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A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目,百度一下就能找到原文好,原文还有表格,我没有

翻译)

A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils Contamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1.We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground bioma.This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.

We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig.1a).We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.).We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m.As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m.As).Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 p.p.m.Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m.These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain le than 3.6 p.p.m.of arsenic3.

As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m.arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1).Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m.Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m.in two weeks.Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m.arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m.Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment.Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were le than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.

Addition of 100 p.p.m.Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in bioma compared with the control (data not shown).

After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma ma spectrometry.Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4.The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.

As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig.1c).Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds.Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.) at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.

Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate.In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5.The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available).It has considerable bioma, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.

We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant.Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USA e-mail: lqma@ufl.edu †Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson, Georgia 31742, USA ‡Department of Chemistry & Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199,

1.Nriagu, J.O.(ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2.Brooks, R.R.(ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ.Pre, 1998).3.Kabata-Pendias, A.& Pendias, H.in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4.Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C.A., Cullen, W.R.& Reimer, K.J.Envir.Sci.Technol.34, 22–26 (2000).5.Jones, D.L.Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).

积累砷的蕨类植物

耐寒,多功能,生长快速的植物,有助于从污染土壤去除砷

有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。我们已经发现,蕨类植物蜈蚣草(凤尾蕨)对从土壤中提取砷和转运到地上部生物量是非常有效的。据我们所知这种植物,是第一个已知的砷超富集植物以及也是第一种在已发现的蕨类中可以作为超富集植物,它有许多属性比如建议使用在砷污染土壤的修复。

我们发现被铬砷酸铜污染的生长在佛罗里达州中部的一个站点的凤尾蕨图1a)。我们用石墨炉原子吸收法分析了在站点正生长植物叶子总砷的吸收光谱。 对于14种研究植物物种中,只有凤尾蕨植物中含有大量的砷(含量;3280–4980 ppm)。我们从受污染的站点(18.8–1603 ppm)和未受污染的站点(0.47–7.56 ppm)收集更多的植物和土壤样品。凤尾蕨从土壤中有效吸收砷转运到其叶子中,在受污染的站点生长的植物,含有1442–7526 ppm的砷和那些未受污染的站点包含11.8–64 ppm的这些值是比那些正常的土壤中生长的植物的高很多,其中包含小于3.6 ppm的砷。

对于含有高达1500 ppm砷的疏松土壤中,凤尾蕨植物可以在很短的时间内吸收大量的砷进入它的叶子(表1)。在掺入1500 ppm砷的土壤中蕨类叶子中砷浓度是不断增长的,在两周内砷含量从29.4增加到15861 ppm。在蕨类叶子中的砷,是126倍的富集。凤尾蕨根的砷浓度小于303 ppm,而那些在叶的浓度达到7234 ppm。

加入100 ppm的砷显著刺激蕨类生长,导致在与对照相比,生物量增加了(数据未显示)。

经过20周的增长,用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取该植物用高效液相色谱法–电感耦合等离子体质谱法来平衡砷。目前几乎所有的砷是相对无毒的无机形式,几乎没有检测到有机砷物种。作为(Ⅲ)的浓度叶(47-80%)与根(8.3%)相比更多,表示AS(V)被转换AS(III)在根转运到叶的过程中。

以及从土壤中除去砷的植物含有不同浓度的砷(表1),从土壤中去除含砷的凤尾蕨也含有不同形态的砷(图1C)。再着,高达93%的砷主要集中在叶。 虽然feaso4和AlAsO42H2O在土壤中的相对不溶,凤尾蕨富集的砷来自这些化合物进入它的叶状体(136–315 ppm)在3级–6倍大于土壤砷。凤尾蕨是裸子植物,并广泛栽培归功于许多地区气候温和。在美国,它生长在东南部和加利福尼亚南部。蕨类植物是有多种有优点,耐寒,喜欢阳光(不寻常的蕨类植物)和碱性环境(如砷是更有效)。它具有相当大的生物量,而且常年生长迅速,易于繁殖。

我们相信这是用一个未经处理的显著砷超富集植物为例的第一次报告。凤尾蕨在修复砷污染土壤方面的潜力很大,也可以帮助研究砷的吸收,转运,形态研究,在植物中的分布及排毒。

*土壤和水科学系,大学

佛罗里达州,盖恩斯维尔,佛罗里达州32611-0290,美国 电子邮件:lqma@ufl.edu †合作推广服务,大学

格鲁吉亚,特勒尔县,邮政信箱271,道森, 佐治亚州31742,美国 ‡化学与东南部

环境研究中心,佛罗里达州

国际大学,迈阿密,佛罗里达州,33199,

1。Nriagu,J.O.(主编)环境中的砷1部分:循环 与特性(威利,纽约,1994)。

2。布鲁克斯,R.R.(主编),重金属超富集植物 (剑桥大学出版社,1998)。

3。kabata pendias,A.pendias,在土壤中的微量元素 植物203–209(CRC,博卡拉顿,1991)。

4。科赫,I.,王,L.,ollson,C.A.,卡伦,W.R.& Reimer,K.J.环境。SCI。技术。34,22,26(2000)–。

5。琼斯,D.L.百科全书的蕨类植物(洛锡安区,墨尔本,1987)。

感想:首先来了解一下砷,砷俗称砒,为银灰色晶体,具有金属性,毒性很小,但其化合物都有毒性。砷中毒主要由砷化合物引起,三价砷化合物的毒性较五价砷为强,其中以毒性较大的三氧化二砷(俗称砒霜)中毒为多见。砷化物还可经皮肤或创面吸收而中毒。长期接触砷化物可引起慢性中毒。熔烧含砷矿石、制造合金、玻璃、陶瓷、印染、含砷医药和农药的生产工人和长期服用含砷药物均可引起砷中毒,饮水中含砷过高,可引起地方性砷中毒。

从这篇文章中我了解到了蕨类植物蜈蚣草(凤尾蕨)是第一个已知的砷超富集蕨类植物,可以在在砷污染土壤修复方面有所应用。通过石墨炉原子吸收法这种方法来分析植物叶子总砷的吸收光谱,在分析过程中用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取该植物用高效液相色谱法–电感耦合等离子体质谱法来平衡砷,而且了解到目前几乎所有的砷是相对无毒的无机形式,几乎没有检测到有机砷物种。

那么即然这样,可不可以用此类蕨来定期富集土壤中的砷然后除去,来达到治理砷的土地污染的问题呢?有这个想法,我们要明确几个问题:

1、凤尾蕨是否容易生长?

2、凤尾蕨在什么样的情况下生长旺盛?

3、是否有明确的昆虫或动物以此为食?

4、在植物类中有没有天地?

5、在新环境中是否会出现不受控制的情况?

6、如果容易成活,怎么样大批量的生产?

7、在凤尾蕨富集砷的过程中,有没有特殊的培养条件?

8、富集完成后,凤尾蕨怎么样处理?等等问题,都需要我们来明确的解答。

在实验的基础上如果成功(可以来治理土地砷污染),还需要在具体的环境中进行测试。

读完此篇文章后,感到又增长了知识,以后会多读文献来增长自己的知识。

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