefore,they like me very much.因此,他们非常喜欢我。 Of course,I love them too.当然,我也爱他们。

I hope I will be a good friend of theirs forever.我希望我永远是他们的一个好朋友。

21、What Makes Me a Good Friend?

是什么让我的好朋友吗? I am a boy easy to get along with.我是一个男孩容易相处。 I never get angry easily.我从不轻易生气。

That\'s the most important reason that makes me so popular.这是最重要的原因,让我如此受欢迎。 I\'m always ready to help others.我总是乐于助人。

Whenever my friends meet with trouble,I will give then a hand without even a moment\'s thought.每当我的朋友遇到麻烦,然后我将给一只手甚至没有片刻的思想。 Beside,I\'m quite humorous.旁边,我很幽默。

I can always tell some jokes or funny stories to make my friend laugh.我可以讲一些笑话或有趣的故事让我的朋友开怀大笑。 They say time with me is full of fun.他们跟我说时间充满了乐趣。 I\'m honest.I never tell lies.我是诚实的。我从不说谎。 So I\'m a friend worth trusting.所以我一个值得信任的朋友。

22、Lily a hardworking girl,is very popular in our cla.莉莉一个勤劳的女孩,在我们班很受欢迎。

She is not only good at her leons but also kind to us students.她不仅擅长功课对我们学生还好。

Oneday,Alice was ill in hospital and mied her leons,so she was very worried about then.一天,爱丽丝病了在医院,错过了她的课,所以她很担心。

Knowing this,Lily went to see her and offered to help her with them after school.知道了这一点,莉莉去看她,表示愿意帮助她放学后。

With Lily\'s help.Alice caught up with other students quickly and was very grateful to her.莉莉的帮助。爱丽丝很快就赶上了其他同学,非常感谢她。

however,in my opinion,Lily should spend more time working out after cla,because health is more important than anything else.然而,在我看来,莉莉课后应该花更多的时间来锻炼,因为健康比任何事情都更重要。

23、Jack is a good boy who loves and care about our school very much.杰克是一个好男孩非常爱和关心我们的学校。

Therefore,he is often praised by our head teacher in cla.因此,他在课堂上经常表扬我们的班主任。

Last Monday afternoon,our school had a basketball match against the team form No.2 Middle School on the playground.上周一下午,我们学校有一个篮球比赛在团队形成第二中学的操场。

Many students ate junk food while watching the game,so the playground was very dirty after the match.许多学生吃垃圾食品而看比赛,所以比赛后操场很脏。 Seeing this,Jack organized some students to clean it at once.看到这个,杰克组织一些学生去打扫。 We can\'t admire him too much.我们不能欣赏他太多。

However,I think he should improve his studies and get good grades in the future tests.然而,我认为他应该提高自己的研究和在将来的测试中取得好成绩。

24、Han Mei is an easy-going girl who gets along well with everyone.韩梅是一个随和的女孩,和每个人都相处得很好。 She is also talented in performing.她也是才华横溢的表演。

What\'s the most important,he is warm-hearted.什么是最重要的,他是热心的。

Once she knew a girl in her neighborhood had so serious an illne that a large amount of money was needed.一旦她认识一个女孩在她的附近有那么严重的一种疾病,需要一大笔钱。

She put forward a suggestion calling on all the kids to give away pocket money to the unlucky girl.她提出一个建议,呼吁所有的孩子捐出零花钱不幸的女孩。 Besides,she organized a charity show to raise more money.此外,她组织了一个慈善机构筹集更多的钱。

When the girl and her parents got the money,they were really moved.当女孩和她的父母有钱,他们真的是感动。

Han Mei should also put more time and energy into study and try to be a student with both a kind heart and good drades.韩梅也应该把更多的时间和精力投入到学习和努力成为学生一颗善良的心和良好的电缆。

25、Last Saturday evening,all my family had dinner in a restaurant.上周六晚上,我所有的家人在餐馆吃晚饭。

When we were enjoying the delicious food,a group of young men who were beside our table bothered us.当我们在享受美味的食物,一群年轻人在我们桌子旁边打扰我们。 They were talking loudly and somking.他们大声说话和吸烟。

The noise was so loud that I could not bear it.噪声很大,我忍不住了。 So I decided to stop them.所以我决定停止他们。

To my surprise however,they not only refused to listen to me but also laugh at me.然而我惊讶的是,他们不仅不肯听我也笑我。 Personally,it\'s wrong to do so in public.就我个人而言,这是在公共场合做错了。 Besides,young people are the future of Tianjin.此外,年轻人是天津的未来。

we are expected to be polite and try our best to make it more beautiful.我们应该有礼貌,尽力使它更美丽。

26、Last Saturday evening,all my family had dinner in a restaurant.上周六晚上,我所有的家人在餐馆吃晚饭。

We were completely absorbed in enjoying the delicious dishes when some young men seated next us began to talk loudly and somke.我们完全沉浸在享受美味的菜肴时,一些年轻人坐在我们开始大声说话和抽烟。 Unable to bear it,I politely reminded them of their impolite behaviors.无法忍受,我礼貌地提醒他们不礼貌的行为。

But these young men continued to talk after laughing at me.但这些年轻人继续在笑我说话。

In my opnion,if is neceary for the young people to mind our manners in public because we are the future of Tianjin.在我看来,如果是年轻人想到我们在公共礼仪必要的因为我们是天津的未来。 We should spare no effort to make Tianjin a batter city.我们应该不遗余力地使天津更好的城市。

27、Last Saturday evening,all my family had dinner in a restaurant.上周六晚上,我所有的家人在餐馆吃晚饭。 There were several teenagers sitting next to us.有几个年轻人坐在我们旁边。

They were talking and laughing in a loud voice and even somking.他们有说有笑的一个响亮的声音甚至吸烟。 I asked them not to do that.我要求他们不要这样做。

They tooked at me for a while and then started to laugh at me.他们带了我一会儿,然后开始笑我。 I was very angry.我很生气。

In my opinion,we teenagers are the future of Tianjin.在我看来,我们青少年是天津的未来。

We should pay more attention to our behaviors in public.我们应该注意我们的行为在公共。 If we do Tianjin will be much better.如果我们在天津做的会更好。

28、Good morning,everyone! 早上好,大家!

Let me introduce meself first.让我先介绍我自己。

My name is Li Ming,a student, from Cla One,Grade Nine,Hong xing Middle School.我的名字是李明,一个学生,一班,九年级,红星中学。

Last year in my local city,I heard a rumor,which said that there would be a serious earthquake.去年我在当地的城市,我听到一个谣言,说有将是一个严重的地震。 People believed it and they didn\'t stay at home even at night.人认为这和他们没有呆在家里,甚至在晚上。

Mang built small houses and some spent their nights outside.多建小房子和一些过夜外。

Some families bought a large amount of food and drink.一些家庭买了大量的食物和饮料。

Earthquakes that can not be easily predicted are terrible,but rumor are even more terrible,which can have a very bad effect on our life.地震不易预测是可怕的,但谣言更是可怕的,它可以对我们的生活有很坏的影响。 Facing rumors,we should never believe it easily or get panic.面对谣言,我们不应该相信它容易或慌张。 Also ,we ourselves are not supposed to spread them.同时,我们不应该把他们。

第11篇:资治通鉴原文加翻译

《资治通鉴》由北宋司马光主编的一部多卷本编年体史书,共294卷,历时19年完成,我们看看下面的资治通鉴原文加翻译吧!

资治通鉴原文加翻译

1周纪三家分晋

【原文】

周威烈王二十三年(公元前403年)

初,智宣子将以瑶为后。智果曰:\"不如宵也。瑶之贤于人者五,其不逮者一也。美髯长大则贤,射御足力则贤,伎艺毕给则贤,巧文辩慧则贤,强毅果敢则贤,如是而甚不仁。夫以其五贤陵人,而以不仁行之,其谁能待之?若果立瑶也,智宗必灭\"。弗听,智果别族[1]于太史为辅氏。赵简子之子,长曰伯鲁,幼曰无恤。将置后,不知所立。乃书训戒之辞于二简,以授二子曰:\"谨识之\"。三年而问之,伯鲁不能举其辞,求其简,已失之矣。问无恤,诵其辞甚习,求其简,出诸袖中而奏之。于是简子以无恤为贤,立以为后。简子使尹铎为晋阳。请曰:\"以为茧丝[2]呼?抑为保障[3]呼\"?简子曰:\"保障哉\"!尹铎损其户数。

【注解】

[1]别族:从智氏宗族分出,另立族姓。

[2]茧丝:指敛取人民的财物像抽丝一样,不抽尽就不停止。

[3]保障:指待民宽厚,少敛取财物,犹如筑堡为屏障一样。

【译文】

周威烈王二十三年(公元前403年)

当初,智宣子准备立智瑶为继承人。族人智果说:\"不如立智宵的好。因为智瑶比别人贤能的地方有五点,却有一点短处。他留有美髯,身材高大,是一贤;擅长射箭,驾车有力,是二贤;技能出众,才艺超群,是三贤;巧言善辩,文辞优美,是四贤;坚强果决,刚毅勇敢,是五贤。虽然有如此的贤能,但他唯独没有仁德之心。如果他运用这五种贤能去驾驭别人,而用不仁之心去力行,谁能受得了呢?如果立智瑶为后,智氏种族必遭灭门之灾\"。智宣子对此置之不理。智果为了避灾,改依别族为辅氏。赵国大夫赵简子的大儿子叫伯鲁,小儿子叫无恤。赵简子不知道立哪一个为继承人会更好,于是他把日常训诫之言刻写在两块竹简上,分别交给两个儿子,并嘱咐道:\"用心记住这些话\"!过了三年,赵简子叫来两个儿子,询问他们竹简上的内容。大儿子伯鲁说不出来,让他拿出竹简,他说早已丢了。赵简子又问小儿子无恤,他则熟练地将竹简上的话背出,问他竹简在哪儿,他立即从袖中取出奉上。通过这件事,赵简子认为无恤贤能,便立他为继承人。赵简子派尹铎去治理晋阳,尹铎请示:\"您是打算让我去抽丝剥茧般地搜刮财富呢,还是把那里建为一道保障\"?赵简子说:\"建为一道保障\"。尹铎便去整理户籍,减少交税的户数,减轻百姓的负担。

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简子谓无恤曰:\"晋国有难,而无以尹铎为少,无以晋阳为远,必以为归\"。及智宣子卒,智襄子为政,与韩康子、魏桓子宴于蓝台。智伯戏康子而侮段规。智国闻之,谏曰:\"主不备,难必至矣\"!智伯曰:\"难将由我。我不为难,谁敢兴之\"?对曰:\"不然。《夏书》有之曰:一人三失,怨岂在明,不见是图。夫君子能勤小物,故无大患。今主一宴而耻人之君相,又弗备,曰不敢兴难,蜹、蚁、蜂、虿[1],皆能害人,况君相乎\"!弗听。

【注解】

[1]虿(chài):蛇、蝎类的毒虫的古称。

【译文】

赵简子对儿子无恤说:\"晋国如果有祸乱,你不要嫌尹铎的地位低,不要嫌晋阳地方远,一定要以他那里作为依靠\"。等智宣子去世后,智襄子智瑶继位当政,他与韩康子、魏桓子在蓝台饮宴。席间,智襄子戏弄韩康子,又羞辱了他的国相段规。智瑶的家臣智国听说此事,便告诫说道:\"主公,您不加提防,灾祸就一定会降临啊\"!智瑶说:\"别人的生死祸福都取决于我。我不降灾落祸,谁还敢兴风作浪\"?智国说:\"并不是您说的那样。《夏书》上有这样的话:一个人屡次犯错,人们的怨恨往往克制着不表露出来,所以要在不显著时谨慎提防。贤德的人要在小事上谨慎戒备,才能避免招来大祸。现在主公在一次宴会上就得罪了人家的国君和国相,事后又不加戒备,还说别人不敢兴风作浪,这恐怕不行啊!蚊子、蚂蚁、蜜蜂、蝎子都能害人,何况是国君、国相呢\"!智瑶不听。

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3【原文】

智伯请地于韩康子,康子欲弗与。段规曰:\"智伯好利而愎,不与,将伐我;不如与之。彼狃于得地,必请于他人;他人不与,必向之以兵。然则我得免于患而待事之变矣\"。康子曰:\"善\"。使使者致万家之邑于智伯,智伯悦。又求地于魏桓子,桓子欲弗与。任章曰:\"何故弗与\"?桓子曰:\"无故索地,故弗与\"。任章曰:\"无故索地,诸大夫必惧;吾与之地,智伯必骄。彼骄而轻敌,此惧而相亲。以相亲之兵待轻敌之人,智氏之命必不长矣。《周书》曰:将欲败之,必姑辅之;将欲取之,必姑与之。主不如与之以骄智伯,然后可以择交而图智氏矣。奈何独以吾为智氏质乎\"!

【译文】

智瑶向韩康子提出割地要求,韩康子不同意。段规说:\"智瑶贪财好利,又刚愎自用,如果不割地给他,他一定会讨伐我们,不如答应他。他得到了土地,一定会更加狂妄,而再向别人索要;别人不给,他一定会兴兵讨伐。这样一来,我们便避开了祸患,就可以伺机而动了\"。韩康子说:\"好主意\"。便派使臣去见智瑶,同意把一块有万户人家的土地割让给他。智瑶大喜,果然又向魏桓子提出割地要求,魏桓子打算不给他。任章问:\"为什么不给呢\"?魏桓子说:\"他无缘无故地来要地,所以不给\"。任章说:\"智瑶无缘无故地强索他人领地,一定会引起其他大夫官员们的警惧,我们答应给地,他一定会骄傲。他因骄傲而轻视敌人,我们因恐惧而互相团结。用团结的队伍来对付骄傲的智瑶,智氏的命运就不会长久了。《周书》说:要想战胜敌人,姑且先听从他;要想夺取敌人的利益,姑且先给他一些好处。主公不如先答应智瑶的要求,以助长他的骄横,然后我们可以选择盟友共同对付智氏,何必要单独成为智瑶的攻击目标呢\"!

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桓子曰:\"善\"。复与之万家之邑一。智伯又求蔡、皋狼之地于赵襄子,襄子弗与。智伯怒,帅韩、魏之甲以攻赵氏。襄子将出,曰:\"吾何走乎\"?从者曰:\"长子近,且城厚完\"。襄子曰:\"民罢力以完之。又毙死以守之,其谁与我\"!从者曰:\"邯郸之仓库实\"。襄子曰:\"浚民之膏泽以实之,又因而杀之,其谁与我!其晋阳乎,先主之所属也,尹铎之所宽也,民必和矣\"。乃走晋阳。

三家以国人围而灌之,城不浸者三版。沈灶产蛙,民无叛意。智伯行水,魏桓子御,韩康子骖乘[1]。智伯曰:\"吾乃今知水可以亡人国也\"。桓子肘康子,康子履桓子之跗,以汾水可以灌安邑,绛水可以灌平阳也。疵谓智伯曰:\"韩、魏必反矣\"。智伯曰:\"子何以知之\"?疵曰:\"以人事知之。夫从韩、魏之兵以攻赵,赵亡,难必及韩、魏矣。今约胜赵而三分其地,城不没者三版,人马相食,城降有日,而二子无喜志,有忧色,是非反而何\"?

【注解】

[1]骖(cān)乘:又作\"参乘\",陪乘或陪乘的人。

【译文】

魏桓子说:\"好\"。于是也把一块万户人口的土地割让给智瑶。智瑶又向赵襄子索要蔡和皋狼两处土地。赵襄子拒绝了他。智瑶勃然大怒,率领韩、魏的军队进攻赵氏。赵襄子准备外出避难,问道:\"我到哪里去呢\"?随从建议:\"长子城最近,而且城墙坚厚完整\"。赵襄子说:\"百姓筋疲力尽才修好城墙,又要他们舍身入死地为我守御,谁能与我同心\"?随从又说:\"邯郸城仓库充实\"。赵襄子说:\"搜刮民脂民膏才使仓库充实起来,又因为仓库充实而让百姓送命,他们能与我同心吗?还是投奔晋阳吧,那儿是先主的属地,尹铎又待民宽厚,百姓一定会和我们同舟共济的\"。于是赵襄子逃往晋阳。

智瑶、韩康子、魏桓子三家围住晋阳,引水灌城。城墙头只剩六尺露出水面,锅灶泡在水中,青蛙四处乱跳,但百姓都没有叛变之心。智瑶巡视水势,魏桓子为他驾车,韩康子持矛居右护卫。智瑶说:\"我今天才知道,水可以亡人之国啊\"!魏桓子用胳臂肘碰了碰韩康子,韩康子也踩了踩魏桓子的足背——因为汾水可以灌魏国都城邑,绛水也可以灌韩国都城平阳啊!智家的谋士疵对智瑶说:\"韩魏两家一定要反叛了\"。智瑶问:\"你怎么会知道\"?疵说:\"我是就人之常情而论的。我们调集韩、魏两家的军队来围攻赵家,赵氏灭亡,随后灾难必然会降临到韩、魏两家。我们约定灭掉赵氏后,三家分其地。现在,晋阳城仅差六尺就被水淹没了,城中粮绝,已经在宰马为食了,破城也是指日可待。然而,这两人不但没有高兴的表情,反而面有忧色。这不是要反叛又是什么\"?

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明日,智伯以疵之言告二子,二子曰:\"此夫谗人欲为赵氏游说,使主疑于二家而懈于攻赵氏也。不然,夫二家岂不利朝夕分赵氏之田,而欲为危难不可成之事乎\"?二子出,疵入曰:\"主何以臣之言告二子也\"?智伯曰:\"子何以知之\"?对曰:\"臣见其视臣端而趋疾,知臣得其情故也\"。智伯不悛。疵请使于齐。

赵襄子使张孟谈潜出见二子,曰:\"臣闻唇亡则齿寒。今智伯帅韩、魏以攻赵,赵亡则韩、魏为之次矣\"。二子曰:\"我心知其然也,恐事未遂而谋泄,则祸立至矣\"。张孟谈曰:\"谋出二主之口,入臣之耳,何伤也\"?二子乃阴与张孟谈约,为之期日而遣之。襄子夜使人杀守堤之吏,而决水灌智伯军。智伯军救水而乱,韩、魏翼而击之,襄子将卒犯其前,大败智伯之众。遂杀智伯,尽灭智氏之族。唯辅果在。

【译文】

第二天,智瑶把疵的话告诉了韩、魏二人。二人齐声说道:\"这一定是小人想为赵氏游说,使主公您怀疑我们两家,从而放松对赵氏的进攻。不要相信这样的话。我们两家岂会放弃早晚就要分到手的赵氏之地,而去图谋那既危险又必不可成的事呢\"?两人走后。疵进来,问道:\"主公,您为什么把臣的话告诉他们两人呢\"?智瑶吃惊地问:\"你怎么知道的\"?疵说:\"刚才他们两个人见到我,便仔细地端详我,然后匆匆走开,可见他们已经知道我识破他们的心思了\"。智瑶不听疵的劝谏,仍不肯改变主张。疵见状,便只好请求出使齐国。

赵襄子派遣张孟谈秘密出城,来见韩、魏二人,说道:\"我听说唇亡则齿寒。现在智瑶率领韩、魏两家进攻赵家,赵家一亡,就该轮到你们两家了\"。韩康子、魏桓子说:\"我们也知道会这样,只怕事情还未办好而计谋先泄露了出去,那样就要大祸临头了\"。张孟谈说:\"计谋出自两位主公之口,只进入我一人耳中,有什么妨害呢\"?于是两人秘密地与张孟谈商议,约定好起事的日子,然后便让他回城了。这天夜里,赵襄子派人杀死智军守堤官吏,决开堤口,让大水倒灌智瑶军营。智瑶军队为救水乱作一团,韩、魏两军乘机从两边杀来,赵襄子率兵从正面攻击,大败智瑶之军,杀了智瑶,又将智氏族人尽行诛灭。只有辅果一家幸免于难。

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周纪豫让复仇

【原文】

周威烈王二十三年(公元前403年)

三家[1]分智氏之田。赵襄子漆[2]智伯之头,以为饮器。智伯之臣豫让欲为之报仇,乃诈为刑人,挟匕首,入襄子宫中涂厕。襄子如厕心动,索之,获豫让。左右欲杀之,襄子曰:\"智伯死无后,而此人欲为报仇,真义士也!吾谨避之耳\"。乃舍之。豫让又漆身为癞,吞炭为哑,行乞于市,其妻不识也。行见其友,其友识之,为之泣曰:\"以子之才,臣事赵孟,必得近幸。子乃为所欲为,顾不易邪?何乃自苦如此!求以报仇,不亦难乎\"?豫让曰:\"不可!既已委质[3]为臣,而又求杀之,是二心也。凡吾所为者,极难耳。然所以为此者,将以愧天下后世之为人臣怀二心者也\"。襄子出,豫让伏于桥下。襄子至桥,马惊,索之,得豫让,遂杀之。

【注解】

[1]三家:指原来晋国的韩、赵、魏三家。周威烈王二十三年(公元前403年),韩、赵、魏三家共同出兵消灭了智氏,周天子只好承认三家的诸侯地位。自此,中国的历史进入了战国时代。

[2]漆:名词作动词,用油涂到物体上。

[3]委质:臣服、归附。

【译文】

周威烈王二十三年(公元前403年)

韩、赵、魏三家分了智氏的田地。赵襄子还把智伯的头颅油漆后,当做自己的饮酒器具。智瑶的臣子豫让打算为主公报仇,就假扮为受过刑罚做苦工的人,暗藏匕首,进入了赵襄子宫中的茅房里面打扫卫生。赵襄子在上茅房的时候,心里忽然感到一阵不安,就下令搜查,把豫让逮住了。赵襄子周围的人都想杀掉豫让,而赵襄子却说:\"智瑶死了没有什么后人,这个人却想为他报仇,是一条真正的汉子!我以后小心戒备就可以了\"。然后把豫让给释放了。豫让又把自己的全身涂成黑色,好像得了癞病一样,还吞下火炭使声音变得嘶哑,在集市上乞讨度日,就连他的妻子也没有认出他来。豫让走到一位朋友面前,朋友认出他以后大吃一惊,流着泪对他说:\"以你的才能,在赵襄子手下做臣刺客豫让子,必然会得到机会接近他。到时候你想做什么,还不是易如反掌?怎么能自残形体以至于此呢?用这种方式来报仇,不是太难了吗\"?豫让说:\"不可以!如果已经委身做他的臣子,而又找机会去杀掉他,这是对他怀有二心。我也知道自己想做的事情非常难以实现,但是我之所以坚持这么做,是要后世那些为人臣子而心怀不忠的人感到羞愧\"!有一次,赵襄子出宫,豫让就埋伏在他必经的桥下。赵襄子走到桥边,所骑的马忽然受惊,就下令搜索,逮住了意图行刺的豫让,然后杀了他。

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周纪吴起才识

【原文】

周威烈王二十三年,周安王十五年(公无前403年,公元前387年)

吴起者,卫人,仕于鲁。齐人伐鲁,鲁人欲以为将,起取齐女为妻,鲁人疑之,起杀妻以求将,大破齐师。或谮[1]之鲁侯曰:\"起始事曾参,母死不奔丧,曾参绝之。今又杀妻以求为君将。起,残忍薄行人也。且以鲁国区区而有胜敌之名,则诸侯图鲁矣\"。起恐得罪,闻魏文侯贤,乃往归之。文侯问诸李克,李克曰:\"起贪而好色,然用兵,司马穰苴弗能过也\"。于是文侯以为将,击秦,拔五城。起之为将,与士卒最下者同衣食,卧不设席,行不骑乘,亲裹赢[2]粮,与士卒分劳苦。卒有病疽者,起为吮之。卒母闻而哭之。人曰:\"子,卒也,而将军自吮其疽,何哭为\"?母曰:\"非然也。往年吴公吮其父疽,其父战不旋踵[3],遂死于敌。吴公今又吮其子,妾不知其死所矣,是以哭之\"。

周安王十五年(甲午,前387年)魏文侯薨,太子击立,是为武侯。

【注解】

[1]谮:造谣中伤。

[2]赢:负担。

[3]旋踵(zhǒnɡ):掉转脚跟,比喻时间极短。

【译文】

周威烈王二十三年,周安王十五年(公无前403年,公元前387年)

吴起,卫国人,在鲁国为官。齐国攻打鲁国,鲁国想任吴起为将,但吴起的妻子是齐国人,鲁国就对吴起有些不放心。吴起便杀掉妻子,当上了大将,率军大败齐军。有人在鲁侯跟前谗毁吴起,说:\"吴起当初曾经师从曾参,母亲去世他不奔丧服孝,曾参为此与他断绝关系;如今,为了一个大将之职,他居然杀了自己的结发妻子。吴起真是个残忍的小人啊!况且,小小的鲁国战胜了强敌,未必是好事。有此名声,各国都要一起来对付鲁国了\"。吴起知道此事,担心鲁国治他的罪。听说魏文侯贤明,便前去投奔。魏文侯向李克征求对吴起的看法,李克说:\"吴起为人,贪婪而好色,但在用兵打仗方面,就连齐国名将司马穰苴也不如他\"。于是魏文侯任命吴起为将,带兵攻秦,夺取了五座城池。吴起担任魏国大将,与最下等的士兵吃同样的饭食,穿同样的衣服,睡觉不铺席子,行军不乘车马,亲自捆扎行李、驮运食粮,为士卒分忧解难。有个士兵长了毒疮,吴起为他吮毒。这个士兵的母亲听说后,放声痛哭,有人奇怪地问:\"你的儿子不过是个士兵,而将军却为他吸吮毒疮,你哭什么呀\"?这位母亲说:\"我不是为这事哭泣。当年吴将军为孩子的父亲吸过毒疮,他父亲打起仗来拼命冲杀,最后没有回来。现在,吴将军又为儿子吸毒疮,不知道儿子又会战死在哪里。所以我哭泣啊\"!

公元前387年,魏文侯逝世,太子击继位,即魏武侯。

资治通鉴原文加翻译8

【原文】

武侯浮西河而下,中流顾谓吴起曰:\"美哉山河之固,此魏国之宝也\"!对曰:\"在德不在险。昔三苗氏,左洞庭,右彭蠡,德义不修,禹灭之。夏桀之居,左河济,右泰华,伊阙在其南,羊肠在其北,修政不仁,汤放之。商纣之国,左孟门,右太行,常山在其北,大河经其南,修政不德,武王杀之。由此观之,在德不在险。若君不修德,舟中之人皆敌国也\"。武侯曰:\"善\"。

魏置相,相田文。吴起不悦,谓田文曰:\"请与子论功,可乎\"?田文曰:\"可\"。起曰:\"将三军,使士卒乐死,敌国不敢谋,子孰与起\"?文曰:\"不如子\"。起曰:\"治百官,亲万民,实府库,子孰与起\"?文曰:\"不如子\"。起曰:\"守西河而秦兵不敢东乡,韩、赵宾从,子孰与起\"?文曰:\"不如子\"。起曰:\"此三者子皆出吾下,而位加吾上,何也\"?文曰:\"主少国疑,大臣未附,百姓不信,方是之时,属之子乎,属之我乎\"?起默然良久,曰:\"属之子矣\"。

【译文】

魏武侯乘船顺黄河而下,在中游的时候对吴起说:\"真美啊,险固的山河!这是魏国的宝呀\"!吴起回答:\"一国之宝,应是国君的德政而不是山河的险要。当初的三苗氏,左面有洞庭湖,右面有彭蠡湖,但由于他不修道德,被夏禹消灭了。夏桀所居住的地方,左边是黄河、济水,右边是泰华山,伊阙山在南边,羊肠阪在北边,由于他治国不施仁政,被商汤放逐了。商纣的国土,左边是孟门山,右边是太行山,常山在北面,黄河经过南边,因为他不行仁德,被周武王杀了。由此可见,国宝在于德政而不在于地势险要。如果君王不施德政,恐怕船上这些人也要成为您的敌人啊\"!魏武侯说:\"你说得太对了\"!

魏国设置国相时,任命田文为相。吴起心里很不是滋味,就与田文商谈:\"我和你谈论功劳如何\"?田文说:\"可以\"。吴起问:\"统率三军,使士兵乐于战死,敌国不敢侵略,你比我吴起如何\"?田文说:\"我不如你\"。吴起又问:\"整治百官,亲善百姓,使仓库充实,你比我吴起如何\"?田文说:\"我不如你\"。吴起接着问:\"镇守西河,使秦兵不敢向东侵犯,韩国、赵国听之任之,你比我吴起如何\"?田文仍然说:\"我不如你\"。吴起质问:\"这三条你都在我之下,而职位却在我之上,为什么呢\"?田文说:\"如今国君年幼,国家多疑难,大臣们不能齐心归附,老百姓不能信服,在这样的情况下,国家是嘱托给你好呢,还是嘱托给我好\"?吴起默然地想了想,回答说:\"嘱托给你\"!

资治通鉴原文加翻译9

【原文】

久之,魏相公叔尚魏公主而害吴起。公叔之仆曰:\"起易去也。起为人刚劲自喜,子先言于君曰:吴起,贤人也,而君之国小,臣恐起之无留心也,君盍试延以女?起无留心,则必辞矣。子因与起归而使公主辱子,起见公主之贱子也,必辞,则子之计中矣\"。公叔从之,吴起果辞公主。魏武侯疑之而未信,起惧诛,遂奔楚。

楚悼王素闻其贤,至则任之为相。起明法审令,捐不急之官,废公族疏远者,以抚养战斗之士,要在强兵,破游说之言从横者。于是南平百越,北却三晋,西伐秦,诸侯皆患楚之强,而楚之贵戚大臣多怨吴起者。

周安王二十一年(庚子,公元前381年)楚悼王薨,贵戚大臣作乱,攻吴起;起走之王尸而伏之。击起之徒因射刺起,并中王尸。既葬,肃王即位。使令尹尽诛为乱者,坐起夷宗者七十余家。

【译文】

过了很久,魏国国相公叔娶了公主为妻,忌妒吴起。他的仆人献计说:\"去除吴起很容易。吴起为人刚硬而沾沾自喜。您可以先对国君说:吴起是个杰出人才,但君主您的国家小,我担心他没有长留的心思。国君您何不试着要把女儿嫁给他,如果吴起没有久留之心,一定会拒绝的。主人您再与吴起一起回去,让公主羞辱您,吴起看到公主如此轻视您,一定会拒绝国君的婚事,这样您的计谋就实现了\"。公叔依计行事,吴起果然辞退了与公主的婚事。魏武侯对吴起起了疑心,更不敢再信任他。吴起害怕被诛杀,于是投奔了楚国。

楚悼王一向听说吴起是个人才,吴起一到楚国便封他为国相。吴起严明法纪,裁减掉不必要的闲官,废除了王族中疏远的亲戚,用来安抚奖励士兵,大力增强军力,破除合纵连横的流言。于是楚国向南平定了百越,向北抵挡住了韩、魏、赵三国的扩张,向西征讨秦国,各个诸侯国都害怕楚国的强大,但是楚国的王亲贵戚、权臣显要中却有很多人怨恨吴起。

公元前381年,楚悼王去世。楚国的贵族和大臣作乱,攻打吴起,吴起逃到悼王的尸体边,伏在上面。攻击吴起的暴徒用箭射吴起,还射到了悼王的尸体上。办完葬事,楚肃王即位。他命令楚国令尹全数剪灭作乱之人。因射吴起之事而被灭族的就有七十多家。

资治通鉴原文加翻译10

周纪商鞅变法

【原文】

周显王八年(庚申,公元前361年)

孝公令国中曰:\"昔我穆公,自岐、雍之间修德行武,东平晋乱,以河为界,西霸戎翟,广地千里,天子致伯,诸侯毕贺,为后世开业甚光美。会往者厉、躁、简公、出子之不宁,国家内忧,未遑外事。三晋攻夺我先君河西地,丑莫大焉。献公即位,镇抚边境,徙治栎阳,且欲东伐,复穆公之故地,修穆公之政令。寡人思念先君之意,常痛于心。宾客群臣有能出奇计强秦者,吾且尊官,与之分土\"。于是卫公孙鞅闻是令下,乃西入秦。

【译文】

周显王八年(庚申,公元前361年)

秦孝公在国中下令说:\"当年国君秦穆公。在岐山、雍地励精图治,向东平定了晋国之乱,以黄河划定国界,向西称霸于戎、翟等族,占地千里之阔,被周王委以重任,各诸侯国都来祝贺,所开辟的基业是多么伟大!只是后来历代国君厉公、躁公、简公及出子造成国内*不息,不得安宁,所以才无力顾及外事。魏、赵、韩三国夺去了先王所开创的黄河以西的领土,这是无比的耻辱。献公即位后,平定安抚边境,把都城迁到栎阳,并亲自前去治理,打算向东征讨,收复穆公时的旧地,重修穆公时的政策法令。我想到先君的未竟之志,常常痛心疾首。现在宾客群臣中谁能献上奇计,使秦国强大昌盛起来,我就赏他高官,封他土地\"。卫国的公孙鞅听到这道命令,就西行投奔秦国。

资治通鉴原文加翻译11

【原文】

公孙鞅者,卫之庶孙也,好刑名之学。事魏相公叔痤,痤知其贤,未及进。会病,魏惠王往问之曰:\"公叔病如有不可讳,将奈社稷何\"?公叔曰:\"痤之中庶子卫鞅,年虽少,有奇才,愿君举国而听之\"!王嘿然。公叔曰:\"君即不听用鞅,必杀之,无令出境\"。王许诺而去。公叔召鞅谢曰:\"吾先君而后臣,故先为君谋,后以告子。子必速行矣\"!鞅曰:\"君不能用子之言任臣,又安能用子之言杀臣乎\"?卒不去。王出,谓左右曰:\"公叔病甚,悲乎!欲令寡人以国听卫鞅也!既又劝寡人杀之,岂不悖哉\"!卫鞅既至秦,因嬖臣[1]景监以求见孝公,说以富国强兵之术。公大悦,与议国事。

【注解】

[1]嬖(bì)臣:受宠幸的近臣。

【译文】

公孙鞅是卫国宗族旁支子孙,喜好法家刑名的学说。他侍奉魏国国相公叔痤的时候,公叔痤知道他是有才能的人,但还未来得及向国君推荐重用,就身患重病卧床不起了。魏惠王前来看望公叔痤,问道:\"您如果有个三长两短,国家大事该如何处置呢\"?公叔痤说:\"我的中庶子公孙鞅,虽然年纪轻,却有奇才,希望国君把国家交给他来治理,并且信任他\"!魏惠王默然不语。公叔痤又说:\"如果您不采纳我的建议而重用公孙鞅,那就必须杀掉他,不能让他离开魏国\"。魏惠王答应后离开。公叔痤又召见公孙鞅,深怀歉意地说:\"我必须先忠于君主,再照顾属下,所以先为国君出谋划策,再把详情告诉你。你赶快逃走吧\"!公孙鞅回答:\"国君不听从您的意见重用我,又怎会听从您的意见杀我呢\"?他最后还是没有逃走。魏惠王离开公叔痤以后,对左右近臣说:\"公叔痤病入膏肓,真是太可悲了!他先让我把国家交给公孙鞅去治理,一会儿又劝我杀了他,这岂不是前后矛盾了吗\"?公孙鞅到了秦国,靠着一位叫景监的宠臣推荐,见到了秦孝公,并向秦孝公陈述了自己富国强兵的办法,孝公十分高兴,便和他一起商讨国事。

第12篇:初中生文言文加翻译

文言文是中国古代的一种书面语言组成的文章,下面小编收集了初中生文言文加翻译,供大家参考。

孙权劝学

宋朝:司马光 撰

初,权谓吕蒙曰:“卿今当涂掌事,不可不学!”蒙辞以军中多务。权曰:“孤岂欲卿治经为博士邪?但当涉猎,见往事耳。卿言多务,孰若孤?孤常读书,自以为大有所益。”蒙乃始就学。及鲁肃过寻阳,与蒙论议,大惊曰:“卿今者才略,非复吴下阿蒙!”蒙曰:“士别三日,即更刮目相待,大兄何见事之晚乎!”肃遂拜蒙母,结友而别。

翻译

当初,孙权对吕蒙说道:“你现在当权管事,不可以不学习!”吕蒙用军中事务繁多来推托。孙权说道:“我难道想要你研究儒家经典,成为博士(专掌经学传授的学官)吗?我只是让你粗略地阅读,了解历史罢了。你说军务繁多,谁比得上我(事务多)呢?我经常读书,自己觉得获益很多。”吕蒙于是开始学习。当鲁肃到寻阳的时候,鲁肃和吕蒙一起谈论议事,鲁肃十分吃惊地说道:“你现在的军事方面和政治方面的才能和谋略,不再是原来的那个吴县的(没有学识的)阿蒙了!”吕蒙说道:“志士(君子)分别几天,就要重新另眼看待了,长兄你认清事物怎么这么晚呢?”于是鲁肃拜见吕蒙的母亲,和吕蒙结为朋友后分别了。

陋室铭

唐代:刘禹锡

山不在高,有仙则名。水不在深,有龙则灵。斯是陋室,惟吾德馨。苔痕上阶绿,草色入帘青。谈笑有鸿儒,往来无白丁。可以调素琴,阅金经。无丝竹之乱耳,无案牍之劳形。南阳诸葛庐,西蜀子云亭。孔子云:何陋之有?

翻译

山不在于高,有了神仙就出名。水不在于深,有了龙就显得有了灵气。这是简陋的房子,只是我(住屋的人)品德好(就感觉不到简陋了)。长到台阶上的苔痕颜色碧绿;草色青葱,映入帘中。到这里谈笑的都是知识渊博的大学者,交往的没有知识浅薄的人,可以弹奏不加装饰的古琴,阅读佛经。没有奏乐的声音扰乱双耳,没有官府的公文使身体劳累。南阳有诸葛亮的草庐,西蜀有扬子云的亭子。孔子说道:有什么简陋的呢?

满井游记

明代:袁宏道

燕地寒,花朝节后,余寒犹厉。冻风时作,作则飞沙走砾。局促一室之内,欲出不得。每冒风驰行,未百步辄返。

廿二日天稍和,偕数友出东直,至满井。高柳夹堤,土膏微润,一望空阔,若脱笼之鹄。于时冰皮始解,波色乍明,鳞浪层层,清澈见底,晶晶然如镜之新开而冷光之乍出于匣也。山峦为晴雪所洗,娟然如拭,鲜妍明媚,如倩女之靧面而髻鬟之始掠也。柳条将舒未舒,柔梢披风,麦田浅鬣寸许。游人虽未盛,泉而茗者,罍而歌者,红装而蹇者,亦时时有。风力虽尚劲,然徒步则汗出浃背。凡曝沙之鸟,呷浪之鳞,悠然自得,毛羽鳞鬣之间皆有喜气。始知郊田之外未始无春,而城居者未之知也。

夫不能以游堕事而潇然于山石草木之间者,惟此官也。而此地适与余近,余之游将自此始,恶能无纪?己亥之二月也。

翻译

北京一带气候寒冷,花朝节过后,冬天余下的寒气还很厉害。冷风时常刮起,刮起就飞沙走石。拘束在一室之中,想出去不可得。每次冒风疾行,不到百步就(被迫)返回。

二十二日天气略微暖和,偕同几个朋友出东直门,到满井。高大的柳树夹立堤旁,肥沃的土地有些湿润,一望空旷开阔,(觉得自己)好像是逃脱笼子的天鹅。这时河的冰面刚刚融化,波光才刚刚开始明亮,像鱼鳞似的浪纹一层一层,清澈得可以看到河底,光亮的样子,好像明镜新打开,清冷的光辉突然从镜匣中射出来一样。山峦被晴天融化的积雪洗过,美好的样子,好像刚擦过一样;娇艳光亮,(又)像美丽的少女洗了脸刚梳好的髻寰一样。柳条将要舒展却还没有舒展,柔软的梢头在风中散开,麦苗破土而出,短小如兽颈上的毛,才一寸左右。游人虽然还不旺盛,(但)用泉水煮茶喝的,拿着酒杯唱歌的,身着艳装骑驴的,也时时能看到。风力虽然还很强,然而走路就汗流浃背。举凡(那些)在沙滩上晒太阳的鸟,浮到水面上戏水的鱼,都悠然自得,一切动物都透出喜悦的气息。(我这)才知道郊野之外未曾没有春天,可住在城里的人(却)不知道啊。

不会因为游玩而耽误公事,能无拘无束潇洒在山石草木之间游玩的,恐怕只这个职位了。而此地正好离我近,我将从现在开始出游,怎能没有记述?(这是)明万历二十七年二月啊。

观潮

宋朝:周密

浙江之潮,天下之伟观也。自既望以至十八日为盛。方其远出海门,仅如银线;既而渐近,则玉城雪岭际天而来,大声如雷霆,震撼激射,吞天沃日,势极雄豪。杨诚斋诗云“海涌银为郭,江横玉系腰”者是也。

每岁京尹出浙江亭教阅水军,艨艟数百,分列两岸;既而尽奔腾分合五阵之势,并有乘骑弄旗标枪舞刀于水面者,如履平地。倏尔黄烟四起,人物略不相睹,水爆轰震,声如崩山。烟消波静,则一舸无迹,仅有“敌船”为火所焚,随波而逝。

吴儿善泅者数百,皆披发文身,手持十幅大彩旗,争先鼓勇,溯迎而上,出没于鲸波万仞中,腾身百变,而旗尾略不沾湿,以此夸能。

江干上下十余里间,珠翠罗绮溢目,车马塞途,饮食百物皆倍穹常时,而僦赁看幕,虽席地不容间也。

翻译

钱塘江的潮水,是天下雄伟的景观。从(农历)八月十六日到十八日潮水是最壮观的。当潮水远远地从钱塘江入海口涌起的时候,(远看)几乎像一条银白色的线;不久(潮水)越来越近,玉城雪岭一般的潮水连天涌来,声音大得像雷霆万钧,震撼天地,激扬喷射 ,吞没天空,冲荡太阳,气势极其雄伟豪壮。诗人杨万里的诗中说的“海涌银为郭,江横玉系腰”就是指这样的景象。

每年的农历八月京都临安府长官来到浙江亭教阅水军,几百艘战船分列两岸;不久水军的战船演习五阵的阵势,忽而疾驶,忽而腾起,忽而分,忽而合,极尽种种变化,同时有在水面上骑马、舞旗、举枪、挥刀的人,好像踩在平地上一样安稳。忽然黄色的烟雾从四面升起,人和物彼此一点儿也看不见,只听得水爆的轰鸣声,声音像山崩塌一样。(等到)烟雾消散,水波平静,就一条船的踪影也没有了,只剩下被火烧毁的“敌船”,随波而去。

几百个善于泅水的吴地健儿,披散着头发,身上画着文彩,手里拿着十幅大彩旗,争先恐后,鼓足勇气,逆流迎着潮水而上,在万仞高的巨浪中忽隐忽现,翻腾着身子变换各种姿态,但是旗尾却一点也不被水沾湿,凭借这种表演来显示他们高超的技能。

江岸上下游十多里的地方,满眼都是穿着华丽的服饰的观众,车马堵塞道路,吃喝等各种物品的价钱比平时要高出很多倍。租用看棚的人非常的多,中间即使是一席之地也不容有。

第13篇:孙子兵法原文加翻译

《孙子兵法》它是世界公认的现存最古老的军事理论著作。下面是小编整理的孙子兵法原文加翻译,希望对你有帮助。

始计第一

孙子曰:兵者,国之大事,死生之地,存亡之道,不可不察也。故经之以五事,校之以计,而索其情:一曰道,二曰天,三曰地,四曰将,五曰法。道者,令民于上同意,可与之死,可与之生,而不危也;天者,阴阳、寒暑、时制也;地者,远近、险易、广狭、死生也;将者,智、信、仁、勇、严也;法者,曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者,将莫不闻,知之者胜,不知之者不胜。故校之以计,而索其情,曰:主孰有道?将孰有能?天地孰得?法令孰行?兵众孰强?士卒孰练?赏罚孰明?吾以此知胜负矣。将听吾计,用之必胜,留之;将不听吾计,用之必败,去之。计利以听,乃为之势,以佐其外。势者,因利而制权也。兵者,诡道也。故能而示之不能,用而示之不用,近而示之远,远而示之近。利而诱之,乱而取之,实而备之,强而避之,怒而挠之,卑而骄之,佚而劳之,亲而离之,攻其无备,出其不意。此兵家之胜,不可先传也。夫未战而庙算胜者,得算多也;未战而庙算不胜者,得算少也。多算胜少算,而况于无算乎!吾以此观之,胜负见矣。

译文:【始计第一】

1.孙子说:战争是一个国家的头等大事,关系到军民的生死,国家的存亡,是不能不慎重周密地观察、分析、研究。

2.因此,必须通过敌我双方五个方面的分析,七种情况的比较,得到详情,来预测战争胜负的可能性。

3.一是道,二是天,三是地,四是将,五是法。道,指君主和民众目标相同,意志统一,可以同生共死,而不会惧怕危险。天,指昼夜、阴晴、寒暑、四季更替。地,指地势的高低,路程的远近,地势的险要、平坦与否,战场的广阔、狭窄,是生地还是死地等地理条件。将,指将领足智多谋,赏罚有信,对部下真心关爱,勇敢果断,军纪严明。法,指组织结构,责权划分,人员编制,管理制度,资源保障,物资调配。对这五个方面,将领都不能不做深刻了解。了解就能胜利,否则就不能胜利。4.所以,要通过对双方各种情况的考察分析,并据此加以比较,从而来预测战争胜负。哪一方的君主是有道明君,能得民心?哪一方的将领更有能力?哪一方占有天时地利?哪一方的法规、法令更能严格执行?哪一方资源更充足,装备更精良,兵员更广大?哪一方的士兵训练更有素,更有战斗力?哪一方的赏罚更公正严明?通过这些比较,我就知道了胜负。

5.将领听从我的计策,任用他必胜,我就留下他;将领不听从我的计策,任用他必败,我就辞退他。听从了有利于克敌制胜的计策,还要创造一种势态,作为协助我方军事行动的外部条件。势,就是按照我方建立优势、掌握战争主动权的需要,根据具体情况采取不同的相应措施。

6.用兵作战,就是诡诈。因此,有能力而装做没有能力,实际上要攻打而装做不攻打,欲攻打近处却装做攻打远处,攻打远处却装做攻打近处。对方贪利就用利益诱惑他,对方混乱就趁机攻取他,对方强大就要防备他,对方暴躁易怒就可以撩拨他怒而失去理智,对方自卑而谨慎就使他骄傲自大,对方体力充沛就使其劳累,对方内部亲密团结就挑拨离间,要攻打对方没有防备的地方,在对方没有料到的时机发动进攻。这些都是军事家克敌制胜的诀窍,不可先传泄于人也。

7.在未战之前,经过周密的分析、比较、谋划,如果结论是我方占据的有利条件多,有

八、九成的胜利把握;或者如果结论是我方占据的有利条件少,只有

六、七成的胜利把握,则只有前一种情况在实战时才可能取胜。如果在战前干脆就不做周密的分析、比较,或分析、比较的结论是我方只有五成以下的胜利把握,那在实战中就不可能获胜。仅根据庙算的结果,不用实战,胜负就显而易见了。

作战第二

孙子曰:凡用兵之法,驰车千驷,革车千乘,带甲十万,千里馈粮。则内外之费,宾客之用,胶漆之材,车甲之奉,日费千金,然后十万之师举矣。其用战也,胜久则钝兵挫锐,攻城则力屈,久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐,屈力殚货,则诸侯乘其弊而起,虽有智者不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速,未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者,未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者,则不能尽知用兵之利也。

善用兵者,役不再籍,粮不三载,取用于国,因粮于敌,故军食可足也。国之贫于师者远输,远输则百姓贫;近师者贵卖,贵卖则百姓财竭,财竭则急于丘役。力屈中原、内虚于家,百姓之费,十去其七;公家之费,破军罢马,甲胄矢弓,戟盾矛橹,丘牛大车,十去其六。故智将务食于敌,食敌一钟,当吾二十钟;□①杆一石,当吾二十石。故杀敌者,怒也;取敌之利者,货也。车战得车十乘以上,赏其先得者而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之,卒善而养之,是谓胜敌而益强。故兵贵胜,不贵久。故知兵之将,民之司命。国家安危之主也。

【注:】

①:“忌”加“艹”头。

译文:【作战第二】

1.孙子说:要兴兵作战,需做的物资准备有,轻车千辆,重车千辆,全副武装的士兵十万,并向千里之外运送粮食。那么前后方的军内外开支,招待使节、策士的用度,用于武器维修的胶漆等材料费用,保养战车、甲胄的支出等,每天要消耗千金。按照这样的标准准备之后,十万大军才可出发上战场。

2.因此,军队作战就要求速胜,如果拖的很久则军队必然疲惫,挫失锐气。一旦攻城,则兵力将耗尽,长期在外作战还必然导致国家财用不足。如果军队因久战疲惫不堪,锐气受挫,军事实力耗尽,国内物资枯竭,其他诸侯必定趁火打劫。这样,即使足智多谋之士也无良策来挽救危亡了。所以,在实际作战中,只听说将领缺少高招难以速胜,却没有见过指挥高明巧于持久作战的。战争旷日持久而有利于国家的事,从来没有过。所以,不能详尽地了解用兵的害处,就不能全面地了解用兵的益处。

3.善于用兵的人,不用再次征集兵员,不用多次运送军粮。武器装备由国内供应,从敌人那里设法夺取粮食,这样军队的粮草就可以充足了。国家之所以因作战而贫困,是由于军队远征,不得不进行长途运输。长途运输必然导致百姓贫穷。驻军附近处物价必然飞涨,物价飞涨,必然导致物资枯竭,物财枯竭,赋税和劳役必然加重。在战场上,军力耗尽,在国内财源枯竭,百姓私家财产损耗十分之七。公家的财产,由于车辆破损,马匹疲惫,盔甲、弓箭、矛戟、盾牌、牛车的损失,而耗去十分之六。

4.所以明智的将军,一定要在敌国解决粮草,从敌国搞到一钟的粮食,就相当于从本国启运时的二十钟,在当地取得饲料一石,相当于从本国启运时的二十石。

5.所以,要使士兵拼死杀敌,就必须怒之,激励之。要使士兵勇于夺取敌方的军需物资,就必须以缴获的财物作奖赏。所以,在车战中,抢夺十辆车以上的,就奖赏最先抢得战车的。而夺得的战车,要立即换上我方的旗帜,把抢得的战车编入我方车队。要善待俘虏,使他们有归顺之心。这就是战胜敌人而使自己越发强大的方法。

6.所以,作战最重要、最有利的是速胜,最不宜的是旷日持久。真正懂得用兵之道、深知用兵利害的将帅,掌握着民众的的生死,主宰着国家的安危。

谋攻第三

孙子曰:夫用兵之法,全国为上,破国次之;全军为上,破军次之;全旅为上,破旅次之;全卒为上,破卒次之;全伍为上,破伍次之。是故百战百胜,非善之善也;不战而屈人之兵,善之善者也。故上兵伐谋,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城。攻城之法,为不得已。修橹□①□②,具器械,三月而后成;距堙,又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之,杀士卒三分之一,而城不拔者,此攻之灾也。故善用兵者,屈人之兵而非战也,拔人之城而非攻也,毁人之国而非久也,必以全争于天下,故兵不顿而利可全,此谋攻之法也。故用兵之法,十则围之,五则攻之,倍则分之,敌则能战之,少则能逃之,不若则能避之。故小敌之坚,大敌之擒也。夫将者,国之辅也。辅周则国必强,辅隙则国必弱。故君之所以患于军者三:不知军之不可以进而谓之进,不知军之不可以退而谓之退,是谓縻军;不知三军之事而同三军之政,则军士惑矣;不知三军之权而同三军之任,则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑,则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。故知胜有五:知可以战与不可以战者胜,识众寡之用者胜,上下同欲者胜,以虞待不虞者胜,将能而君不御者胜。此五者,知胜之道也。故曰:知己知彼,百战不贻;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼不知己,每战必败。

【注:】

①:[车贲]。

②:“温”字“氵”旁换“车”旁。

译文:【谋攻第三】

1.孙子说:战争的原则是:使敌人举国降服是上策,用武力击破敌国就次一等;使敌人全军降服是上策,击败敌军就次一等;使敌人全旅降服是上策,击破敌旅就次一等;使敌人全卒降服是上策,击破敌卒就次一等;使敌人全伍降服是上策,击破敌伍就次一等。所以,百战百胜,算不上是最高明的;不通过交战就降服全体敌人,才是最高明的。

2.所以,上等的军事行动是用谋略挫败敌方的战略意图或战争行为,其次就是用外交战胜敌人,再次是用武力击败敌军,最下之策是攻打敌人的城池。攻城,是不得已而为之,是没有办法的办法。制造大盾牌和四轮车,准备攻城的所有器具,起码得三个月。堆筑攻城的土山,起码又得三个月。如果将领难以拟制焦躁情绪,命令士兵象蚂蚁一样爬墙攻城,尽管士兵死伤三分之一,而城池却依然没有攻下,这就是攻城带来的灾难。所以善用兵者,不通过打仗就使敌人屈服,不通过攻城就使敌城投降,摧毁敌国不需长期作战,一定要用“全胜”的策略争胜于天下,从而既不使国力兵力受挫,又获得了全面胜利的利益。这就是谋攻的方法。

3.所以,在实际作战中运用的原则是:我十倍于敌,就实施围歼,五倍于敌就实施进攻,两倍于敌就要努力战胜敌军,势均力敌则设法分散各个击破之。兵力弱于敌人,就避免作战。所以,弱小的一方若死拼固守,那就会成为强大敌人的俘虏。

4.将帅,国家之辅助也。辅助之谋缜密周详,则国家必然强大,辅助之谋疏漏失当,则国家必然衰弱。所以,国君对军队的危害有三种:不知道军队不可以前进而下令前进,不知道军队不可以后退而下令后退,这叫做束缚军队;不知道军队的战守之事、内部事务而同理三军之政,将士们会无所适从;不知道军队战略战术的权宜变化,却干预军队的指挥,将士就会疑虑。军队既无所适从,又疑虑重重,诸侯就会趁机兴兵作难。这就是自乱其军,坐失胜机。

5.所以,预见胜利有五个方面:能准确判断仗能打或不能打的,胜;知道根据敌我双方兵力的多少采取对策者,胜;全国上下,全军上下,意愿一致、同心协力的,胜;以有充分准备来对付毫无准备的,胜;主将精通军事、精于权变,君主又不加干预的,胜。以上就是预见胜利的方法。

6.所以说:了解敌方也了解自己,每一次战斗都不会有危险;不了解对方但了解自己,胜负的机率各半;既不了解对方又不了解自己,每战必败。

军形第四

孙子曰:昔之善战者,先为不可胜,以待敌之可胜。不可胜在己,可胜在敌。故善战者,能为不可胜,不能使敌之必可胜。故曰:胜可知,而不可为。不可胜者,守也;可胜者,攻也。守则不足,攻则有余。善守者藏于九地之下,善攻者动于九天之上,故能自保而全胜也。见胜不过众人之所知,非善之善者也;战胜而天下曰善,非善之善者也。故举秋毫不为多力,见日月不为明目,闻雷霆不为聪耳。古之所谓善战者,胜于易胜者也。故善战者之胜也,无智名,无勇功,故其战胜不忒。不忒者,其所措胜,胜已败者也。故善战者,立于不败之地,而不失敌之败也。是故胜兵先胜而后求战,败兵先战而后求胜。善用兵者,修道而保法,故能为胜败之政。兵法:一曰度,二曰量,三曰数,四曰称,五曰胜。地生度,度生量,量生数,数生称,称生胜。故胜兵若以镒称铢,败兵若以铢称镒。称胜者之战民也,若决积水于千仞之溪者,形也。

译文:【军形第四】

1.孙子说:以前善于用兵作战的人,总是首先创造自己不可战胜的条件,并等待可以战胜敌人的机会。使自己不被战胜,其主动权掌握在自己手中;敌人能否被战胜,在于敌人是否给我们以可乘之机。所以,善于作战的人只能够使自己不被战胜,而不能使敌人一定会被我军战胜。所以说,胜利可以预见,却不能强求。

2.敌人无可乘之机,不能被战胜,且防守以待之;敌人有可乘之机,能够被战胜,则出奇攻而取之。防守是因为我方兵力不足,进攻是因为兵力超过对方。善于防守的,隐藏自己的兵力如同在深不可测的地下;善于进攻的部队就象从天而降,敌不及防。这样,才能保全自己而获得全胜。

3.预见胜利不能超过平常人的见识,算不上最高明:交战而后取胜,即使天下都称赞,也不算上最高明。正如举起秋毫称不上力大,能看见日月算不上视力好,听见雷鸣算不上耳聪。古代所谓善于用兵的人,只是战胜了那些容易战胜的敌人。所以,真正善于用兵的人,没有智慧过人的名声,没有勇武盖世的战功,而他既能打胜仗又不出任何闪失,原因在于其谋划、措施能够保证,他所战胜的是已经注定失败的敌人。所以善于打战的人,不但使自己始终处于不被战胜的境地,也决不会放过任何可以击败敌人的机会。

4.所以,打胜仗的军队总是在具备了必胜的条件之后才交战,而打败仗的部队总是先交战,在战争中企图侥幸取胜。善于用兵的人,潜心研究致胜之道,修明政治,坚持致胜的法制,所以能主宰胜败。

5.兵法:一是度,即估算土地的面积,二是量,即推算物资资源的容量,三是数,即统计兵源的数量,四是称,即比较双方的军事综合实力,五是胜,即得出胜负的判断。土地面积的大小决定物力、人力资源的容量,资源的容量决定可投入部队的数目,部队的数目决定双方兵力的强弱,双方兵力的强弱得出胜负的概率。

6.获胜的军队对于失败的一方就如同用“镒”来称“铢”,具有绝对优势优势,而失败的军队对于获胜的一方就如同用“铢”来称“镒”。胜利者一方打仗,就象积水从千仞高的山涧冲决而出,势不可挡,这就是军事实力的表现。

兵势第五

孙子曰:凡治众如治寡,分数是也;斗众如斗寡,形名是也;三军之众,可使必受敌而无败者,奇正是也;兵之所加,如以□①投卵者,虚实是也。凡战者,以正合,以奇胜。故善出奇者,无穷如天地,不竭如江海。终而复始,日月是也。死而更生,四时是也。声不过五,五声之变,不可胜听也;色不过五,五色之变,不可胜观也;味不过五,五味之变,不可胜尝也;战势不过奇正,奇正之变,不可胜穷也。奇正相生,如循环之无端,孰能穷之哉!激水之疾,至于漂石者,势也;鸷鸟之疾,至于毁折者,节也。故善战者,其势险,其节短。势如扩弩,节如发机。纷纷纭纭,斗乱而不可乱;浑浑沌沌,形圆而不可败。乱生于治,怯生于勇,弱生于强。治乱,数也;勇怯,势也;强弱,形也。故善动敌者,形之,敌必从之;予之,敌必取之。以利动之,以卒待之。故善战者,求之于势,不责于人故能择人而任势。任势者,其战人也,如转木石。木石之性,安则静,危则动,方则止,圆则行。故善战人之势,如转圆石于千仞之山者,势也。

【注:】

①:“瑕”的“王”旁换“石”旁。

译文:【兵势第五】

1.治理大军团就象治理小部队一样有效,是依靠合理的组织、结构、编制;指挥大军团作战就象指挥小部队作战一样到位,是依靠明确、高效的信号指挥系统;整个部队与敌对抗而不会失败,是依靠正确运用“奇正”的变化:攻击敌军,如同用石头砸鸡蛋一样容易,关键在于以实击虚。

2.大凡作战,都是以正兵作正面交战,而用奇兵去出奇制胜。善于运用奇兵的人,其战法的变化就象天地运行一样无穷无尽,象江海一样永不枯竭。象日月运行一样,终而复始;与四季更迭一样,去而复来。宫、商、角、徵、羽不过五音,然而五音的组合变化,永远也听不完;红、黄、蓝、白、黑不过五色,但五种色调的组合变化,永远看不完;酸、甜、苦、辣、咸不过五味,而五种味道的组合变化,永远也尝不完。战争中军事实力的运用不过“奇”、“正”两种,而“奇”、“正”的组合变化,永远无穷无尽。奇正相生、相互转化,就好比圆环旋绕,无始无终,谁能穷尽呢。

3.湍急的流水所以能漂动大石,是因为使它产生巨大冲击力的势能;猛禽搏击雀鸟,一举可致对手于死地,是因为它掌握了最有利于爆发冲击力的时空位置,节奏迅猛。所以善于作战的指挥者,他所造成的态势是险峻的,进攻的节奏是短促有力的。“势险”就如同满弓待发的弩那样蓄势,“节短”正如搏动弩机那样突然。

4.旌旗纷纷,人马纭纭,双方混战,战场上事态万端,但自己的指挥、组织、阵脚不能乱;混混沌吨,迷迷蒙蒙,两军搅作一团,但胜利在我把握之中。双方交战,一方之乱,是因为对方治军更严整:一方怯懦,是因为对方更勇敢;一方弱小,是因为对方更强大。军队治理有序或者混乱,在于其组织编制;士兵勇敢或者胆怯,在于部队所营造的态势和声势;军力强大或者弱小,在于部队日常训练所造就的内在实力。

5.善于调动敌军的人,向敌军展示一种或真或假的军情,敌军必然据此判断而跟从;给予敌军一点实际利益作为诱饵,敌军必然趋利而来,从而听我调动。一方面用这些办法调动敌军,一方面要严阵以待。6.所以,善战者追求形成有利的“势”,而不是苛求士兵,因而能选择人才去适应和利用已形成的“势”。善于创造有利“势”的将领,指挥部队作战就象转动木头和石头。木石的性情是处于平坦地势上就静止不动,处于陡峭的斜坡上就滚动,方形容易静止,圆形容易滚动。所以,善于指挥打仗的人所造就的“势”,就象让圆石从极高极陡的山上滚下来一样,来势凶猛。这就是所谓的“势”。

虚实第六

孙子曰:凡先处战地而待敌者佚,后处战地而趋战者劳。故善战者,致人而不致于人。能使敌人自至者,利之也;能使敌人不得至者,害之也。故敌佚能劳之,饱能饥之,安能动之。出其所必趋,趋其所不意。行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也;攻而必取者,攻其所不守也。守而必固者,守其所必攻也。故善攻者,敌不知其所守;善守者,敌不知其所攻。微乎微乎,至于无形;神乎神乎,至于无声,故能为敌之司命。进而不可御者,冲其虚也;退而不可追者,速而不可及也。故我欲战,敌虽高垒深沟,不得不与我战者,攻其所必救也;我不欲战,虽画地而守之,敌不得与我战者,乖其所之也。故形人而我无形,则我专而敌分。我专为一,敌分为十,是以十攻其一也。则我众敌寡,能以众击寡者,则吾之所与战者约矣。吾所与战之地不可知,不可知则敌所备者多,敌所备者多,则吾所与战者寡矣。故备前则后寡,备后则前寡,备左则右寡,备右则左寡,无所不备,则无所不寡。寡者,备人者也;众者,使人备己者也。故知战之地,知战之日,则可千里而会战;不知战之地,不知战日,则左不能救右,右不能救左,前不能救后,后不能救前,而况远者数十里,近者数里乎!以吾度之,越人之兵虽多,亦奚益于胜哉!故曰:胜可为也。敌虽众,可使无斗。故策之而知得失之计,候之而知动静之理,形之而知死生之地,角之而知有余不足之处。故形兵之极,至于无形。无形则深间不能窥,智者不能谋。因形而措胜于众,众不能知。人皆知我所以胜之形,而莫知吾所以制胜之形。故其战胜不复,而应形于无穷。夫兵形象水,水之行避高而趋下,兵之形避实而击虚;水因地而制流,兵因敌而制胜。故兵无常势,水无常形。能因敌变化而取胜者,谓之神。故五行无常胜,四时无常位,日有短长,月有死生。

译文:【虚实第六】

1.孙子说,大凡先期到达战地等待敌军的就精力充沛、主动安逸,而后到达战地匆忙投入战斗的就被动劳累。所以,善战者调动敌人而决不为敌人所调动。能够调动敌人使之自动前来我预想的战地,是用利益来引诱;能使敌人不能先我来到战场,是设置障碍、多方阻挠的结果。所以,敌人若处军安逸,能使之疲劳;若敌人粮食充足就能使之匮乏;若敌人安然不动,就能使他不得不行动起来。

2.通过敌人不设防的地区进军,在敌人预料不到的时间,向敌人预料不到的地点攻击。进军千里而不疲惫,是因为走在敌军无人抵抗或无力抵抗的地区,如入无人之境。我进攻就一定会获胜,是因为攻击的是敌人疏于防守的地方。我防守一定稳固,是因为守住了敌人一定会进攻的地方。所以善于进攻的,能做到使敌方不知道在哪防守,不知道怎样防守。而善于防守的,使敌人不知道从哪进攻,不知怎样进攻。深奥啊,精妙啊,竟然见不到一点形迹;神奇啊,玄妙啊,居然不漏出一点消息。所以能成为敌人命运的主宰。

3.进攻时,敌人无法抵御,那是攻击了敌人兵力空虚的地方;撤退时,敌人无法追击,那是行动迅速敌人无法追上。所以我军要交战,敌人就算垒高墙挖深沟,也不得不出来与我军交战,是因为我军攻击了它非救不可的要害之处;我军不想与敌军交战,虽然只是在地上画出界限权作防守,敌人也无法与我军交战,原因是我已设法改变了敌军进攻的方向。

4.所以,使敌军处于暴露状态而我军处于隐蔽状态,这样我军兵力就可以集中而敌军兵力就不得不分散。(如果敌我总兵力相当),我集中兵力与一点,而敌人分散为十处,我就是以十对一。这样,(在局部战场上)就出现我众敌寡的态势,在这种态势下,则我军所与战者用力少而成功多也。敌军不知道我军所预定的战场在哪里,就会处处分兵防备,防备的地方越多,能够与我军在特定的地点直接交战的敌军就越少。所以防备前面,则后面兵力不足,防备后面,则前面兵力不足,防备左方,则右方兵力不足,防备右方,则左方兵力不足,所有的地方都防备,则所有的地方都兵力不足。兵力不足,全是因为分兵防御敌人;兵力充足,是由于迫使敌人分兵防御我。

5.所以,既预知与敌人交战的地点,又预知交战的时间,即使行军千里也可以与敌人交战。不能预知与敌人交战的地点,又不能预知交战的时间,仓促遇敌,就会左军不能救右军,右军不能救左军,前军不能救后军,后军不能救前军,何况远的相距十里,近的也有好几里呢。依我对吴国所作的分析,越国虽然兵多,但对他的胜利又有什么帮助呢?所以说:胜利是可以创造的,敌人虽然兵多,却可以使敌人无法有效地参加战斗。

6.通过仔细分析可以判断敌人作战计划的优劣得失;通过挑动敌人,可以了解敌方的活动规律;通过“示形”,可以弄清地形是否对敌有利;通过试探性进攻,可以探明敌方兵力布置的强弱多寡。所以,示形诱敌的方法运用得极其巧妙时,一点破绽也没有。到这种境地,即使隐藏再深的间谍也不能探明我的虚实,智慧高超的敌手也想不出对付我的办法。根据敌情采取制胜的策略,即使摆在众人面前,众人也理解不了。人们都知道我克敌制胜的方法,却不能知道我是怎样运用这些方法制胜的。所以战胜敌人的战略战术每次都是不一样的,应适应敌情灵活运用。

7.兵的性态就象水一样,水流动时是避开高处流向低处,用兵取胜的关键是避开设防严密实力强大的敌人而攻击其薄弱环节;水根据地势来决定流向,军队根据敌情来采取制胜的方略。所以用兵作战没有一成不变的态势,正如流水没有固定的形状和去向。能够根据敌情的变化而取胜的,就叫做用兵如神。金、木、水、火、土这五行相生相克,没有哪一个常胜;四季相继相代,没有哪一个固定不移,白天的时间有长有短,月亮有圆也有缺。万物皆处于流变状态。

军争第七

孙子曰:凡用兵之法,将受命于君,合军聚众,交和而舍,莫难于军争。军争之难者,以迂为直,以患为利。故迂其途,而诱之以利,后人发,先人至,此知迂直之计者也。军争为利,军争为危。举军而争利则不及,委军而争利则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋,日夜不处,倍道兼行,百里而争利,则擒三将军,劲者先,疲者后,其法十一而至;五十里而争利,则蹶上将军,其法半至;三十里而争利,则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡,无粮食则亡,无委积则亡。故不知诸侯之谋者,不能豫交;不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者,不能行军;不用乡导者,不能得地利。故兵以诈立,以利动,以分和为变者也。故其疾如风,其徐如林,侵掠如火,不动如山,难知如阴,动如雷震。掠乡分众,廓地分利,悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜,此军争之法也。《军政》曰:“言不相闻,故为之金鼓;视不相见,故为之旌旗。”夫金鼓旌旗者,所以一民之耳目也。民既专一,则勇者不得独进,怯者不得独退,此用众之法也。故夜战多金鼓,昼战多旌旗,所以变人之耳目也。三军可夺气,将军可夺心。是故朝气锐,昼气惰,暮气归。善用兵者,避其锐气,击其惰归,此治气者也。以治待乱,以静待哗,此治心者也。以近待远,以佚待劳,以饱待饥,此治力者也。无邀正正之旗,无击堂堂之陈,此治变者也。故用兵之法,高陵勿向,背丘勿逆,佯北勿从,锐卒勿攻,饵兵勿食,归师勿遏,围师遗阙,穷寇勿迫,此用兵之法也。

译文:【军争第七】

1.孙子说:用兵的原则,将领接受君命,从召集军队,安营扎寨,到开赴战场与敌对峙,没有比率先争得制胜的条件更难的事了。“军争”中最困难的地方就在于以迂回进军的方式实现更快到达预定战场的目的,把看似不利的条件变为有利的条件。所以,由于我迂回前进,又对敌诱之以利,使敌不知我意欲何去,因而出发虽后,却能先于敌人到达战地。能这么做,就是知道迂直之计的人。

2.“军争”为了有利,但“军争”也有危险。带着全部辎重去争利,就会影响行军速度,不能先敌到达战地;丢下辎重轻装去争利,装备辎重就会损失。卷甲急进,白天黑夜不休息地急行军,奔跑百里去争利,则三军的将领有可能会被俘获。健壮的士兵能够先到战场,疲惫的士兵必然落后,只有十分之一的人马如期到达;强行军五十里去争利,先头部队的主将必然受挫,而军士一般仅有一半如期到达;强行军三十里去争利,一般只有三分之二的人马如期到达。这样,部队没有辎重就不能生存,没有粮食供应就不能生存,没有战备物资储备就无以生存。

3.所以不了解诸侯各国的图谋,就不要和他们结成联盟;不知道山林、险阻和沼泽的地形分布,不能行军;不使用向导,就不能掌握和利用有利的地形。所以,用兵是凭借施诡诈出奇兵而获胜的,根据是否有利于获胜决定行动,根据双方情势或分兵或集中为主要变化。按照战场形势的需要,部队行动迅速时,如狂风飞旋;行进从容时,如森林徐徐展开;攻城掠地时,如烈火迅猛;驻守防御时,如大山岿然;军情隐蔽时,如乌云蔽日;大军出动时,如雷霆万钧。夺取敌方的财物,掳掠百姓,应分兵行动。开拓疆土,分夺利益,应该分兵扼守要害。这些都应该权衡利弊,根据实际情况,相机行事。率先知道“迂直之计”的将获胜,这就是军争的原则。

4.《军政》说:“在战场上用语言来指挥,听不清或听不见,所以设置了金鼓;用动作来指挥,看不清或看不见,所以用旌旗。金鼓、旌旗,是用来统一士兵的视听,统一作战行动的。既然士兵都服从统一指挥,那么勇敢的将士不会单独前进,胆怯的也不会独自退却。这就是指挥大军作战的方法。所以,夜间作战,要多处点火,频频击鼓;白天打仗要多处设置旌旗。这些是用来扰乱敌方的视听的。

5.对于敌方三军,可以挫伤其锐气,可使丧失其士气,对于敌方的将帅,可以动摇他的决心,可使其丧失斗志。所以,敌人早朝初至,其气必盛;陈兵至中午,则人力困倦而气亦怠惰;待至日暮,人心思归,其气益衰。善于用兵的人,敌之气锐则避之,趁其士气衰竭时才发起猛攻。这就是正确运用士气的原则。用治理严整的我军来对付军政混乱的敌军,用我镇定平稳的军心来对付军心躁动的敌人。这是掌握并运用军心的方法。以我就近进入战场而待长途奔袭之敌;以我从容稳定对仓促疲劳之敌;以我饱食之师对饥饿之敌。这是懂得并利用治己之力以困敌人之力。不要去迎击旗帜整齐、部伍统一的军队,不要去攻击阵容整肃、士气饱满的军队,这是懂得战场上的随机应变。

6.所以,用兵的原则是:对占据高地、背倚丘陵之敌,不要作正面仰攻;对于假装败逃之敌,不要跟踪追击;敌人的精锐部队不要强攻;敌人的诱饵之兵,不要贪食;对正在向本土撤退的部队不要去阻截;对被包围的敌军,要预留缺口;对于陷入绝境的敌人,不要过分逼迫,这些都是用兵的基本原则。

九变第八

孙子曰:凡用兵之法,将受命于君,合军聚合。泛地无舍,衢地合交,绝地无留,围地则谋,死地则战,途有所不由,军有所不击,城有所不攻,地有所不争,君命有所不受。故将通于九变之利者,知用兵矣;将不通九变之利,虽知地形,不能得地之利矣;治兵不知九变之术,虽知五利,不能得人之用矣。是故智者之虑,必杂于利害,杂于利而务可信也,杂于害而患可解也。是故屈诸侯者以害,役诸侯者以业,趋诸侯者以利。故用兵之法,无恃其不来,恃吾有以待之;无恃其不攻,恃吾有所不可攻也。故将有五危,必死可杀,必生可虏,忿速可侮,廉洁可辱,爱民可烦。凡此五者,将之过也,用兵之灾也。覆军杀将,必以五危,不可不察也。

译文:【九变第八】

1.孙子说:用兵的原则,将接受国君的命令,召集人马组建军队,在难于通行之地不要驻扎,在四通八达的交通要道要与四邻结交,在难以生存的地区不要停留,要赶快通过,在四周有险阻容易被包围的地区要精于谋划,误入死地则须坚决作战。有的道路不要走,有些敌军不要攻,有些城池不要占,有些地域不要争,君主的某些命令也可以不接受。2.所以将帅精通“九变”的具体运用,就是真懂得用兵了;将帅不精通“九变”的具体运用,就算熟悉地形,也不能得到地利。指挥作战如果不懂“九变”的方法,即使知道“五利”,也不能充分发挥部队的战斗力。

3.智慧明达的将帅考虑问题,必然把利与害一起权衡。在考虑不利条件时,同时考虑有利条件,大事就能顺利进行;在看到有利因素时同时考虑到不利因素,祸患就可以排除。因此,用最另人头痛的事去使敌国屈服,用复杂的事变去使敌国穷于应付,以利益为钓饵引诱敌国疲于奔命。

4.所以用兵的原则是:不抱敌人不会来的侥幸心理,而要依靠我方有充分准备,严阵以待;不抱敌人不会攻击的侥幸心理,而要依靠我方坚不可摧的防御,不会被战胜。

5.所以,将领有五种致命的弱点:坚持死拼硬打,可能招致杀身之祸;临阵畏缩,贪生怕死,则可能被俘;性情暴躁易怒,可能受敌轻侮而失去理智;过分洁身自好,珍惜声名,可能会被羞辱引发冲动;由于爱护民众,受不了敌方的扰民行动而不能采取相应的对敌行动。所有这五种情况,都是将领最容易有的过失,是用兵的灾难。军队覆没,将领牺牲,必定是因为这五种危害,因此一定要认识到这五种危害的严重性。

行军第九

孙子曰:凡处军相敌,绝山依谷,视生处高,战隆无登,此处山之军也。绝水必远水,客绝水而来,勿迎之于水内,令半渡而击之利,欲战者,无附于水而迎客,视生处高,无迎水流,此处水上之军也。绝斥泽,唯亟去无留,若交军于斥泽之中,必依水草而背众树,此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易,右背高,前死后生,此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利,黄帝之所以胜四帝也。凡军好高而恶下,贵阳而贱阴,养生而处实,军无百疾,是谓必胜。丘陵堤防,必处其阳而右背之,此兵之利,地之助也。上雨水流至,欲涉者,待其定也。凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙,必亟去之,勿近也。吾远之,敌近之;吾迎之,敌背之。军旁有险阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①荟者,必谨覆索之,此伏奸之所处也。敌近而静者,恃其险也;远而挑战者,欲人之进也;其所居易者,利也;众树动者,来也;众草多障者,疑也;鸟起者,伏也;兽骇者,覆也;尘高而锐者,车来也;卑而广者,徒来也;散而条达者,樵采也;少而往来者,营军也;辞卑而备者,进也;辞强而进驱者,退也;轻车先出居其侧者,陈也;无约而请和者,谋也;奔走而陈兵者,期也;半进半退者,诱也;杖而立者,饥也;汲而先饮者,渴也;见利而不进者,劳也;鸟集者,虚也;夜呼者,恐也;军扰者,将不重也;旌旗动者,乱也;吏怒者,倦也;杀马肉食者,军无粮也;悬□②不返其舍者,穷寇也;谆谆□③□③,徐与人言者,失众也;数赏者,窘也;数罚者,困也;先暴而后畏其众者,不精之至也;来委谢者,欲休息也。兵怒而相迎,久而不合,又不相去,必谨察之。兵非贵益多也,惟无武进,足以并力料敌取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者,必擒于人。卒未亲而罚之,则不服,不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行,则不可用。故合之以文,齐之以武,是谓必取。令素行以教其民,则民服;令素不行以教其民,则民不服。令素行者,与众相得也。

【注:】

①:“翳”加“艹”头。

②:[垂瓦]。

③:[讠翕]。

译文:【行军第九】

1、孙子说:在各种不同地形上处置军队和观察判断敌情时,应该注意:通过山地,必须依靠有水草的山谷,驻扎在居高向阳的地方,敌人占领高地,不要仰攻,这是在山地上对军队的处置原则。横渡江河,应远离水流驻扎,敌人渡水来战,不要在江河中迎击,而要等它渡过一半时再攻击,这样较为有利。如果要同敌人决战,不要紧靠水边列阵;在江河地带扎营,也要居高向阳,不要面迎水流,这是在江河地带上对军队处置的原则。通过盐碱沼泽地带,要迅速离开,不要逗留;如果同敌军相遇于盐碱沼泽地带,那就必须靠近水草而背靠树林,这是在盐碱沼泽地带上对军队处置的原则。在平原上应占领开阔地域,而侧翼要依托高地,前低后高。这是在平原地带上对军队处置的原则。以上四中“处军”原则的好处,就是黄帝之所以能战胜其他四帝的原因。

2、大凡驻军总是喜欢干燥的高地,避开潮湿的洼地;重视向阳之处,避开阴暗之地;靠近水草地区,军需供应充足,将士百病不生,这样就有了胜利的保证。在丘陵堤防行军,必须占领它向阳的一面,并把主要侧翼背靠着它。这些对于用兵有利的措施,是利用地形作为辅助条件的。上游下雨,洪水突至,禁止徒涉,应等待水流稍平缓以后。

3、凡遇到或通过“绝涧”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天罗”、“天陷”、“天隙”这几种地形,必须迅速离开,不要接近。我们应该远离这些地形,而让敌人去靠近它;我们应面向这些地形,而让敌人去背靠它。军队两旁遇到有险峻的隘路、湖沼、水网、芦苇、山林和草木茂盛的地方,必须谨慎地反复搜索,这些都是敌人可能埋设伏兵和隐伏奸细的地方。

4、敌人离我很近而安静的,是依仗它占领险要地形;敌人离我很远但挑战不休,是想诱我前进;敌人之所以驻扎在平坦地方,是因为对它有某种好处。许多树木摇动,是敌人隐蔽前来;草丛中有许多遮障物,是敌人布下的疑阵;群鸟惊飞,是下面有伏兵;野兽骇奔,是敌人大举突袭;尘土高而尖,是敌人战车驶来;尘土低而宽广,是敌人的步兵开来;尘土疏散飞扬,是敌人正在拽柴而走;尘土少而时起时落;是敌人正在扎营。

5、敌人使者措辞谦卑却又在加紧战备的,是准备进攻;措辞强硬而军队又做出前进姿态的,是准备撤退;轻车先出动,部署在两翼的,是在布列阵势;敌人尚未受挫而来讲和的,是另有阴谋;敌人急速奔跑并排并列阵的,是企图约期同我决战;敌人半进半退的,是企图引诱我军。

6、抵兵倚着兵器而站立的,是饥饿的表现;供水兵打水自己先饮的,是干渴的表现;敌人见利而不进兵争夺的,是疲劳的表现;敌人营寨上聚集鸟雀的,下面是空营;敌人夜间惊叫的,是恐慌的表现;敌营惊扰纷乱的,是敌将没有威严的表现;旌旗摇动不整齐的,是敌人队伍已经混乱。敌人军官易怒的,是全军疲倦的表现;用粮食喂马,杀马吃肉,收拾起汲水器具,部队不返营房的,是要拼死的穷寇;低声下气同部下讲话的,是敌将失去人心;不断犒赏士卒的,是敌军没有办法;不断惩罚部属的,是敌人处境困难;先粗暴然后又害怕部下的,是最不精明的将领;派来使者送礼言好的,是敌人想休兵息战;敌人逞怒同我对阵,但久不交锋又不撤退的,必须谨慎地观察他的企图。

7、打仗不在于兵力越多越好,只要不轻敌冒进,并集中兵力、判明敌情,取得部下的信任和支持,也就足够了。那种既无深谋远虑而又轻敌的人,必定会被敌人俘虏。士卒还没有亲近依附就执行惩罚,那么他们会不服,不服就很难使用。士卒已经亲近依附,如果不执行军纪军法,也不能用来作战。所以,要用怀柔宽仁使他们思想统一,用军纪军法使他们行动一致,这样就必能取得部下的敬畏和拥戴。平素严格贯彻命令,管教士卒,士卒就能养成服从的习惯;平素从来不严格贯彻命令,管教士卒,士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。平时命令能贯彻执行的,表明将帅同士卒之间相处融洽。

地形第十

孙子曰:地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。我可以往,彼可以来,曰通。通形者,先居高阳,利粮道,以战则利。可以往,难以返,曰挂。挂形者,敌无备,出而胜之,敌若有备,出而不胜,难以返,不利。我出而不利,彼出而不利,曰支。支形者,敌虽利我,我无出也,引而去之,令敌半出而击之利。隘形者,我先居之,必盈之以待敌。若敌先居之,盈而勿从,不盈而从之。险形者,我先居之,必居高阳以待敌;若敌先居之,引而去之,勿从也。远形者,势均难以挑战,战而不利。凡此六者,地之道也,将之至任,不可不察也。凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者,非天地之灾,将之过也。夫势均,以一击十,曰走;卒强吏弱,曰驰;吏强卒弱,曰陷;大吏怒而不服,遇敌怼而自战,将不知其能,曰崩;将弱不严,教道不明,吏卒无常,陈兵纵横,曰乱;将不能料敌,以少合众,以弱击强,兵无选锋,曰北。凡此六者,败之道也,将之至任,不可不察也。夫地形者,兵之助也。料敌制胜,计险隘远近,上将之道也。知此而用战者必胜,不知此而用战者必败。故战道必胜,主曰无战,必战可也;战道不胜,主曰必战,无战可也。故进不求名,退不避罪,唯民是保,而利于主,国之宝也。视卒如婴儿,故可以与之赴深溪;视卒如爱子,故可与之俱死。厚而不能使,爱而不能令,乱而不能治,譬若骄子,不可用也。知吾卒之可以击,而不知敌之不可击,胜之半也;知敌之可击,而不知吾卒之不可以击,胜之半也;知敌之可击,知吾卒之可以击,而不知地形之不可以战,胜之半也。故知兵者,动而不迷,举而不穷。故曰:知彼知己,胜乃不殆;知天知地,胜乃可全。

译文:【地形第十】

1、孙子说:地形有“通”、“挂”、“支”、“隘”、“险”、“远”等六种。凡是我们可以去,敌人也可以来的地域,叫做“通”;在“通”形地域上,应抢先占开阔向阳的高地,保持粮道畅通,这样作战就有利。凡是可以前进,难以返回的地域,称作“挂”;在挂形的地域上,假如敌人没有防备,我们就能突击取胜。假如敌人有防备,出击又不能取胜,而且难以回师,这就不利了。凡是我军出击不利,敌人出击不利的地域叫做“支”。在“支”形地域上,敌人虽然以利相诱,我们也不要出击,而应该率军假装退却,诱使敌人出击一半时再回师反击,这样就有利。在“隘”形地域上,我们应该抢先占领,并用重兵封锁隘口,以等待敌人的到来;如果敌人已先占据了隘口,并用重兵把守,我们就不要去进攻;如果敌人没有用重兵据守隘口,那么就可以进攻。在“险”形地域上,如果我军先敌占领,就必须控制开阔向阳的高地,以等待敌人来犯;如果敌人先我占领,就应该率军撤离,不要去攻打它。在“远”形地域上,敌我双方地势均同,就不宜去挑战,勉强求战,很是不利。以上六点,是利用地形的原则。这是将帅的重大责任所在,不可不认真考察研究。

2、军队打败仗有“走”、“驰”、“陷”、“崩”、“乱”、“北”六种情况。这六种情况的发生,不是天时地理的灾害,而是将帅自身的过错。地势均同的情况下,以一击十而导致失败的,叫做“走”。士卒强捍,军官懦弱而造成失败的,叫做“驰”。将帅强悍,士卒儒弱而失败的,叫做“陷”。偏将怨仇不服从指挥,遇到敌人擅自出战,主将又不了解他们能力,因而失败的,叫做“崩”。将帅懦弱缺乏威严,治军没有章法,官兵关系混乱紧张,列兵布阵杂乱无常,因此而致败的,叫做“乱”。将帅不能正确判断敌情,以少击众,以弱击强,作战又没有精锐先锋部队,因而落败的,叫做“北”。以上六种情况,均是导致失败的原因。这是将帅的重大责任之所在,是不可不认真考察研究的。

3、地形是用兵打仗的辅助条件。正确判断敌情,考察地形险易,计算道路远近,这是高明的将领必须掌握的方法,懂得这些道理去指挥作战的,必定能够胜利;不了解这些道理去指挥作战的,必定失败。所以,根据分析有必胜把握的,即使国君主张不打,坚持打也是可以的;根据分析没有必胜把握的,即使国君主张打,不打也是可以的。所以,战不谋求胜利的名声,退不回避失利的罪责,只求保全百姓,符合国君利益,这样的将帅,才是国家的宝贵财富。

4、对待士卒象对待婴儿,士卒就可以同他共患难:对待士卒象对待自己的儿子,士卒就可以跟他同生共死。如果对士卒厚待却不能使用,溺爱却不能指挥,违法而不能惩治,那就如同骄惯了的子女,是不可以用来同敌作战的。只了解自己的部队可以打,而不了解敌人不可打,取胜的可能只有一半;只了解敌人可以打,而不了解自己的部队不可以打,取胜的可能也只有一半。知道敌人可以打,也知道自己的部队能打,但是不了解地形不利于作战,取胜的可能性仍然只有一半。所以,懂得用兵的人,他行动起来不会迷惑,他的战术变化无穷。

5、所以说:知彼知己,胜乃不殆;知天知地,胜乃可全。

九地第十一

孙子曰:用兵之法,有散地,有轻地,有争地,有交地,有衢地,有重地,有泛地,有围地,有死地。诸侯自战其地者,为散地;入人之地不深者,为轻地;我得亦利,彼得亦利者,为争地;我可以往,彼可以来者,为交地;诸侯之地三属,先至而得天下众者,为衢地;入人之地深,背城邑多者,为重地;山林、险阻、沮泽,凡难行之道者,为泛地;所由入者隘,所从归者迂,彼寡可以击吾之众者,为围地;疾战则存,不疾战则亡者,为死地。是故散地则无战,轻地则无止,争地则无攻,交地则无绝,衢地则合交,重地则掠,泛地则行,围地则谋,死地则战。古之善用兵者,能使敌人前后不相及,众寡不相恃,贵贱不相救,上下不相收,卒离而不集,兵合而不齐。合于利而动,不合于利而止。敢问敌众而整将来,待之若何曰:先夺其所爱则听矣。兵之情主速,乘人之不及。由不虞之道,攻其所不戒也。凡为客之道,深入则专。主人不克,掠于饶野,三军足食。谨养而勿劳,并气积力,运兵计谋,为不可测。投之无所往,死且不北。死焉不得,士人尽力。兵士甚陷则不惧,无所往则固,深入则拘,不得已则斗。是故其兵不修而戒,不求而得,不约而亲,不令而信,禁祥去疑,至死无所之。吾士无余财,非恶货也;无余命,非恶寿也。令发之日,士卒坐者涕沾襟,偃卧者涕交颐,投之无所往,诸、刿之勇也。故善用兵者,譬如率然。率然者,常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至,击其尾则首至,击其中则首尾俱至。敢问兵可使如率然乎?曰可。夫吴人与越人相恶也,当其同舟而济而遇风,其相救也如左右手。是故方马埋轮,未足恃也;齐勇如一,政之道也;刚柔皆得,地之理也。故善用兵者,携手若使一人,不得已也。将军之事,静以幽,正以治,能愚士卒之耳目,使之无知;易其事,革其谋,使人无识;易其居,迂其途,使民不得虑。帅与之期,如登高而去其梯;帅与之深入诸侯之地,而发其机。若驱群羊,驱而往,驱而来,莫知所之。聚三军之众,投之于险,此谓将军之事也。九地之变,屈伸之力,人情之理,不可不察也。凡为客之道,深则专,浅则散。去国越境而师者,绝地也;四彻者,衢地也;入深者,重地也;入浅者,轻地也;背固前隘者,围地也;无所往者,死地也。是故散地吾将一其志,轻地吾将使之属,争地吾将趋其后,交地吾将谨其守,交地吾将固其结,衢地吾将谨其恃,重地吾将继其食,泛地吾将进其途,围地吾将塞其阙,死地吾将示之以不活。故兵之情:围则御,不得已则斗,过则从。是故不知诸侯之谋者,不能预交;不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者,不能行军;不用乡导,不能得地利。四五者,一不知,非霸王之兵也。夫霸王之兵,伐大国,则其众不得聚;威加于敌,则其交不得合。是故不争天下之交,不养天下之权,信己之私,威加于敌,则其城可拔,其国可隳。施无法之赏,悬无政之令。犯三军之众,若使一人。犯之以事,勿告以言;犯之以害,勿告以利。投之亡地然后存,陷之死地然后生。夫众陷于害,然后能为胜败。故为兵之事,在顺详敌之意,并敌一向,千里杀将,是谓巧能成事。是故政举之日,夷关折符,无通其使,厉于廊庙之上,以诛其事。敌人开阖,必亟入之,先其所爱,微与之期,践墨随敌,以决战事。是故始如处女,敌人开户;后如脱兔,敌不及拒。

译文:【九地第十一】

1、孙子说:按照用兵的原则,军事地理有散地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围地、死地。诸侯在本国境内作战的地区,叫做散地。在敌国浅近纵深作战的地区,叫做轻地。我方得到有利,敌人得到也有利的地区,叫做争地。我军可以前往,敌军也可以前来的地区,叫做交地。多国相毗邻,先到就可以获得诸侯列国援助的地区,叫做衢地。深入敌国腹地,背靠敌人众多城邑的地区,叫做重地。山林险阻沼泽等难于通行的地区,叫做圮地。行军的道路狭窄,退兵的道路迂远,敌人可以用少量兵力攻击我方众多兵力的地区,叫做围地。迅速奋战就能生存,不迅速奋战就会全军覆灭的地区,叫做死地。因此,处于散地就不宜作战,处于轻地就不宜停留,遇上争地就不要勉强强攻,遇上交地就不要断绝联络,进入衢地就应该结交诸侯,深入重地就要掠取粮草,碰到圮地就必须迅速通过,陷入围地就要设谋脱险,处于死地就要力战求生。

2、从前善于指挥作战的人,能使敌人前后部队不能相互策应,主力和小部队无法相互依靠,官兵之间不能相互救援,上下级之间不能互相联络,士兵分散不能集中,合兵布阵也不整齐。对我有利就打,对我无利就停止行动。试问:敌人兵员众多且又阵势严整向我发起进攻,那该用什么办法对付它呢?回答是:先夺取敌人最关心爱护的,这样就听从我们的摆布了。用兵之理贵在神速,要乘敌人措手不及的时机,走敌人意料不到的道路,攻击敌人没有戒备的地方。

3、在敌国境内进行作战的一般规律是:越深入敌国腹地,我军军心就越坚固,敌人就不易战胜我们。在敌国丰饶地区掠取粮草,部队给养就有了保障。要注意休整部队,不要使其过于疲劳,保持土气,养精蓄锐。部署兵力,巧设计谋,使敌人无法判断我军的意图。将部队置于无路可走的绝境,士卒就会宁死不退。士卒既能宁死不退,那么他们怎么会不殊死作战呢!士卒深陷危险的境地,就不再存在恐惧,一旦无路可走,军心就会牢固。深入敌境军队就不会离散。遇到迫不得已的情况,军队就会殊死奋战。因此,不须整饬就能注意戒备,不用强求就能完成任务,无须约束就能亲密团结,不待申令就会遵守纪律。禁止占卜迷信,消除士卒的疑虑,他们至死也不会逃避。我军士卒没有多余的钱财,并不是不爱钱财;士卒置生死于度外,也不是不想长寿。当作战命令颁布之时,坐着的士卒泪沾衣襟,躺着的士卒泪流满面,但把士卒置于无路可走的绝境,他们就都会象专诸、曹刿一样的勇敢。

4、善于指挥作战的人,能使部队自我策应如同“率然”蛇一样。“率然”是常山地方一种蛇,打它的头部,尾巴就来救应;打它的尾,头就来救应;打它的腰,头尾都来救应。试问:可以使军队象“率然”一样吧?回答是:可以。那吴国人和越国人是互相仇视的,但当他们同船渡河而遇上大风时,他们相互救援,就如同人的左右手一样。所以,想用缚住马缰、深埋车轮这种显示死战决心的办法来稳定部队,是靠不住的。要使部队能够齐心协力奋勇作战如同一人,关键在于部队管理教育有方。要使强弱不同的士卒都能发挥作用,在于恰当地利用地形。所以善于用兵的人,能使全军上下携手团结如同一人,这是因为客观形势迫使部队不得不这样。

5、主持军事行动,要做到考虑谋略沉着冷静而幽深莫测,管理部队公正严明而有条不紊。要能蒙蔽士卒的视听,使他们对于军事行动毫无所知;变更作战部署,改变原定计划,使人无法识破真相;不时变换驻地,故意迂回前进,使人无从推测意图。将帅向军队赋予作战任务,要象使其登高而抽去梯子一样。将帅率领士卒深入诸侯国土,要象弩机发出的箭一样一往无前。对待士卒要能如驱赶羊群一样,赶过去又赶过来,使他们不知道要到哪里去。集结全军,把他们置于险境,这就是统帅军队的要点。九种地形的应变处置,攻防进退的利害得失,全军上下的心理状态,这些都是作为将帅不能不认真研究和周密考察的。

6、在敌国境内作战的规律是:深入敌境则军心稳固,浅入敌境则军心容易涣散。进入敌境进行作战的称为绝地;四通八达的地区叫做衢地;进入敌境纵深的地区叫做重地;进入敌境浅的地区叫做轻地;背有险阻前有隘路的地区叫围地;无路可走的地区就是死地。因此,在散地,要统一军队意志;在轻地,要使营阵紧密相连;在争地,要迅速出兵抄到敌人的后面;在交地,就要谨慎防守;在衢地,就要巩固与列国的结盟;入重地,就要保障军粮供应;在圮地,就必须迅速通过;陷入围地,就要堵塞缺口;到了死地,就要显示死战的决心。所以,士卒的心理状态是:陷入包围就会竭力抵抗,形势逼迫就会拚死战斗,身处绝境就会听从指挥。

7、不了解诸侯列国的战略意图,就不要与之结交;不熟悉山林、险阻、沼泽等地形情况,就不能行军;不使用向导,就无法得到地利。这些情况,如有一样不了解,都不能成为称王争霸的军队。凡是王霸的军队,进攻大国,能使敌国的军民来不及动员集中;兵威加在敌人头上,能够使敌方的盟国无法配合策应。因此,没有必要去争着同天下诸侯结交,也用不着在各诸侯国里培植自己的势力,只要施展自己的战略意图,把兵威施加在敌人头上,就可以拔取敌人的城邑,摧毁敌人的国都。施行超越惯例的奖赏,颁布不拘常规的号令,指挥全军就如同使用一个人一样。向部下布置作战任务,但不说明其中意图。只告知利益而不指出危害。将士卒置于危地,才能转危为安;使士卒陷于死地,才能起死回生。军队深陷绝境,然后才能赢得胜利。所以,指导战争的关键,在于谨慎地观察敌人的战略意图,集中兵力攻击敌人一部,千里奔袭,斩杀敌将,这就是所谓巧妙用兵,实现克敌制胜的目的。

8、因此,在决定战争方略的时候,就要封锁关口,废除通行符证,不充许敌国使者往来;要在庙堂里再三谋划,作出战略决策。敌人一旦出现间隙,就要迅速乘机而入。首先夺取敌人战略要地,但不要轻易与敌约期决战。要灵活机动,因敌情来决定自己的作战行动。因此,战争开始之前要象处女那样显得沉静柔弱,诱使敌人放松戒备;战斗展开之后,则要象脱逃的野兔一样行动迅速,使敌人措手不及,无从抵抗。

火攻第十二

孙子曰:凡火攻有五:一曰火人,二曰火积,三曰火辎,四曰火库,五曰火队。行火必有因,因必素具。发火有时,起火有日。时者,天之燥也。日者,月在箕、壁、翼、轸也。凡此四宿者,风起之日也。凡火攻,必因五火之变而应之:火发于内,则早应之于外;火发而其兵静者,待而勿攻,极其火力,可从而从之,不可从则上。火可发于外,无待于内,以时发之,火发上风,无攻下风,昼风久,夜风止。凡军必知五火之变,以数守之。故以火佐攻者明,以水佐攻者强。水可以绝,不可以夺。夫战胜攻取而不惰其功者凶,命曰“费留”。故曰:明主虑之,良将惰之,非利不动,非得不用,非危不战。主不可以怒而兴师,将不可以愠而攻战。合于利而动,不合于利而上。怒可以复喜,愠可以复说,亡国不可以复存,死者不可以复生。故明主慎之,良将警之。此安国全军之道也。

译文:【火攻第十二】

1、孙子说:火攻形式共有五种,一是火烧敌军人马,二是焚烧敌军粮草,三是焚烧敌军辎重,四是焚烧敌军仓库,五是火烧敌军运输设施。实施火攻必须具备条件,火攻器材必须随时准备。放火要看准天时,起火要选好日子。天时是指气候干燥,日子是指月亮行经“箕”、“壁”、“翼”、“轸”四个星宿位置的时候。月亮经过这四个星宿的时候,就是起风的日子。

2、凡用火攻,必须根据五种火攻所引起的不同变化,灵活部署兵力策应。在敌营内部放火,就要及时派兵从外面策应。火已烧起而敌军依然保持镇静,就应等待,不可立即发起进攻。待火势旺盛后,再根据情况作出决定,可以进攻就进攻,不可进攻就停止。火可从外面放,这时就不必等待内应,只要适时放火就行。从上风放火时,不可从下风进攻。白天风刮久了,夜晚就容易停止。军队都必须掌握这五种火攻形式,等待条件具备时进行火攻。用火来辅助军队进攻,效果显著;用水来辅助军队进攻,攻势必能加强。水可以把敌军分割隔绝,但却不能焚毁敌人的军需物资。

3、凡打了胜仗,攻取了土地城邑,而不能巩固战果的,会很危险,这种情况叫做“费留”。所以说,明智的国君要慎重地考虑这个问题,贤良的将帅要严肃地对待这个问题。没有好处不要行动,没有取胜的把握不能用兵,不到危急关头不要开战。国君不可因一时愤怒而发动战争,将帅不可因一时的气忿而出阵求战。符合国家利益才用兵,不符合国家利益就停止。愤怒还可以重新变为欢喜,气忿也可以重新转为高兴,但是国家灭亡了就不能复存,人死了也不能再生。所以,对待战争,明智的国君应该慎重,贤良的将帅应该警惕,这是安定国家和保全军队的基本道理。

用间第十三

孙子曰:凡兴师十万,出征千里,百姓之费,公家之奉,日费千金,内外骚动,怠于道路,不得操事者,七十万家。相守数年,以争一日之胜,而爱爵禄百金,不知敌之情者,不仁之至也,非民之将也,非主之佐也,非胜之主也。故明君贤将所以动而胜人,成功出于众者,先知也。先知者,不可取于鬼神,不可象于事,不可验于度,必取于人,知敌之情者也。故用间有五:有因间,有内间,有反间,有死间,有生间。五间俱起,莫知其道,是谓神纪,人君之宝也。乡间者,因其乡人而用之;内间者,因其官人而用之;反间者,因其敌间而用之;死间者,为诳事于外,令吾闻知之而传于敌间也;生间者,反报也。故三军之事,莫亲于间,赏莫厚于间,事莫密于间,非圣贤不能用间,非仁义不能使间,非微妙不能得间之实。微哉微哉!无所不用间也。间事未发而先闻者,间与所告者兼死。凡军之所欲击,城之所欲攻,人之所欲杀,必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓名,令吾间必索知之。敌间之来间我者,因而利之,导而舍之,故反间可得而用也;因是而知之,故乡间、内间可得而使也;因是而知之,故死间为诳事,可使告敌;因是而知之,故生间可使如期。五间之事,主必知之,知之必在于反间,故反间不可不厚也。昔殷之兴也,伊挚在夏;周之兴也,吕牙在殷。故明君贤将,能以上智为间者,必成大功。此兵之要,三军之所恃而动也。

译文:【用间第十三】

1、孙子说:凡兴兵十万,征战千里,百姓的耗费,国家的开支,每天都要花费千金,前后方*不安,戌卒疲备地在路上奔波,不能从事正常生产的有七十万家。这样相持数年,就是为了决胜于一旦,如果吝惜爵禄和金钱,不肯用来重用间谍,以致因为不能掌握敌情而导致失败,那就是不仁到极点了。这种人不配作军队的统帅,算不上国家的辅佐,也不是胜利的主宰。

2、所以,明君和贤将之所以一出兵就能战胜敌人,功业超越众人,就在于能预先掌握敌情。要事先了解敌情,不可求神问鬼,也不可用相似的现象作类比推测,不可用日月星辰运行的位置去验证,一定要取之于人,从那些熟悉敌情的人的口中去获取。

3、间谍的运用有五种,即乡间、内间、反间、死间、生间。五种间谍同时用起来,使敌人无从捉摸我用间的规律,这是使用间谍神妙莫测的方法,也正是国君克敌制胜的法宝。所谓乡间,是指利用敌人的同乡做间谍;所谓内间,就是利用敌方官吏做间谍;所谓反间,就是使敌方间谍为我所用;所谓死间,是指制造散布假情报,通过我方间谍将假情报传给敌间,诱使敌人上当,一旦真情败露,我间难免一死;所谓生间,就是侦察后能活着回来报告敌情的人。

4、所以在军队中,没有比间谍更亲近的人,没有比间谍更为优厚奖赏的,没有比间谍更为秘密的事情了。不是睿智超群的人不能使用间谍,不是仁慈慷慨的人不能指使间谍,不是谋虑精细的人不能得到间谍提供的真实情报。微妙啊,微妙!无时无处不可以使用间谍。间谍的工作还未开展,而已泄露出去的,那么间谍和了解内情的人都要处死。凡是要攻打的敌方军队,要攻占的敌方城市,要刺杀的敌方人员,都须预先了解其主管将领、左右亲信、负责传达的官员、守门官吏和门客幕僚的姓名,指令我方间谍一定要将这些情况侦察清楚。

5、一定要搜查出敌方派来侦察我方军情的间谍,从而用重金收买他,引诱开导他,然后再放他回去,这样,反间就可以为我所用了。通过反间了解敌情,乡间、内间也就可以利用起来了。通过反间了解敌倩,就能使死间传播假情报给敌人了。通过反间了解敌情,就能使生间按预定时间报告敌情了。五种间谍的使用,国君都必须了解掌握。了解情况的关键在于使用反间,所以对反间不可不给予优厚的待遇。

6、从前殷商的兴起,在于重用了在夏朝为臣的伊挚,他熟悉并了解夏朝的情况;周朝的兴起,是由于周武王重用了了解商朝情况的吕牙。所以,明智的国君,贤能的将帅,能用智慧高超的人充当间谍,就一定能建树大功。这是用兵的关键,整个军队都要依靠间谍提供的敌情来决定军事行动。

第14篇:英语道歉信加翻译

道歉信 letter of apology 我们在工作或生活中,有时难免会犯一些错误,写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出现差错的原因;提出弥补措施;请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实,不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。

写作三步走:

表示歉意->说明具体原因、提出补救办法->再次致歉、希望得到理解 tips: 在写作过程中,尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。

在解释完原因后,尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加完满。

订阅收藏《考研英语写作范文100篇》系列文章

(1)directions: you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use li ming instead. do not write the addre. 范文: dear anne, please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming 译文:

亲爱的安:

感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随 时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。

请允许我再一次致歉。

您真诚的,

李明

闪光词汇及词组: occupy: v.占用,占

get-together: n.聚会,联欢会 hesitate: v.犹豫,踌躇

drop sb.a line: 给某人打一个电话 preferable: adj.更好的,更可取的 long for sth: 渴望

万能句型: thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.unfortunately, it is much to my regret that i cannot... i feel terribly sorry for miing the chance of... is it poible for you and me to have a private meeting afterwards? if so, please dont hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date. please allow me to say sorry again. (2)directions: you failed to finish an important task aigned by your profeor because of a severe illne.write a letter to your profeor tp expre your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a solution to make up the lo. you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use li ming instead. do not write the addre. 范文:

dear prof.patent, i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task, as my health is turning better. hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology. yours faithfully, li ming 译文:

尊敬的patent教授:

我非常遗憾地告知您我没有完成您上周布置的读书报告,因为几天前我突然生病了。过去的几天中我一直持续高烧,住在医院,因此无法进行任何学术活动。随信是医生的诊断书。 如果您能再给一周时间来完成它我将感激不尽,因为现在我的身体正在好转。 希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。

您真诚的,

李明

闪光词汇及词组:

aign: v.分配,指派

fall upon sb: 降临到某人身上 continuous: adj.持续的

prevent sb from sth/doing sth: 使某人不能做某事 hereby: adv.因此,据此 submit: v.提交,递交 obliged: adj.感激的

grant: v.同意,准予

万能句型:

i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task. hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology. apologize letter __ busine english_ by lqy dear sir or madam, i’m writing this letter to apologize to you.i’m so sorry that we made a mistake about the shipment of vacuum cleaners. those vacuum cleaners we sent to you were meant to be sent to european countries, but as the old worker was retired, the new one wasn’t so experienced.besides, the model number and the price of goods in march and july are so similar that the worker mistaken them. i am awfully sorry for this and we promise you a replacement shipment.we will also give a 10% i do apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you and i will try my best to avoid the same accident happening again. 道歉信是人们经常使用的一种书信文体,用以表达自己的歉意,查字典范文大全特意为大家整理了关于道歉信范文的相关材料,希望对您的工作和生活有帮助。 letter of apology ⅰ.sample study sample i dear susan, please let me know if you will be available on saturday morning. best wishes chen cheng sample ii dear mary, i’m very sorry for not having replied to your july 6th letter sooner.when your letter arrived, i was in beijing.as my secretary couldn’t forward it to me, it has been lying on my desk until i got back. look forward to catching up and once again apologize for the delay. sincerely, tom 英语道歉信范文及常用句式

道歉信是指因过失或疏忽做错了事,给别人带来了麻烦或损失,发觉后要立即写信给对方赔礼道歉时写的信件。道歉是一种礼貌,道歉信要写得坦率,诚恳。

道歉信通常包括三部分内容:

1、表示歉意,道歉的原由;

2、出现差错的原因,提出弥补措施;

3、请求原谅。语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。

写作三步曲:

表示歉意→说明具体原因、提出补救办法→再次致歉,希望得到理解。

注意:

理由要尽量合理,违反生活常识将导致扣分;尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加顺畅。 范文解析: directions: you were unable to attend mr.smiths examination on international busine english writing because you got sick that morning.write a letter to expre the reasons for not being able to attend it and apologize. write the letter with no le than 100 words.do not sign your own name at end of the letter.use wang hua instead.do not write the addre. dear mr.smith, i am indeed very sorry that i mied the examination on international busine english writing you gave last friday.i feel awful about it and want you to know what happened that day. i suddenly fell sick early that morning and my parents had to send me to the hospital.please find enclosed a copy of the medical bill. sincerely yours, wang hua ◆常用句式:

1、i am writing to apologize for „ /i am writing to say sorry for 我写这封信是因„„向你致歉。

2、i would like to give you my apology for„

对于„„我向你道歉。

3、please accept my sincere apology for„

关于„„请接受我真诚的道歉。

4、i am indeed very sorry for what i said/did, but believe i had no intention to„

对于我说的话/做的事,我确实感到很抱歉。但请相信,我并非故意要„„

5、please forgive me for a stupid choice of words. 请原谅我说话欠妥。

6、i feel awfully sorry about it and want you to know what happened. 为此我感到非常内疚,所以想告诉你实情。

7、please accept my apologies for my oversight. 请原谅我的疏忽。

8、please allow me to say sorry again. 请允许我再次表示歉意。

9、i sincerely hope you can understand my situation/think in my position and accept my apologies.篇2:道歉信英文模板及翻译 dear_____, i am writing this letter to expre my apology that ______________. i feel terribly sorry about this. once again, i am very sorry for any inconvenience caused.i will be really appreciated if you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. yours sincerely (转载于:英语道歉信范文加翻译) _________ 亲爱的_____,(对方姓名)

我写这封信以表达我的道歉 ______________(道歉原因)。

对此我深感抱歉。

我再次对给您造成的任何不便深感歉意,希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。

谨启

_________(自己姓名)篇3:英语道歉信范文

范文1 directions: suppose that sarah, a friend of yours, has invited you to her birthday party, but you cannot go for some reason.write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to her.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead. 【经典范文】 dear sarah, i am terribly sorry to tell you that i am unable to attend your birthday part next thursday evening.that is owing to the fact that my younger brother suddenly fell ill and was taken to a hospital this morning.i have to go there immediately and take care of him.as told by the doctor in charge, it will take around five days for him to recover and i have asked my bo for a leave. i really regret that i cannot go to celebrate your birthday personally and would mi the perfect chance of enjoying myself with all our old friends.i have chosen a small gift for you and will send it to you tomorrow to show my best wishes.besides, please give my regards to our friends when you meet them at the party. cordially, li ming 范文2 directions: suppose you cannot see your younger brother off at the airport as expected for some reason.write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to him.do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead. 【经典范文】 dear charlie, kindly excuse me for my not being able to see you off at the airport this saturday as i have promised. how i wish i could have the chance to share with you my personal feelings and suggestions before you are away! i hereby send you a gift to wish you good luck.please forgive me. cordially, li ming 范文3 directions: you were unable to attend mr.smith’s examination on international busine english writing because you got sick that morning.write a letter to expre the reasons for not being able to attend it and apologize.write the letter with no le than 100 words.do not sign your own name at end of the letter.use “wang hua”

instead.do not write the addre. 【经典范文】 dear mr.smith, i am indeed very sorry that i mied the examination on international busine english writing you gave last friday.i feel awful about it and want you to know what happened that day. i suddenly fell sick early that morning and my parents had to send me to the hospital.please find enclosed a copy of the medical bill. once again, i apologize for any inconvenience caused. sincerely yours, wang hua 范文4 directions: one of your pen friends, john, will be visiting your city.however, for some reasons, you can not meet him at the airport on time.write a letter asking to wait for you at the airport and tell him how to recognize you.your letter should be no le than 100 words.you don’t need to write the addre.don’t sign your own name at the end of the letter, use alice instead. dear john, i am eagerly looking forward to your visit to our city.after all these years of writing to each other, i can not wait to see you.however, i regret to inform you that i will not be able to meet you at the airport on time. the reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning, and the earliest i can reach the airport will be about an hour after you land.will you please wait for me in the arrival lounge? you can have breakfast while you wait. by the way, as we have never met i must tell you home to identify me: i am of 165cm tall and have a long hair.in addition, i will wear a white skirt and carry a china daily at hand. hope we can meet soon. sincerely yours, alice 译文

亲爱的约翰:

我非常期待着你来参观我们的城市。这么多年来我们一直通信,我早就想见到你了。但是很抱歉我不能按时到机场接你。

因为你的飞机是一大早就到达机场,而我最早也要1小时后才能到。你能不能在旅客休息室等我,你可以利用这段时间吃早饭。

随便说一句,因为我们没过面,我得告诉你怎么找我:我大概1.65米,长发。另外我会穿一件白色的裙子,手上拿一份中国日报。

希望早点见到你。

你真挚的:艾丽丝

范文5 you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use “li ming” instead.do not write the addre. dear anne, thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.unfortunately, it is much to my regret that i cannot join you and your family, because please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming 译文:

亲爱的安:

感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。

请允许我再一次致歉。 您真诚的,

李明

范文6 directions: you failed to finish an important task aigned by your profeor because of a severe illne.write a letter to your profeor tp expre your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a solution to make up the lo. you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use “li ming” instead.do not write the addre. dear prof.patent, i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task, as my health is turning better. hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology. yours faithfully, li ming 译文:

尊敬的patent教授:

我非常遗憾地告知您我没有完成您上周布置的读书报告,因为几天前我突然生病了。过去的几天中我一直持续高烧,住在医院,因此无法进行任何学术活动。随信是医生的诊断书。

如果您能再给一周时间来完成它我将感激不尽,因为现在我的身体正在好转。

希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。

您真诚的,

李明

范文7 美国政府关于撞机事件的致歉信(英文)

中新网北京4月11日消息:以下是美国驻华大使普理赫,今日下午就撞机事件递交给中国外长唐家璇的信件英文全文。 dear mr minister, on behalf of the united states government, i now outline steps to resolve this iue. both president bush and secretary of state powell have expreed their sincere regret over your miing pilot and aircraft.please convey to the chinese people and to the family of pilot wang wei that we are very sorry for their lo.although the full picture of what transpired is still unclear, according to our information, our severely crippled aircraft made an emergency landing after following international emergency procedures.we are very sorry the entering of chinas airspace and the landing did not have verbal clearance, but very pleased the crew landed safely. we appreciate chinas efforts to see to the well-being of our crew.in view of the tragic incident and based on my discuions with your representatives, we have agreed to the following actions:篇4:英语道歉信范文1 范文1 dear john, i am eagerly looking forward to your visit to our city.after all these years of writing to each other, i can not wait to see you.however, i regret to inform you that i will not be able to meet you at the airport on time. the reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning, and the earliest i can reach the airport will be about an hour after you land.will you please wait for me in the arrival lounge? you can have breakfast while you wait. by the way, as we have never met i must tell you home to identify me: i am of 165cm tall and have a long hair.in addition, i will wear a white skirt and carry a china daily at hand. hope we can meet soon. sincerely yours, alice 译文

亲爱的约翰:

我非常期待着你来参观我们的城市。这么多年来我们一直通信,我早就想见到你了。但是很抱歉我不能按时到机场接你。

因为你的飞机是一大早就到达机场,而我最早也要1小时后才能到。你能不能在旅客休息室等我,你可以利用这段时间吃早饭。

随便说一句,因为我们没过面,我得告诉你怎么找我:我大概1.65米,长发。另外我会穿一件白色的裙子,手上拿一份中国日报。

希望早点见到你。

你真挚的:艾丽丝

范文2 you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use “li ming” instead.do not write the addre. dear anne, thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming 译文:

亲爱的安:

感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。

请允许我再一次致歉。 您真诚的,

李明

范文3 directions: you failed to finish an important task aigned by your profeor because of a severe illne.write a letter to your profeor tp expre your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a solution to make up the lo. you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use “li ming” instead.do not write the addre. dear prof.patent, i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task, as my health is turning better. hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology. yours faithfully, li ming 译文:

尊敬的patent教授:

我非常遗憾地告知您我没有完成您上周布置的读书报告,因为几天前我突然生病了。过去的几天中我一直持续高烧,住在医院,因此无法进行任何学术活动。随信是医生的诊断书。

如果您能再给一周时间来完成它我将感激不尽,因为现在我的身体正在好转。

希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。

您真诚的,

李明

范文4 美国政府关于撞机事件的致歉信(英文)

中新网北京4月11日消息:以下是美国驻华大使普理赫,今日下午就撞机事件递交给中国外长唐家璇的信件英文全文。 dear mr minister, on behalf of the united states government, i now outline steps to resolve this iue. both president bush and secretary of state powell have expreed their sincere regret over your miing pilot and aircraft.please convey to the chinese people and to the family of pilot wang wei that we are very sorry for their lo.although the full picture of what transpired is still unclear, according to our information, our severely crippled aircraft made an emergency landing after following international emergency procedures.we are very sorry the entering of chinas airspace and the landing did not have verbal clearance, but very pleased the crew landed safely. we appreciate chinas efforts to see to the well-being of our crew.in view of the tragic incident and based on my discuions with your representatives, we have agreed to the following actions: both sides agree to hold a meeting to discu the incident.my government understands and expects that our air crew will be permitted to depart china as soon as poible. the meeting would be april 18, 2001. sincerely joseph w.prueher 范文5 菲律宾年轻人的一封道歉信 as you are reading this letter, i bet that you have seen/heard about what happened earlier in our country. tourists were hostages of a policeman here, rolando mendoza.after a few hours of the horrible crime, some of the victims were dead including the hostage-taker. i wrote this letter not just to apologize but also to let everyone know that we filipinos are not all like mendoza.we are loving and good-hearted people. for so many years, our country has been standing tall and surpaing every dilemma; be it small or big.years ago (back when i wasn’t born yet), you have watched us fight for what we think is right.we fought for the democracy of our nation..the edsa revolution.but that’s just one out of many. the philippines is more than just a group of islands.we are a nation of strong and remarkable people.a country of beauty and love known to be hospitable and well-valued.i humbly apologize for what happened tonight.no one in this world would want something like that to happen for life should be valued. i politely ask the attention of the world.please do not judge and mistreat us just because of what happened tonight.i have been searching the net and found terrible things.hong kong advices to avoid travels here, china and hk bans filipinos and that philippines is the worst place to go. i can’t blame you for what you have decided but i hope that you could understand.our country is now in a sea of problems.and i know for sure that we helped you in a way or another.let peace and understanding reign this time. i know that this letter will just be trash but i wish that you would understand.on behalf of the philippine population..we are sorry. as a song puts it„ and i believe that in my life i will see an end to hopelene, giving-up and suffering.and we all stand together this one time then no one will get left behind.stand up for life.stand up for love sincerely yours, reigno jose dilao 既然你在读着这封信,我想你一定看过或者听说过早前在我的祖国发生的事情。 游客们被警察rolando mendoza当作人质。可怕的罪行持续一段时间后,一些人质死了,而劫匪mendoza也被击毙。

我写这封信,不仅仅是为了道歉,也是为了让所有人知道,我们菲律宾人并不都是mendoza。我们是充满爱并且热心的人民。 许多年来,我们的国家曾经挺立于世,经历了所有,无论大或者小的困境。数十年前(回到我还没出生的时候),你看过我们为了我们所认同的真理而战斗。我们是为了自己国家的民主而奋战......像edsa起义。但那只是我们许多努力中的一部分。

其次,我们菲律宾人为了我们的家庭一直在为其他国家服务,我们对待你们如同对待自己的家人。冒昧的说,我感谢你们所有人这么多年来信任我们,帮助我们成为今天的菲律宾人。

菲律宾不仅仅由一些岛屿组成。我们的民族是一个由坚强,卓越的人们组成的民族。我们的国家是一个美丽好客,价值非凡的国家。我谦卑地为昨晚发生的事情道歉。世界上没有人会希望类似的事情发生在宝贵无价的生命上面。

我诚恳地请求全世界注意。请不要只因为昨晚发生的事件就武断地判定和误解我们。我在网络上搜寻后发现了一些很糟糕的事情。香港政府建议不要来这里旅游,中国大陆和香港对菲律宾颁布禁令,菲律宾变成了最不该去的地方。

我不能因为你所决定的而责怪你,但我希望你理解。我们的国家现在正处于无数问题之中。我也肯定我们在某方面帮助过你们。让和平与谅解统领这个时刻。 我知道这封信将会被丢弃,但我祈求你会理解。我以菲律宾人的名义说出,我们,很抱歉。 正如一首歌唱的一样......篇5:英语道歉信范文及常用句式

英语道歉信范文及常用句式

道歉信是指因过失或疏忽做错了事,给别人带来了麻烦或损失,发觉后要立即写信给对方赔礼道歉时写的信件。道歉是一种礼貌,道歉信要写得坦率,诚恳。

道歉信通常包括三部分内容:

1、表示歉意,道歉的原由;

2、出现差错的原因,提出弥补措施;

3、请求原谅。语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。

写作三步曲:

表示歉意→说明具体原因、提出补救办法→再次致歉,希望得到理解。 注意:

理由要尽量合理,违反生活常识将导致扣分;尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加顺畅。

范文解析: directions: you were unable to attend mr.smiths examination on international busine english writing because you got sick that morning.write a letter to expre the reasons for not being able to attend it and apologize. write the letter with no le than 100 words.do not sign your own name at end of the letter.use wang hua instead.do not write the addre. dear mr.smith, i am indeed very sorry that i mied the examination on international busine english writing you gave last friday.i feel awful about it and want you to know what happened that day.i suddenly fell sick early that morning and my parents had to send me to the hospital.please find enclosed a copy of the medical bill. sincerely yours, wang hua ◆常用句式:

1、i am writing to apologize for „ /i am writing to say sorry for 我写这封信是因„„向你致歉。

2、i would like to give you my apology for„

对于„„我向你道歉。

3、please accept my sincere apology for„

关于„„请接受我真诚的道歉。

4、i am indeed very sorry for what i said/did, but believe i had no intention to„

对于我说的话/做的事,我确实感到很抱歉。但请相信,我并非故意要„„

5、please forgive me for a stupid choice of words. 请原谅我说话欠妥。

6、i feel awfully sorry about it and want you to know what happened. 为此我感到非常内疚,所以想告诉你实情。

7、please accept my apologies for my oversight.请原谅我的疏忽。

8、please allow me to say sorry again.请允许我再次表示歉意。

9、i sincerely hope you can understand my situation/think in my position and accept my apologies. 我真心希望你能理解我的处境/设身处地地为我考虑,并接受我的道歉。

10、once again, im sorry for any inconvenience caused/you have sustained. 对于造成的不便我再次表示歉意。

第15篇:英语道歉信加翻译

篇1:英文致歉信_范文 道歉信 letter of apology 我们在工作或生活中,有时难免会犯一些错误,写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出现差错的原因;提出弥补措施;请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实,不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。

写作三步走:

表示歉意->说明具体原因、提出补救办法->再次致歉、希望得到理解 tips: 在写作过程中,尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。 在解释完原因后,尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加完满。 订阅收藏《考研英语写作范文100篇》系列文章

(1)directions: you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use li ming instead.do not write the addre. 范文: dear anne, please allow me to say sorry again.regards, li ming 译文: 亲爱的安:

感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。 请允许我再一次致歉。 您真诚的, 李明

闪光词汇及词组: occupy: v.占用,占

get-together: n.聚会,联欢会 hesitate: v.犹豫,踌躇

drop sb.a line: 给某人打一个电话 preferable: adj.更好的,更可取的 long for sth: 渴望

万能句型: thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.unfortunately, it is much to my regret that i cannot...i feel terribly sorry for miing the chance of...is it poible for you and me to have a private meeting afterwards? if so, please dont hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date.please allow me to say sorry again. (2)directions: you failed to finish an important task aigned by your profeor because of a severe illne.write a letter to your profeor tp expre your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a solution to make up the lo.you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use li ming instead.do not write the addre. 范文:

dear prof.patent, i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task, as my health is turning better.hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology.yours faithfully,li ming 译文:

尊敬的patent教授:

我非常遗憾地告知您我没有完成您上周布置的读书报告,因为几天前我突然生病了。过去的几天中我一直持续高烧,住在医院,因此无法进行任何学术活动。随信是医生的诊断书。 如果您能再给一周时间来完成它我将感激不尽,因为现在我的身体正在好转。 希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。 您真诚的, 李明

闪光词汇及词组: aign: v.分配,指派

fall upon sb: 降临到某人身上 continuous: adj.持续的

prevent sb from sth/doing sth: 使某人不能做某事 hereby: adv.因此,据此 submit: v.提交,递交 obliged: adj.感激的 grant: v.同意,准予

万能句型:

i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task.hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology. apologize letter __ busine english_ by lqy dear sir or madam, i’m writing this letter to apologize to you.i’m so sorry that we made a mistake about the shipment of vacuum cleaners. those vacuum cleaners we sent to you were meant to be sent to european countries, but as the old worker was retired, the new one wasn’t so experienced.besides, the model number and the price of goods in march and july are so similar that the worker mistaken them. i do apologize for any inconvenience this may cause you and i will try my best to avoid the same accident happening again. 道歉信是人们经常使用的一种书信文体,用以表达自己的歉意,查字典范文大全特意为大家整理了关于道歉信范文的相关材料,希望对您的工作和生活有帮助。 letter of apology ⅰ.sample study sample i dear susan, please let me know if you will be available on saturday morning.best wishes chen cheng sample ii dear mary, i’m very sorry for not having replied to your july 6th letter sooner.when your letter arrived, i was in beijing.as my secretary couldn’t forward it to me, it has been lying on my desk until i got back.look forward to catching up and once again apologize for the delay.sincerely, tom 英语道歉信范文及常用句式

道歉信是指因过失或疏忽做错了事,给别人带来了麻烦或损失,发觉后要立即写信给对方赔礼道歉时写的信件。道歉是一种礼貌,道歉信要写得坦率,诚恳。

道歉信通常包括三部分内容:

1、表示歉意,道歉的原由;

2、出现差错的原因,提出弥补措施;

3、请求原谅。语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。写作三步曲:

表示歉意→说明具体原因、提出补救办法→再次致歉,希望得到理解。 注意:

理由要尽量合理,违反生活常识将导致扣分;尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加顺畅。范文解析:

directions: you were unable to attend mr.smiths examination on international busine english writing because you got sick that morning.write a letter to expre the reasons for not being able to attend it and apologize.write the letter with no le than 100 words.do not sign your own name at end of the letter.use wang hua instead.do not write the addre.dear mr.smith, i am indeed very sorry that i mied the examination on international busine english writing you gave last friday.i feel awful about it and want you to know what happened that day.i suddenly fell sick early that morning and my parents had to send me to the hospital.please find enclosed a copy of the medical bill.sincerely yours, wang hua ◆常用句式:

1、i am writing to apologize for „ /i am writing to say sorry for 我写这封信是因„„向你致歉。

2、i would like to give you my apology for„ 对于„„我向你道歉。

3、please accept my sincere apology for„ 关于„„请接受我真诚的道歉。

4、i am indeed very sorry for what i said/did, but believe i had no intention to„

对于我说的话/做的事,我确实感到很抱歉。但请相信,我并非故意要„„

5、please forgive me for a stupid choice of words.请原谅我说话欠妥。

6、i feel awfully sorry about it and want you to know what happened.为此我感到非常内疚,所以想告诉你实情。

7、please accept my apologies for my oversight.请原谅我的疏忽。

8、please allow me to say sorry again.请允许我再次表示歉意。

9、i sincerely hope you can understand my situation/think in my position and accept my apologies.篇2:道歉信英文模板及翻译 dear_____, i am writing this letter to expre my apology that ______________.i feel terribly sorry about this.once again, i am very sorry for any inconvenience caused.i will be really appreciated if you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.yours sincerely _________ 亲爱的_____,(对方姓名)

我写这封信以表达我的道歉 ______________(道歉原因)。

对此我深感抱歉。

我再次对给您造成的任何不便深感歉意,希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。 谨启

_________(自己姓名)篇3:英语道歉信范文1 范文1 dear john, i am eagerly looking forward to your visit to our city.after all these years of writing to each other, i can not wait to see you.however, i regret to inform you that i will not be able to meet you at the airport on time. the reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning, and the earliest i can reach the airport will be about an hour after you land.will you please wait for me in the arrival lounge? you can have breakfast while you wait. by the way, as we have never met i must tell you home to identify me: i am of 165cm tall and have a long hair.in addition, i will wear a white skirt and carry a china daily at hand. hope we can meet soon. sincerely yours, alice 译文

亲爱的约翰: 我非常期待着你来参观我们的城市。这么多年来我们一直通信,我早就想见到你了。但是很抱歉我不能按时到机场接你。

因为你的飞机是一大早就到达机场,而我最早也要1小时后才能到。你能不能在旅客休息室等我,你可以利用这段时间吃早饭。

随便说一句,因为我们没过面,我得告诉你怎么找我:我大概1.65米,长发。另外我会穿一件白色的裙子,手上拿一份中国日报。 希望早点见到你。 你真挚的:艾丽丝

范文2 you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use “li ming” instead.do not write the addre. dear anne, please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming 译文: 亲爱的安:

感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。 请允许我再一次致歉。 您真诚的, 李明

范文3 directions: you failed to finish an important task aigned by your profeor because of a severe illne.write a letter to your profeor tp expre your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a solution to make up the lo.you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2.do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.use “li ming” instead.do not write the addre. dear prof.patent, i would be very much obliged if you could grant me another week for the task, as my health is turning better.hope you can understand my situation and accept my apology.yours faithfully, li ming 译文:

尊敬的patent教授:

我非常遗憾地告知您我没有完成您上周布置的读书报告,因为几天前我突然生病了。过去的几天中我一直持续高烧,住在医院,因此无法进行任何学术活动。随信是医生的诊断书。 如果您能再给一周时间来完成它我将感激不尽,因为现在我的身体正在好转。 希望您能理解我的处境并接受我的道歉。 您真诚的, 李明

范文4 美国政府关于撞机事件的致歉信(英文) 中新网北京4月11日消息:以下是美国驻华大使普理赫,今日下午就撞机事件递交给中国外长唐家璇的信件英文全文。 dear mr minister, on behalf of the united states government, i now outline steps to resolve this iue.both president bush and secretary of state powell have expreed their sincere regret over your miing pilot and aircraft.please convey to the chinese people and to the family of pilot wang wei that we are very sorry for their lo.although the full picture of what transpired is still unclear, according to our information, our severely crippled aircraft made an emergency landing after following international emergency procedures.we are very sorry the entering of chinas airspace and the landing did not have verbal clearance, but very pleased the crew landed safely.we appreciate chinas efforts to see to the well-being of our crew.in view of the tragic incident and based on my discuions with your representatives, we have agreed to the following actions:both sides agree to hold a meeting to discu the incident.my government understands and expects that our air crew will be permitted to depart china as soon as poible.the meeting would be april 18, 2001.sincerely joseph w.prueher 范文5 菲律宾年轻人的一封道歉信

as you are reading this letter, i bet that you have seen/heard about what happened earlier in our country. tourists were hostages of a policeman here, rolando mendoza.after a few hours of the horrible crime, some of the victims were dead including the hostage-taker. i wrote this letter not just to apologize but also to let everyone know that we filipinos are not all like mendoza.we are loving and good-hearted people. for so many years, our country has been standing tall and surpaing every dilemma; be it small or big.years ago (back when i wasn’t born yet), you have watched us fight for what we think is right.we fought for the democracy of our nation..the edsa revolution.but that’s just one out of many. the philippines is more than just a group of islands.we are a nation of strong and remarkable people.a country of beauty and love known to be hospitable and well-valued.i humbly apologize for what happened tonight.no one in this world would want something like that to happen for life should be valued. i politely ask the attention of the world.please do not judge and mistreat us justbecause of what happened tonight.i have been searching the net and found terrible things.hong kong advices to avoid travels here, china and hk bans filipinos and that philippines is the worst place to go. i can’t blame you for what you have decided but i hope that you could understand.our country is now in a sea of problems.and i know for sure that we helped you in a way or another.let peace and understanding reign this time. i know that this letter will just be trash but i wish that you would understand.on behalf of the philippine population..we are sorry. as a song puts it„

and i believe that in my life i will see an end to hopelene, giving-up and suffering.and we all stand together this one time then no one will get left behind.stand up for life.stand up for love sincerely yours, reigno jose dilao 既然你在读着这封信,我想你一定看过或者听说过早前在我的祖国发生的事情。 游客们被警察rolando mendoza当作人质。可怕的罪行持续一段时间后,一些人质死了,而劫匪mendoza也被击毙。 我写这封信,不仅仅是为了道歉,也是为了让所有人知道,我们菲律宾人并不都是mendoza。我们是充满爱并且热心的人民。

许多年来,我们的国家曾经挺立于世,经历了所有,无论大或者小的困境。数十年前(回到我还没出生的时候),你看过我们为了我们所认同的真理而战斗。我们是为了自己国家的民主而奋战......像edsa起义。但那只是我们许多努力中的一部分。

其次,我们菲律宾人为了我们的家庭一直在为其他国家服务,我们对待你们如同对待自己的家人。冒昧的说,我感谢你们所有人这么多年来信任我们,帮助我们成为今天的菲律宾人。 菲律宾不仅仅由一些岛屿组成。我们的民族是一个由坚强,卓越的人们组成的民族。我们的国家是一个美丽好客,价值非凡的国家。我谦卑地为昨晚发生的事情道歉。世界上没有人会希望类似的事情发生在宝贵无价的生命上面。

我诚恳地请求全世界注意。请不要只因为昨晚发生的事件就武断地判定和误解我们。我在网络上搜寻后发现了一些很糟糕的事情。香港政府建议不要来这里旅游,中国大陆和香港对菲律宾颁布禁令,菲律宾变成了最不该去的地方。

我不能因为你所决定的而责怪你,但我希望你理解。我们的国家现在正处于无数问题之中。我也肯定我们在某方面帮助过你们。让和平与谅解统领这个时刻。 我知道这封信将会被丢弃,但我祈求你会理解。我以菲律宾人的名义说出,我们,很抱歉。 正如一首歌唱的一样......

第16篇:英语自我介绍加翻译

做一个英语的自我介绍你会吗?需要写翻译的哦!和小编一起来看看下文关于英语自我介绍加翻译 ,欢迎借鉴!

英语自我介绍范文带翻译篇

1Goo afternoon (am), profeor.I\'m gla to be here.My name is GuoSshuang This year I twenty-three years ol from jilin university grauate, I am a from examinee, majore in computer application software technology.In two years of stuy, I fix everything, after my grauation from the school in a software lecturer.I have establishe a soli founation of profeional knowlege, an a rich experience of social activities.But I was intereste in history, I am a responsible person, always like higher goal.I am also a iligent person especially intereste in oing my thing.I will o my best to finish it, no matter how ifficult it is.If I ha a chance to pa this secon-roun exam, I will concentrate on stuying the history of this subject to make myself Paramount.

下午好(上午)、教授。

我很高兴到这里来。我的名字是郭爽, 我今年二十三岁,毕业于吉林大学,我是一名自考生,主修计算机应用软件技术。在两年的学习期间,我修完全部自考课程,毕业后我被留在学校做了一名软件讲师。我已经建立了一个坚实的基础,专业知识,以及一个经验丰富的社会活动。但是我对历史很感兴趣,我是一个负责任的人,总是愿意像更高的目标努力。我也是一个勤奋的人尤其是做我很感兴趣的事情。我将尽我最大的努力去完成它,不管它有多么困难。。如果这次我有机会通过这次的复试,我将会更加集中精力学习为把历史这个学科发扬光大做出我自己的努力。

英语自我介绍范文带翻译篇2

How are you, I call XX.This year is 22 years ol.Grauate from XXXX college.The profeion is a calculator multimeia.I am one is bright, optimism, there is the person of responsibility.A fonne for plays basketball, computer, listen to music, etc..Thankful your company gives me this the opportunity of the personal interview!

你好,我叫XX。今年22岁。毕业于XXXX学院。专业是计算机多媒体。我是一个开朗,乐观,有责任心的人。爱好打篮球,电脑,听音乐,等。感谢贵公司给我这次面试的机会!

英语自我介绍范文带翻译篇3

I am very happy to introuce myself here.I was born in Liaoning Province.I grauate from Nankai University an majore in International Trae.I like music an reaing books,especially economical books.It is my honor to apply this job.I hope I can realise my ream in our company.Please give me a chance.Thank you very much

it is my great pleasure to introuce myself.i was born in LIAONING.My major is international trae.I was grauate in Nankai University.My hobby lies in the music an reaing, especially like economics.

i am gla that i can take part in this interview an i am sincerely hope that i can join this company to realize my ream.please give my a chance.Thank you.

很高兴做自我介绍,我出生在辽宁,专业是国际贸易,毕业于南开大学,我的兴趣是音乐,读书,尤其是经济类的书。

很荣幸应聘贵公司,希望能在贵公司实现我的梦想,希望能给我一次机会,谢谢。

第17篇:日语单词加翻译

第1课

ちゅうごくじん(中国人) 〔名〕 中国人 にほんじん(日本人) 〔名〕 日本人 かんこくじん(韓国人) 〔名〕 韩国人 アメリカじん(~人) 〔名〕 美国人 フランスじん(~人) 〔名〕 法国人 がくせい(学生) 〔名〕 (大)学生 せんせい(先生) 〔名〕 老师

りゅうがくせい(留学生) 〔名〕 留学生 きょうじゅ(教授) 〔名〕 教授 しゃいん(社員) 〔名〕 职员

かいしゃいん(会社員) 〔名〕 公司职员 てんいん(店員) 〔名〕 店员

けんしゅうせい(研修生) 〔名〕 进修生 きぎょう(企業) 〔名〕 企业 だいがく(大学) 〔名〕 大学 ちち(父) 〔名〕 (我)父亲 かちょう(課長) 〔名〕 科长

しゃちょう(社長) 〔名〕 总经理,社长 でむかえ(出迎え) 〔名〕 迎接 あのひと(あの人) 〔名〕 那个人 わたし 〔代〕 我 あなた 〔代〕 你 どうも 〔副〕 非常,很

はい 〔叹〕 哎,是(应答);是的 いいえ 〔叹〕 不,不是 あっ 〔叹〕 哎,哎呀 り(李) 〔专〕 李 おう(王) 〔专〕 王 ちょう(張) 〔专〕 张 もり(森) 〔专〕 森 はやし(林) 〔专〕 林 おの(小野) 〔专〕 小野 よしだ(吉田) 〔专〕 吉田 たなか(田中) 〔专〕 田中 なかむら(中村) 〔专〕 中村 たろう(太郎) 〔专〕 太郎 キム(金) 〔专〕 金 デュポン 〔专〕 迪蓬 スミス 〔专〕 史密斯 ジョンソン 〔专〕 约翰逊 ちゅうごく(中国) 〔专〕 中国

とうきょうだいがく(東京大学) 〔专〕 东京大学

ペキンだいがく(北京大学) 〔专〕 北京大学 ジェーシーきかく(JC企画) 〔专〕 JC策划公司

ペキンりょこうしゃ(北京旅行社)

〔专〕 北京旅行社

にっちゅうしょうじ(日中商事) 〔专〕 日中商社

こんにちは 你好

すみません 对不起,请问 どうぞ 请

よろしくおねがいします(~お願いします)请多关照

はじめまして 初次见面 こちらこそ 我才要(请您~) そうてす 是(这样) ちがいます 不是

わかりません(分かりません) 不知道 どうもすみません 实在对不起 ~さん∕~ちゃん∕~君くん 第2课

ほん(本) 〔名〕 书 かばん 〔名〕 包,公文包 ノート 〔名〕 笔记本,本子 えんぴつ(鉛筆) 〔名〕 铅笔 かさ(傘) 〔名〕伞 くつ(靴) 〔名〕鞋

しんぶん(新聞) 〔名〕 报纸 ざっし(雑誌) 〔名〕 杂志 じしょ(辞書) 〔名〕 词典 カメラ 〔名〕 照相机 テレビ 〔名〕 电视机 パソコン 〔名〕 个人电脑 ラジオ 〔名〕 收音机 でんわ(電話) 〔名〕 电话 つくえ(机) 〔名〕 桌子,书桌 いす 〔名〕 椅子 かぎ 〔名〕 钥匙,锁

とけい(時計) 〔名〕 钟,表 てちょう(手帳) 〔名〕 记事本 しゃしん(写真) 〔名〕 照片 くるま(車) 〔名〕 车 じてんしゃ(自転車) 〔名〕 自行车

おみやげ(お土産) 〔名〕 礼物 めいさんひん(名産品) 〔名〕 特产,名产

シルク 〔名〕 丝绸 ハンカチ 〔名〕 手绢

かいしゃ(会社) 〔名〕 公司 かた(方) 〔名〕 (敬称)位,人

ひと(人) 〔名〕 人

かぞく(家族) 〔名〕 家人,家属

はは(母) 〔名〕 (我)母亲 おかあさん(お母さん) 〔名〕 母亲

にほんご(日本語) 〔名〕 日语 ちゅうごくご(中国語) 〔名〕 汉语,中文

これ 〔代〕 这,这个 それ 〔代〕 那,那个 あれ 〔代〕 那,那个 どれ 〔疑〕 哪个 なん(何) 〔疑〕 什么 だれ 〔疑〕 谁 どなた 〔疑〕 哪位 この 〔连体〕 这,这个 その 〔连体〕 那,那个 あの 〔连体〕 那,那个 どの 〔连体〕 哪个 えっ 〔叹〕 啊 わあ 〔叹〕 哇

ええ 〔叹〕 (应答)嗯,是 ながしま(長島) 〔专〕 长岛 にほん(日本) 〔专〕 日本 スワトウ 〔专〕 汕头 ロンドン 〔专〕 伦敦 ありがとうございます 谢谢 おいくつ 多大 何なん~∕~歳さい 第3课

デパート 〔名〕 百货商店 しょくどう(食堂) 〔名〕 食堂 ゆうびんきょく(郵便局) 〔名〕 邮局

ぎんこう(銀行) 〔名〕 银行 としょかん(図書館) 〔名〕 图书馆

マンション 〔名〕 (高级)公寓 ホテル 〔名〕 宾馆 コンビニ 〔名〕 便利店 きっさてん(喫茶店) 〔名〕 咖啡馆

びょういん(病院) 〔名〕 医院 ほんや(本屋) 〔名〕 书店 レストラン 〔名〕 餐馆,西餐馆 ビル 〔名〕 大楼,大厦

たてもの(建物) 〔名〕 大楼,建筑物

うりば(売り場) 〔名〕 柜台,出售处

トイレ 〔名〕 厕所,盥洗室 いりぐち(入り口) 〔名〕 入口 じむしょ(事務所) 〔名〕 事务所,办事处

うけつけ(受付) 〔名〕 接待处 バーゲンかいじょう(~会場)

〔名〕 降价处理大卖场

エスカレーター 〔名〕 自动扶梯 ふく(服) 〔名〕 衣服 コート 〔名〕 风衣,大衣 デジカメ 〔名〕 数码相机 くに(国) 〔名〕 国,国家 ちず(地図) 〔名〕 地图 となり(隣) 〔名〕 旁边 しゅうへん(周辺) 〔名〕 附近,周边

きょう(今日) 〔名〕 今天 すいようび(水曜日) 〔名〕 星期三

もくようび(木曜日) 〔名〕 星期四

ここ 〔代〕 这里,这儿 そこ 〔代〕 那里,那儿 あそこ 〔代〕 那里,那儿 こちら 〔代〕 这儿,这边 そちら 〔代〕 那儿,那边 あちら 〔代〕 那儿,那边 どこ 〔疑〕 哪里,哪儿 どちら 〔疑〕 哪儿,哪边 あのう 〔叹〕 请问,对不起 シャンハイ(上海) 〔专〕 上海 とうきょう(東京) 〔专〕 东京 いくら 多少钱

お~∕~階かい∕~円えん∕~曜日ようび 第4课

へや(部屋) 〔名〕 房间,屋子 にわ(庭) 〔名〕 院子 いえ(家) 〔名〕 家 いま(居間) 〔名〕 起居室 れいぞうこ(冷蔵庫) 〔名〕 冰箱

かべ(壁) 〔名〕 墙壁 スイッチ 〔名〕 开关

ほんだな(本棚) 〔名〕 书架 ベッド 〔名〕 床 ねこ(猫) 〔名〕 猫 いぬ(犬) 〔名〕 狗

はこ(箱) 〔名〕 盒子,箱子 めがね(眼鏡) 〔名〕 眼镜 ビデオ 〔名〕 录像机 サッカーボール 〔名〕 足球 ビール 〔名〕 啤酒, ウイスキー 〔名〕 威士忌 こども(子供) 〔名〕 孩子,小孩

きょうだい(兄弟) 〔名〕 兄弟姐妹

りょうしん(両親) 〔名〕 父母,双亲

いもうと(妹) 〔名〕 妹妹 おとこ(男) 〔名〕 男 おんな(女) 〔名〕 女 せいと(生徒) 〔名〕学生 うえ(上) 〔名〕 上面 そと(外) 〔名〕 外面 なか(中) 〔名〕 里面,内部,

中间

した(下) 〔名〕 下面 まえ(前) 〔名〕 前,前面 うしろ(後ろ) 〔名〕 后,后面 ちかく(近く) 〔名〕 附近,近旁 ばしょ(場所) 〔名〕 所在地,地方,场所 きょうしつ(教室) 〔名〕 教室 かいぎしつ(会議室) 〔名〕 会议室 としょしつ(図書室) 〔名〕 图书室 こうえん(公園) 〔名〕 公园 はなや(花屋) 〔名〕 花店

ばいてん(売店) 〔名〕 小卖部,售货亭 えき(駅) 〔名〕 车站

ちかてつ(地下鉄) 〔名〕 地铁 き(樹) 〔名〕 树,树木

ひとりぐらし(一人暮らし) 〔名〕 单身生活 あります 〔动1〕 有,在(非意志者) います 〔动2〕 有,在(具意志者) ええと 〔叹〕 啊,嗯 よこはま(横浜) 〔专〕 横滨 なごや(名古屋) 〔专〕 名古屋 おおさか(大阪) 〔专〕 大阪 ジェーアール(JR) 〔专〕 JR

第1课

1、李(り)さんは 中国人(ちゅうごくじん)です。

小李是中国人。

2、森(もり)さんは 学生(がくせい)では ありません。

森先生不是学生。

3、林(ばやし)さんは 日本人(にほんじん)ですか。

林先生是日本人吗?

4、李(り)さんは JC(ジェーシー)企画(きかく)の社員(しゃいん)です。 小李是JC策划公司的职员。

A甲:わたしは 李です。 小野(おの)さんですか。

我姓李,您是小野女士吗? 乙:はい、そうです。小野です.是的,我是小野。

B甲:森さんは、学生ですか。 森先生是学生吗?

乙:いいえ、学生では ありません。 会社(かいしゃいん)員です。 不,不是学生。是公司职员。

C甲:吉田(よしだ)さんですか。您是吉田先生吗?

乙:いいえ、ちがいます。森です。不,不是。我是森。 D甲:李さんは JC企画の 社員ですか。

小李是JC策划公司的职员吗?

乙:はい、そうです。是的。

第2课

1、これは 本です。这是书。

2、それは 何ですか。那是什么?

3、あれは だれの傘ですか。那是谁的伞?

4、この カメラは スミスさんのです。

这个照相机是史密斯先生的。 A甲:これは テレビですか。这是电视机吗?

乙:いいえ、それは テレビではありません。 パソコンです。 不,那不是电视机。那是计算机(个人电脑)。

B甲:それは 何ですか。那是什么?

乙:これは 日本語の本です。这是日语书。 C甲:森さんの かばんは どれですか。森先生的包是哪个?

乙:あの かばんです。是那个。 D甲:その ノートは 誰のですか。那个笔记本是谁的?

乙:わたしのです。是我的。 第3课1.ここは デパートです。这里是百货商场。

2.食堂は デパートの七階です。食堂在百货商店的7层

3.あそこも JC企画の ビルです。

那里也是JC策划公司的大楼。 4.かばん売り場は 一階ですか、二階ですか。

卖包的柜台在1层还是2层?

A甲:トイレは どこですか。厕所在哪?

乙:あちらです。在那儿。

B甲:ここは 郵便局ですか、銀行ですか。

这里是邮局还是银行?

乙:銀行です。是银行。 C甲:これは いくらですか。这个多少钱?

乙:それは 5,800円です。那个5800日元。

甲:あれは?那个呢?

乙:あれも 5,800円です。那个也是5800日元。 第4课 1.部屋に 机と いすが あります。房间里有桌子和椅子。

2.机の 上に 猫が います。桌子上有一只猫 3.売店は 駅の 外に あります。小卖部在车站的外边

4.吉田さんは 庭に います。吉田先生在院子里

A甲:その 箱の 中に 何が ありますか。

那个盒子里有什么?

乙:時計と 眼鏡が あります。表和眼镜 B甲:部屋に 誰が いますか。房间里有谁?/谁在房间里?

乙:誰も

いません。房间里没有人

C甲:小野さんの家は どこに ありますか。

小野女士的家在哪?

乙:横浜に あります。在横滨

D甲:あそこに 犬が いますね。那儿有一只狗啊

乙:ええ、わたしの 犬です。是,是我的狗。 李:小野さん、会社は どこにありますか。小野,公司在哪儿啊?

课后翻译:

1、李(り)さんは 中国人(ちゅうごくじん)です。

小李是中国人。

2、森(もり)さんは 学生(がくせい)では ありません。

森先生不是学生。 3\\ 李(り)さんは JC(ジェーシー)企画(きかく)の社員(しゃいん)です。 小李是JC策划公司的职员。

1、あれは だれの傘ですか。那是谁的伞?

2、これは 日本語の本です。这是日语书。

3、森さんの かばんは どれですか。森先生的包是哪个?

1、トイレは どこですか。厕所在哪?

2、ここは 郵便局ですか、銀行ですか。

这里是邮局还是银行?

3、これは いくらですか。这个多少钱?

1、机の 上に 猫が います。桌子上有一只猫

2、誰も

いません。房间里没有人

3、小野さんの家は どこに ありますか。

小野女士的家在哪?

第18篇:外文翻译 英文

Valuing the Warranty Ceiling Clause onNew Mexico Highway 44Using a Binomial Lattice Model

Abstract:

In 1998 the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSHTD) agreed to pay $60 million for a 20-year pavement warranty on their Route 44 project (NM 44, now US 550).The warranty includes a ceiling clause that caps total expenditures at $110 million.As the first long-term highway warranty in the United States, the transaction set a controversial precedent that parties interested in innovative highway contracting, including other state department of transportations (DOTs), the USDOT, sureties, and contractors, view as a test case for evaluating pricing and cost-effectivene.An interim audit report published by the State of\' New Mexico [Abbey (2004).Rep.to the Legislative Finance Committee, State Highway and Transportation Department.Santa Fe.N.M.]provides invaluable fiscal projections and challenges the cost effectivene of the $60 million expenditure.This paper presents an independent analysis of the effectivene of the warranty clauses.Based upon NMSHTD data, the analysis contends that $60 million was a fair cost of the 20-year pavement warranty at the time of acceptance if the expenditure ceiling is not considered.Furthermore.this paper argues that the ceiling on expenditure can be valuable.Using the real options approach, the paper evaluates the warranty ceiling clause on NM 44 and some policy suggestions are discued.

Introduction:

State Departments of Transportation (DOT) turned increasingly proactive when awarding large highway pavement contracts as a result of the United States Federal Highway Administration\'s (FHwA) Special Experimental Projects (SEPs).SEP No.14, implemented in 1990, opened the door for innovative contracting methods including lane rental, cost-plus-time bidding, design.build techniques, and warranty clauses.The warranty clauses hold contractors liable for reparationfor performance failures within a warranty period that typically extends from 5 to 7 years.

Though New Mexico was not among the original eight states that initiated the use of warranties under SEP No.14.they have since evaluated the option of warranty contracting and succe-fully applied it to the New Mexico State Route 44 Project (nowU.S.550),

which traverses 118 mi (190 km) from 1-25 at San Ysidro northwest to Bloomfield, near the Four Corners area.When considering the prospect of infiltrating the northwest corner ofNew Mexico, New Mexico State Highway and TransportationDepartment (NMSHTD) [renamed New Mexico Deparunent of

Transportation (NMDOT) in 2003], determined that the future maintenance and rehabilitation costs of the upgraded 118 mi of roadway would total about $16,000/lane-mi/year over a service life of 20 years (May et al.2003) totaling just over $15I million.Additionally, they determined that the roadbed and surface upgrades would take almost 27 years to complete using normal contracting methods.In an effort to keep the highway in good condition for the long term, NMSHTD purchased a 20-year warranty agreement from MesaPDC who in turn guaranteed the pavement performance during the warranty period.Thc\' NM 44 warranty broke new ground in both length and cost.Itwas the first long-term highway warranty in the United States and.,at $62 million, the most expensive.Since conception, its economics and applicability to other projects has been a subject of debate.Moreover, the two ceiling clauses in the warranty agreement that limit cumulative traffic volume and maintenance expenditures have been neither examined nor evaluated.In this paper we addre the cost effectivene of the warranty clauses in the NM 44 project.

1 Warranty Provisions for NM 44

Two primary participants, NMSHTD and Mesa Project Development Contractor (PDC), a division of Wichita, Kan.-based Koch Performance Roads, Inc., cooperated on the NM 44 project.The NMSHTD laid out design criteria, performance requirements, and oversight procedures, and estimated a life-cycle cost to establish the overall present value of the expected maintenance during the 20-year warranty period.Through team building and open communications, NMSHTD was able to monitor performance without responsibility for performance, while Mesa PDC was able to gain insight into the development and award proce along with the limitations and constraints that had to be addreed.

To carry a long-term warranty agreement, a profeional services contract was introduced.Basic items included delineation of responsibilities and appropriate protocol for repairs, costing, and reimbursement.The final price on the warranty was comprised of $60 million for a 2pavement warranty and, $2 million for a 10-year structures warranty to cover bridges, drainage, erosion, etc.for a total of $62 million in warranty liability.Mesa

PDC also agreed to a 3.5% inflationary risk on future maintenance costs.Based on these numbers, the warranty pricing was $6,400/lane mi/year, a 60% reduction as compared to the initial evaluation ( Mav et al.2003).Additionally, the warranty duration was limited by three ceiling clauses: (1) 20 years of service life: (2) 4,000,000 equivalent single axle loads (ESALs); and (3) $114 million in total expenditures, of which $1 l0 million is the ceiling for the pavement warranty and $4 million is the ceiling for the structure warranty.Thus, in return for $62 million.Mesa PDC agreed to provide up to $114 million in repairs over a period of 20 years or 4 million ESALs.To ensure the fiscal liability was met.the warranty was also backed by a performance bond.

The parties established what constitutes warranted pavement defects based on objective criteria such as smoothne, rutting, transverse crack spacing, crack width, potholes, depreions.bleeding, raveling,and delaminations.Because the warranty provider shoulders the risks aociated with performance, they have a strong incentive to aure quality in the design, composition, and construction of the pavement.The parties also developed plans to monitor performance and perform both preventative and routine maintenance to ensure the highway’s health.

2 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis

In a recent interim report of the NM 44 warranty audit, the state of New Mexico challenged the cost effectivene of the $62 million warranty (Abbey 2004).This interim report and its predeceor (Abbey 1999) provide invaluable cost projections on the NM 44 project and the aociated warranty.Using these data we conducted our own cost analysis based on the information available to the NMSHTD when they made the warranty decision in 1998.So for this analysis,all warrafity benefits and costs incurred during the construction and warranty period were discounted back to the decision time in 1998, and all costs ,and payments were aumed to fall at the end of the year.Additionally, we considered only the pavement warranty which is valued at $60 million and explains 96.8% of the total warranty cost.Ignoring the structures warranty, which is valued at only $2 million, reduces ambiguity without any significant impact on the results.Farthermore.Abbey (2004) estimates that the structures warranty will expire before the end of the 10-year warranty period, while the pavement warranty probably will remain in effect for the entire 20-year term.

3 Discuion and Policy Suggestions

Due to the ceiling clause, the price of the warranty provisions in the NM 44 project

does not reflect the real cost to the NMSHTD.The ceiling clause, valued at 4.8 million/year 1998 dollar as calculated, represents additional revenue to Mesa besides the $62 million warranty payment from NMSHTD.By declaring the ceiling clause, Mesa PDC in fact eliminates unfavorable risk while keeping profitable uncertainty.What Mesa gains is what NMSHTD loses since this is a zero-sum game.The actual cost for the warranty provision in the NM 44 project goes up to 57.3 million/year 1998 dollar.The hurdle rate of a viable warranty provision falls to 4% (Fig.6).Considering that the NMSHTD had to borrow at a higher interest rate to finance the NM 44 project .the warranty provision is not justified because of the high cost of the ceiling clause.

It is suggested that the state highway agencies carefully evaluate the ceiling clauses when requiring warranty services in selling infrastructure projects.A twofold analysis needs to be conducted so a better decision can be made.First, one must realize that the ceiling clause may be costly.The model developed in this paper is a handy approach to evaluate the ceiling clause value.Second state agencies should better determine a favorable ceiling when including ceiling clauses in the warranty.A sensitivity analysis indicates that the value of the ceiling clause is elastic to the determined ceiling.A 10% increase of the ceiling in the NM 44 warranty provisions would reduce the option price of the ceiling clause by 30%.Therefore, careful selection for a ceiling can significantly reduce the impact of the ceiling clause.

The ceiling clause, in eence, is a call option that provides flexibility to switch a decision after more information is available through locking in risks while leaving the favorable uncertainties open.The real option concept provides powerful tools not only for contractors, but also state agencies ceiling clauses or other trigger points in uncertain cash flows.One potential application of the real option concept in warranty contracting is to delay the warranty decision until the end of construction when more performance information is available (Cui et al.2004).Then future maintenance savings could be estimated more accurately, and a better decision can be made on whether to purchase a warranty.

Acknowledgments:

The writers gratefully acknowledge the support for this research provided by the University Transportation Center for Alabama(UTCA) and the Alabama Contractors\' Fees Fund.

Reforance:

1)Warranty Provisions for NM 44Qingbin Cui1; Philip Johnson2; Aaron Quick3; and Makarand Hastak

2)Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,January 2008,Volume 134.Number 1, 10--17

第19篇:英文谚语翻译

英文谚语翻译

A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出,驷马难追 Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁

Where there is a will there is way.有志者事竟成

Empty veels make the greatest sound.满瓶不响,半瓶叮咚 Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不待人 Second thoughts are best.Look before you leap.三思而后行 Like teacher, like pupil.Like father, like son.有其师必有其徒 He that talks much errs much.言多必失

Standers-by see more than gamesters.旁观者清 Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧

A bad workman quarrels with his tools.不会撑船怪河弯 Many words cut more than swords 刀伤有法治,舌伤无术医

Little thieves are hanged, but great ones escape.窃钩者诛,窃国者侯 A great ship asks deep waters.蛟龙要有海来游 Murder will out.纸包不住火

He that mischief hatches, mischief catches.害人终害己 It\'s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收 Homer sometimes nods.智者千虑,必有一失

Men may meet but moutains never.人生何处不相逢

No great lo without some small gain.塞翁失马焉知非福

宁为鸡首,不为牛后。Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 萝卜白菜,各有所爱。Some prefer turnips and othes pears 骨瘦如柴 As lean as a rail 两袖清风 Clean hand 面如土色 As pale as ashes 艳如桃李 As red as rose 有情人终成眷属 All shall be well,Jack shall have will 拆东墙补西墙 He robs Peter to pay Paul 棋逢对手 Diamonds cut Diamonds 好借好还,再借不难 Pay on the spot and borrow a lot,pay slow and you will get no dough

第20篇:英文代理翻译

{下面为一些具体格式和步骤:}

A为委托方,B为被委托方

{首先是委任:}

1 Appointment

1.委任

A hereby appoints the B as the global Distributor for the distribution, sale and promotion of the Goods all over the world (“Territory”) upon the terms and conditions hereinafter contained.A现根据以下条件和条款委任B作为其全球分销商,并在全球为其配送,销售和推广产品.{跟着写一些相关的权利和义务(只是参考例子):}

A shall not sell or otherwise make available the Goods to anybody from or about whom

A knows or has reason to know that such person might sell those Goods to B’s customers.A不会销售或以其他方式提供此类货物给来自A,或A知道或有理由知道可能销售那些货物给B客户的任何人.

2.B’s General Duties

2.B的义务

B agrees and undertakes with the A that, for the duration of this Agreement the B shall punctually and faithfully observe the following:

B同意并承诺A在本协议有效期内如期并忠实遵守以下条款:

{然后列举一些条款}如:

It shall use its best endeavours to promote and extend the sale of the Goods

throughout the Territory.

我们会尽最大努力在全球推广和扩大货品的销售

B shall not sell the Goods to A’s Customers, unle authorized in writing by A, for the duration of this Agreement.

B不会销售货品给A的客户, 除非在协议有效期内得到A的书面授权.

Except for otherwise exprely provided herein, any contracts for the sales of the Goods by B to its own Customers shall be exclusively concluded between B and its

Customers.B shall have the sole right to offer and/or accept terms and conditions of such contracts.

除另有明文规定外, 任何B给自己客户的销售合同,应只由B与其客户独立签订.B应具有唯一权提供和/或接受这类合同的条件.

Except for otherwise exprely provided herein, A shall have no right to receive from B’s Customers any payment for the Goods.

除另有明文规定外, A没有权利收受来自B客户的任何货款.

3.A’s Obligations

3.A的义务

A shall in no manner whatsoever modify the price for the duration of this Agreement.A在该项协议的期限内不得以任何方式修改价格.

A shall be obligated to timely respond to B’s letter, fax, notice, telephone and other inquiry.

A应有义务及时回应B的信件,传真,通知,电话及其他需求.

4.Intellectual Property

4.知识产权

Except as exprely authorized by the Manufacturer, the Distributor shall have no

rights in respect of any trade names or trade marks used by the Manufacturer in relation to the Products of the goodwill aociated therewith, and the Distributor hereby

acknowledges that, except as exprely provided in this Agreement, it shall not acquire any rights in respect thereof and that all such rights and goodwill are, and shall remain, vested in the Manufacturer.

除非本协议另有制造商授权,分销商没有利用制造商产品的商品名称或商标以及与商誉相关联的权利。分销商在此承诺,除非本协议另有明确规定,分销商不应得到任何关于持续拥有及归附于制造商所有权和商誉的权利。

5 Representation and Warranty

5 声明和保证

Each Party hereby represents and warrants that neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement, nor the consummation of the transaction contemplated hereunder, nor compliance with any of the provisions of this Agreement, will conflict with, violate, result in a breach of, constitute a default (or an event that, with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) under, or require any authorization, consent, approval,

exemption or other action by or notice to any court or other governmental body or any other person under any of the terms, conditions or provisions of any contract or other agreement or to which such Party is bound.

双方在此声明并保证,本协议的签署与交付、本协议项下交易的完成、遵守本协议的任何规定,不会与任何法庭或者其他政府机构给予或者接受的授权、同意、许可、免除或者其他行为,或者在任何合同或者其他协议的条款、条件或者规定下约束该方的其他人员、发生冲突、违反、或者构成违约(或者是随着通知或时间的流逝,构成违约).

6.Term and Termination

6.期限与终止

The duration of this Agreementis One (2) years after the execution hereof

该协议在签订后的两年内有效。

Either Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement as of right and without judicial recourse, upon giving notice to the other Party, under any of the following

circumstances:

在任何一种情况下,任何一方均有权不经司法程序通知另一方解除本协议:

{你可以在这个地方添加一些合乎双方利益的情况,因公司性质不一样,情况也不一样,所以我不列举了}

7.Non-Aignment

7.不可转让

Neither Party shall have the right to aign the benefit of this Agreement (or any part of it), without the prior written approval of the other Party.没有另一方事先书面授权,任何一方无权转让本协议项下的利益(或其任何部分).

8.Applicable Law

8.适用法律

This Distribution Agreement shall be construed in all respects in accordance with the law of HongKong and the A hereto agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court of the domicile of the B.

这项分销协议应视为在所有方面均按照国家法律和A同意服从B所在辖区法院的权限。

9.Miscellaneous

9.杂项条款

The Appendices are the integral part of this Agreement.The Appendices and this Agreement have the same effect.

甲方:Party A:(公司名)

乙方:Party B:公司英文名

甲、乙双方经友好协商,本着平等、自愿、诚实、互惠互利的原则,就乙方在中国大陆地区代理甲方产品在市场推广,销售等合作事宜达成如下协议:

Party A and B through friendly and voluntarily consulting on the basis of equality, honesty, and mutual benefit reached the following agreements on the market

promotion and sales of production of Party A in mainland of China.1.甲方授权乙方作为氦检,食品及包装工业的总代理,以气体种类N2/He,He/Air,CO2/N2,CO2/O2,O2/N2,O2/CO2/N2作为依据。

1.Party A authorized party B as China agency for helium inspection,food and

Packing Industry , and based on the category of the gas N2/He,He/Air,CO2/N2,CO2/O2,O2/N2,O2/CO2/N2.

2.甲方授权期限为本协议签署日起至

2.The privileged time is from the date signed the contract to Dec.31st, 2013.

3.乙方可以用“甲方授权总代理”的身份在中国大陆地区进行一切合法的商业活动,包括市场品牌的推广(展会、网络营销、媒体广告等)、战略合作伙伴的选择和确定、产品销售计划、价格策略的制订与实施以及工作范围内所有客户的售后服务(技术培训、备品备件供应、仪器设备维修等)

3.Party B can conduct all legal busine as “ general agency of party A”in mainland of China, including promotion of market brand ( trade show, online marketing, media ad.ect.), choosing

partners, product saling plan, formulating and implenting the pricing policies, and after-sale service for customers within work range( technical training, standby redundancy supply, equipment maintenance ect.).

4.甲方有义务在乙方进行市场品牌推广宣传过程中提供支持。甲方应充分利用乙方提供的市场宣传资源配以适当投入,积极开展市场推广活动。甲方全资投入包括:主要专业媒体的合作专栏和国内专业大型展会1至2个等。

4.Party A has the obligation to provide support to party B for promotion of

market brand.Party B should make full use of the market promotion material source offered by party A ,and be active in promoting marketing.Party A should invest in cooperative column of profeional media and1 or 2 domestic large-scale exhibition ect..

授权书

今XX公司授权于XX公司销售及推广本公司所有产品,即报价,价格协议,签合同,竞标等事宜。

特此授权

授权人:XX有限公司

2005年XX月XX日

Authorization

We hereby authorize xx company the right in the territory distribution; product promotion; quotation; pricing agreements; competitive bidding and so on

Authorized person:XX CO.,LTD M/D/Y

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