专题一 阅读理解 第3讲 主旨大意题
[真题演练]
A (2016·全国卷Ⅲ，阅读理解D)(导学号 58210008) Bad news sells.If it bleeds，it leads.No news is good news，and good news is no news.Those are the claic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控)in different ways，researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people\'s e－mails and online posts，scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The‘if it bleeds’rule works for ma media，”says Jonah Berger，a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don\'t care how you\'re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends，you care a lot more how they react.You don\'t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
Researchers analyzing word－of－mouth communication—e－mails，Web posts and reviews，face－to－face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的)，but that didn\'t necearily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that poibility，Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories：thousands of articles on The New York Times\' website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the“most e－mailed”list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non－science articles.He found that science amazed Times\' readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny，or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety，but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other，and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article，the more likely it was to be shared，as Dr.Berger explains in his new book，“Contagious：Why Things Catch On.”
【语篇解读】 人们常说“没有消息就是最好的消息”，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。
32．What do the claic rules mentioned in the text apply to? A．News reports.B．Research papers.C．Private e－mails.D．Daily conversations.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“The‘if it bleeds’rule works for ma media”可知，像“if it bleeds”这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。
答案：A
33．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A．They\'re socially inactive.B．They\'re good at telling stories.C．They\'re inconsiderate of others.D．They\'re careful with their words.解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“...You care a lot more how they react”可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据本段“You don\'t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”可知，你不想被当作一个“Debbie Downer”，说明指的是“一个不为他人考虑的人”，故选C。
答案：C
34．Which tended to be the most e－mailed according to Dr.Berger\'s research? A．Sports news.B．Science articles.C．Personal accounts.D．Financial reviews.解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“...articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non－science articles”可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。
答案：B
★35.What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B．Online News Attracts More People C．Reading Habits Change with the Times D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段“By tracking people\'s e－mails and online posts，scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters
and sob stories.”可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远；说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。
答案：D
B (2016·全国卷Ⅰ，阅读理解D) The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful，or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornne，uneasine，or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as neceary for understanding a person\'s needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people，just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore，when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops，what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures，silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways，particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example，Ruian，French，and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discuion.However，Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use，persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect，particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care－givers need to be aware of the poible meanings of silence when they come acro the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient\'s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecearily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to aist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。 32．What does the author say about silence in conversations? A．It implies anger.
B．It promotes friendship.C．It is culture－specific.D．It is content－based.解析：推理判断题。根据文章首段首句“The meaning of silence varise among cultural groups”和下文给出的例子可知，作者认为沉默是有文化特性的。
答案：C
33．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A．The Chinese.B．The French.C．The Mexicans.D．The Ruians.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段可知许多美国本土人，一些传统的中国人以及泰国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。
答案：A
34．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence? A．Let it continue as the patient pleases.B．Break it while treating patients.C．Evaluate its harm to patients.D．Make use of its healing effects.解析：细节理解题。根据末段末句“A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to aist in the care of patients...”可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D。
答案：D
★35.What may be the best title for the text? A．Sound and Silence B．What It Means to Be Silent C．Silence to Native Americans D．Speech Is Silver；Silence Is Gold 解析：标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B。
答案：B
C (2015·广东卷，阅读理解C)(导学号 58210009)
Daniel Anderson，a famous psychologist，believes it\'s important to distinguish television\'s influences on children from those of the family.We tend to blame TV，he says，for problems it doesn\'t really cause，overlooking our own roles in shaping children\'s minds.One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child\'s ability to think and to understand the world.While watching TV，children do not merely absorb words and images (影像)．Instead，they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see.Actually，children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows.Furthermore，as many teachers agree，children understand far more when parents watch TV with them，explaining new words and ideas.Yet，most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment.But according to Anderson，the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability.TV doesn\'t take the place of reading for most children；it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation，such as listening to the radio and playing sports.Things like parents\' educational background have a stronger influence on a child\'s reading.“A child\'s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads，”Anderson says.Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television－watching lowers IQ (智商) scores and affects school performance.But here，too，Anderson notes that no studies have proved it.In fact，reasearch suggests that it\'s the other way around.“If you\'re smart young，you\'ll watch le TV when you\'re older，”Anderson says.Yet，people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children.However，by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed，Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.【语篇解读】 本文为议论文，题材为社会生活类。传统观念认为，看电视会对孩子思维能力的培养产生负面的影响，还会让孩子远离阅读。而著名心理学家安德森对此提出了不同的看法。
36．By watching TV，children learn ________.A．images through words B．more than explicit meanings
C．more about images than words D．little about people\'s psychology 解析：事实细节题。根据第二段第三句“Instead，they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see.”可知答案为B项。
答案：B
37．An educational program is best watched by a child ________.A．on his own
C．with his parents
B．with other kids D．with his teachers 解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段倒数第二句“Furthermore，as many teachers agree，children understand far more when parents watch TV with them，explaining new words and ideas.可以推断出答案为C项。
答案：C
38．Which of the following is most related to children\'s reading ability? A．Radio－listening.B．Television－watching.C．Parents\' reading list.D．Parents\' educational background.解析：事实细节题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句“Things like parents\' educational background have a stronger influence on a child\'s reading.”可知答案为D项。
答案：D
39．Anderson believes that ________.A．the more a child watches TV，the smarter he is B．the younger a child is，the more he watches TV C．the smarter a child is，the le likely he gets addicted to TV D．the le a child watches TV，the better he performs at school 解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第四句安德森所说“If you\'re smart young，you\'ll watch le TV when you\'re older，”可以推断出答案为C项。
答案：C
★40.What is the main purpose of the paage? A．To advise on the educational use of TV.B．To describe TV\'s harmful effects on children.C．To explain traditional views on TV influences.D．To present Anderson\'s unconventional ideas.解析：主旨大意题。整篇文章讲述的都是安德森关于看电视对孩子的影响所提出的非传
统的观点。故选D项。
答案：D
[模拟演练]
A (2017·湘潭一中等六校联考) After the earthquake had stopped, when the rescuers reached the ruins of a young woman\'s house, they saw her dead body through the cracks.But her pose was somehow strange that she knelt on her knees like a person was worshiping(做礼拜)；her body was leaning forward, and her two hands were supported by an object.The collapsed house had crashed her back and her head.With so many difficulties, the leader of the rescue team put his hand through a narrow gap on the wall to reach the woman\'s body.He was hoping that this woman could be still alive.However, the cold and stiff body told him that she had paed away for sure.He and the rest of the team left this house and were going to search the next collapsed building.For some reasons, the team leader was driven by compelling force to go back to the ruined house of the dead woman.Again, he knelt down and used his hand through the narrow cracks to search the little space under the dead body.Suddenly, he screamed with excitement，“A child! There is a child ！”
The whole team worked together；carefully they removed the piles of ruined objects around the dead woman.There was a 3－month－old little boy wrapped in a flowery blanket under his mother\'s dead body.Obviously, the woman had made a sacrifice for saving her son.When her house was falling, she used her body to make a cover to protect her son.The little boy was still sleeping peacefully when the team leader picked him up.The medical doctor came quickly to exam the little boy.After he opened the blanket, he saw a cell phone.There was a text meage on the screen.It said，“If you can survive, you must remember that I love you.”This cell phone was paing around from one hand to another.Everybody that read the meage wept.“ If you can survive，you must remember that I love you.”Such is the mother\'s love for her child ! 【语篇解读】 本文为记叙文。作者讲述了一个感人的真实故事。在地震中一位普通而又伟大的母亲在危难时刻为自己的孩子开辟了一条生命通道，她把死留了自己，把生留给了自己的孩子。
1．Why did the leader of the rescue team decide to leave the house?
A．He didn\'t notice the woman.B．He knew the woman was dead.C．He left to ask for help.D．The gap was too narrow for his hand to get through.解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句“However，the cold and stiff body told him that she had paed away for sure.”及第三段第一句“He and the rest of the team left this house and were going to search the next collapsed building.”可知答案为B项。
答案：B
2．The reason why the woman died in such a strange pose was that________． A．she tried to protect her baby with her own body B．the earthquake happened when she was worshiping C．her knees were severely injured D．her hands were supported by an object 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“Obviously，the woman had made a sacrifice for saving her son.When her house was falling，she used her body to make a cover to protect her son.”可知答案为A项。
答案：A
★3.What can be the best title for the paage? A．A strange pose in the ruins B．A mother\'s love in the ruins C．A rescue team\'s struggle D．A heart－breaking scene 解析：主旨大意题。本文讲述了地震中的一位母亲用自己的生命保护了自己的孩子，由此可见本文的最佳题目为：废墟里的母爱。故答案为B项。
答案：B
B (2017·济宁高三模拟)(导学号 58210010) Giving Mary Poppins\'s magic umbrella some serious competition is the all high－tech “Oombrella”—not only can it predict the weather，it\'s also impoible to lose.The smart umbrella syncs(同步进行) with a smartphone app，sending users updates about weather conditions 30 minutes in advance，and reminders if they happen to leave the device behind.And here\'s the added bonus—it won\'t ever flip inside－out.Designed by French company Wezzoo，the rainbow－colored umbrella comes in two
versions—claic and modern.The claic is 3.1ft long with a curved handle，while the modern version is 0.8ft long with a straight handle.The company describes the device as a‘portable weather station’，made of a reflective surface with built in sensors that record real－time data such as light，humidity，preure，and temperature.The umbrella collects and procees this data as well as information from a social media community before sending out alerts about when it\'s going to start raining.And if the user happens to accidentally forget it at home on a potentially rainy day，or leaves it in a restaurant，similar alerts will be sent out using GPS technology to make sure you don\'t lose it.“We wanted to make this umbrella unforgettable in terms of design，too，”explains Alexandre，of Escabo design studio.“We developed an exclusive material.It makes you feel you are holding an aurora borealis(北极光) in your hands.It has effects that are amazing with the light and always changing.It really makes the umbrella special.”The‘capsule\' that integrates all the technology，making the umbrella smart，is located in the handle.The umbrella is all set to hit global online and physical stores this fall.According to a company spokesperson，it will retail at79 ($86)，but the early bird price on Kickstarter is59 ($64)．For those who are rather attached to their current umbrellas，the company will also release an‘Oombrella capsule\' that can transform any umbrella into a smart device.Now，if only it could make us fly like Mary Poppins! 【语篇解读】 文章介绍一种新型的智能雨伞，它既可以提醒用户要下雨了，还能防止丢失。
★4.What does Paragraph 1 mainly tell us about Oombrella? A．Its special design.C．Its functions.
B．Its working principle.D．Its structure.解析：段落大意题。根据文章第一段的句子“not only can it predict the weather，it\'s also impoible to lose....And here\'s the added bonus—it won\'t ever flip inside－out.”可知，第一段主要介绍Oombrella的功能。故选C。
答案：C 5．Which of the following best shows how Oombrella works? A．collect—proce—record—predict B．proce—record—collect—predict
C．record—collect—proce—predict D．record—proce—collect—predict 解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段“made of a reflective surface with built in sensors that record real－time data such as light，humidity，preure，and temperature.The umbrella collects and procees this data as well as information from a social media community before sending out alerts about when it\'s going to start raining.”可知，Oombrella先记录信息，再收集、处理，最后预测天气。故选C。
答案：C
6．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Oombrella is already on sale.B．Early buyers of Oombrella will save money.C．It\'s impoible to turn an ordinary umbrella into a smart one.D．Oombrella is a magic device that can make us fly.解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子“According to a company spokesperson，it will retail at79 ($86)，but the early bird price on Kickstarter is59 ($64)．”可知，Oombrella的早期购买者可以省些钱。故选B。
答案：B
★7.What\'s the purpose of the author writing the paage? A．To introduce readers a new type of umbrella.B．To show readers how to predict the weather.C．To remind readers to take an umbrella at any time.D．To persuade readers to buy the high－tech umbrella.解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的句子“Giving Many Poppins\'s magic umbrella some serious competition is the all high－tech ‘Oombrella’”可知，文章是介绍一种新型的伞。故选A。
答案：A
C (2017·南昌十校联考) In 1800，only three percent of the world\'s population lived in cities.Only one city—Beijing—had a population of over a million.Most people lived in rural areas，and never saw a city in their lives.In 1900，just a hundred years later，roughly 150 million people lived in cities，and the world\'s ten largest cities all had populations exceeding one million.By 2000，the number of city dwellers exceeded three billion; and in 2008，the world\'s population croed a tipping point—more than half
of the people on Earth lived in cities.By 2050，that could increase to over two－thirds.Clearly，humans have become an urban species.In the 19th and early 20th centuries，many people viewed cities negatively—crowded，dirty environments full of disease and crime.They feared that as cities got bigger，living conditions would worsen.In recent decades，however，attitudes have changed.Many experts now think urbanization (城市化) is good news，offering solutions to the problems of Earth\'s growing population.Harvard economist Edward Glaeser，author of TriumphoftheCity，is one such person.Glaeser argues that cities are very productive because “the absence of space between people” reduces the cost of transporting goods，people，and ideas.While the flow of goods has always been important to cities，what is most important today is the flow of ideas.Succeful cities enable people to learn from each other easily，and attract and reward smart people with higher wages.Another urbanization supporter is environmentalist Stewart Brand.Brand believes cities help the environment because they allow half of the world\'s population to live on about four percent of the land.This leaves more space for open country，such as farmland.City dwellers also have le impact per person on the environment than people in the countryside.Their roads，sewers，and power lines need fewer resources to build and operate.City apartments require le energy to heat，cool，and light.Most importantly，people in cities drive le so they produce fewer greenhouse gases per person.So it\'s a mistake to see urbanization as evil; it\'s a natural part of development.The challenge is how to manage the growth.【语篇解读】 本文讲述了随着人们对城市看法的改变，城市化进程不断加快。许多专家认为这是好事。
★8.What is Paragraph 1 mainly about? A．The history of modern cities.B．Changes taking place within cities.C．How cities have grown over time.D．Why modern cities are changing.解析：段落大意题。第一段讲述了随着时间的推移，城市人口激增。故选C项。 答案：C
9．How have experts\' attitudes towards cities changed in recent decades? A．They now view the weaknees as strengths.
B．They no longer see city－living as attractive.C．They accept city life in spite of its problems.D．They think city－living provides more benefits.解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Many experts now think urbanization (城市化) is good news, offering solutions to the problems of Earth\'s growing population”可知，许多专家认为城市化进程是件好事。故选D项。
答案：D
10．Which of the following would Edward Glaeser agree with? A．Cities provide more economic opportunities.B．City people get along better with each other.C．Overcrowded cities result in problems.D．Cities limit the flow of ideas.解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Succeful cities enable people to learn from each other easily, and attract and reward smart people with higher wages”可知，他认为城市能为人们提供更多的经济发展机会。故选A项。
答案：A
11．According to Paragraph 4，what would be the result of moving people out of cities? A．Economic production would be reduced.B．There would be le farmland available.C．People would travel le frequently.D．House values would fall greatly.解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Brand believes cities help the environment because they allow half of the world\'s population to live on about four percent of the land.This leaves more space for open country，such as farmland”可知，城市居民居住面积占地少，能够留出更多的土地进行耕种；由此可以推断：若让人们搬出城市，耕地的面积将大大减少。故选B项。
答案：B
D (2017·九江十校联考)(导学号 58210011) A cute white cat peeks out of a hole with only its head visible.A long－eared rabbit licks its lips while looking up at a carrot.These aren\'t real scenes in a natural park.Instead，they\'re paintings in tree holes on a road in Shijiazhuang，Hebei Province.Hundreds of people are visiting the artistic road to take photos of
the new paintings.The creator of these eye－catching paintings is Wang Yue，23.She describes her tree hole paintings as“a beautiful journey”through which she adds fun and vitality (活力) to her hometown.“When I saw the trees by the roadside had lost all their leaves，and the ugly tree holes became obvious，I thought that if I could paint some interesting scenes in these holes they might add some color to the city，”said Wang Yue.But Wang was worried that her watercolor paints could hurt the trees.When Wang got permiion from city officials，she gathered her color palette，brushes and a stool and got to work.Her first painting was of rosy clouds，but many paers－by couldn\'t understand it.“Perhaps it was too abstract，”said Wang Yue.After that，she began to paint animals.Using her paintbrush she creatively placed a raccoon(浣熊)，a squirrel and a cat in the holes.Wang\'s friends shared her works on their micro blogs and she became a hit.Her next aim is to tell stories rather than painting individual animals.“I was glad to let people see life\'s beauty.I hope more artists can join me in painting the tree holes，”she said.【语篇解读】 石家庄女孩王月用“树洞画”让栩栩如生的小猫、松鼠以及各种风景在树洞“安家”，为黯淡的冬季带来了色彩。
12．Why did Wang Yue begin to create paintings in the tree holes? A．To practice painting and have fun.B．To prevent the tree leaves from falling.C．To have paers－by take photos of her paintings.D．To make the city more colorful and lively.解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“She describes her tree hole paintings as‘a beautiful journey’through which she adds fun and vitality to her hometown.”和第三段中的“I thought that if I could paint some interesting scenes in these holes they might add some color to the city.”可知她这样做主要是为了让城市更有活力，更有色彩。故D项正确。
答案：D
13．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the paage? A．Wang\'s first painting hurt the trees and city officials stopped her work.B．Wang\'s first painting wasn\'t popular because she wasn\'t skillful then.
C．Wang became succeful partly because of her friends\' micro blogs.D．Wang would continue to centre her works on individual animals.解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句话“Wang\'s friends shared her works on their micro blogs and she became a hit”可知因为她的朋友在博客上分享了她的行为，别人才知道这件事情。故C项正确。
答案：C
★14.Which is the best title for the text? A．Paintings in tree holes become popular B．Paintings bring grey road to life C．Wang Yue—a girl who has become a hit D．Join in painting the tree holes 解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章主要讲的是石家庄女孩王月用“树洞画”为黯淡的冬季带来色彩。A，D项与文章无关。C项并非中心思想。B项概括了文章主旨。
答案：B
【北京市特级教师二轮精讲】届高考英语二轮复习专题精讲：第9讲 阅读理解经典精讲(下)
