一，this，that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代词，it是人称代词。
(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。如： This is a flower.这是一朵花。(近处) That is a tree.那是一棵树。(远处) (3)放在一起的两样东西，先说this, 后说that。如：
This is a pen.That is a pencil.这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。 (4)向别人介绍某人时说This is„, 不说That is„。如：
This is Helen.Helen, this is Tom.这是海伦，海伦，这是汤姆。 (5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。如：
This is a bike.That’s a car.这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。
(6)打电话时，介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。如： —Hello! Is that Mi Green? 喂，是格林小姐吗？ —Yes, this is.Who’s that? 是的，我是，你是谁？ 注意：虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”，但英语中打电话时绝不可以说：I am„, Are you„？/Who are you? (7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。如： ①—Is this a notebook? 这是笔记本吗？ —Yes, it is.是的，它是。 ②—What’s that? 那是什么？ —It’s a kite.是只风筝。 二．these和those用法
this, that, these和those是指示代词，these是this的复数形式,指时间,距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的复数形式,指时间、距离较远或前面已经提到过的人或事物。 ①This is my bed.That is Lily’s bed.这是我的床。那是莉莉的床。 ②These pictures are good.这些画很好。 ③ Are those apple trees? 那些是苹果树吗？
在回答主语是these或those的疑问句时，通常用they代替these或those以避免
全国注册建筑师、建造师考试
备考资料
历年真题
考试心得
模拟试题
重复。如：
④Are these/those your apples? 这些(那些)是你的苹果吗？ Yes, they are.是的，他们是。 一填空
1.I like _____ pants._______ pants are red.(这些) 2.I don’t like ____ shoes.____shoes are too small.(那些) 3.I want _____(这个) sweater.I don’t want________（那个） sweater._____ （那个）is too big.
二、英汉互译。
1.这支钢笔 2.那些英语书 3.these erasers 4.that car
三、选择。 （ ）1.__________ pen is red.________ pencil is green.A.this, that B.These, Those C.That, Those D.This, That （ ）2.Is _____ a panda over there? A.this B.that C.those D.these （ ）3.________two boys are Mr.Green’s sons.A.This B.These C.That D.those （ ）4.__________ two girls are Mary and Linda.A.This B.They C.That D.Those （ ）5._______is Mr.White and _____ is my father.A.This,those B.That,these C.These,these D.This,this
三，There be句型
(1) There be句型主要用以表达“某处（某时）有某人（某物）。” 下面这首歌诀可帮你巧记there be句型结构： There be放句首，主语跟在后。地、时放句末，强调置前头。如： There is a book on the desk.有时为了强调地点，也可把介词短语放在句首。如： On the desk there is a book.(2)There be句型中的be动词如何确定呢？请先看看下面这首歌诀： Be动词，有三个，am，is还有are。“There be”真特别，不留am只留俩，那就是is还有are。要用is还是are，须看其后的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is，否则就用are。如 ①There is a tree behind the house.②There is some water（水）in the bottle（瓶子）.③There are some pears in the box. (3)注意：如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词，那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说，“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is，是复数就用are。如：
①There is a book and some pens on the floor.②There are some pens and a book on the floor.练习1：用is或are填空
1.There________many monkeys in the mountain.2.There_______a beautiful garden in our school.3.There _________some water in the gla.4.There __________some bread on the table.5._________there any maps on the wall? 6.There __________twenty desks in our claroom.
四，ｈａｖｅ／ｈａｓ
五．区别except/besides和except for： except：指“（不包括本身在内的）除„„之外”，“-” E.g.He gets up early every day except Sunday.besides：指“（包括本身在内的）除„„之外”，“+” E.g.Five others were late besides me.except for：指前后比较范围是不同类型的 E.g.Except for one old man, the bus was empty.
语法易错点归纳总结 [第一类] 名词类 1.这些女老师们在干什么？
[误] What are the woman teachers doing？ [正] What are the women teachers doing？
[析] 在英语中，当一名词作定语修饰另一名词（单或复数形式）时，作定语的名词一般要用其单数形式；但当man，woman作定语修饰可数名词复数形式时，要用其复数形式men，women. 2.房间里有多少人？
[误] How many peoples are there in the room？ [正] How many people are there in the room？
[析] people作“人、人们”解时，是个集合名词，其单复数同形。 3.我想为我儿子买两瓶牛奶。
[误] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.7.There__________a bird in the tree.8.There __________some trees near the house.9.________there a cup of tea on the table? 10.There_________some apple juice in the gla.11.There_____a bed and two chairs in Betty\'s room.12.There __________some milk in the bottle.13.There __________some children in the park.14.There __________an ice cream in the boy’s hand.15.There__________a teacher and many students in our claroom.16.There_______many birds and a lion in the forest.17.There__________an orange on the table.18.There__________many things over there 19.There__________an eraser in the pencil-case.20.There__________a football match on television this evening
[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son. [析] 表示不可数名词的数量时，常用“a / an或数词 +表量的可数名词 + of + 不可数名词”这一结构， 其中当数词大于1时，表量的可数名词要用其复数形式。 [第二类] 动词类
4.你妹妹通常什么时候去上学？
[误] What time does your sister usually goes to school？ [正] What time does your sister usually go to school？
[析] 借助助动词do（或does）构成疑问句或否定句时，句中的谓语动词用其原形。 5.琳达晚上经常做作业，但今晚她在看电视。 [误] Linda often do her homework in the evening，but this evening she watching TV.[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening，but this evening she is watching TV. [析] 在初一英语学习阶段，我们接触到了两种主要时态：一般现在时和现在进行时。一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常和often，usually，sometimes 等时间状语连用。在一般现在时的句子中，若主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词要用其第三人称单数形式。现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，现在进行时由be（am / is / are） + ving形式构成。 6 这双鞋是红色的。 [误] This pair of shoes are red.[正] This pair of shoes is red. [析] 在shoes，trousers，gloves，glaes等表示成双成对的衣物或工具名词前用pair（表计量）修饰时，谓语动词的形式由pair的单复数形式来决定。 [第三类] 代词类
7.这张票是她的，不是我的。 [误] This is hers ticket.It’s not my.[正] This is her ticket.It’s not mine. [析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后一定要接名词，而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。
8.吴老师教我们英语。 [误] Mi Wu teaches our English.[正] Mi Wu teaches us English. [析] teach sb.sth.中的sb.作teach的宾语，因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾格形式。 [第四类] 介词类
9.你能找到这个问题的答案吗？
[误] Can you find the answer of this question？ [正] Can you find the answer to this question？
[析] 英语中用“the answer to „”表示“„„的答案”。类似结构还有the key to the door，the way to the zoo 10.格林先生星期六上午来这里。
[误] Mr Green will come here in Sunday evening.[正] Mr Green will come here on Sunday evening. [析] 表示在上午、下午等时，介词要用in；而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时，介词要用on. 11.那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。 [误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter. [析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时，只能用in，其他介词没有此用法。 [第五类] 副词类 12.莉莉，你为什么不回家呢？ [误] Lily，why don’t you go to home？ [正] Lily，why don’t you go home？
[析] come，go 等后接here，there，home等地点副词时，地点副词前不加to。 [第六类] 连词类
13.我喜欢语文和英语，但我不喜欢体育和历史。
[误] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.and history.[正] I like Chinese and English，but I don’t like P.E.or history. [析] 在肯定句中并列成分之间用and来连接；而在否定句中，并列成分之间的连接需用or。 [第七类] 冠词类
14.乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。 [误] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane.[析] 1．表示“„„一家人”用结构“the + 姓氏复数”； 2．our 一词的第一个字母不发音，它是以元音音素开头的，所以“一小时”要用 an hour； 3．用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时，交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。 [第八类] 句法类
15.――你不是学生吗？ ――不，我是学生。 [误] ――Aren’t you a student？ ――No， I am.
[正] ――Aren’t you a student？ ――Yes， I am.[析] 对否定疑问句的回答是用Yes还是用No，这取决于实际情况：如果事实是肯定的，就用Yes表“不”；如果事实是否定的，就用No表“是的”。
中考真题练习
1.— What about Mr.Black\\\'s speech? —Wonderful! There were ____________ people there.A.a large number of B.much C.a great deal of D.lots 2.My uncle went to Australia last year.We haven\\\'t seen him_______.A.since almost a year B.from almost a year on C.after almost a year D.since almost a year ago 3.— What would you like for _______ breakfast, Mr.Scott? —Three pieces of bread with_______ cup of black tea, please.A.a; a B.不填; the C.a; the D.不填；a 4.— What are you looking for, Michelle? —My cousin\'s MP3 player.It _______ right here, and now it\'s_______.A.has been; gone B .was; gone C.was; going D.is; going 5.— Can your brother make model airplane? —Yes, this week he ______ a new model.A.builds B.is built Chad built D.is building 6.Mr.White is of great help; you ______ let him go.A .had not better B.had better don\\\' t C.had better not D.had no better 7.My grandfather wants ______ around the world because he enjoys ______ new places.A.travelling; seeing B.to travel; to see C.to travel; seeing D.travelling; to see 8.Mr.Watson won’t be here next week, and______.A.neither his wife will B.neither his wife won\\\' t C.his wife won\\\' t neither D.his wife won\\\' t either
