推荐第1篇：英译汉
五、英译汉
(1)、All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。
(2)、I can\'t go with you today because I\'m too busy.我今天不能和你一块儿去，因为我太忙了。 (3)、You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.你和你的团队可一起找到问题的答案。
(4)、I\'ll write to you as soon as I get there.我一到就给你打电话。
五、英译汉
(1)、Stay here before I get back.答案：
在我回来以前就呆在这儿。
(2)、I\'ve been so busy lately，I haven\'t had time to call anybody.答案：
最近我很忙，我都没时间打电话给任何人。 (3)、We have made little progre.答案：
我们几乎没有取得什么进步。
(4)、Transistors are small in size and light in weight.答案：
晶体管体积小、重量轻。
五、英译汉
(1)、The most common samples of inorganic materials are the gases of the atmosphere, water, rocks, etc.大气中的气体、水和岩石等都是无机物中最普通的实例。 (2)、The doctor told me to have more water.医生让我多喝些水。
(3)、There\'s a party at my house this Friday.这星期五在我们家有个宴会。 (4)、I need to buy some 50-cent stamps.我需要买一些50美分的邮票。
(5)、We must take some measures to control the pollution.我们必须采取措施来控制污染。 (6)、You\'ll find in English some words can be remembered more easily than the others.你会发现英语里有些词比别的词容易记忆。
五、英译汉 (1)、All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。
(2)、Please call me back when you are free.你有时间给我回个电话。
(3)、You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.你和你的团队可一起找到问题的答案。
(4)、We must take some measures to control the pollution.我们必须采取措施来控制污染。
五、英译汉
26.Jim was clever, but he does not work hard.答案：吉姆很聪明，但他讨厌吃苦。
27.He was happy with his new car, and drove to work in it the next day.答案：他对自己的新车感到很满意，第二天就开着去上班了。 28.Playing the sport you like is an important part of a person\'s life.答案：进行一项自己喜欢的运动是一个人生活中重要的一部分。
29.The People\'s Republic of China (PRC), founded on October 1, 1949, covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.答案：中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日，国土面积约960万平方公里。 30.I hurried to my office.答案：我匆忙赶到了办公室。
31.What kind of life do most people enjoy? 答案：多数人喜欢什么样的生活？
五、英译汉
26.It is no good hoping to read all these books.答案：希望能够读完所有这些书是毫无意义的。 27.Their parents don\'t know them as well as their friends do.答案：他们的父母不像朋友那样了解他们。 28.I saved the baby and became a hero.答案：我因救了这个婴儿而成了英雄。 29.Do you think you can do it by yourself? 答案：你认为你自己可以单独干完这件事吗? 30.I\'m thinking about a visit to Paris.答案：我在考虑去巴黎旅游。
31.They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.答案：他们认为电视机一定出了毛病了。
五、英译汉
26.I am writing this letter to complain about the service in your hotel.答案：我写这封信的目的是要投诉你们旅馆的服务。 27.We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party.答案：在那次晚会上我们玩得很愉快。 28.On their way they came to a bread shop.答案：在途中，他们来到一家面包店。
29.They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.答案：他们认为电视机一定出了毛病了。
30.I rang your house last night but your mother answered the phone.答案：我昨夜给你家打电话，但接电话的是你母亲。
31.This new country hopes to establish friendly relations with all its neighbours.答案：这个新成立的国家希望和所有邻国建立友好关系。
五、英译汉
26.It is no good hoping to read all these books.答案：希望能够读完所有这些书是毫无意义的。 27.We cannot tell when an earthquake（地震）is coming.答案：我们无法判断地震什么时候发生。
28.Some parents even do not let their children meet their good friends.答案：有些父母甚至不让自己的孩子去见他们的好朋友。 29.He prefers coffee to tea.答案：与茶相比，他更喜欢咖啡。 30.What time do you go swimming every day? 答案：你每天何时去游泳？ 31.How are you doing these days? 答案：这些日子你怎么样？
五、英译汉
26.Jim was clever, but he does not work hard.答案：吉姆很聪明，但他讨厌吃苦。
27.He was happy with his new car, and drove to work in it the next day.答案：他对自己的新车感到很满意，第二天就开着去上班了。 28.Playing the sport you like is an important part of a person\'s life.答案：进行一项自己喜欢的运动是一个人生活中重要的一部分。
29.The People\'s Republic of China (PRC), founded on October 1, 1949, covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.答案：中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日，国土面积约960万平方公里。 30.I hurried to my office.答案：我匆忙赶到了办公室。
31.What kind of life do most people enjoy? 答案：多数人喜欢什么样的生活？
五、英译汉
26.I used the bag to protect my face from the smoke and heat.答案：我用包捂在脸上挡住烟和热。
27.Each year some of his money is given to the best scientists and writers of the world.答案：每年他的一部分钱都会奖/发给世界上最优秀的科学家和作家。 28.Fires may do more damage than the earthquakes（地震）.答案：火灾所造成的损失可能比地震还严重。 29.This box can hold more books than that one.答案：这个箱子比那个箱子能装更多的书。 30.I\'m thinking about a visit to Paris.答案：我在考虑去巴黎旅游。 31.I slept soundly all night.答案：我整夜睡得很熟。
五、英译汉
26.She was the only daughter and the youngest child of the five.答案：她是家里唯一的女儿，是五个孩子中年龄最小的。 27.She could not understand me when I spoke to her.答案：当我跟她讲话的时候，她根本听不懂我的话。
28.Since the earth looks like a ball, the sun can shine on only half of it at a time.答案：由于地球看上去像一个球，太阳一次只能照到它的一半。 29.I rang your house last night but your mother answered the phone.答案：我昨夜给你家打电话，但接电话的是你母亲。
30.The People\'s Republic of China (PRC), founded on October 1, 1949, covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.答案：中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日，国土面积约960万平方公里。 31.Could you tell me where the post office is? 答案：请问邮局在哪里？
五、英译汉
26.But I\'ve got room for only two of you in the house.答案：但是我家里只能住下你们其中的两个人。
27.\"Why does the parrot (鹦鹉) cost so much?\" the man asked.答案：这个人问道：“这只鹦鹉为什么这么贵？”。 28.He often went from town to town giving lectures.答案：他经常辗转在城镇间作演讲。 29.Could you tell me where the post office is? 答案：请问邮局在哪里？
30.They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.答案：他们认为电视机一定出了毛病了。
31.You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.答案：你和你的团队能够一起找到问题的答案。
五、英译汉
26.\"Why does the parrot (鹦鹉) cost so much?\" the man asked.答案：这个人问道：“这只鹦鹉为什么这么贵？”。
27.If you travel by ship acro the Pacific, you cro the international date line(国际日期变更线).答案：如果你乘船航行穿越太平洋，你会穿过国际日期变更线。 28.On their way they came to a bread shop.答案：在途中，他们来到一家面包店。 29.My clamate is much cleverer than I.答案：我的同学比我聪明多了。 30.Are you fond of music? 答案：你喜欢音乐吗？
31.This box can hold more books than that one.答案：这个箱子比那个箱子能装更多的书。
五、英译汉汇总
1、They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.答案： 他们认为电视机一定出了毛病了。
2、You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.答案：
你和你的团队可一起找到问题的答案。
3、Life is meaningle without a purpose.答案：
没有目标的生活是毫无意义的。
5、He didn\'t need to attend the meeting.答案：
他没必要参加那个会议。
22、Have you seen Tom recently? 答案：
最近你看见汤姆了吗？
31、I\'m thinking about a visit to Paris.答案：
我在考虑去巴黎旅游。
46、People all over the world are trying to help the people in Sichuan.答案：
全世界人民都在尽力帮助四川人民。
47、We must take some measures to control the pollution.答案：
我们必须采取措施来控制污染。
48、He has a foreign friend who lives in America.答案：
他有一个住在美国的外国朋友。
49、Trees need water to grow.答案：
树木有水才能生长。
50、He is always very active in student activities.答案：
他在学生活动中一直非常积极。
51、We are from mainland China.答案：
我们来自中国大陆。
52、I got married ten years ago.答案：
十年前，我结了婚。
53、There is something urgent for you to do right now.答案：
有件急事要你立即去做。
54、I\'m now a distance education student.答案：
我现在是一名远程教育学员。
55、The price of gasoline will come down in Chinese market.答案：
中国市场上的汽油价将会下降。
56、You can buy water inside.答案：
你可以在里面买水喝。
57、Let\'s try something different.答案：
让我们尝尝其它不同的口味。
58、There\'s a party at my house this Friday.答案：
这星期五在我们家有个宴会。
59、It takes a lot of time to learn a foreign language.
答案：
学习一门外语需要很多时间。
60、It was a hard job, but he did not mind.答案：
这项工作很艰苦，但他并不在乎。
61、I\'ll call you as soon as I arrive.答案：
我一到就给你打电话。
62、We\'re running behind schedule by about 15 minutes.答案：
我们大约误点十五分钟。
63、Let\'s sit over here until it\'s time for you to board.答案：
我们就在这里坐到你上飞机的时间。
64、I need to buy some 50-cent stamps.答案：
我需要买一些50美分的邮票。
65、But it looks like something I would never buy.答案：
但它看起来就像是我绝不会买的东西。
66、I think the picture shows us how fruits is neceary to life.答案：
我想这幅图是告诉我们水果是生活中不可缺的。
67、This is the most wonderful day of my life, because I\'m here with you now.答案：
今天是我一生中最美好的一天，因为我现在和你在一起。
68、When I was young, I\'d listen to the radio, waiting for my favorite songs.答案：
当我还是个小孩的时候，我常听收音机，等待我最喜欢的歌。
69、I\'m certain he\'ll go to see the film, because he\'s bought a ticket.答案：
我肯定他会去看电影的，因为他把票都买好了。
70、The moon looks much bigger than any other stars in the sky.答案：
月亮看起来比天空中任何其他星星都要大的多。
71、You\'ll find in English some words can be remembered more easily than the others.答案：
你会发现英语里有些词比别的词容易记忆。
72、He has been learning English for years.答案：
多年来，他一直在学英语。
73、A teacher should have patience in his work.答案：
当老师应当有耐心。
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4、Open the window and let the fresh air in.答案：
打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
75、He is thinking about moving to a new place.答案：
他正在考虑搬到一个新的的地方
76、Can you expre yourself clearly in English? 答案：
你能用英语清楚地表达自己的意思吗？
77、Please call me back when you are free.答案：
你有时间给我回个电话。
78、I can\'t go with you today because I\'m too busy.答案：
我今天不能和你一块儿去，因为我太忙了。
79、We all like her because she\'s very helpful.答案：
我们都喜欢她， 因为她乐于助人。
80、Excuse me.Where\'s the nearest police station? 答案：
劳驾，离这儿最近的派出所在哪里？
85、My grandpa is used to getting up early.答案： 我爷爷习惯早起。
86、Don\'t you mind my opening the window? 答案：
你不介意我打开窗户吧？
87、Without water, there is no life on the earth.答案：
没有水，地球上就没有生命。
88、We are getting ready for our English examination.答案：
我们正在为英语考试做准备。
89、It is neceary to take medicine on time.答案：
按时吃药是必要的。
90、Would you mind turning down the radio? 答案：
你不介意把广播声调小一点吧？
91、Not all the machines here are produced by our factory.答案：
这里的机器并不全是我厂生产的。
92、My problem is that I don\'t have much time to do the work.答案：
我的问题在于我没有多少时间干这工作。
93、People use science knowledge to understand and change nature.答案：
人们利用科学知识去了解自然，改造自然。
94、I expect she will have changed her mind by tomorrow.答案：
我预料到明天为止她会改变观点。
95、I do want to know what really happened.答案：
我确实想知道到底发生了什么事。
96、Our textbooks are very different from theirs.答案：
我们的教材和他们的教材很不一样。
97、A dog is always well-known as a clever and friendly animal.答案：
在动物中，狗素以其聪明与和善而著称。
98、Could you tell me where the post office is? 答案：
请问邮局在哪里？
99、The doctor told me to have more water.
答案：
医生让我多喝些水。
100、She was the only daughter and the youngest child of five.答案：
她是家里唯一的女儿，也是五个孩子中年龄最小的。
10
1、They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.答案：
他们认为电视机一定出了毛病了。
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2、Stay here before I get back.答案：
在我回来之前别离开。
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3、I\'ll write to you as soon as I get there.答案：
我一到那儿就给你写信。
1
11、Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years.答案：
泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了。
1
12、A lot of natural resources in the mountain area will be exploited and used.答案：
那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。
1
13、Various substances differ widely in their magnetic（磁性的） characteristics. 答案：
各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。
1
14、In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.答案：
在这个物质财富充裕的时代，我们感到精神上的饥渴。
1
15、In no other country in the world can you find such plants as this one.答案：
像这样的植物在世界上的其他任何一个国家都找不到。
1
16、I was having a nap when suddenly the telephone rang.答案：
我在睡觉时，电话铃突然响了。
1
17、All that glitters is not gold.答案：
闪光的未必都是金子。
1
18、John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant.答案：
尽管约翰和他哥哥在年纪上相差不大，但他们的个性却不相同。
1
19、If you decided to learn a new language, you would have to devote all your efforts to it.答案：
如果你决定学一门新的语言，你必须全力以赴。
120、The most common samples of inorganic materials are the gases of the atmosphere, water, rocks, etc. 答案：
大气中的气体、水和岩石等都是无机物中最普通的实例。
五、英译汉
(1)、Stay here before I get back.答案：
在我回来以前就呆在这儿。
(2)、I\'ve been so busy lately，I haven\'t had time to call anybody.答案：
最近我很忙，我都没时间打电话给任何人。 (3)、We have made little progre.答案：
我们几乎没有取得什么进步。
(4)、Transistors are small in size and light in weight.答案：
晶体管体积小、重量轻。
五、英译汉
(1)、All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。
(2)、I can\'t go with you today because I\'m too busy.我今天不能和你一块儿去，因为我太忙了。 (3)、You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.你和你的团队可一起找到问题的答案。
(4)、I\'ll write to you as soon as I get there.我一到就给你打电话。
五、英译汉
(1)、All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。
(2)、Please call me back when you are free.你有时间给我回个电话。
(3)、You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.你和你的团队可一起找到问题的答案。
(4)、We must take some measures to control the pollution.我们必须采取措施来控制污染。
1.Wang Li’s（人名有可能变化） father has taught English here since he graduated from Peking University.
王丽的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。
2.Please give this book to whoever comes first.请把这本书给最先来的人。 3.Though it was late, they kept on working.尽管已经很晚了，他们还在继续工作。 4.Apples here like water and sunshine.这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。
5.Tom（人名有可能变化）was such a hardworking student that he soon came out first in the cla.
汤姆是一个学习十分用功的学生，以至于不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生。
6.Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years.泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了。
7.A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used.那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。
8.In Foreign Languages Department, a checking machine is used to correct the students’ test papers. 外语系用阅卷机给学生批卷。
9.The students are encouraged by their teacher to do more listening, reading and writing.老师鼓励学生多听，多读，多写。
10.There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction.由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。 11.This place has plentiful material resources.这个地方有丰富的物质资源。
12.Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。
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1.Students can study by themselves through school network.学生可以通过学校网络自学。 2.The plan has been over fulfilled by now.目前，已经超额完成计划。
3.Karsh was praised as a master portraitist, often working in black and white, influenced by great patient painters of the past.卡什被人们誉为人像大师，由于受到历史上一些著名画家的影响，他在拍摄中经常运用黑白摄影。
4.He told me that he had lived in America for ten years before he came to China.他告诉我：在来中国前他在美国已生活十年了。
5.All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难到易。 6.My clamate is more clever than I. 我的同学比我聪明。 7.Have you seen Tom recently? 你最近有没有看见汤姆？
8.I\'m going to buy a monthly ticket tomorrow.我打算明天去买一张月票。 9.It is not neceary to do this work.这工作没有必要做。 10.We are from mainland China. 我们来自中国大陆。
11.What time do you go swimming every day? 你每天什么时候去游泳？ 12.Do you think you can do it by yourself? 你认为你能自己做这件事吗？ 13.Who\'s going to answer the door? 谁去开门？ 14.I got married ten years ago. 我十年前结婚了。
15.We should encourage him to have confidence in himself.我们应该鼓励他要有自信心。 16.She likes to help anyone who is in difficulty.她喜欢帮助任何一个有困难的人。 17.Would you like some mineral water? 你想要些矿泉水吗？
18.He offered to help us with our work..他主动提出帮助我们的工作。
19.The school management must be improved.必须要改进学校的管理制度。 20.I\'m not an English major student.我不是英语专业的学生。 1.This pair of shoes cost me 260 yuan. 这双鞋子花了我260元。
2.Not all Americans are interested in sports, of course.当然不是所有的美国人都对体育运动感兴趣。
3.The little boy wanted to exchange his toy car for my cake.这个小男孩想用它的玩具车换我的蛋糕。 4.Our teacher always encourages us to speak English bravely.我们老师总是鼓励我们要敢说英语。 5.You must always remember not to cheat in exams.你必须始终记住考试不要作弊。 6.I’ ll have to try using the search engines.我必须试着使用搜索引擎。 7.I think everyone knows how to swim.我想每个人都知道怎样游泳。 8.I don’t know who broke the window.我不知道是谁打破窗户的。 9.Did you get that E-mail from me?你收到我发的那份电子邮件了吗？
10.These five boys failed in their English exam last term.这五个男孩子上学期英语考试不及格。 11.The price of gasoline will come down in Chinese market.在中国市场汽油的价格会下降。 12.Does the computer have instructions on it?计算机自身有操作说明吗？ 13.One can never succeed without enough confidence in himself.一个人若是对自己没有足够的信心是永远不会成功。
14.Don’t you think smoking is harmful to your health?难道你不认为吸烟对你的健康有害吗？ 15.It is known to all that exercises are good for health.众所周知，运动对身体有利。 16.I think the picture shows us how fruit is neceary to life.我认为这幅画给我们展示了水果对于我们的生活有多必要。
17.How long will it take us to get there?我们到那里要花费多长时间？ 18.I’m now a distance education student.我现在是远程教育的学生。
19.I have no interest in what they say about me.我对他们说我的话不感兴趣。 20.Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages.乘火车旅行比乘飞机慢一些，但是它也有自己的优势。
21.I think she will change her mind tomorrow.我想她明天将会改变主意的。 22.I read the local newspapers with great interest every evening.23.My clamates are cleverer than I.我的同学比我聪明。
24.He is in the world a famous pop star.他是世界上著名的流行音乐明星。
25.In the world, soccer or football is the most popular sport.在世界上，足球是最受欢迎的体育运动。
26.Give me your advice.给我你的建议。
27.I feel satisfied with my life.我对我的生活感到满意。 28.I’m having a headache now.我现在头痛。
29.How did you spend your holiday?你假期怎么过得？ 30.I have no idea about it.对此我一点都不知道。
31.Who is the girl in white shirt?穿白衬衣的那位女孩是谁？
32.He prefers coffee to tea./ I prefer coffee to tea.与茶相比，他更喜欢咖啡。/ 与茶相比，我更喜欢咖啡。
33.Some football teams will have games there.一些足球队将在这里比赛。 34.Could you tell me where the post office is?你能告诉我邮局在什么地方吗？ 35.The school management system, must be improved.学校的管理制度必须改进。 36.You can buy water inside.你可以在里面买水。 37.I feel lonely without you.没有你，我感到孤单。
38.A friend of mine from high school is working in England now.我高中的一个朋友正在英格兰国工作。
39.I’m very much eager to improve my oral English.我非常渴望改善我的英语口语。 40.They quested both men but neither of them could speak English.他们向那两个人求助，但两个人都不会说英语。 41.I sent him a Christmas card last year.去年的圣诞，我送给他一张贺卡。 42.Do you mind my smoking here?你介意我在这里吸烟吗？
43.Beijing Olympic Games can make Chinese people work harder.北京奥运会能让中国人努力。 44.I don’t care about others’ opinions.我不在乎别人的看法。
45.When she got back home, she showed her new beautiful hat to her husband.当她回到家时，给她丈夫展示了她买的漂亮帽子。
46.Will you donate more money for the poor?你愿意为穷人捐更多的钱吗？ 47.He was all sweating.他全身都出汗了。
48.The pub will not be closed until 9’oclock.Now it is only 7’oclock.酒吧9点才关门，现在才7点钟。
49.The Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.奥林匹克运动会（奥运会）将在北京举行。 50.As soon as he got home on Friday, his wife made him give her all this money.星期五他一回到家，他的妻子就叫他交出所有的钱。
51.They are ordinary people, but did a great job.他们都是普通人，但做得很好。 52.I have a pain in my back.我的背部很疼。
53.What’s you nationality, Sir?先生，请问你是什么国籍的？ 54.The doctor told me to drink more water.医生告诉我多喝水。 55.Trees need water to grow.树木需要水才能生长。
56.Were there any phone calls for me while I was out?我不在时，有人打电话给我吗？ 57.We must take some measures to control the pollution.我们必须采取措施来控制污染。 58.I’m sure we’ll have a good time.我想我们会过得很愉快。
59.He’s growing more like his father now.他现在长的越来越像他爸爸。 60.You’d better do that again.你最好再做一次。
61.Since the earth looks like a ball, the sun can shine on only half of it at a time.由于地球看起来像个球，太阳在同一时刻只能照到它的一半。 62.The school therefore plans games and matches for its pupils.因此，学校为学生们安排游戏和比赛。
63.Who can help me clean the room?谁能帮我打扫这个房间？
64.If you travel by ship acro the pacific, you cro the International Date Line.如果你乘坐轮船横渡太平洋，你会穿越国际日期变更线。
65.Some of her pictures were shown in an art exhibition in Shanghai when she was 4 years old.在她4岁的时候，她的一些画就在上海的一个艺术展览中展出过。
66.Would you mind closing the window for me ?你介意为我关上窗户吗？ 67.People all over the world are trying to help the people in Sichuan.全世界的人们都在竭尽全力帮助四川人民。
68.I’ve lost interest in my work.我对这份工作已经失去了兴趣。
26.As is known to all， China is the largest developing country in the world today.
众所周知，中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家。
27.The friend saw everything but did not say a single word. 这位朋友看到了一切，却一言不发。
28.They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.
他们认为电视机一定出毛病了。
29.You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.
你和你的团队能够一起找到问题的答案。
30.Life is meaningle without a purpose.
没有目标的生活是毫无意义的。
31.He didn\'t need to attend the meeting.
他没必要参加那个会议。
推荐第2篇：英译汉
英译汉 Exercise one 1.几个世纪以来，围绕地震这些未知的因素大大地增加了人们恐惧和不安，但是，最近已经有迹象表明地震的预测是有可能的。
2．科学观测的精确性和科学计算的精确性，始终是受科学家的计时方法的支配。 3．在弗雷德里克，学生家长出资购买课堂用品，并主动提出为第一年的教师和校长支付杂货及公用设施的费用，以此使他们继续自己的工作。
4．“有关学区发生事情的传闻传播得很快，”一个学生说。“我们要弄清真相，并且把真相公诸于世”。 Exercise two 5.在美国，分期付款购物的人数要比英国高得多，美国人将他们10％以上收入用于分期付款。
6.一条鱼能产生足够强的电流去点亮一只电灯泡，甚至可以运转一台小的电机，这种想法几乎让人难以置信，但有几种鱼的确可以做到这点。Exercise three 7.当光信号到达另一端时，首先转换成电信号，电信号再依次转变成声音信息。
8.大多数情况下，这些想成为作家的人梦想的是财富和名望，而不是长时间的独自在打字机前写作。
9.有许多的社区和人口，曾因为重大的悲剧事件而丢失了宝贵记录的资料，比如在1921年内战期间爱尔兰法庭因火灾而丢失记录，又如美国的奴隶，他们最初就有很多珍贵资料没有被记录下来。
10.理论上来说，任何人都能够有朝一日通过这个数据库追寻到他们家族的起源。Exercise four 11.我呼吁你们澄清这个问题，以便我们城市的贫困的老年人了解到他们有资格享受的住房福利。
12.我们关心的是全面培养小学生的能力，而不仅仅是他们的学习能力。
13.我们期望我们的学生尽他们最大的努力，而非浅尝辄止，我们会鼓励每个人去实现这个目标。Exercise five 14.在一切发明中，轮子是最简单，或许也许是最了不起的一项发明，因为自然界中原本没有轮子——没有生物是天生带轮子的。
15.女孩子的语言能力超过男孩子，这一早期的语言偏向往往会贯穿她们一生。
16.这个计划给印度及国外的研究者们提供了机会，让他们在保护区内研究老虎，收集之前不能得到的老虎生活习性的资料。
17.土地问题日趋严重，令很多农民感到痛苦的事实是：一些肥沃的森林建成了老虎保护区。Exercise six 18.学外语的过程当中，我们最好从语言的非言语要素开始学起，比如手势、肢体语言。 19.最初白宫是灰色的，被称为总统府。
20.这项新的活动涉及到原先狩猎的一系列行为，但是现在的目的已经不再是免受饥饿了。21.一些科学家们认为可用16面镜子，每面镜子直径约0．5英里，将光照反射到地球某一纵200英里，横300英里大小的区域。
22.然而，人们还不得而知的是这种人造的白天会给动植物及人类造成怎样的影响。Exercise seven 23.然而，事实上，女性如今可以自由去从事任何她们喜欢的职业；情况已经改善了，这一潮流不可能逆转。
24.福特意识到他可以运用流水线的方法来生产汽车。
25.在早期的尝试中，光缆铺设没有成功。当研究人员将光缆运到海面维修时，他们发现光缆上覆盖有生物，这就推翻了当时科学界认为深海没有生命的理论。
26.由21个国家组成的欧洲理事会的研究表明，45％的爬行物种和24％的蝴蝶濒临灭绝。27.Baum博士继续说道，“没有大部分的工业产品我们是可以生存的，但是如果脱离了自然我们则就无法生存。 Exercise eight 28.他去往南加州旅游，在那里他正好发现了他完成电影所需要的天气和景色。 29.中小学教育的费用几号全额来自中央和地方税收。
30.现在的看法似乎是这样的，学电脑应该包括了解电脑的常识，再学点电脑的历史、以及如何操作就可以了。
31.我们能有效地使用各种电气设备，并不需要知道这些电气设备的历史和工作原理。Exercise nine 32.其结果是，这些地区释放出光和热较弱，从地球上看，太阳表面形成了接近深色的不规则表面斑块。
33.电脑技术使研究者精确地测量大脑前部和侧面的容量，而大脑这些容量是与人的智力、情感有关的，并决定着人类的性格。
34.在求职过程中，面试是非常重要的事情，因为20到30分钟的面试可能决定你是否得到你想要的这个工作。
35.如果可能，应在对方已经给你提供了某一份工作，你也准备签署这份工作的日常文书后，你再协商待遇问题。Exercise ten
36.即使是现在，牛仔也是勇气和冒险的象征。
37.Henning研究了把英语作为第二语言学习的学生是如何记词汇的。
38.最终，迁徙成了一种习惯，尽管现在冰川已经消失了，但是这个习惯仍然继续。39.当积雪的任何一部分过厚，且与下面的部分不粘结，问题就出现了。由于过去几周的气温比12月和1月初的气温高，下的雪开始融化了。
40.然而，让滑雪爱好者感到慰藉的是，在有标记的斜坡上滑雪是很少发生雪崩事件的。没有那家滑雪胜地想给游客死亡陷阱的形象。 Exercise eleven 41.减肥是件苦差事，但大多数人想要找到一种既简单而又快速的减肥方法。
42.他赢得的尊敬部分归功于他自己，他的热情友好，他准确的判断力，他的彬彬有礼，他的乐观精神，他的正直诚实，以及他对新旧两个世界的热爱。
43.肾脏可以用这种简单的方式保存24到48小时，几乎不会变质。在这段时间里，肾脏可以被送到很远的地方。
44.很多消费者使用的简单而又普遍的方法就是直接向商店的经理投诉。
45.他们可以威胁将卖方告上法庭，或者到负责维护消费者权益的私人或公共机构举报。Exercise twelve 46.通过这种方式，物美价廉的商品正在源源不断地提供给不同收人层次的人们。 47.请记住翻译工作的性质是处理书面文字的。严格地说，翻译者没有必要会讲他所翻译的语言。
48.学生在学位课程学习期间，也可能在两所大学交叉学习，尽管事实上这并不常见。49.洗钱是这样一个过程：非法手段获得金钱，在合法收人来源的表象掩盖下进人流通领域。 50.在过去的几十年中，全世界的市场自由化和汇率控制的不规范被看作是洗钱现象迅速蔓延的主要原因。 Exercise thirteen 51.诺贝尔宁愿人们忘记他是甘油炸药的发明者，所以在1895年他去世前两个星期，他建立了一个基金，奖励那些为人类做出有价值贡献的人。
52.在日本，死记硬背是学校采用的一种重要的学习方法。不过，许多学生反映，考试之后他们就会忘记大部分背过的内容。
53.教导他，与其作弊取胜不如光荣地失败。(教导他失败比作弊光荣得多。) 54.因为时尚的改变，服装仅仅穿了几次的衣服就不再穿了。
55.有人会想，女性服装款式的经常改变是不是反映了女性易变和不稳定的个性特征呢？ Exercise fourteen 56.速溶咖啡的生产厂家发现，尽管他们的产品有明显的优势，但是在市场上却遭到了强烈
的抵制。
57.许多百岁的老人强调独立自由地做自己喜欢的、想做的事情的重要性，以及保持平静的心态，没有烦恼和情感压力的重要性。
58.即使某一个工作对你而言不够理想，但是每一次面试都可以让你从中学到些东西。59.有些人对我们的过去及其作品的研究提出质疑甚至轻视，他们通常主管地认为过去与现在是完全不同的，因此人们无法从过去获得任何有价值的东西。 60.我们和古人享有共同的人类天性，因此也会有共同的经历和问题。 Exercise fifteen 61.可能的原因是广告能让生产者省心，不用考虑消费者。
62.“与在日本不同，中国没有汽车召回机制，但是本田公司还是决定更换橡胶连接器以便为中国的消费者提供同等的服务”，女发言人说道。
63.Roper Starchorldwide公司去年所作的调查发现，几乎70％的受调查者表示如果他们的家庭收人是现在的两倍，他们会更幸福。
64.出版商对这本书能否赚钱充满疑虑，要求她与出版社分摊出版费用，而她希望的是赚足够的钱为自己买一条新的丝绸连衣裙。
65.书的巨大影响激励了她反对奴隶制的运动，也激怒了奴隶制的拥护者。样题
66.在1870年，马和骡子是美国农业的主要的动力来源。67.这些信号包括许许多多我们适应日常生活环境的方式。
68.然而，大多数美国人视浪漫的爱情为成功婚姻不可缺少的组成部分，并倾向于瞧不起任何为了更实际的理由，而不是为了爱而结婚的人。
69.如果盲人能感觉到颜色的差异,那么我们受颜色的影响是不知不觉的.70.面对鲜红颜色的人们心跳会加快、血压也会升高，红色是令人激动的颜色。模拟题1 71.防止或处理狗的不当行为问题的关键是学着去教你的狗将它们平时所谓的正常的行为纠正过来，使它们的行为更适合家庭环境。
72.修枝包括剪除生长过于旺盛和多余的树枝，没有经验的花匠常被告知误修会造成比由树木本身生长更大的损害。
73.但是，渐渐地，当人们阅读了这篇演讲稿，他们开始有了更好的理解。模拟题2 74.记忆可被定义为存储信息以备后用的能力。
75.有了智能电器，你就可以打开笔记本电脑（查看家里的情况），并确定你的咖啡壶或烤箱已关闭。
76.然后修理人员会在网上进行分析诊断，并且至少在理论上安排上门修理的时间，如果需要也会带上一些需要替换的零部件。
77.我相信无论孩子一生中要做什么，应该在他年纪小的时候就开始做。
78.垃圾这个词可能会失去它的意义，因为一切倒到垃圾堆里的东西都将成为有用的东西。美元1-1-9 1.USD＄280.280美元
1-2--2.one dollar and fifty cents.邮资是一美元五十美分 4-5-17.126 dollars 126美元 4-6-6.4.32 dollars 4.32美元 5-7-12.20 dollars20美元
7-10-13.the man will pay thirty dollars男士要付30美元 7-10-14.twenty-five dollars25美元 7-10-15.he will pay＄1.25他要付1.25美元 7-11-5.it costs about＄135机票大约135美元
8-12-1.it’s about＄2500 per month大约每月2500美元
I’d love to我愿意3-4-4.I’d love to, but I will be fully occupied that afternoon我很想去，但今天下午我会很忙
8-12-3.yes, I’d love to好的，我愿意 9-13-4.sure, I’d love to好的，我愿意
5-7-1.I’like to.But I am afraid I can’t.I have to pick up my mother tonight at the airport.我很想去跳舞，但不行，我要去机场接妈妈 7-10-1.yes, I’d like to是的，我愿意
Model-4.yes, I’d like to try pork.好吧，我就尝尝猪肉 ？1-1-1.Me? Just a little.我？只听懂一点点
2-3-5.How much do you want to change? 你想兑换多少零钱？ 5-7-3.Really? Peter is a lucky guy.真的吗，Peter真幸运 11-Model-1.Single or return?单程还是往返
11- Model-3.Wait a minute, please.How do you like it? 请等一下，您喜欢什么样的提款方式？
11-模拟-5.Can you make it Monday?能安排在周一吗
12-模拟-1.Sure.do I need to make a speech?当然，需要我讲话吗？
12-模拟-2.So would you like to exchange it for another one?你愿意换一件吗
12-模拟-4.Yes, we’ve met.At last year’s new year party.Do you remember?是的，见过面。去年新年派对，还记得吗 No1-1-8.no impreion yet.还没有印象 3-4-1.no, it is really freezing是的，天气真寒冷 3-5-1.no, I don’t mind at all我一点也不介意
4-6-14.there have no modern facilities.没有现代设备 7-10-3.no, please do不介意，请开吧
9-13-16.there are no commercial interruption没有商业广告的中断 10-10-5.no, I will see to it不介意，我确信
11-模拟-3.no,she doesn’t have neceary working experience.是的，她没有必须的工作经验。
12-模拟-5.no, I’m serious.不，我是认真的
1-1-20.because it was good but not very expensive.因为烟袋物美价廉 3-5-10.not to subscribe to the journal不用去定这份杂志 4-6-2.of course not, here you are.当然不，给你 5-7-7.she was not good at typing.她不善于打字
6-8-12.she is not so enthusiastic about her studies.小女孩对学习没有热情 9-14-1.it does not matter没关系，不要紧。
Yes1-2-4.yes, identical同一的ones.是的，是同卵双胞胎
1-2-5.yes, but hard cover ones are on sale today.是的，但精装本的书今天特价 2-3-2.yes, it is worth your while to do so.是的。值得你去做
2-3-4.Yes, Mr.Johnson is expecting you at three this afternoon.是的，Johnson先生期盼在下午三点见到你
6-9-3.Yes, it’s quite cool today.今天天气真不错。 7-10-1.yes, I’d like to是的，我愿意
7-11-2.yes, the basketball is one of my favorite sports是的，篮球是我喜欢的运动之一
7-11-4.yes, I’m crazy about pop songs and good at singing them是的，流行歌曲我很痴迷并且唱得也好
8-11-3.yes, I’d love to好的，我愿意
8-11-5.Yes, I will see to it.是的，我会照料此事的。 9-13-5.Yes.I’d like a cup of onion soup我要一碗洋葱汤
11-样-4.Yes, I’d like to try pork.好吧，我就尝尝猪肉
12-4.Yes, we’ve met.At last year’s new year party.Do you remember?是的，见过面。去年新年派对，还记得吗
1-1-4.don’t mention it.（借钱），不客气 6-9-5.don’t mention it.不客气 1-1-6.clamates同学
3-4-10.their schoolmates他们的同学 2-2-10.at 2:00两点 4-6-13.about 2:00.约两点 2-2-15.in a bookstore在书店 2-3-10.a book store书店（没提到） 4-5-12.a bookstore书店
1-2-8.she is studying Spanish.她在学西班牙语 6-9-12.Spanish西班牙语
3-4-14.she will be picked up at the station有人会去车站接她
5-7-1.I’like to.But I am afraid I can’t.I have to pick up my mother tonight at the airport.我很想去跳舞，但不行，我要去机场接妈妈。 10-9.they can give Bob a ride他们可以让Bob搭个便车 人物1-1-6.clamates同学
3-4-10.their schoolmates他们的同学
6-8-14.Mr.Smith’s secretary.Smith先生的秘书 8-12-11.mother and son母与子 9-15-13.student-student 12-M-8.Mr.Johnson.Johnson先生
时间1-1-7.last christmas.上个圣诞节见的面 2-2-10.at 2:00两点
2-3-6.about a week大约一周 4-6-13.about 2:00.约两点 5-7-11.11:20 6-9-15.six hours 7-10-10.fifty minutes
7-10-12.at 9:15 8-12-14.after 9:00 in the morning早上9点以后 9-14-6.wait fifty minutes等50分钟 12-M-13.Friday星期五
数字6-8-13.le than 30.不超过30 11-M-6.one一次
地点2-2-15.in a bookstore在书店 2-3-9.to the supermarkt去超市 2-3-10.a book store书店（没提到）
3-4-9.in the women’s dormitory.在女生宿舍 4-5-12.a bookstore书店 5-7-13.at a restaurant.在餐馆 6-9-7.in Washington 6-9-12.Spanish西班牙语 7-10-6.on the counter柜台上 7-10-8.to a concert听音乐会 8-12-12.in a hospital在医院 8-12-13.in a clinic诊所
9-15-15.camera store照相机商店 11-M-12.at bathroom浴室
12-M-11.the art department.艺术系 12-M-12.in tents.在帐篷里
thank you3-3.thank you for saying so很感激你这麽说 7-2.thank you very much非常感谢 7-5.ok ,thank you very much好的，谢谢你 11-1.thank you for saying so.谢谢你这么说。 11-2.thank you.谢谢
course3-11.drop one course and do it next semester停掉一门课，下学期再学 4-7.if he didn’t read the book, he wouldn’t pa the course.要是他不看书，这门课他过不了
4-16.they are discuing about the course they want to choose.他们在讨论想选的课程
4-17.they are going to go on reading the course catalog.他们要继续看课程目录（打算）
10-7.there is a little interesting in the course这门课没什么兴趣
final1-2.I’m afraid I can’t, as I am busy with the final preparation.不行，我忙于为开会做最后的准备
4-15.John would pa the final exam约翰会通过期终考试
4-3.well, I was informed that I failed in the final exam.我得知没有通过期终考试 Johnson 2-4.Yes, Mr.Johnson is expecting you at three this afternoon.是的，Johnson先生期盼在下午三点
3-5.I am sorry; Mr.Johnson is at a conference抱歉，Johnson先生在开会 4-9.Mrs.Johnson wouldn’t come to the office today.Johnson太太今天不会来办公室
12-8.Mr.Johnson.Johnson先生
library2-20.the library has more than one function.图书馆有多种功能 4-10.leave the library without borrow anything.离开图书馆什么书也没借 man2-15.the man is considering renting it这位男士打算租房 3-7.to read the woman’s magazine看女性杂志
4-12.go to see the play with the woman.和这位女士一块看戏剧
5-8.the man didn’t know the time of arrival time because the train was late.火车晚点了，不知火车几点能到
5-7.The woman’s husband was always absent from her birthday party.女士的生日晚会丈夫终是缺席
6-8.the man is going to carry the bag for her.男士将帮女士扛袋子
6-10.the woman should choose one that is her size.女士该选一件适合她的衣服 6-11.the man shouldn’t have trusted Peter.男士不该信任Peter 6-15.the man is introducing his university to the woman.男士给女士介绍大学 7-11.the man’s mileage哩数 is twice that of the woman 耗油一加仑，男士的汽车行驶的里程是女士的两倍
7-13.the man will pay thirty dollars男士要付30美元 9-8.the woman feels discouraged女生感觉很失望
10-13.because the man’s briefcase公文包has a lock因为男士的公文包可以锁 12-15.he feels surprised at the woman’s failure to understand him.女士不理解他的意思，他很吃惊
match1-11.the balance in her account doesn’t match her bank statement.她的银行帐户与她的账面不平衡
6-14.she decided to buy a pair of gold earring to match a gold necklace that she already had.她决定买一双金耳环去搭配买好的金项链
good1-20.Because it was good but not very expensive.因为烟袋物美价廉 3-13.she might get a good job later他以后会得到一份好工作
4-15.He thinks it is good to punish those students.他认为惩罚这些作弊的学生是好的
5-7.she was not good at typing.她不善于打字
7-4.yes, I’m crazy about pop songs and good at singing them是的，流行歌曲我很痴迷并且唱得也好
8-16.it sells goods of high quality商店销售高品质的商品 9-2.that’s a very good idea主意不错
9-10.some of the swimmers looked pretty good有些游泳运动员看上去很好 10-4.it is good that he is leaving他离开是件好事
10-9.it looks like it will be a good month这个月看起来不错 11-16.they seldom bring any good news电报很少带来好消息 see to it8-5.Yes, I will see to it.是的，我会照料此事的。 10-5.no, I will see to it不介意，我确信
sign2-11.There are signs along the road.沿着马路有限制速度标志 10-19.do the reading aignments做阅读作业（学生） 10-15.the sign say it is going up信号显示电梯上行
12-17.that’s their aignment这是他们的作业（看儿童故事）
experience5-19.he must be an experienced pilot.他一定是个有经验的飞行员（宇航员不需要的条件）
11-3.no,she doesn’t have neceary working experience.是的，她没有必须的工作经验。
husband5-10.the coat was the only present her husband gave.这件外套是我丈夫结婚以来送给我的唯一一件礼物
5-7.The woman’s husband was always absent from her birthday party.女士的生
日晚会丈夫终是缺席
journal3-10.not to subscribe to the journal不用去定这份杂志 5-17.journalism.新闻学（报名） survive 6-19.help wounded soldiers to survive.帮助受伤的士兵生存下来（目的） 8-12.Steve survive a robbery Steve幸免于劫案
try2-9.they try to be friendly to them.他们尽力对他们友好
3-3.I am trying my best to finish it.But you know, easy said than done我正尽力完成，但你知道说比做容易
4-5.I quite agree with you.They two are always trying to play tricks on teachers.我非常赞同，他们两个总是尽力捉弄老师
8-11.they should try for a different showing他们尝试看另一处表演（不同的场次） 9-7.he tries to be of aistance他尽力提供帮助 11-4.Yes, I’d like to try pork.好吧，我就尝尝猪肉
exam4-15.John would pa the final exam约翰会通过期终考试
4-3.well, I was informed that I failed in the final exam.我得知没有通过期终考试 9-1.I’ve been studying hard for my examination我一直努力学习准备考试 9-19.the Common Entrance Exam统考（13岁要参加）
1 1-1-9是指讲义的第一页、第一段、第九条 以下类推。
推荐第3篇：英译汉练习
英译汉练习1.The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy.2.It is desirable always to wear a safety belt when you are driving on a highway.3.Finland of Northern Europe is remarkable for its large number of lakes.4.The student can hardly speak simple English, much le write English articles.5.Some highly praise him, whereas others put him down highly.6.That car has given me nothing but trouble ever since I bought it.7.This attitude resulted in a nation committed to researching and experimenting.8.Many new arrivals have difficulty adapting themselves to life in a foreign country.9.Nowadays depreing amounts of environmental pollution is familiar to the public.10.Many young men in modern society have not enough political awarene.11.In spite of the severe competition, he is still ambitious to be succeful in the job.12.The National Arts Aociation sponsored the fair to raise money for Hope Project.13.Last year the Central Government waged a war against crime and disease.14.New buildings have been springing up everywhere since the reform policy in 1978.15.Upon arriving in New York he converted all his pounds into dollars.16.The factory is faced with many problems as a result of years of bad management.17.It is too difficult for us to finish the task, so it remains for him to do it.18.The famine, together with the war, killed millions of lives.19.He cannot go without wine even for one day; he is a complete slave to drink.20.Illne and age had changed the once well-known actre beyond recognition.21.One clear finding is that people need green spaces for better mental health.22.However, city children just don’t have as much fun as children in small towns.23.People there have coordinated their efforts to clean up the trash or garbage.24.People in cities have little opportunity to experience parks or unprotected spaces.25.Last week we went mountaineering and the view was breathtaking on the summit.26.His contact with famous critics paved the way to his
artistic succe.27.When reading a poem, you’d better not understand it in a literal sense.28.People living in large cities often erect emotional barriers against each other.29.An environmentalist is one concerned with the conservation of natural resources.30.They are fully confident that the 21st century will be characterized by development.31.The light went out and the entire hall sank into complete darkne.32.The Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking.33.The man and his friend were supportive of each other at that critical moment.34.My figuring was wrong because I overlooked one tiny point.35.As everyone was seated, the chairperson proceeded to announce her plan.36.I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit.37.We anticipate that we will meet a certain amount of resistance to our plan.38.One ingredient needed when making a cake is flour; another is sugar.39.Try to be diplomatic when you turn down her invitation.40.Our efforts should be directed towards/with great efficiency.41.Mother is against the idea, but I’m sure I can win her over.42.The working staff had some reservations about the truth of the claim.43.He tried to buy time by doing a lot of talking.44.This year the company hit the target to double their domestic sales.45.Some are reluctant to work because their living is ensured by social aistance.46.The bo encourages his employees to go all out for a prosperous busine.47.The days are lengthening as summer approaches.48.As she was waiting for the result to come out, her excitement was heightening.49.Before night fell, the setting sun reddened the clouds.50.Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was still living.51.In China we implement a system ensuring that people doing comparable jobs receive comparable rates of pay.52.Indonesians have traditionally favored large families and their religion, Islam, frowns on birth control.53.In order to protect the environment, people should remove all the tins, bottles, leftovers and other garbage after a picnic.
54.The education system in China is currently characterized by an emphasis on succe in exams.55.By itself, nature can keep the water recycling and provide us with an unchanging amount of water.56.Nature’s recycling system is in danger because much of the Earth is covered with paved and concrete surfaces.57.A foreigner’s first impreion of the U.S.is likely to be that everyone is in a rush—often under preure.58.We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices; we communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails.59.In some countries no major businees is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation.60.That telephone save the feet and endle amounts of time is partly due to the fact that the telephone service is superb here.61.Having studied busine at college and knowing two foreign languages, my secretary is perfectly competent for her job.62.There is an acute lack of water in the northern part of the country, because there have been no rain since last February.63.What one thinks and feels is, in the eyes of social scientists, mainly due to tradition, habit and education.64.To do the job of the sales representative, it is desirable that you know something about medicine as well as the market.65.The bank will lend you money on very favorable terms so long as you are able to pay the money back in good time.66.The quality of the water has greatly improved in this region and now the water coming directly from a tap is perfectly drinkable.67.In order to meet the demands of quality education, China should introduce more choice into the educational system.68.Since the beginning of this summer, Haier has waged a maive ad campaign to promote its air-conditioner sales.69.Emily knows that continuous letters from John, together with countle roses, are aimed at winning her heart.70.Psychologists have been studying the changes people experience when they leave rural areas and move into urban environments.71.Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree with it.72.In those days when he looked for a job, he strongly felt that there was a strong prejudice against men over forty-five.73.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr.Smith is now taking care of marketing and public relations.74.To make a man perfectly happy, tell him that he is brilliant, or noble, or wise, or good.75.A dialect is a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area by people belonging to a particular social cla.76.Sitting motionlely at his desk for quite a while, Robert
thought hard but could not come up with a solution to the problem.77.Most of them are not used to food and long for home; some find it difficult to observe the regulation about time.78.Online learning has marked a new departure in education; now the students have more resources to turn to.79.He has a good command of French and German, which enables him to work in these two countries succefully.80.The slightest carelene in handling the current crisis can result in a crash on the country’s stock market.81.In order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a new measure to raise income tax.82.An icy wind from the north had been blowing the whole night, so the temperature dropped below zero early this morning.83.Tension descended on these children when it was time for departure, since they didn’t know whether they could adapt to the new life.84.We must take everything into consideration before we make any decision, because a wrong decision could do infinite harm to us.85.We don’t agree with him because his argument is unrealistically idealistic and does more to harden the problem than to provide solutions.86.Prejudices are most difficult to remove from the heart whose soil has never been loosened by education.87.Many American gestures may have offending, embarraing, or at least confusing meanings in another culture.88.Martin Luther King, Jr.is awarded the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for advocating the nonviolence policy in the movement for civil rights.89.Though most of us would like to think ourselves free from such prejudiced opinions, we’re all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent.90.It is common sense that lightning usually accompanies thunder, but can you tell me whether we see lightning first or hear thunder first?
推荐第4篇：英译汉练习
英译汉练习（1）08011班李莹莹080114124
中国国家技术进口公司招标通告
编号：TCB 827010
中国国家技术进口总公司(以下简称“中技”)根据中华人民共和国对外经济关系与贸易部与日本海外经济合作基金会签订的京秦铁路、兖石铁路、大瑶山隧道以及石臼所港口四项建设工程贷款协议，被授权采用国际竞争方式对上述项目建设所需的信号设备、通讯设备、电力以及高空电力牵引线设备、电线电缆、水泵、施工设备、玻璃等进行采购。所有款项通过贷款方式实现。
本公司诚邀信誉良好经验丰富的制造商和（或）在合格货源国组建注册并由该国控股的贸易公司（涉及所有发展中国家，包括中国以及所有经济合作与发展组织OECD成员国）参与上述竞标活动。对此招标有兴趣的制造商和（或）贸易公司请于1983年1月20日前以函告拟供贷项目并向我公司提交预审材料。全部材料请以英文书写，一式三份。材料应涉及以下条例：
①参与竞标制造商和（或）贸易公司名称及所属国名称。
②参与竞标公司的历史简介。
③参与竞标公司的规章制度。
④竞标公司的组织结构、主要负责人及所属财团。
⑤竞标公司的实收资本，最近三年的年度贸易总额及净利润总额。
⑥竞标公司的绝信银行名称以及该银行所出具的资信证明。
⑦对竞标公司授权代理的相关信息以及制造商的授权书（若该竞标公司为代理）。
⑧制造商的相关信息以及其最近三年类似产品的生产和销售情况，参照清单、质量保证书。
⑨竞标公司对以上所提供物品的供贷能力及交货时间。
凡在前两轮招标中审查合格的竞标公司需提交补充材料。
若在此招标书刊登起一年内我们如需购买上述所列中任一项设备，我们将直接向本次资格预审合格者发信任询价并不再重新刊登招标通告。
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英译汉练习（1）08011班李莹莹080114124
中国国家技术进口总公司第七业务部
地址：中国北京市西郊区二里沟
电报地址：TECHIMPORT BEIJING
电传：22244 CNTIC CN
电话：890931-240，242
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推荐第5篇：英译汉技巧
要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
一、词义的选择和引伸技巧
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：
1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义
They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。（形容词）
He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词）
2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。
He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。
1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。
The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。
2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。
The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一级火箭升得更高，把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球运行的轨道。
3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。
Every life has its roses and thorns .每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
二、词类转译技巧
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然；对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。
1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way . 植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。（名词转译） As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。
2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我们居住的地球，形状象一个大球。（动词转译） The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。（形容词转换）
3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。
It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。（作表语的名词转译）
The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（副词转译）
4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。
When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有 可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。（名词转译）
三、汉译的增词技巧
英译汉时，按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词，使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容；但是，增加的并不是无中生有，而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词，这是英译汉中常用的 的技巧之一。增词技巧一般分作两种情况。
1、根据意义上或修辞上的需要，可增加下列七类词。Flowers bloom all over the yard .朵朵鲜花满院盛开。（增加表示名词复数的词）
After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly .在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他疲倦地回到了家里。（增加动词） He sank down with his face in his hands .他两手蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下去。（增加副词） I had known two great social systems .那是以前，他就经历过两大社会制度。（增加表达时态的词）
As for me ,I didn’t agree from the very beginning .我呢，从一开始就不赞成。（增加语气助词） The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets .本文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三方面的新成就。（增加概括词）
2、根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇。
Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man ;writing an exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确.(增补原文句子中所省略的动词) All bodies on the earth are known to poe weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物质都肯有重量。（增补被动句中泛指性的词）
四、正反、反正汉译技巧
正反、反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式，采用变换语气的办法处理词句，把肯定的译成否定的，把否定的译成肯定的。运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求，且不失原意。这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述。
1、肯定译否定
The above facts insist on the following conclusions .上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。
2、否定译肯定
She won’t go away until you promise to help her .她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走。
3、双否定译肯定
There can be no sunshine without shadow 有阳光就有阴影。
但是，如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时，则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。如He is not unequal to the duty .他并非不称职。
4、正反移位
I don’t think he will come .我认为他不会来了。
5、译为部分否定
Not all minerals come from mines .并非所有矿物都来自矿山。
Both of the substances do not diolve in water.不是两种物质都溶于水。
五、汉译的重复技巧
重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧。由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体；又由于英汉语言结构不同，重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同，大致可分为三种。
1、为了明确
I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词） Under ordinary conditions of preure ,water becomes ice at C and steam at 100C.在常压下，水在摄氏零度时变成冰，在摄氏一百度时变成蒸汽。（重复动词） A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的全局（重复谓语部分）
2、为了强调
He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.他在街头游来荡去，想了又想，盘算了又盘算。
3、为了生动
While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light .they are really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起来只是斑点点，或者是小片的光，但它们确实是巨大的天体。
六、倒译技巧
英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别，因此英译汉时作些调整，颠倒一下顺序，则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧，这种翻译技巧共分五种类型。
1、复合句倒译技巧。复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧。
This university 6 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic Computer ,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering.这所大学现在有电子计算机、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。（部分倒译）
Many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.虽然许多自然规律还没被发现，但是它们确实在自然界中存在。（完全倒译）
2、被动句倒译的技巧。被动句倒译时，有时可将被动句倒译成主动句，有时可将状语倒译成主语。
The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.虽然我们看不见原子结构，但能准确地描述它。（被动句倒译成主动句） Table tennis is played all over China .中国到处都打乒乓球。（状语倒译成主语）
3、以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧。能引起这种倒译的副词有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer .in no way ,not until ,not even ,only 等。
Never before have I read such an interesting book .我从来没有读过这样有趣的书。
4、带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧
These date will be of some value in our research work .这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值。
5、习语的倒译技巧。习语的倒译可分为按照汉语的固定顺序倒译和从轻重上加以区分进行倒译以及逆时间顺序进行倒译三种技巧。
For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated.黄河最后的六百英里，向东流过平坦肥沃、人口密集的华北平原。（按照汉语的固定顺序倒译）
Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。（以轻重上区分进行倒译）
We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand .我们必须眼疾手快。（逆时间顺序倒译）
七、句子成份的转译技巧
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，在具体英译汉时，有时往往需要转换一下句子成分，才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作为翻译的一种技巧，其内容和形式都比较丰富，运用范围也相当广泛，共包括五个方面的内容。
1、主语转译技巧，可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。（转译成定语）
To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.为了使火箭各级全部离开地面，需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。（转译成宾语） Machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.因为机械的缘故，工厂里出的产品比起以前来，价格便宜多了。（转译成状语）
2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。
Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight .雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。
3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。
Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.各种自动车床的作用基本相同，但形式不同
4、定语转译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。 Neutron has a ma slightly larger than that of proton.中子的质量略大于质子的质量。（转译成谓语）
Scientists in that county are now supplied with neceary books ,epuipment and aistant ,that will ensure succe in their scientific research.现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手，以保证科研工作的成功。（转译成状语）
5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句，把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。
These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white .红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。（时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句）
Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上没有东西，就什么也看不到。（地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句） Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持已见。（原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句）
八、分句、合句汉译技巧
英译汉时，由于两种语言的句子结构大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。采用分句、合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧。所谓分句，就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子；所谓合名，就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。运用这种分句、合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明，更合乎于汉语的表达习惯。分句流译的技巧共分五种类型，合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型。先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型。
1、主语分句汉译技巧。
A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had paed by already.一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天，回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。
2、谓语分句汉译技巧。
It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。
3、定语分句汉译技巧
He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两磅。
4、状语分句汉译技巧 Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkne and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。
5、同位语分句汉译技巧。
Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。
(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。
(2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.
在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
例2.For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考题)
分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一个比较结构, 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰to sit comfortably at home.
综合上述翻译方法，这个句子我们可以翻译为：
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如:
例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考题)
分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C.帮我们开动电冰箱; D.加热水; E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成:
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even poible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考题)
分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even poible to …结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A.可是现在人们意识到; B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就翻译为:
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
下面我们再列举几个实例:
例3.Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。
例4.This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
例5.It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man\'s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful poibilities of being a human being.
我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。
例6.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如:
例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D.最普遍的是跟氧结合; E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A.……变的越来越重要; B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:
因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
下面我们再举几个实例:
例3.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。 例4.They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progre as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。
例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the claic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。
例6.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。
例7.Insects would make it impoible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1.The number of the young people in the United States who can\'t read is incredible about one in four.
上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成:
没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。
这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为:
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endle series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考题)
分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为:
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
下面我们再举一个例子:
例3.All they have to do is pre a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discuions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考题)
他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。
例4.Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。
(4) 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1.People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helple as anybody else.
分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排:
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。
下面我们再举几个例子:
例2.Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。
例3.Taking his cue from Ibsen\'s A Doll\'s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband\'s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。
例4.Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, busine relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.
到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。
英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。而英译汉的过程则是 正确理解英语原文和创造性地用汉语再现英语原文的过程, 在英译汉的过程中, 有两点值得我们特别地注 意:
(1) 汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容, 即句子或文章的意义, 而不是句子结构;
(2) 在翻译过程中, 英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。
因此,在做英译 汉的题目时, 汉语所表达的意义应与原文保持一致, 而汉语的句子结构只是为这一表达服务, 而不应拘泥 于原文。另外, 应付英译汉考试和一般的从事翻译创作不同, 因为各自有不同的衡量标准, 翻译创作的标 准为“信、达、雅”, 而英译汉考试则只要做到“忠实、通顺”即可。要做到忠实原文,就应该掌握好适 度原则, 即要把原文的内容准确完整地表达出来, 既不能改变和歪曲, 也不能增加或删减。例如, He is seriously ill.这本来是一个极为简单的句子, 可将其翻译为“他病得历害”或“他病得很重 ”, 但有人为了追求译文所谓的“漂亮”, 把它译成“他苟延残喘”, 这就给译文增加了 一定的感情色彩, 违背了忠实的原则, 反而得不偿失。要做到通顺, 就必须把英语原文翻译成合乎汉语规 范的汉语, 译文必须是明白通畅的现代汉语, 即不能逐字逐词的死译, 也不能生吞活剥。例如, His addi tion completed the list.有人将该句翻译成“他的加入结束了名单”或“他的加入完成了名单 ”, 这样的翻译尽管可以使读者能勉强看懂, 但总使人有别扭之感, 根本不象是地道的汉语, 根本 就不符合汉语的表达习惯, 关于上句, 我们不妨把它翻译为“把他添上, 名单(上的人)就全了”, 这样采取灵活的方法, 没有生硬地套用原文的结构, 就使得译文合乎汉语的习惯, 使人容易看懂, 读起 来也顺口多了。 英译汉的过程包括理解, 分析句架表达和校核三个阶段, 理解是表达的前提, 若不能正确地理解原文就谈不上确切的表达, 但理解与表达通常是互相联系, 往返反复的过程, 在进行汉语表达的时候, 又可以进一步加深对原文的理解, 因此, 在英译汉的过程中, 往往需要考生从英语到汉语, 再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。
一、理 解
理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文, 弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文, 建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤:
(1) 通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系, 特别要弄清代词it, they, them, this, that, these, those other所指代的词或词组。这些词和词组有时在划线的部分就能找到，有时则要到前面有关的句子中去找，这样的例子在今年的试题中是很多的。如: 92年的英译汉考题第一小题的英文为: There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or claify them.在该句子中有the term一词, 那么它指代的是什么呢? 只有通过阅读上下文才能搞清楚, 而有的考生只是单纯地把它翻译为“这一术语”, 但是,在标准答案中, 该词被翻译成“智力”, 因为通过上下文我们很容易地看出它指的是“智力”这一术语。再比如在93年的考题中的英译汉部分的第二题的句子为“It is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.” 在这个句子中， the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latter等的含义都是在把握全文的基础之上才能掌握的，也只有这样我们才能做出正确的翻译。目前市场上的一些复习指导书主张考生不用通读全文，我们认为这是很不可取的，因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语，往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章, 其前后的意思都互相关联, 具有很强的逻辑性, 一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来, 这就是为什么我们有时看完一本书或一篇文章之后才对上文中的某个难以理解的地方“恍然大悟”。因此,上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分, 通读全文是很重要的。但是, 在通读全文的过程中应该注意，对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多，对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意，只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分, 只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。
(2) 分析划线部分的句子结构。中国的英语学习者往往具有非常好的英语语法知识，在做翻译试题时也应充分发挥和利用这一优势。从近年来的研究生入学试题来看，划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。例如, 1994年的第二小题, “In short, a leader of the new school contends, ”the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.像这样复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构, 很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。在分析划线的部分的句子结构时，我们要注意首先把句子的主语、谓语和宾语找出来，这样句子的骨干结构也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干结构时还应该注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等，在此我们再次提醒考生注意，正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键，如果连句子结构还没有搞清楚，就匆忙地动笔翻译，肯定是不会有好的结果的，在往届的考生中，这样的教训屡见不鲜。下面我们以1996年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题的第72题来说明句子结构的分析方法：
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这是一个简单句，句子的骨干结构为This trend began during the Second World War, when…, when是一个关系副词，在这个句子中引导了一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的名词the Second World War。而在when引导的定语从句中，主句是several governments came to the conclusion …, that引导了一个同位语从句，做conclusion的同位语。在这个同位语从句中，主句是the specific demands… cannot generally be foreseen…, that是关系代词引导了一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词demands。这样通过我们进行详细的分析，在搞清楚句子的具体结构之后，在动笔翻译也就简单多了。也只有划清句架结构，我们才能知道如何翻译。例如上句中如果我们把when作为状语从句，译成“当……时候”就要被扣掉0??5分。如果把demand当成动词，也要扣0??5分。
(3) 理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义, 还要理解全句的整体意义。 理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外, 还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题: A.句子中是否 含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词, 如果有, 应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么; B.句子中的短语和一些常 用的词往往具有多种含义和用法, 那么, 在该句中它们的具体含义是什么; C.按照你的理解, 该部分的意义是否与 全篇文章的内容一致, 有无相互矛盾。总之, 在动手翻译之前, 首先要读懂原文, 不要一上来就急于动手翻译, 这 样做往往会出现一种情况: 该题快要翻译完了, 猛然又发现自己理解有误,马上就急忙修改, 搞的卷面上一塌糊涂, 而且很容易忙中出错, 把本应拿到的分数丢掉了, 这是非常令人可惜的。例如，某年的英译汉试题中有这样一句要 求翻译的句子: The capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of acce, methods of extraction, and techniques of proceing.一位考生把它翻译成“使用原料的能力取决于各种各样 的因素, 例如,接近的方法, 提取的方法和加工技术。” 很显然, 这为考生并未完全理解这句话的意思, 原文列出 的三个因素, 是指获得某种原材料的三个过程, 即探矿、开采和冶炼, 因此, ”means of acce”, “methods of extraction” 和“techniques of proceing” 应该分别译为“钻探手段”、“开采方法”和“冶炼技术”, 那么, 整个句子就可翻译为“利用一种原材料能力的大小取决于各种各样的因素, 比如,钻探手段、开采方法和 冶炼技术。”
二、表 达
表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来, 表达的好坏取决与译者对于英语原文的理解程度以及汉语的修养水平。理解是表达的基础， 表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，许多考生反映，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点， 因为在表达上还存在许多具体的方法和技巧。关于这些方法和技巧我们将在后面详细论述, 在此我们只是介绍两中基本的翻译方法: 直译和意译。
(1) 直译。所谓直译, 就是在译文语言条件许可时, 在译文中既保持原文的内容, 又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中, 完全可以采取直译的方法, 这样可以获得一举两得之功效, 既保持了原文的结构, 又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译,象“It is aerted that …;It is believed that …”这一类的结构, 如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。
(2) 意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系, 两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时, 就应采用意译法, 意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式, 重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如:“Do you see any green in my eye?” 象这样的句子, 只能采取意译的方法, 把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗?” 当然, 意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。
在具体的翻译过程中, 我们应该采取灵活的方法, 不论是直译还是意译, 只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则, 都是可取的。在这里我们建议考生对结构比较复杂的句子可以先采取直译的方法，然后再对直译得出得结果进行加工润色，在保持原来句子意义的基础上，根据汉语的表达习惯，用既符合原文的意义又符合汉语表达习惯的句子表达出来。例如，我们在上面分析的1996年考题中的第72题我们可以首先直译为：
这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战，当时一些政府得出这样的结论，政府希望对科研部门所提出的特定的要求，总的来说还不能非常具体的预见到。
然后，我们对上述译文进行加工润色，就可以得出下面的结果：
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战，当时一些国家的政府得出结论，政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法预见的。
在翻译的过程中, 我们务必注意以下几点:
(1) 理解透彻之后再动手表达, 否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙;
(2) 切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座, 逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类;
(3) 切忌擅自增减词意, 增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。
三、校 核
校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化, 是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段, 因此, 校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段, 并不是可有可无的, 通过表达之后的校核, 我们可以发现译文的一些问题, 确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。 在校核阶段, 一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题:
(1) 人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等;
(2) 汉语译文的词与句有无错漏; (3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇;
(4) 有无错别字;
(5) 标点符号是否有误。
推荐第6篇：公司简介(英译汉)
翻译实践（英译汉）
Brief Introduction to Sony (China) Co.L td
Set up in October, 1996 in Beijing, Sony (China) Co.Ltd.is a wholly foreign owned subsidiary that manages and coordinates Sony’s activities in the Chinese market.The products Sony sells in China to name a few are: plasma/liquid crystal color television, the digital cameras, the notebook computers, the family theater system, DVD players, data projection cameras, Memory Sticks and so on.At present Sony has general aet of 5 billion US dollars in China’s electronic industry, the total investment has surpaed 800,000,000 US dollars, including six factories.Sony employs about 10,000 staff in China.The CEO of Sony Group once pledged to the board of directors that the developing Chinese market would be regarded as the most important one in the future, and hoped that China would become the growth engine in the East Asian service region and surpa the Japanese market to become inferior only to the US market.
索尼中国分公司的简要介绍
1996年10月索尼（中国）有限公司在北京成立，这是一家独资子公司，主要是管理和协调索尼在中国市场的活动。索尼在中国销售的产品名称数有：等离子/液晶彩色电视，数码相机，笔记本电脑，家庭影院系统，影碟机，数据投影相机，记忆棒等。到目前为止，索尼公司总资产有5000000000美元，在中国电子行业的总投资已超过800000000美元，包括六个工厂。同时索尼在中国拥有约10000个员工。索尼集团的首席执行官曾承诺董事局，中国市场的开发将被视为最重要的一部分，并希望中国将快速增长，服务于东亚地区和超越日本市场成为仅次于美国市场。
推荐第7篇：英语英译汉
英译汉
Could you show me the way to the train station? 你可以告诉我去火车站的路吗？
Do you know where the post office is? 你知道邮局在哪儿吗？
Could you tell me how to get to the bank? 你可以告诉我如何去银行吗？
Could you tell me how to go to your university? 请你告诉我如何去你的大学，可以吗？
When I was young, I liked singing and dancing.年轻时，我喜欢唱歌跳舞。
The question is too difficult to answer.这个问题太难回答。
I haven\'t enough money for the coat.我的钱不够买这件上衣。
David will get a birthday gift from his sister.戴维将从他的姐姐那里得到一份生日礼物。
Please give me your homework before leaving.请在离开前将你的作业交给我。
What is the color of your new computer? 你的新电脑是什么颜色？
What did you do last week? 上星期你干什么了？
What a beautiful T-shirt you have! 你的T恤衫真漂亮！
My watch is five minutes fast.我的表快了五分钟。
We must arrive there on time.我们必须准时到那儿。
Can you finish your work in time? 你能及时完成工作吗？
I lost my keys on my way to work.在去上班的路上，我的钥匙丢了。
When did you get up yesterday morning? 你昨天早上几点起的床？
I had lunch with a friend of mine.我和我的一个朋友一块吃了午饭。
I finished my work at 6 pm.下午6点我干完了活。
I didn\'t sleep well.我没睡好。
I\'m sorry to hear that.听到这消息我很遗憾。
I heard she got married last week.我听说她上星期结婚了。
I take a walk in the early morning every day.我每天一大早出去散步。
We have known each other for 6 years.我们认识有六年了。
I watched TV all night yesterday.我昨天看了一夜电视。
The movie began when we got there.我们一到那儿电影就开演了。
When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
我到车站时，火车已经开了。
He knew the time of the meeting.他知道开会时间。
How long has she lived there? 她在那儿住多久了？
Where did you go for dinner yesterday? 你们昨天去哪儿吃饭了？
When will he come to see you? 他什么时候会来看你？
Our teacher always encourages us to speak English bravely.
我们的老师总是鼓励我们大胆讲英语。
You must always remember not to cheat in exams.你们必须记住永远都不要在考试时作弊。
This pair of shoes cost me 260 yuan.这双鞋花了我260元钱。
How long will it take us to get there? 我们到那儿要用多长时间？
I\'m now a distance education student.我现在是一名远程教育学员。
The little boy wanted to exchange his toy car for my cake.
这个小男孩想用他的玩具小汽车换我的蛋糕。
These five boys failed in their English exam last term.
这五个男同学上学期的英语考试没过。
One can never succeed without enough confidence in himself.
一个人如果对自己没有足够的信心就不可能成功。
The price of gasoline will come down in Chinese market.
中国市场上的汽油价将会下降。
Don\'t you think smoking is harmful to your health?
你不认为抽烟对你的身体有害吗？
I have no interest in what they say about me.我对别人怎么说我不感兴趣。
I don\'t know who broke the window.我不知道谁打破了窗户。
It is known to all that exercises are good for health.
众所周知，锻炼有益于健康。
Not all Americans are interested in sports, of course.
当然， 并非所有美国人都对运动感兴趣。
I think the picture shows us how fruit is neceary to life.
我想这幅图是告诉我们水果对生活是不可缺的。
Does the computer have instructions on it? 电脑上面有使用说明吗？
You can buy water inside.你可以在里面买水喝。
I think everyone knows how to swim.我想每个人都知道如何游泳。
I\'ll have to try using the search engines.我得试着用这个搜索引擎。
Did you get that E-mail from me? 你收到我发的那封电子邮件了吗?
Wang Li\'s father has taught English here since he
has graduated from Peking University.王丽的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。 Please give this book to whoever comes first.请把这本书给最先来的人。
Though it was late, they kept on working. 尽管已经很晚了，他们还在继续工作。
Bill hit his car into a wall last night.昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。
Would you please help me with this heavy box? 你能帮我抬一下这个很沉的箱子吗？
Apples here like water and sunshine.这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。
Fred was such a hardworking student that he soon
came out first in the cla.弗瑞德是一个学习十分用功的学生，以至于不久他
就成了班里学习最好的学生。
Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years.泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五 年了。
You needn\'t go there anymore.He already knows about it.
你不必去了，他已经知道那件事了。
As is known to all, China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
A friend of mine from high school is working in England now.我的一个高中同学现在正在英格 兰工作。
After I get home, I\'ll call you.
到家以后，我会给你打电话。
Air is all around us.空气无处不在。
Americans usually eat three meals a day.美国人通常一天吃三顿饭。
Beijing Olympic Games can make Chinese people work harder。 北京奥运会能让中国人工作更努力。
Call me tomorrow if you have time.你明天如果有空给我电话。
Could you tell me how to get to the bank/your university?
你能告诉我去银行/你的大学怎么走吗？
Do you feel better now? 你现在感觉好些了吗？
Do you like traveling? 你喜欢旅游吗？
Do you think students should do a part-time job? 你认为学生应该去做兼职吗？
Don\'t tell me what to do! 别对我指手画脚！
He can run as fast as Jim.他和吉姆跑得一样快。
He had a traffic accident last week.上周他发生了车祸。
He has a foreign friend who lives in America.他有个住在美国的外国朋友。
He has sympathy for all poor people.他对所有的穷人有一颗怜悯之心。
He is a worldwide famous scientist.他是世界闻名的科学家。
He is sweating all over.他汗流浃背。
He offered to help us with our work.他在工作上给与我们帮助。 3
He translated the famous novel into English.他把著名的小说翻译成英文。
How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎么样？
How long do you watch TV every day? 你每天看多久电视？
How wide is this street? 这条街有多宽？
How will you spend the evening? 你今晚打算怎么过？
I buy some food on my way home.我在回家的路上买了些食物。
I don\'t feel very well.我感觉不太好。
I found $10 on the street.我在路上捡到10美元。
I get to my office at 10:30.我10点半到办公室。
I got married ten years ago./My parents were married in 1954.我十年前结婚了。/我父母是1954年结婚的。
I gue he is ill. 我想他生病了。
I have a pain in my back. 我背痛。
I hope you\'ll be well soon. 希望你早日康复。 I slept soundly all night. 我整夜睡得很熟。
I think you\'re wrong. 我觉得你错了。
I\'ll phone you again when I get home. 我回到家会再打你电话的。
I\'ll stay at home and watch TV. 我要待在家里，看电视。
I\'ll tell you what to do next. 我会告诉你下一步要怎么做。
I\'ll tell you when to stop working.我会告诉你什么时候停止工作。
I\'m going to buy a monthly ticket tomorrow.
明天我会去买一张月票。
I\'m having a headache now. 我现在头痛。
I\'m not an English major student.我不是英语专业的学生。
I\'m very much eager to improve my oral English. 我非常急迫地想提高我的英语口语。
It is a fine spring day. 一个美好的春天。
It is not neceary to do this work. 这个工作不是非做不可。
It rained every day while I was in Shanghai. 我在上海的时候每天都在下雨。
I\'ve changed my mind. 我已经改变了我的想法。
Let\'s go dancing tonight. 我们今天晚上去跳舞吧。
May I have a look at the watch/your pictures? 我可以看下你的表/照片吗？
On that flight were a mother and her four-year-old
son, whose name was Jeffrey. 那个航班上有一个母亲和她叫杰弗瑞的四岁的儿子。
People all over the world are trying to help the
people in Sichuan. 全世界的人都在努力帮助四川人民。
Please give me a gla of beer. 请给我一杯啤酒。
Please tell me where I can find these books. 请告诉我哪里能找到这些书。
She was late for work again. 她工作又迟到了。
She\'s free on Friday and Saturday. 她周五和周六有空。
Students can study by themselves through school network.学生能通过校园网自助学习。
The doctor told me to have more water. 医生告诉我要多喝水。
The school management must be improved.学校的管理必须改进。
They are ordinary people, but did a great job.他们是普通人，但是做了不平凡的工作。
They seem to have more activities at night than in the day.
他们好像晚上的活动比白天多。
This custom has a long tradition. 这个习俗有着悠久传统。
Trees need water to grow. 树木生长需要水。
We should encourage him to have confidence in himself.我们应该鼓励他要自信。
Who can help me clean the room? 谁能帮我打扫房间？
Why not go out for a walk? 出去走走怎么样？
Would you like some mineral water? 你想来点矿泉水吗？
Would you please open the door for me? 能帮我开门吗？
You don\'t need to buy that. 你不需要买这个。
You should stop smoking.You shouldn\'t smoke too much.你应该戒烟。你抽烟抽太多了。
Though it was late.They kept on working. 尽管已经很晚了，他们还在继续工作。
Bill hit his car into a wall last night. 昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。
Would you please help me with this heavy box? 你能帮我抬一下这个很沉的箱子吗？
Apples here like water and sunshine. 这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。
A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used.
那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。
In Foreign Languages Department, a checking machine
is used to correct the students\' est papers.
外语教研部用阅卷机给学生批卷。
The students are encouraged by their teacher to do
more listening, reading and writing. 老师鼓励学生多听，多读，多写。
The plan has been over fulfilled by now.目前，已经超额完成计划。
The most common samples of inorganic materials are
the gases of the atmosphere, water, rocks, etc.
大气中的气体、水、岩石都是无机物中最普通的实例。
There is a large amount of energy wasted due to
friction.
由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。
This place has plentiful material resources.
这个地方的物质资源是丰富的。
Various substances differ widely in their magnetic
characteristics.
各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。
Transistors are small in size and light in weight.
晶体管的体积小，重量轻。
John and his brother differ in personality even if
their differences in age are not significant. 尽管约翰和他哥哥在年纪上相差不大，但他们个性
却不相同。
The more paions we have, the more happine we are
likely to experience.
我们的激情越多，我们有可能体验到的快乐就越多。
Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.
历史每重演一次，代价就增加。
In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.
在这个物质财富充裕的时代，我们感到精神上的饥渴。
If you decided to learn a new language, you would
have to dedicate yourself wholeheartedly to the
cause.
如果你决定学一门新的语言，你必须全身心地投入。
Karsh was praised as a master portraitist, often
working in black and white, influenced by great
painters of the past.
卡什被人们誉为人像大师，由于受到历史上一些著
名画家的影响，他在拍摄中经常运用黑白摄影。
In no other country in the world can you find such
plants as this one.
像这种植物在世界上的其他任何一个国家中都找不到。
I was having a nap when suddenly the telephone rang.
我在睡觉时，电话铃声突然响了。
All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的东西，未必都是金子。
He told me that he had lived in America for ten years
before he came to China.
他告诉我, 在来中国前他在美国已生活十年了。
All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事总是由难而易。
Tom has taught English here since he graduated from
Oxford University.
汤姆从牛津大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。
Visitors who come here like the beach and sunshine.
来这里的游客喜欢沙滩和阳光。
Please give this ticket to whoever comes first.
请把这张票给最先来的人。
The higher the temperature of a body, the quicker
the motion of its molecules.
物体的温度越高，其分子的运动就越快。
Whether they will hold a meeting has not been decided.要不要开会还没有决定。
The child talks as if he were a man.那孩子说起话来就好像是个大人似的。
Never before in her life has Helen seen such
beautiful and precious jewelry.海伦一生中从未见过如此漂亮和珍贵的珠宝。
The bridge being built will be completed in May.
正在修建的那座桥将于5月完工。
Mary was such a hardworking student that she soon
came out first in the cla.
玛丽是一个学习十分用功的学生，不久她就成了班
里学习最好的学生。
Everything considered, their plan is still workable.
所有因素都考虑到，他们的计划仍是可行的。
Everyone enjoys being praised instead of criticized.
每个人都喜欢被表扬而不是受到批评。
Peter was too young to understand all that.
皮特太年轻, 无法明白这一切。
I got a decayed tooth pulled off yesterday.
我昨天把一颗蛀牙拔了。
If you invest all your money in one hotel, you\'ll
have all your eggs in one basket.
要是你把所有的钱都投资在一个宾馆里，你就是在
孤注一掷。
We are very grateful to you for what you have done
for us all these years.
我们非常感谢这些年来你为我们所做的一切。
He has made it clear that he has nothing to do with her.
他已经表明了他与她无关。
Had the car gone over the cliff, they would have been
killed.如果汽车当时翻到悬崖下, 他们早就丧命了。 5
With winter coming on, it\'s time to buy warm clothes.
小男孩找不到了，他的父母对他的安全忧心忡忡。
If you travel by ship acro the Pacific Ocean, you
cro the International line.
如果你坐船穿过太平洋，那你就穿过了国际线。
People always hate mice, but one mouse won the
people’s heart of the whole world.
人们总是痛恨老鼠，但是有一只老鼠却赢得了全世
界人民的心。
What do you think about ….?
你觉得……怎么样？
Great wall is so wide for six horses to go side by
side.
长城宽得足够六匹马肩并肩地走。
Five days is too long for me to wait.Do you want
to wait?
五天的等待对我来说太久了，你想等吗？
Don’t trust him no matter what he says.
不管他说什么都别相信他。
Would you like some coffee? There’s still a little
left.
你想要一些咖啡吗？还有一点剩下。
We admire him although he makes a lot of mistakes;
after all he is a great man.
尽管他犯了很多错误我们还是很敬佩他，毕竟他是
一个伟人。
….three times as much here…
……三倍多
A dolphin is always well-known as a clever and
friendly animal.
海豚以聪明和友好的动物闻名。
He was satisfied with his new car, and drove to work
the very next day.
他很满意他的新车，第二天就开去上班了。
You are free to go or stay.
你可以自由地选择走或留。
Fires may do more damage than the earthquake.
火灾比地震更有破坏力。
When she left school, she went first to Britain.
她毕业以后首先去了英国。
The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to
our health.
污染了的空气对我们的健康变得毒害和危险。
Who’s going to answer the door?
谁去开门？
Some people find it difficult to ask for help.
有些人觉得请求帮助很困难。
Jim was intelligent, but he hated hard work.
吉姆很聪明，但是不喜欢努力工作。
My clamate is cleverer than I.
我的同学比我聪明。
I think she’ll change the mind tomorrow.
我认为她明天会改变她的想法。
You’d better do that again.
你最好再做一次。
Some of the pictures were shown in an art museum in
Shanghai when she was 4 years old.
当她四岁时，在上海的一个艺术博物馆展出了一些画。
I’m thinking about a visit to Paris. 我在考虑去趟巴黎。
He didn’t need to attend the meeting.他不需要参加会议。
I’m busy studying for my exams. 我正忙着复习考试。
The teacher came earlier than expected. 老师比预计提前到了。
Have you seen Tom recently? 你最近见过汤姆吗？
If you take vitamins, you will have more energy. 如果你服用维生素，精力会更足些。
Air pollution is more serious than water pollution. 空气污染比水污染更严重。
He prefers coffee to tea. 咖啡和茶相比，他更喜欢咖啡。
He is one of the greatest writers in the world. 他是世界上最好的作家之一。
They were sitting in the park, playing cards. 他们坐在公园里玩扑克牌。
I hope we can have some snow this winter. 我希望这个冬天能下点雪。
How long will you be staying in China? 你在中国呆多久？
Inside, this large plane looks more like a high
building than a plane. 从里面看，这架大飞机更像一幢高楼而不像一架飞机。
He wanted to help all the wounded people no matter which side they were fighting for. 他想帮助所有的伤员，无论他们是为哪一方而战。
The farmer didn’t spend much time working on his farm.
这位农民没有花很多的时间在他的农场工作。
Would you mind closing the window for me? 你可以帮我关下窗户吗？
Who is the girl in white shirt? 穿白衬衣的女孩是谁？
He shows a great interest in learning English. 他对英语学习表现出极大的兴趣。
It is no good hoping to read all these books. 要把所有书都读完是不可能的。
I slept soundly all night. 我整夜睡得很熟。
I met one of my old friends on my way home yesterday evening. 昨晚在回家路上我遇到了我的一位老朋友.
I picked up the bag to protect my face from the smoke
and heat.我捡起包捂在脸上挡住烟和热.
Mark couldn’t come to the party because he had to
work. 马克因为不得不工作,不能来参加我们的晚会.6
We cannot tell when an earthquake is coming.我们不能断定地震什么时候发生。
The friend saw everything but did not say a single
word. 朋友目睹一切,却只字不提。 Each year some of his money is given to the best
scientists and writers of the world. 每年，他拿出一部分钱给世界上最优秀的科学家和 作家。
I hurried to my office. 我匆忙赶到了办公室。
In fact, he did not even own a bed. 事实上，他连张床都没有。
He called the doctor and made sure they would meet
at five.
他打电话和医生确认他们将在五点见面。
I got there by plane late at night. 我深夜才坐飞机到那儿。
I’m looking forward to your visit to China. 我期待你的中国之旅。
This box can hold more books than one. 这个箱子不止装一本书。
Please give me your advice. 请你给我建议。
I am writing this letter to complain about the
service in your hotel. 我正在写信投诉你们宾馆的服务。
You and your team can discover the answer to
problems together. 你和你的团队可以共同探索问题的答案。
Smoking can seriously harm your health. 吸烟对你的健康危害很大。
Fewer high school students are smoking now than a
few years ago. 相比若干年前，现在吸烟的高中生少了。
I hope you will change your mind tomorrow.
我希望明天你能改变你的想法。
Do you go swimming every day? 你每天都去游泳吗？
Busine succe depends on hard work. 事业上的成功依靠努力。
Good health is an eential part of good life. 身体健康是幸福生活的必要前提。
How much does a parrot like this cost? 这只鹦鹉多少钱？
Eastern culture is different from western. 东西文化存在差异。
I feel lonely without you. 没有你，我感到孤单。
He looks much older than his age. 他比实际年龄看上去老得多。
Young persons under 25 make up half of the American
population. 25岁以下的年轻人占到美国人口的一半以上。
I play football with my clamates. 我和我的同学们踢球。
From the East coast to the West it is about 3,000
miles wide. 东西宽度约为3000英里。
I’ve lost interest in my work. 我已经对我的工作失去了兴趣。
I got to the library by bus. 我坐公车去图书馆。
I feel satisfied with my life. 我对我的生活感到满意。
Could you give me a cup of coffee, please? 请你给我一杯咖啡好吗？
Are you fond of music? 你喜欢音乐吗？
I want to get back home by five o’clock if it is poible. 如果可能的话，我想5点钟回家。
How are you doing these days? 你最近怎么样？
There are 45 students in each cla of the school. 学校每个班级有45个学生。
推荐第8篇：销售合同英译汉
销售合同英译汉
This Sales Contract is made by and between the Sellers and the Buyers whereby the Sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the under—mentioned goods according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: 本销售合同由卖方和买方之间,卖方同意出售,买方同意购买下述货品根据如下条款: Name of the commodity, Specifications, Packing term
商品的名称、规格、包装术语
唛头： Shipping Mark
To be designated by the Sellers / At the Sellers’ option or N/M
由卖方设计或者没有唛头
保险条款：Insurance
在FOB, CFR 合同下，保险条款可订为：
To be covered by the Buyer.
在CIF 合同下，保险条款可订为：
Insurance to be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against W.P.A / All Risks / War Risk including shortage in weight as per and subject to the Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China dated Jan.1, 1981.If other coverage or an additional insurance is required, the Buyers must have the consent of the Sellers before shipment, and the additional premium is to be borne by the Buyers.
保险保险由卖方按发票金额的110%投保水渍险/一切险/战争风险,包括重量短缺按并受海洋运输货物保险条款中国人民保险公司承保的日期为1981年1月1日。如买方欲增加其他险别或超过上述保额时须于装船前征得卖方的同意，所增加的保险费由买方承担。
装运条款：Shipment
Time of Shipment: during Feb./Mar.2005 in two equal monthly lots
装运时间:在2005年2月或者三月这两个月内
Port of loading / shipment: 装货港/装运:
Port of destination: London.Tranhipment at Hong Kong allowed.
目的港:伦敦。允许在香港转船。
The carrying veel shall be provided by the sellers.Partial shipment and tranhipment are allowed.After loading is completed, the seller shall notify the buyers by cable of the contract number, name of commodity, name of the carrying veel and date of shipment.
载运船只由卖方应提供。允许分批和转船。装运完成后,卖方应以电报通知买方合同号、商品名称、名称运载船只和货物的装运日期。
付款条件： Terms of Payment
The Buyers shall open with a bank acceptable to the Sellers an Irrevocable Sight Letter of Credit to reach the Sellers 30 days before the month of shipment, valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the month of shipment.(Export)
买方应开立以卖方所接受的银行不可撤销即期信用证于装运月份前30天送达达卖方,在中国议付有效期至装运月份后第15天。(出口)
By Irrevocable Letter of Credit for 90% the total invoice value of the goods to be shipped, in favor of the Sellers, payable at the iuing bank against the Sellers’ draft at sight accompanied by the shipping documents stipulated in the Credit.The balance of 10% of the proceeds is to be paid only after the goods have been inspected and approved at the port of destination.(Import)以发票金额90%对待运的货物对卖方有利的不可撤销信用证，开证行支付在卖方即期装运单据规定下的信贷。 10％的收益的平衡，在货物抵达目的港检查核准完才能支付。 （进口）
By confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Sellers payable at sight against Presentation of shipping documents in China, with partial shipments and tranhipment allowed.The covering Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers 15 days before the contracted month of shipment and remain valid in the above loading port until the 15th day after shipment, or the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the contract without further notice and to claim against the Buyers for any lo resulting there from.
在中国，以卖方为受益人，保兑的、不可撤消的信用即期装运单据,允许分批和转船。该信用证必须在装运月份的前15天送达卖方，必须在装运港直到装船后15天保持有效,或没有另行通知,卖方有权取消合同,并控告买方由此产生的任何损失
To be effected by documentary draft under D / A terms.
在承兑交单下生效
Payment shall be made by documentary draft to be payable under D / P terms.
付款条件应在D / P条件下制成可支付跟单汇票
- 1 -
交货条件：DeliveryTerms
Certificates of Quality, Quantity, Weight and Origin are required.The Buyers have the right to have the goods re—inspected by the Guangzhou Entry—Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People’s Republic of China at the port for discharge.The relevant Inspection Certificates may serve as the basis of any claim to be lodged by the Buyers against the Sellers.
品质、数量、重量和原产地证书是必需的。买方有权在广州出入境检验检疫局中华人民共和国卸货港对货物再检查。相关的检验证书可以作为买家对卖家任何索赔的基础。
检验条款：Commodity Inspection
It is mutually agreed that he Certificate of Quality and Weight iued by-(e.g.: China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau) / surveyor at the port of shipment shall be (taken as the basis of delivery.) / part of the documents to be presented for negotiation under the relevant weight of the cargo.The re—inspection fee shall be borne by the Buyer.The claim with the cargo, if any, shall be lodged to the Seller within -------days after arrival of the cargo at the port of destination.
双方同意以装运港（eg：中国出入境检验检疫局/检验机构）签发的品质和重量检验证书作为（交货依据/有关信用证项下议付所提交的单据的之一）。买方有权对货物的品质和重量进行复检。复检费由买方承担。买方对于装运货物的任何索赔，应于货物到达目的港后——天内向提出。
索赔条款：Discrepancy and Claim
Any claim by the Buyers regarding the cargo shall be supported by survey report iued by a surveyor approved by the Seller and lodged within 45 days after the arrival of the cargo at the port of destination.The Seller will not consider claims in respect of matters within responsibility of insurance company or shipping company.
买方对于货物的任何索赔，必须提供经卖方同意的公证机构出具的公证报告，并于货物抵达目的港后45天内向卖方提出。属于保险公司或轮船公司责任范围内的索赔，卖方不予受理。
Should the Seller fail to make delivery on time, the buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on the condition that the Seller agrees of pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank at the time of payment.The rate of penalty is charged at 0.5% of the total value of the cargo whose delivery has been delayed for every week, odd days le than a week should be counted as a week.But the total amount of penalty shall not exceed 5% of the total value of the cargo involved in the late delivery.In case the Seller fail to make delivery 10 weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated on the contract, the Buyer shall have the right to cancel the contract and the Seller shall still pay the aforesaid penalty to the Buyer without delay.
如果卖方不能按合同规定的时间（如期）交货，在卖方同意由付款行从议付货款中扣除罚金的条件下，买方可同意延期交货。罚款可由付款银行在付款时扣除。罚金按照每一周收取延期交货部分金额的0.5％，不足一周按一周计算。如卖方未按合同规定的装运期交货，延期10周后，买方有权撤销合同，并要求卖方支付上述延期交货罚金。
Quality / Quantity Discrepancy and Claim:
In case the quality and/or quantity / weight are found the Buyers to be not in conformity with the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyers may lodge claim with the Sellers supported by survey report iued by an inspection organization agreed upon by both parties, with the exception, however, of those claims for which the insurance company and/or the shipping company are to be held responsible.Claim for quality discrepancy should be filed by the Buyers within 30 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, while for quantity/weight discrepancy claim should be filed by the Buyers within 15days after arrival of the goods at port of destination.The Sellers shall, within 30 days after receipt of the notification of the claim, and reply to the Buyers.
品质、数量异议索赔条款：货到目的港后，买方如发现货物品质（及/或数量/重量）与合同不符，除属于保险公司及/或船公司的责任外，买方可以凭双方同意的检验机构出具的检验证书向卖方提出异议，品质异议须于货到目港之日起30天内提出，数量/重量异议须于货到目港之日起15天内提出。卖方应于收到异议通知书后30天内答复买方。
索赔期限：Validity of Claim
The Buyers have the right to lodge claims for all loes sustained within 60 days after discharge of the goods at the port of destination.
货到目的港，卸货后 60 天内买方有权向卖方提出索赔。
不可抗力条款：Force Majeure
The Seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery o r non-delivery of the goods due to flood, fire, earthquake, snowstorm, drought, hailstorm, hurricane, or other events that are beyond the control of the Seller.But the Seller shall notify the Buyer by cable as soon as poible and give the Buyer a certificate by6 registered mail iued by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade or other competent authorities.
由于水灾、火灾、地震、暴风雨、干旱、冰雹、飓风或其他任何卖方无法控制的事故，使卖方不能在本合同规定期限内交货或不能交货，卖方不负责任。但卖方需立即以电报通知买方并于事故发生后15天之内以挂号信向买方提供由中国国际贸易促进委员会或有关机构出具的事故证明。
If shipment of the contracted goods is prevented o r delayed in whole o r in part due to Force Majeure, the Sellers shall not be liable for non-shipment or late shipment of the goods under this Contract.However, the seller shall notify the Buyers by fax or telex and furnish the latter within 15 days by registered airmail with a certificate iued by the competent authorities at the place of occurrence attesting such event or events.
如由于不可抗力的原因，致使卖方不能全部或部分装运或延迟装运合同货物时，卖方对于这种情况下不能装运或延迟装运不负有责任。然而，卖方须以传真或电传方式通知买方，并须在15天内，以航空挂号信件向买方提交由主管当局签发的证明此类事件的证明书。
仲裁条款：Arbitration
规定在我国仲裁的条款：All disputes in connection with or arising from the contract shall be settled amicably through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached between the two parties, the case shall be submitted to the China international Economic and Trade Arbitration Commiion, Beijing for arbitration in accordance with its Rules of Arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party.
凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的所有争议，合同双方应通过友好协商解决。如双方协商不能达成一致的情况，均应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会北京仲裁会，按照该会的仲裁规则程序进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方均有约束力。仲裁费由败诉方承担。
规定在被诉方仲裁的条款：All disputes in connection with or arising from the contract shall be settled amicably through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached between the two parties, the case shall be submitted for arbitration.The location of arbitration shall be in the country of the domicile of the defendant.If in China, the arbitration shall be conducted by the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration.If in------, the arbitration shall be conducted by------in accordance with its arbitral rules.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unle otherwise awarded by the arbitration court.
凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的所有争议，合同双方应通过协商解决。如果协商不能解决，应提交仲裁。仲裁在被诉方所在国进行。如果在中国，由中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会进行仲裁。如果在——，由——根据该会的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方均有约束力。仲裁费用，除仲裁庭另有规定外，均由败诉方承担。
规定在第三国仲裁的条款：All disputes in connection with o r arising from the contract shall be settled amicably through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached between the two parties, the case shall be submitted to------for arbitration in accordance with its Rules of Arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unle otherwise awarded by the arbitration court.
凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的所有争议，合同双方应通过协商解决。如果协商不能解决，应提交——，根据该会的仲裁规则进行仲裁，仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。仲裁费用，除仲裁庭另有规定外，均由败诉方承担。
适用法律： Governing Law
This contract shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China.
本合同适用于中华人民共和国法律。
定金条款：Earnest money
The Buyer shall pay --% of the total value of the cargo by T/T to the Seller as the earnest money.In the case that the Buyer fulfilled the obligations in the contract, the earnest money shall be deducted by the paying bank at the time of payment.Otherwise the earnest money shall not be returned.In the case that the Seller failed to fulfill any obligation the contract, the Seller shall pay twice the earnest money to the Buyer.
买方应向卖方电汇合同总金额的——%作为定金。如果买方履行了合同的各项义务，则定金在付款行议付的货款中扣减；否则，定金不予返还。如果卖方未能履行合同义务，则应当将定金双倍返还给买方。
推荐第9篇：Chinese Tradition(英译汉)
译/中南民族大学2014级MTI曾诗琴
汉语传统
汉语，汉藏语系中的一种语言，是联合国的官方语言，也是世界上使用者最多的一种语言。它是中华人民共和国和中国台湾的官方语言，香港和新加坡的官方语言之一。泰国、马来西亚和越南的大多数人都讲汉语。
远古时期的汉语可以追溯到公元前一世纪，凭借汉字的形式记录下来，可供中国的读书人学习。也就是表意文字。不像表音文字，表意文字不受语音演变的影响，因此在很大程度上不受变化的影响。然而，不可避免地，口语体沿着自己的轨迹发展，书面语和口语之间的鸿沟越来越宽。在白话文出现以前，口语体已经和古汉语有了明显区别。直到二十世纪上半叶白话文才取代古汉语成为正式书面语的媒介。古汉语有以下特点：
(a) 它的高信息承载度，经常被与电报的风格相提并论
(b) 它的语法易变性，同一个汉字可以当名词、动词、形容词或副词使用 (c) 它对时态和数的节制使用
(d) 它的音调特点，在文学创作中尤其重要，在文学翻译也如是
这些特点传统意义上引起了口头翻译上的差异，这种差异在笔头翻译上表现得尤为明显。白话文，现在叫做国语或普通话，是多音节的，词性繁多，多借助于语法规则，尽管如此也并没有像法语或德语那样广泛而强制使用。欧洲语言的翻译，主要是英语，已经逐步地使汉语与那些语言靠的更近，至少在写作风格方面。
自从第一次部落战争或生产交换以来，作为一个有着大量方言的大国，中国极有可能见证了笔译和口译活动的发展。早期的历史文献诸如公元前一世纪的《史记》提及了很多外交和商务背景下的笔译。早在周朝，公元前九世纪，就有专门政府官员负责口笔译工作；他们的头衔根据他们所负责的语言组别而不同。作为整个礼仪的一部分，在和外国使者的往来中他们总会在场。这个时期政府口译员的头衔叫“舍人”，字面意思是“靠舌头吃饭的人”。现代汉语对应“translation”有一个“译”字，构成了自汉代（公元前195年——公元七年）以来官员头衔的基础：译员或译使，字面意思是“翻译官”。历史记录也表明在汉朝，笔译员/口译员（译丈）常规情况下是由商人在他们东南亚和印度的漫长旅途中雇佣；他们也出现于诸如巴克特里亚开往中国西北的商旅队伍中。在唐朝（公元618-906年），中国和其邻
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国文化交流达到新的高峰，有大批旅居中国的外国人被政府雇佣为口译员，并被允许和中国官员一起执行外交任务。
从周朝到现在的三千年里，中国翻译者基本上都一直在为政府和商人工作。现存的诗歌翻译至少可以追溯回到公元前四世纪，但是这些早期的文学翻译大多数都作为各种外交任务的经历记录下来。但是，在中国文化和社会发展的一些阶段中，翻译也扮演一个重要的角色，其影响力超过了政界和商界。这些时期里最重要的翻译和佛经、基督教传教士的经文、引发五四运动的政治和文化事件、中华人民共和国的成立以及其随后与欧洲国家的往来有关。但是笔译和口译在中国除了这些高峰时期以外也有一席之地，除了在那些时期里涉及的主要语言外，自十一世纪以来已有许多汉语书籍被翻译成诸如蒙古语、西夏语、满族语和日本语。
佛经的翻译
佛教在中国的传播引起了中国的第一次翻译浪潮。在公元二世纪中叶以前，已经有了第一批佛经的汉语翻译（尽管有些资料把时间往前推到公元70年）。这标志着一个大规模的翻译活动的开始，这些活动通常是由政府赞助的，且持续了九个世纪。考虑到时间跨度和这一时期译者的数量，翻译方法和手段并不是一成不变的；甚至连译者的文化和语言背景几个世纪以来都有相当大的变化。
佛经从梵文翻译成汉语大体可以分为三个阶段：东汉和三国时期（约公元148—265年）；晋代和南北朝时期（约公元265—589年）；以及隋唐和北宋（约公元589—1100年）。在第一个阶段，译者是来自中亚和新疆的和尚；他们大都因其宗教知识受人尊敬，但他们的汉语水平很差。像来自安息的安世高（第一个将佛经译作汉语的人），据说在他来到中国后不久就基本掌握了汉语，这样的和尚可谓是凤毛麟角。这种语言的不足反映在这个时期的翻译当中：尽管外国和尚在中国有其信徒和中国和尚的协助，他们的许多译作读起来仍然很拗口。而且，大量早期的汉语佛经翻译都不是基于印度文本，而是通过翻译的和尚的母语间接翻译而来的。
早期的翻译方法反映了这些译者的优缺点，也反映出当时的翻译重点在神学的准确性上。翻译论坛，或议场，被建立起来，由一个德高望重的佛教僧人作为主要译者（译主）。外国和尚的任务并不是要把文本的意思精确地传达出来。在这个外国和尚下面有一个或更多的精通这个和尚语言的口译者（答语或传语）；他们的任务是把这个和尚的禅语译成汉语。有许多听众，有时有成百上千的中国和尚和外行学者以笔记的形式将这个和尚的阐释记录下来。汉语翻译当时由“记录员”（笔授）——负责把口译者的话用汉语写下来。这个过程不 2
仅包括咨询记录员自己的笔记，还包括观众中其他人记的笔记。口译、记录和检查的三步就是所有翻译论坛工作的基础。很明显论坛不仅意味着用汉语来翻译佛经，也是一种对佛经集中的讨论，而且同时产出汉语和详细的注释也不是什么不寻常的事。由于强烈的神学意味，那个外国和尚——尽管其目标语知识欠缺——总是被宣布为译者，尽管实际用汉语写作的那个人才被叫做记录员。佛经翻译的第二阶段特点是由学过汉语的优秀的外国和尚（有些直接来自印度次大陆）来主持仪式，他们因此有能力在没有口译员帮助时在翻译论坛里对经文进行口头上的汉语翻译。他们的口头翻译由记录员写下来，记录员再直接和和尚-译员核对手稿。最受尊敬又多产的和尚-译员之一就是鸠摩罗什（公元344-413年），他将三百多经卷译成汉语。也是在鸠摩罗什来到中国（公元401年）以后翻译论坛里才有参与者人数的详细记录。鸠摩罗什主持的论坛规模尤其弘大，参与者人数频频超过三千；由其他和尚主持的论坛参加者规定人数好像一直都是以百计数而不是以千计数。但是，也并不是每一个活跃在这一时期的外国和尚都掌握了汉语；有些还完全依赖于论坛召开期间的口译者。此外，我们不能就此假定文本的存在就是翻译的基础。佛经通常都是口头传授，再由和尚记忆下来，他们先是在翻译论坛上记诵梵语的佛经，然后接着用汉语将其笔译和口译出来。在这些案例中，论坛上记录的除了汉语版本还有一个梵语版本。佛经翻译的第三阶段对神学的阐释和翻译上开始分家，使得这一阶段明显区别于之前的实践。翻译论坛的规模急剧下降——正常情况下参与的和尚都不到三十六个。六世纪晚期以后举行的所有论坛，包括那些由中国历史上最多产的和尚-译者——玄奘（公元602-64年）主持的论坛，都是这个情况。玄奘，一个因去印度朝圣而出名的中国和尚，用汉语翻译了超过一千三百多卷的佛经。这个新的翻译实践的主要原因是中国和尚语言和神学知识的增长。旧式翻译论坛几乎任何一个都能参加，然而第三阶段对参加者是有高要求的：只有和尚或者有特殊才能的外界官员才有资格参加；所有人除了那些直接进行翻译工作的人以外都禁止进入译场。每个参与者都被安排了一个专职，专门职位的数目设置上升到九个。在这些职位中，润色者（润文）往往是一个文笔出众的政府官员；其他职位正常情况下都由和尚来填充。在宋朝（约984年），政府在一个地方建了一个梵语学校，为培养新一代的佛经翻译者从各大寺院招募了几十个学生。但是，印度佛教的衰落和政府政策的改变导致佛经翻译活动急剧减少，一直到十一世纪五十年代。翻译论坛不复存在，这个阶段以后完成的佛经翻译都是以个人名义而不是集体名义完成的。
佛经翻译为不同翻译方法的实践和讨论提供了沃土。一般而言，第一阶段的翻译是字对字并紧扣原语句法的。这极有可能不仅是因为论坛参与者的双语能力匮乏，还因为大家有一种信念——有启迪性的神圣的话语不应该被篡改。除了变形的目标语句法，音译用得太多，
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结果就是译出来的东西对任何一个没有神学背景的人的人来讲都相当没法理解。第二阶段就有了一个明显的飞跃，这一阶段出现了为许多当代中国学者熟知的意译（自由翻译，缺少一个更好的术语）。句法倒置被根据目标语的使用而消除，草稿被修饰改进以便有更高的文学价值。鸠摩罗什被赞为这一方法的先驱。在个别极端的例子中，修饰可能已经走得太远，现在对此都还留有异议，认为这样影响了源语的信息传递。在第三阶段，翻译方法在很大程度上由玄奘主宰。他精通梵语和汉语，提倡把注意力放在源语文本风格上：文学加工不应该被用在简单平实的源语文本中。他还为音译定下规矩，并为他众多的弟子所采纳。
中国的传教士与翻译
第二波翻译活动也和宗教有关，尤其是那些在十六世纪晚期抵达中国的耶稣会传教士。耶稣会传教士，尤其是利玛窦（1552-1610），认定传播信条的最佳途径就是从中国的知识分子入手。为了达到这个目的，大量的科学作品被译成汉语在学者和政府官员中发行。这样的作品为耶稣会传教士赢来了来自政府和皇帝的很高的尊重，结果给他们的传教工作带来了更多的便利。传教翻译活动开始于利玛窦在1583年抵达中国后不久并且一直持续到十七世纪晚期。那个时期活跃在中国的传教士至少有七十人，他们都有译作：有些是直接翻译，其他则是基于西方现存作品的编辑。在这些由传教士提供的三百多篇译作里，有超过三分之一的讲的是科学的各大分支。
传教翻译活动有几个特点。第一，大量的传教士其实是中国朝廷任命的，或者因他们在科学领域里的贡献而享有皇帝给予的特权。第二，许多书的翻译带有特别的目的。一个典型的例子是1628至1635年间汤若望（1519-1666）和罗雅谷（1593-1638）为明朝翻译的大量关于天文学的书籍，也是中国年鉴修订的一部分。第三，传教士和中国政府官员之间的合作很常见；许多作品是合译的。有些耶稣会传教士和信仰基督教的明朝官员如徐光启（1562-1633）、杨廷均（1557-1627）以及李志皁（1565-1630）等人有着特别亲密的关系。例如，汤若望和罗雅谷翻译的天文学书籍，就都交给徐光启润过笔。
由传教士和中国学者/官员合译的科学作品分为以下几大类：
（a） 数学：领先作品要数欧几里德原理，该书前六章由利玛窦和徐光启翻译。其他著名的要数阿基米德和帕尔迪的作品，据说清朝皇帝康熙也参与了帕尔迪的翻译；
（b） 天文学：夏尔是天文学领域最多产的译者，他曾被明清两朝皇帝委任协助翻译 4
新年鉴；
（c） 地理：多数以带图例的地图形式出现。个别的关于矿物资源和采矿的作品也被翻译，有名的要数阿格里科拉斯·德里·梅塔里卡；
（d） 物理学：包括诸如水利、机械和民用工程的话题。最知名的就是“齐齐徒手”（《神奇工具的插图书》）。它一个从欧洲各大出版物收集的材料的混合的结果；
（e） 宗教：现存的最早的关于《圣经》部分的翻译是由吉恩·巴塞特（1662-1702）完成的。最早将旧约和新约翻译成白话文的是耶稣会传教士P.L.德·波洛（1735-1814）。除了天主教教义翻译以外，《效法基督》也有几个版本的翻译。
在教皇对耶稣会的镇压之后，许多耶稣会传教士继续留在中国。甚至在政府倒戈相对时，他们也受到官员和中国基督教信徒的庇护，并且一般都能继续他们的翻译和传教工作；他们中许多人继续为清政府服务。例如，充当翻译的耶稣会教士张诚（1656-1730）和徐日升（1645-1708），于1689年作为专门的拉丁语口译员被指派到俄罗斯尼布楚执行外交任务。
这些耶稣会传教士们，以及后来其他的传教士，都没有从事单向的翻译，但他们在将中国古典文学以及中国哲学引进欧洲方面功不可没。利玛窦将“四书”（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》和《孟子》）译成拉丁语，而金尼阁则将“五经”（《诗》《书》《易》《礼》和《春秋》）译成拉丁语。“四书五经”里的一些标题后来又由活跃在清朝的传教士重新翻译。这使得欧洲对中国的一切更感兴趣，尤其是在十七世纪。
王朝的覆灭
在十九世纪早期欧洲大国以军事力量作后盾的贸易入侵越来越迫切以致于北京政府没法儿忽略，于是在1838年派遣林则徐去广东禁烟。林则徐“师夷长技以制夷”的主张促进了第一个官方翻译队伍（四个留洋学习的人）来处理英语。他们从地方外国出版社翻译节选，例如《广州纪事报》（1827年创办）和《广州周报》（1835年创办），以及关于中国事务和国际法律的各种英语小册子。他们主要的成就是《海国图志》（《海上国家的地理》），该书出版于1844年，基于《穆雷的地理百科全书》写成。
林则徐的任务以失败告终，在一系列的军事失败后满族统治者1862年同意于北京创办一个语言学院（同文馆）。1867年首批录取的学生们有一个八年的语言课程——最初是英语，然后是法语，俄语和德语以及自然和社会科学。他们的主要任务是在外交领域，但是学 5
院同时还翻译并出版与法律、政治和自然科学的书籍。他们在法律领域的努力是最多的：翻译的法律书籍包括惠顿的《国际法》、《拿破仑法典》以及布伦奇利的《国际法》。在南方，由李鸿章于1865年在上海创办的江南制造总局成立了自己的翻译局。这个翻译局正好和同文馆互补并相匹敌，前者集中注意力于技术说明书的翻译并将它的业务范围拓展到大范围的西方科学领域。该翻译局将西方权威的文献译成汉语，像赫歇尔的《天文概要》、J.D.达纳的《矿物学系统》（1872）以及查尔斯·莱尔的《地质学原理》（1873）。北京和上海的翻译局雇佣的都是学过一点汉语的外国专家，并且他们中有些人在自己的国家里还被当成是“中国通”。对外国专家来说正常的翻译程序就是向中国的合作者口头翻译及解释，而中方合作者则记下他们的话并拟一个草案文本。他们的手稿尔后又常常由只懂汉语的中国学者在不参考原文的情况下在文体上加以润色和提高。许多受雇于翻译局的中国译者，如李善兰（1810-82)，原来身份是一名科学家，因此也就能平等地和外国的科学家合作。赫歇尔、达纳和莱尔的作品都是在这样的合作关系中产生的，长久以来都被选作大学教材。
科技词汇给翻译造成一个特定的困难。傅兰雅，一个自1867年就就职于江南总局的人解释了他们的做法(熊月之，1994:497)：首先得查看一下某个术语是不是在现有的文献或贸易活动中出现过；如果没有，就捏造出一个新的汉字或借用一个废弃不用的汉字抑或是创造出一个描述性的术语来杜撰一个翻译（例如用“营养丰富的气体”来形容氧气或者用“轻的气体”来形容氢气），又或者用多音节的语音表示。然后这个新发明的术语就被收录进字典供日后标准化使用。尽管有了这样一个系统化的尝试，变化仍是无处不在。
上述机构，除此之外还有几个，都是由中国官员创办和管理的。另一方面，传教士们也很活跃。除了宗教的文本，他们还翻译并出版了和大众教育有关的作品。第一个便是1843年于上海成立的墨海书馆。最多产的要数1887年中国人于上海成立的同文书会。据说在1903年以前他们出版了将近250本书。他们的翻译程序和那些受雇于政府的译员相似，但他们翻译的科技书籍却因解说人缺乏专业知识还有他的合作者的理解不够大打折扣，这些书籍的大多数都为中国知名的语言学家马建忠（1845-1900）所摒弃。马认为这些书不值一读或者根本是难以理解的。
西方作品翻译的第三股力量既不是官方的也不是外国的。它出现于二十世纪九十年代，由本土知识分子组成、政治改革者带头，他们中最有名的要数康有为(1858–1927)和梁启超(1873–1929)。为了鼓舞同胞们在民族危难时刻奋起革命，他们介绍了世界历史上其他帝国不祥的教训。（所有这些之前对有民族优越感的中国人来说是闻所未闻的）；他们还承担了政治学和社会学领域的翻译作为自强保种的一种途径。在这个阶段以前，中国先进的知识分
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子已经意识到必须将西方的思想和技术变成自己的。不仅是翻译的焦点还有翻译的渠道都有转移——日语成了主要的源语言。对用日语原著和西方作品的日语译作而言情况都如是。原因很简单：日本在吸收西方知识和文化方面领先中国三十年，且日文用的是中国的汉字。梁启超估计说一个中国人要花五到六年才能掌握一门欧洲语言以达到阅读的目的，但是要掌握初级日语只需数月功夫。日语翻译弊端是译者经常仅仅凭着他们初级的日语水平来着手翻译，这就像在源语传递过程中加了一个过滤器，假设，情况通常是这样，日语翻译是基于第三种语言的英语译本基础上开始的。
1895-1900年间的改良主义者对独立的出版社的快速发展起到了重大作用。他们的报纸和杂志翻译了外国出版社的目录，并对长篇的作品翻译采取了连载的形式。当时最出名的报纸是上海梁启超编辑的《时务报》和天津严复(1853–1921)编辑的《国闻报》。严复对赫胥黎长篇论文《进化论与伦理学》的翻译于1897年首次在《国闻报》上刊载，之后才有《天演论》一书发行。
这本书是中国翻译史上的里程碑，既因为它的内容（它宣扬社会达尔文主义）和风格风靡教育界、又因为严复在其序言里提出的“译事三难”被人们沿用至今，即：信、达、雅。衍生自文言文里的“雅”成为了翻译的媒介。这毋庸置疑是时代的正确选择，因为严复不得不争取那些尚古的教育界人士的支持，所以这个术语一直就被解释成“琅琅上口”。严复的“译事三难说”一直被当作一般标准来指导翻译，但他的序言不是为其后来的理论专著而写。他没有为书中的术语下定义或者按逻辑作文。他的序言和翻译都做到了“雅’。
严复根据自己对英语的理解深度（他曾在英国一所海军学校实习三年）和知识的广度（他为翻译附上大量注释）设立了新的标准，但是 他的《论进化》则不是，也不能算是一篇严格意义上的翻译。除了对原文不精确的翻译，它还包含了严复自己的一些观察。严继续以同样的兴趣来翻译弥尔、赫伯特·斯宾塞以及孟德斯鸠的著述。但是，1903年以后，他转向文学翻译，还频频修改自己的翻译以确保贴近原文。 这使得译文艰涩难懂。1908年往后，在他最后的翻译中，他再次调头，用自己的话自由地替换原说明文的内容。因此严复一人的翻译生涯就能体现他那个时代的翻译趋势。
如果说严复是哲学和社会科学领域翻译上的先锋，那么同是来自沿海城市福州、和他几乎同时代的林纾(1852–1924)就是小说翻译界的带头人。作为文化上正统的学者，林纾的第一次翻译尝试是偶然的：据说是因为他妻子1897年的逝世使得他对小仲马的《茶花女》里玛格丽特的悲惨故事感同身受，遂决定和他的好友王寿昌一道翻译这部小说。林纾不懂外语；他就把王口述给他的话整理成文言文。
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但是，王和魏瀚修订草稿时就很费心思了。1899年，《巴黎茶花女遗事》一经问世就名声大震。那些买书的、读书的、赞书的人没有办法评判它是否是一篇好的译文；他们仅仅是为林纾的文笔而倾倒。一个美丽的年轻女子悲惨离世——这类故事在中国一直很受欢迎；女主人公越悲惨效果越好。1901年，林纾将斯托夫人的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》翻译成《黑奴吁天录》出版；这次他与魏易合译，并建立了长久的伙伴关系。在1911年（辛亥革命）以前，林纾翻译过的书籍超过了五十本，一直到他临终前他又留给世人一百多本译作；和他合作过的人很多，一共超过了二十个，他们从事英语和法语的翻译。有趣的是，实际译者完全被这个“重述者”抢了风头。虽然如此，林纾的翻译之所以闻名无疑要归功于他的语言技巧与辨别力：当代著名学者钱钟书证明了尽管他们有遗漏和错误，林纾的译作（他特指狄更斯和孟德斯鸠）比之后出版的更忠实于原文的译作更机智和有感觉。林译倾向于增加有感情的段落、减少描述性的文字。他也会满腔热情地为原著的主要优点作序和加以分析，这无疑增加了他们的影响力。年轻一代的译者推翻了林纾重视的传统，弃用了文言文——这是林纾的强项。但他们承认林纾的翻译确实让人全神贯注、如痴如醉。林纾的大量译作中有些久负盛名，除了许多当代畅销书和粗制滥造的文艺作品，还包括小仲马、狄更斯、巴尔扎克、笛福、司各特、塞万提斯、柯南·道尔的著作：无论什么到他手上他都译成汉语。同样他在翻译上也没能有始有终：多数批评家都认为他的写作水平在辛亥革命以后大不如前。虽然林纾是用文言文来翻译/改写长篇小说，但是中国小说的传统媒介是白话文（普通话）。对有创造性的小说而言白话文仍然是主要媒介，而这一趋势也在改良主义作家想要拉拢大众的努力中愈演愈烈。
有些译者也采用了白话文，尤其是在二十世纪早期，但是要么是因为他们觉得这个风格太冗长、用起来不熟练，要么是因为他们假定文言文翻译的读者群很小众，直到五四运动（1919）标准的媒介都还是一种相对简单的书面汉语形式。
但是，一场文化上的革命一直在酝酿中。最明显的表现是在各种作品里都使用普通话，而不是仅仅为了娱乐大众而写作。所以普通话版本的完整的《联盟圣经》也于1919年出版绝不是偶然（见魏克日 1995）。如果有什么区别的话，圣经的译者比新兴的文化改革者受到民主政治的压力更大，因为他们要使用能反映日常语言的书面语。同年出版的文理（也就是：古典语言）《联合圣经》如昙花一现，很快就被人们淡忘，而普通话版本的却激流勇进，成为中国基督教徒的标准文本。
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二十世纪
五四运动将在中国“安装”一个新文化提上议程，自然地加速了西方原著和译作的引进。之前的翻译，尽管有大量的产出，在材料选择方面却很随意。几乎所有新一代的知识分子似乎都从事过翻译，有些知识分子在很大程度上由于出国留学或在国内上过教会学校，受到更好的外国文化教育；他们能够专心致志于在他们本国得到认可的作品。流通的各种白话文杂志都有各自的偏爱，但他们都或多或少地介绍了世界各地的文明。据估计，二十世纪二十年代他们翻译了来自三十多个国家的文学作品，其中以英语为母语的国家由于他们的保守主义而远远落后于俄国和法国（陈玉刚 1989:95）。
二十世三十年代苏联和其他革命文学译作数量上升的背后也隐藏着政治动机——这个时期中国共产党把她的重点从武装起义转移到了政治宣传上。
剩下的自由主义者则继续它自己的工作日程，但是，他们的志向是于1935年启动世界图书馆的宏伟计划，旨在涵盖各个主要国家的远古、中世纪和现代文学。这个国家的顶级译者被招募进来，由上海郑振铎 (1898–1958)担当该图书馆的总编辑，并于1935-1936年间出版了来自十二个不同国家的一百多部经典。值得强调的是，这个时期最好的有创造性的作家将他们的技巧应用到翻译中，产出了至少读起来非常津津有味的译作。
到二十世纪三十年代，二十年代开始的关于翻译原则的辩论已经愈演愈烈，争论的两极一直是“忠诚”与“许可”。除了支持忠实的标准参数，即原文本固有的特性应该被保留，现在出现了额外的归化原则：在翻译时以汉语的表达习惯来替代欧洲语言的用词和语法手段。这一观点为了解苏联意识形态术语的左翼份子喜爱并用来对付反对他们观点的人：高明的改述是很困难的，他们——一点也不奇怪——想要隐射原先的措辞。但是大多数人更看重汉语的美感。其中对审美许可提出争议的是林语堂(1895–1976)，他的汉译英比英译汉多得多。世纪之交的汉英翻译有几个先锋，像苏曼殊(1884–1918)和辜鸿铭 (1857–1928)，但直到二十世纪三十年代汉译英才见其重要性。
1937年爆发的中日战争，使得像世界图书馆这样的大型项目中断，但是个人的努力仍然是很有成效的。许多十九世纪的欧洲小说被巧妙地翻译或重译，但也许战时最多产的译者是朱生豪(1912–44)，他简直把自己的一生都用来翻译莎士比亚的全套戏剧。从1936年的《暴风雨》开始，他临终前完成了三十一部戏剧翻译。朱的翻译都是散文形式；他的目标是对原著不加以简化就能理解，而最重要的是，符合口头说话的习惯。他的《戏剧全集》于1947年成套出版，增补后于1978年以《莎士比亚戏剧全集》为名再版。梁实秋也(1902–87)紧跟 9
他的脚步，于台湾单独翻译了莎翁的全部作品，他的翻译更具学者风度。另一个有奉献精神的译者是傅雷(1908–66)，最出名的是他将巴尔扎克的巨著译成了丰富又充满活力的汉语。
共和国成立后，主要译作来源是苏联文学，但第三世界（亚非拉美洲）的文学也开始受到空前的关注。同时，外文出版社（1950年-）的成立加快了将汉语作品译为其他语言的进程，在这个机构里中国译者和外国专家通力合作。
也许最受关注的是《毛泽东选集》的翻译，但也有许多古代和现代的经典被译成几种欧洲语言。汉译英的老前辈要数杨宪益和戴乃迭。在无产阶级文化大革命(1966–76)的造成的文化饥荒以后，二十世纪八十年代（尤其是1982-86年）出现了外文、主要是英文作品翻译热。这些译作直接走出学术研究领域变成畅销书。这些翻译的质量是良莠不齐。翻译作品的浪潮在二十世纪八十年代晚期由于出版商面临的政治和财务上的约束有明显消退。
国家支持的“中国翻译工作者协会”于1982年成立并出版了双月刊《中国翻译》（汉语版）。
培养
第一个中国历史上有记载的外语国立学校是波斯语国家学院（回回国子学），该校于中国元代（蒙古王朝）建立。学生都来自社会高层，培训目的是为政府做波斯语的笔译和口译员。波斯语是和中国以外的蒙古人进行贸易和军事活动最重要的外交语言。这个学校的教学大纲没有传下来的。满清政府于1862年建立的京师同文馆是第一所多国语的中国学院，它致力于培养欧洲语言专家和翻译家。在其八年制的课程设置里，它教授英语、法语和俄语，还有汉语以及其他外语，翻译和诸如世界历史与地理、数学、国际法、天文学和经济学等科目。德语和日语先后于1888年、1898年引进。广州和上海有类似的区域院校，他们把最好的学生输送到京师同文馆继续他们的学业。独自办学四十年后，京师同文馆被纳入国立北京大学，也就是北京大学的前身。笔/口译培养的责任由口译学院(译学馆)承担，它开设了英语、法语、俄语、德语和日语的五年制课程。普通学科和京师同文馆里开设的相似。
1911年中华民国成立以后，关于笔译/口译培训没有了明文规定，大多数的实践者都是自学成材。中华人民共和国成立以来，被选派到国外相关事务政府部门里工作的人会接受在职培训。截至二十世纪九十年代中期，虽然有些翻译课程作为外语学位的要求开设，笔译/口译在中国都没有发展成为一门学科。在香港，二十世纪七十年代中期，应政府双边会议的人才需求就有了同声传译培训。培训还是在职的，并由政府提供。但是，自二十世纪八十年代中期开始有些基本的会议口译训练就进入了大学课堂。
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华人社区里开设的第一门大学翻译学位课程出现在香港大学于1974年翻译文学学士的课表里。到1994年以前，香港有五所大学开设了翻译学本科和硕士学位，而台湾的辅仁大学戏剧艺术学院自1988年以来就开设了一门笔译/口译的硕士课程。
拓展阅读
曹仕邦 1986; 陈玉刚 1989; 孔慧怡 1996; 姜维汉 1987; 马祖毅1984; 陈赫·波拉德 1994; 熊月之1994.
孔慧怡和卜立德
人物传记
鸠摩罗什 (344–413).鸠摩罗什七岁时，因他身为印度公主的母亲决定遁入空门，他也一起出家。二十岁时，他成了大乘佛教的得道高僧。由于他名声远扬，鸠摩罗什在晋朝军队入侵印度时被捕。当俘虏时，他学会了汉语，被指定去翻译佛经。在八百多个和尚协助下，他翻译了三百多卷经书。
理雅各(1814–97)，苏格兰传教士，于1839年被送去主持马六甲英华书院。1843年他随校迁往香港。在港生活三十年，理雅各在中国学者王韬的帮助下，承担了中国权威书籍——四书五经的翻译。这些译作在十九世纪六十年代以《中国经典》为题分二十八卷结集出版。理雅各于1873年回到了英国，并成了牛津大学的中文教授。
梁实秋(1902–87)生在北京、学在北京。而他的本科和研究生学业是分别在美国的科罗拉多大学、哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学完成的。1926年他获得英语文学硕士学位后回到中国，并开始在一些国内大学里授课，包括北京大学。也是在这个时候，他开始将莎士比亚全集译成汉语，完成这个任务耗费了他半个世纪。1949年，共产党执政，梁实秋离开中国大陆去了台湾，在台湾继续自己的学术和翻译工作。除了翻译莎翁的全部戏剧和十四行诗（三十七卷）以及其他的文学作品以外，梁实秋还编撰了一部英汉词典。
林纾(1852–1924).出生于中国南方福建省一个穷苦务农家庭，受过当地私塾教育，秀才中举以后就屡试屡败，因而从此绝意于仕途。和同时代的许多年轻人一样，林对外国入侵中国很关心，并就此国家大事两次向清朝高官请愿。1897年，在王寿昌的建议下，林开始了将西方小说译成汉语的第一次尝试。因为林不懂外语，学过法语的王寿昌就成了他的合作伙伴。二人合译的《茶花女》，以文言文写成，用词讲究，一夜成名。这也标志着此后二十年林成为中国最多产——也最有影响力的（有争议）——外国文学翻译家的开始。林的合译伙
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伴有十几个，最出名的要数王寿昌（法语），魏易（英语，包括五部狄更斯小说）还有陈家麟（英语）。林的翻译从短篇小说到长篇小说，从罗曼司到英国文学、法国文学和苏联文学经典之作。他知名的译作有将近两百部。中国二十世纪早期的许多伟大作家都是通过林纾的译作来了解外国文学的。
利玛窦(1552–1610)。1577年，利玛窦开始在罗马见习；1580年他于印度果阿邦受戒。1582年他被送到澳门，在那里学习汉语；一年以后，利玛窦在广州地方官的帮助下创办了中国大陆第一个传教站。起初利玛窦一直穿着佛教和尚的僧服，后来改穿儒生的服饰只因为他发现前者的社会地位低下。利玛窦为这个时期的天主教教士发明的对应汉语称呼——神父和司铎——今天仍在用。利玛窦的志向是在中国都城北京传教，在1601年（他第二次尝试）他成功地获得了朝廷对他传教工作的支持，每月还可享受津贴。1600年，在南京，他与翰林院的徐光启第一次见面。1606年到1607年，他开始和徐光启合作翻译欧几里得的《几何原本》。在四部其他的数学和天文学作品的翻译和编辑中他也起到了重要作用。在中国文人界再也没有其他的传教士能和利玛窦相提并论。
汤若望(1592–1666).1611年加入耶稣会并自愿到中国传教，1623年到达北京后，很快他就确立了自己在天文学方面权威的地位。1630年，清政府指派他到徐光启领头的历法局工作，和罗雅谷以及许多中国助手合作翻译、编写了大量有关天文学和数学的基础作品。除了对新历法的贡献，汤若望还翻译了阿格里科拉（德国历史学家和矿物学家）的《坤舆格致》并写了一本有关大炮制作和使用的书。1644年，明朝覆灭以后他留在北京，满清政府赶紧任命他掌管天文局。1658年，他被授予“一品官”名誉头衔，这是中国有史记载以来外国人获得的最高荣誉。汤若望不仅在天文学、数学和历法作品翻译和编撰上很多产，他还为中国的基督教徒写了许多论述。他用欧洲语言写的最长的作品就是他的回忆录。
韦利(1889–1966).作为中日文学最有名的有争议的英国译者，韦利十七岁时就拿到了剑桥大学国王学院的奖学金，但由于视力不好被迫退学。1913年韦利加入英国博物馆，为了给馆藏的画作加目录，他自学了汉语和日语。这些目录连起来像一首完整的诗。他第一次翻译的汉语诗歌就刊登在伦敦大学新成立的东方学院的公报上，然后以《中国古诗170首》为名结集出版（1918）。很快他又出版了一个日本诗的翻译集子（1919）。如此一来韦利就开始了一个终生的事业——当他1929年从英国博物馆辞职以后，他就致力于东方文学翻译。在英国，韦利是一个受人尊敬的诗人；在中国韦利将会因为他的翻译和其对十八世纪及以前古典诗歌的研究而名留青史。他同时还翻译了通俗文学，包括世界上最伟大的喜剧小说之一——《猴》（1943）。
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玄奘(602–64).原名陈祎，是隋朝一个退休官员的最小的儿子。十三岁他就出家为僧，之后很快就开始讲道。改朝换代那些年(唐朝于公元618年取代了隋朝)玄奘游历各省宣传和学习佛经。当时佛经翻译多有出入之处，玄奘发誓去佛教起源地印度取真经。公元621年他离开都城长安，直到645年才回来。在这二十五年的旅程里，他拜访了去印度途中各个次大陆国家的大寺庙。在这些庙里他学会了梵语，并在得道高僧的指点下学习了最重要的佛经。他一回到中国，就受唐太宗委托将他的异域见闻记录下来，于是就有了《大唐西域记》这本书。该书是研究中印交流的重要资源。玄奘余下的二十年致力于将佛经译成汉语；他的翻译总量超过了一千三百卷，他还定下了翻译的基本规则，并为后来的许多和尚译者所遵循。他的许多翻译，比如《心经》，今天仍被中国的佛教徒使用。玄奘被认为是中国佛教大乘佛法法相宗派系的创始人。
严复(1853–1921).严复祖籍中国南方福建省。严复十三岁时在福建船政学堂学习驾驶，毕业后在中国海军舰队实习。二十四岁时严复被中国政府送到伦敦格林威治的皇家海军学院学习，1879年毕业。一回到中国，严复就被聘为福州船政学堂教书，后来又在中国海军学校里干过行政。与此同时，严复继续学习西方哲学和社会学，以期有朝一日能为国力增强作贡献。1895年，他开始翻译托马斯·赫胥黎的《进化论与伦理学》。1898年该书的出版将许多主张改革的中国人号召起来。1900年，严复离开海军，1902年加入北京的译书局（北大前身的一部分）。严复在大学教书并从事翻译，同时在朝廷也身兼数职，一直到1911年清政府被推翻。尽管严复的翻译在他那个时期有过巨大的社会反响，他对中国翻译研究的最大贡献在于他作为译者为《天演论》（《进化论与伦理学》）写的序。他在这篇序言里提出的翻译标准，即“信、达、雅”。这一标准就连外行都知道，还有许多中国学者仍将其奉为黄金法则。
朱生豪(1912–44).生于中国浙江省，并在那里读书，十七岁考入杭州之江大学，就读于中国文学系和英文系。他于1921年毕业，尔后加入上海世界书局任英文部编辑。二十三岁时他开始将《暴风雨》译成汉语，原以为世界书局会将他对莎翁戏剧的全部翻译出版。中日战争的爆发粉碎了朱生豪的翻译计划；他的手稿在他逃离被日本占领的上海时被毁。后来朱生豪回到上海的租界继续他的翻译工作，却因为二战的爆发再次开始逃难，他的手稿也再次被毁。健康每况愈下、环境动荡不安，一直到1944年12月逝世以前，朱生豪都致力于对莎翁作品的翻译。他一共翻译了三十一部戏剧，且全部于死后出版。
孔慧怡和卜立德
推荐第10篇：英译汉学习心得体会
英译汉学习心得体会
通过一学期的英语翻译学习，使我们又掌握了一项英语专业技能，更好的掌握了英译汉的翻译要领。
本学期使我印象最深刻的翻译要领就是翻译的三大准则：“信”“达”“雅”，我会将我的理解描述出来。所谓“信”，就是指在翻译过程中要保持原文原意，不可自己自由发挥，而委屈的英语原文的本意。就是忠实于原作的思想，就是把原文所表达的意思准确地用另一种语言重新表达出来。所谓“达”是指在完成英译汉后，中文的译文要做到通达顺畅，不可使译文显得牵强。所谓“雅”是指译文需要有一定的文采，语言优美，富有意境，但切记不可因为尽力做到“雅”而曲解文章本意，使读者误解原文。
要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
无论“英译汉”或“汉译英”，我们在翻译时都要遵循一定的标准。在着手翻译各个具体词语的时候，我们不是在做一般性的解释，而是要选择精确的，富有表现力的字眼，将之恰如其分地嵌入译文中。这样才能把原文中所蕴涵的意义准确地完整地表达出来。经常有意识地训练选词用字是做好翻译工作的必经之路。还有一点就是不要过分迷信词典，尽信书则不如无书！很多词汇的精确含义会随着具体的语境发生细微的变化，这些内容往往不是词典所能包容的。这需要我们发挥自己的想象力，在透彻理解原文的基础上，善于运用自己的创造力，才能译出精美的、符合原文语体风格的译文。请看下面一个句子的英语译为汉语的不同译文：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.译文：
1、读书能给人乐趣，文雅和能力。
2、读书可以怡情养性，可以摭拾文采，可以增长才干。
3、读书可以怡情，足以傅采，足以长才。
译文1既忠于原文，读起来也顺口。可算是很不错了！但当我们读译文2时，相比之下，译文1逊色了。因为译文2能给人一种全新的、富有表现力的感受，如同夏天吃了冰淇淋，清凉恬美爽到心底！这样翻译不仅符合了“信”“达”的标准，还具有“传神”的效果。这是由于译者在翻译过程中溶入了自己的真情实感，是用心血来装修了。但这样“装修”新局面非是“画蛇添足”，而是翻译技巧中常用的手法。这才是真正地体现了严复的“信达雅”三字翻译标准。英语原文是英国著名散文家培根的名言，全文显古朴风格。也只有译文3才算忠实地再现出这种“古雅”的风味！
在本学期的翻译学习中，我们获得了翻译专业应具备的一项技能，使我们在今后的翻译道路更加宽阔平坦，我会再今后的学习中，不断总结经验技巧，是这些宝贵经验成为翻译学习的宝贵财富，力争做一名合格的英语人。
英译汉学习心得总结
外语系096班
8号
刘希茜
第11篇：学位英语(英译汉)
英 译 汉
★In 1870,horses and mules were the prime source of power on U.S.farms.在1870年，马和骡子是美国农场的主要劳动力来源。
★Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life.那些信号包括许许多多我们适应日常生活环境的方式。
★Most Americans,however,see romantic love as eential for a succeful marriage,and tend to look askance at anyone who marries for a more practical reason in which love plays no part.然而，大多数美国人把浪漫的爱看作是成功婚姻必不可少的组成部分，而且往往蔑视任何为了更实际的理由，而不是为了爱而结婚的人。
★If they can sense colour differences then perhaps we,too,are affected by colour unconsciously.
如果他们能够觉察出颜色的差异，那么我们可能也不知不觉地受到颜色的影响。
★People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat,and blood preure;red is exciting.
当人们处于鲜红颜色面前，心跳会加快，血压也会升高；这表明红色令人激动。
★In order to learn to be one’s true self,it is neceary to obtain a wide and extensive knowledge of what has been said and done in the world.要想了解真实的自我，必须深入、广泛的探索前人所说过的话，所做的事情。
★This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the fear and horror surrounding earthquakes,but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be poible.数百年来，地震的不可知性给地震蒙上了极大的恐惧和惊慌，然而近几次的地震发生之前已经显露一些迹象。
★The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist’s timekeeping methods.科学观察和计算的精确度常取决于科学家的计时方法。
★In Frederick,students’parents are buying claroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.在Frederick地区，学生家长们出资购买教室用品，并主动为学校第一年的教师和校长们支付所需的各类杂货及水电费，以此来留住他们继续工作下去。
★“Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed.”said a student.“We wanted to know the truth,and spread that around instead.”一位学生说：“关于这个地区的流言正在以闪电般速度传播着，我们想知道真相，并且传播真相。”
★Yet the waves,no matter how big or how violent,affect only the surface of the sea.然而，不管水波多大、多猛烈，只对海面造成影响。
★In the U.S.,the figure is much higher than in Great Britian,and people there spend over 10 percent of their income on the installment plan.在美国，这个数字要比英国高得多，每个人将他们收入的百分之十花费在分期付款上。
★The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs-or even to run a small electric motor-is almost unbelievable,but several kinds of fish are able to do this.
鱼产生的电流能点亮电灯——或者甚至能带动小型电动马达——是多么不可思议，但是有些鱼确实可以。
★Engineering studengs are supposed to be examples
of practicality and rationality,but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.工科的学生往往被看成是实际和理性的榜样，但是就我的大学教育而言，我是一个理想主义者和傻瓜。
★The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical succeful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I aumed in high school.
摆在我面前阻碍我成为一名成功学生的现实就在于工科与文科并不像我在高中时所认为的那样，两者并不是简单地融合在一起。
★When the light reaches the other end,it is first changed into electrical signals,which are in turn converted into sound meages.光到达另一端后，首先转化成电流信号，随后再转化为声音信息。 ★In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame,not the long hours alone at a typewriter.多数情况下，这些人正梦想着的是财富和名望，而不是在打字机前长时间的工作。 ★Because we live in a democratic nation,whose citizens make the policies for the nation,large numbers of us must be educated to understand,to support,and when neceary,to judge the work of experts.因为我们生活在一个民主的国家，由公民制定国家的政策，我们中的许多人必须接受教育，学会理解、支持，必要的时候还要判断专家的工作。
★There are many communities and populations which have lost precious recoards due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.在很多地区，相当多的人曾因为一些悲剧事件而失去他们珍贵的资料，如1921年内战期间爱尔兰法庭失火这样的悲剧，又如美国奴隶，对于他们来说就有很多珍贵资料未能够保留下来。
★Theoretically,any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.理论上，有一天任何人都能通过这个资料库查处他或她家族的起源。
★On the contrary,to avoid problems in aerial navigation,the wheelle vehicle probably will travel no more than three inches above road surface.相反，为了避免天线导航，没有轮子的汽车将在离地面不超过3英寸的距离行驶。
★I appeal to you to clarify this iue so that the poor elderly of our city many become aware of the housing benefits for which they qualify.我请求你阐明这个问题，这样我们这个城市里贫穷的老人就可以了解到他们有资格享有住房的津贴。 ★It was believed that a person was sick because he had been attacked by evil spirits.人们认为生病是遭受恶魔的攻击。
★We are concerned to develop the ability of all our pupils into the full,not just their academic ability.我们关系的是全面充分地发展我们每一位学生的能力，而不仅仅是他们的学习能力。
★We expect our pupils to do their best,not their least,and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.我们期望学生能够不遗余力尽其所能，为达到此目标我们也将给予他们充分的鼓励。
★The wheel is the simplest yet perhaps the most remarkable of all inventions,because there are no wheels in nature---no living thing was ever created with wheels.轮子是最简单的发明，或许也是最伟大的发明，因为自然界原本没有轮子——没有任何生
物是轮子创造的。
★Girls exceed boys in language abilities,and this early linguistic bias often prevails throughout life.女孩在语言能力上胜过男孩，而且这种早期就暴露的语言方面的偏向常常影响终生。
★Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby,but only switched to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pa the time.摩西奶奶小的时候画过些画，之后绘制刺绣图案成了她的爱好。老了以后，她的手指变得僵硬不能缝纫，而她还希望保持忙碌打发时间，就转向油画。 ★The project provided opportunities for researches from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits.这个方案给印度和国外的研究者提供了机会，使他们可以在保护区内研究老虎，收集以前难以获得的有关老虎习性的资料。
★Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers.土地问题变得越来越严重了，令许多农民痛心的是，一些肥沃的森林地区被圈起来，建成了老虎保护区。
★In learning a foreign language,the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language,its gestures,its body language.学习语言最好从语言的非语言方面、手势和身势语入门。
★Originally the White House was gray and was called the Presidential Palace.最初白宫是灰色的，并且被叫做总统府。
★This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation.这种新的活动包括原先狩猎的一系列行为，而目的已不再是避免饥饿。
★Some scientists say that 16 of these mirrors,each about half a mile acro,could aim their reflected light at one area on the earth that was about 200 miles by 300 miles.一些科学家认为可用16面直径为半英里的镜子将反射光照射到地球表面约为60000平方英里的区域。
★What no one knows yet is what effect this artificial daytime would have on plants,animals,and humans.目前，人们还不知道的是这种人造白天对植物、动物和人会有什么影响。
★Still,the fact remains that women are now free to enter any career that attracts them,the situation has improved,and the tide is not likely to turn back.然而，事实上女性如今可以自由选择所喜爱的职业；情况改善了，这一潮流不可能逆转。
★Ford realized he could use this aembly line method to build cars.福特意识到他可以用这种装配线的方法来生产他的汽车。
★At the early attempts,the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growth,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.在初始阶段海底电缆没能安装成功，当科研人员将电缆运出海面对其进行检修时发现电缆表面长满了瘤状物，这个事实表明海洋深处并不存在生命，这与现代科学见解相佐。
★Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 45 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.由21个成员国组成的欧洲委员会的一项研究显示，百分之四十五的爬行物种及百分之二十四的蝴蝶濒临灭绝。
★Dr.Baum went on,“we could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.Baum博士继续说道，“没有工业产品我们一样能够生活下去，但脱离了自然我们就无法生存。
★Some critics claim that no excuse is acceptable for not informing subjects about the nature of an experiment and giving them a chance to refuse to participate.一些批评家声称没有任何理由让实验对象在不了解实验性质，没有机会选择拒绝的情况下参与实验。
★He took a trip to southern,and there he found just the weather and scenery he needed to finish his movie.他去加州南部旅行，在那里他恰好发现了要完成他的电影所需的天气和风景。
★Primary and secondary education is financed almost entirely by the state out of central and local tax revenues.中小学几乎全额依靠中央和地方税收拨款。
★The current opinion seems to be that this should include a general knowledge of what computers are,plus a little of their history and something of how they operate.目前的看法似乎是这样的，这必须包括一种关于计算机本身定义的基本知识，还需具备一些计算机的发展历史及其操作知识。
★We effectively use all types of electrical equipment without being able to tell their history or to explain how they work..我们能够有效地使用各种电子设备，而不需要知道它们的历史或者它们是如何工作的。
★At times they even sleep in their van instead of a hotel,just to save money.有时他们甚至在自己的篷车里，而不是在旅馆里睡觉，只是为了省钱。 ★As a result,these areas send out le heat and light and thus appear from Earth to be almost dark irregular surface patches.这些区域释放的热量和光线较弱，因而从地球上看，表面几乎形成不规则的暗区。 ★Computer technology enabled the reserchers,to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain,which relate to intellect and emotion,and determine the human character.电脑技术让研究者能准确地测量大脑前部和侧面的容量，它们与智力、情感有关，决定着人的性格。
★The interview is an important event in the job-hunting proce,because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want.面试是求职过程中一件重要的事情，因为你和面试人一起度过的二三十分钟可能决定你是否能得到你想要的那个工作。
★If poible,you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.如果有可能的话，你应在得到一份工作，并且在你做好准备完成日常文书工作后再与雇佣方协商工资问题。
★He is,even today,a symbol of courage and adventure.他即使今天都是勇气和历险的象征。 Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary.Henning研究了把英语作为外语学习的学生是如何记词汇的。
★In time,the migration became a habit,and now,although the glaciers have disappeared,the habit continues.迁徙成为一种习惯，现在尽管冰川已经消失，这种习惯仍然继续。
★Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath.The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January.当积雪的任何一部分太厚，并且与下面的部分不相粘结的话，问题就出现了。过去几星期下的雪在高于十二月到一月份上旬的温度下开始融化。
★The one comfort to recreational skiers,however,is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare.No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.对于度假的滑雪者来说，令人欣慰的是，雪崩事故很少发生在有足迹的滑雪坡上。
★Losing weight is hard work,but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat.
减肥是件苦差事，大多数人都想找到一条又快又简单的减肥方法。
★The respect in which he was held was partly owing to the man himself,with his warm friendline,his good sense,his urbanity,his gay spirits,his artistic integrity,and his love of both the Old World and the New.他受到尊重部分源自其自身，他友好、判断能力强、文雅、开朗、正直，新、旧世界他都热爱。 ★Kidneys can be conserved in this simple way for 24 to 48 hours with little deterioration,and during this time they can be moved for long distances.用这种简单的方法，肾脏可以保存24到48小时而不会变质，在此段时间里能被转移到很远的地方。
★A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.很多顾客采用的一个简单又常用的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。
★She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights.她或他（顾客）会将卖方告上法庭，或者他们会向保护消费者权益的私人或公共机构进行举报。
★In this way,better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.这样，性价比高的商品可以不断地提供给不同收入层次的人们。
★Bearing in mind the nature of the translator’s work,i.e.,the proceing of the written word,it is,strictly speaking,unneceary that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with.牢记翻译者工作的性质，即对书面语进行操作，严格地说，并不要求翻译者一定能够讲他正在翻译的语言。 ★It is also poible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.学生也可能在学习期间在两所大学交叉学习，尽管这样做并不常见。
★Money laundering is the proce by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation.洗钱是将非法途径得来的金钱，在合法收入的掩盖下使之进入流通领域。
★The liberlization of markets around the world and deregulation of exchange controls are regarded as the chief causes of the rapid expansion of the money laundering over the past decade.市场的（过度）自由及对汇率控制的撤销成为过去十年来洗钱活动迅速发展的两大主要原因。
★Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite,so in 1895,just two weeks before his death,he created a found to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contrybutions to mankind.诺贝尔宁愿自己不是作为甘油炸药的发明者而被人们记住，因此，他在1895年去世前的两个星期，创立了一项基金，奖励对人类做出有价值贡献的人们。
★Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese school,yet many students say that after an exam,they forget much of the information that they have memorized.死记硬背是日本学习采用的一种重要的学习方法，然而很多学生反映，考试过后他们就忘记了背过的大部分内容。
★Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat.教导他失败比作弊要光荣得多。
★Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.因为时尚的变化，衣裳仅仅穿了几次就要被丢到一边。
★Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes,one wonders,reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?有人会想，女性服饰时尚不断发生改变的事实是不是反映出其本身存在的一种变化无常、及不稳定的基本特性呢？
★The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their product’s obvious advantages.尽管产品本身具备显而易见的优势，速溶咖啡的生产者发现他们的产品在市场上严重受阻。
★Many of the centenarians emphasized the importance of being independent and free to do the things they enjoyed and wanted to do,and of maintaining a placid state of mind free from worry or emotional strain.许多百岁老人强调独立自由地做自己想做的事情，远离烦恼和情感压力，保持平静的心态很重要。
★Even if a job is not perfect for you,every interview can make you learn from it.即使某一份工作对你来说并不理想，每个面试都可以让你从中学到些东西。
★People who question or even look down on the study of the past and its works usually aume that the past is entirely different from the present,and that hence we can learn nothing worthwhile from the past.那些质疑甚至轻视对过去及先人作品研究的人们通常主观地认为过去与现在是完全不同的，从而得出人们无法从过去获取任何有价值的东西的结论。 ★We and the ancients share a common human nature and hence certain common human experiences and problems.我们和古人享有共同的人类的天性，因此也会有共同的经历和问题。
★Perhaps the reason is that asvertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer.也许，原因是登广告能让生产者省心，不要去考虑消费者。
★“No mechanism in China requires the recall of cars as it dose in Japan,but Honda decided to replace the rubber connector in order to provide the same service to Chinese consumers”the spokeswoman said.女发言人说：“与在日本不同，中国的机构没有要求召回汽车，但是本田公司决定更换橡胶连接以向中国客户提供同等服务。”
★A survey conducted last year by Roper Starch Worldwide,Inc.,found that almost 70 percent of the respondents said they would be happier if their families had twice as much household income.去年由Roper Starch Worldwide公司所做的一项调查发现，几乎有百分之七十的接受调查者表示如果他们的家庭收入能够再增加一倍，他们会更幸福。
★The publisher was so doubtful,he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him,and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dre.出版商不太确信书出版后一定能够赚钱，他想与作者（Harriet Beecher Stowe）分摊出版费用，而她只是希望能够赚够足够的钱为自己买一条新的丝绸连衣裙。
★Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.它巨大的影响激励了反对奴隶制的运动，也激怒了奴隶制的拥护者。
第12篇：英译汉练习短文
·英译汉练习短文6篇·
Paage 1 Satiric Literature1
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshne, its originality of perspective.Satire rarely offers original ideas.Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form.Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies.What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism.None of these ideas is original.Chivalry was suspected before Cervantes2, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley3, and people were aware of famine before Swift4.It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular.It was the manner of expreion，the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining.Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskne5 they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions6.With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing7, and foolish philosophy.Satire serves to prod people into an awarene of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true.Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, not do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expreed8.
Notes
1．这篇文章用词正式，句式严谨、周密、冗长，文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式，可多用四字结构和铺排形式。
2．Cervantes: 塞万提斯（1754-1616），西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。
3．Aldous Huxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英国生物学家，作家。
4．Swift: 斯威夫特（1667-1745），英国作家，擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。
5．briskne：brisk意为keen or sharp in speech or manner。
6．secondhand opinions：不可翻译为“二手的观点”，应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。
7．cheap moralizing：这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar, contemptible; moralizing不是“道德”，而是“说教”。
8．when they do not hear them expreed：当直译不方便时，我们可用视点转移法：但是当周围人不谈起时
Key 讽刺文学
或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情，在这一视角下，这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒，让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到，我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中，有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑；《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩；《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉，使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的：在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上；在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品，而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心，因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语，便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭，它重新调整视角，将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起，用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。
讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今，是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫，它提醒读者，他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动，但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们，他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想，而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实，但是当周围人不谈起时，他们常常会忘记掉。
Paage 2 American Folk Art
What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday1 “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.Citizens of prosperous, eentially middle-cla republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially
Connecticut and Maachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Miouri.Midway through its first century2 as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen.During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commiioned by the wealthy and executed by the profeional.
But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s — anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist3 was called.Local craftspeople—sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvaes, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.
Notes everyday: 意为commonplace, ordinary
midway through its first century: 美国独立后50年间
portraitist：译为“画师”，以和前面的limner（画家）相区别。
Key 美国民间艺术
我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术的市场，特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人，或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始，美国这一群体的数量不断增加，而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。
勿需惊奇，美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中，人口不断西徙，在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州，人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间，人口增加了近5倍，原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里，肖像绘画的要求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国，摄影时代开始，而且，在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。从此，人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求，专业画家来完成绘画。
但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”，当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像，很快在当地声誉鹊起，然后很多人前来要求画像；艺术家们发现，他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游，既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。
Paage 3 Crows
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States.The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time.On the other hand, when it comes to substantive─particularly behavioral─information, crows are le well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones, the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example .There are practical reasons for this.
Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.Because they are so numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another.Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.
Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.
Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.
Key 乌鸦
乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员（物种）。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说（故事、传说和神话）流传众多，可见，人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面，在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时，与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比，它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。
众所周知，野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少，并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐，领悟快捷，善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图，并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单
一、机警灵活，人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上，但这却要满足一个前提，那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。
乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步，撇开技术上的困难不谈，其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手，其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源，而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习，每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好，策略和花招。比如，有一只宠物乌鸦，学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后，它便进去，享用了狗的美食。
第13篇：英译汉练习短文
英译汉练习短文6篇·
Paage 1 Satiric Literature1
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshne, its originality of perspective.Satire rarely offers original ideas.Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form.Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies.What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism.None of these ideas is original.Chivalry was suspected before Cervantes2, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley3, and people were aware of famine before Swift4.It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular.It was the manner of expreion，the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining.Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskne5 they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions6.With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing7, and foolish philosophy.Satire serves to prod people into an awarene of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true.Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, not do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expreed8. Notes
1．这篇文章用词正式，句式严谨、周密、冗长，文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式，可多用四字结构和铺排形式。 2．Cervantes: 塞万提斯（1754-1616），西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。
3．Aldous Huxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英国生物学家，作家。
4．Swift: 斯威夫特（1667-1745），英国作家，擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。
5．briskne：brisk意为keen or sharp in speech or manner。
6．secondhand opinions：不可翻译为“二手的观点”，应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。
7．cheap moralizing：这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar, contemptible; moralizing不是“道德”，而是“说教”。
8．when they do not hear them expreed：当直译不方便时，我们可用视点转移法：但是当周围人不谈起时
Key 讽刺文学
或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情，在这一视角下，这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒，让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到，我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中，有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑；《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩；《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉，使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的：在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上；在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品，而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心，因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语，便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭，它重新调整视角，将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起，用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。
讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今，是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫，它提醒读者，他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动，但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们，他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想，而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实，但是当周围人不谈起时，他们常常会忘记掉。
Paage 2 American Folk Art
What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday1 “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.Citizens of prosperous, eentially middle-cla
republics—whether
ancient
Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially
Connecticut and Maachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Miouri.Midway through its first century2 as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen.During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commiioned by the wealthy and executed by the profeional.
But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s — anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist3 was called.Local craftspeople—sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvaes, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting. Notes everyday: 意为commonplace, ordinary
midway through its first century: 美国独立后50年间
portraitist：译为“画师”，以和前面的limner（画家）相区别。
Key 美国民间艺术
我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术的市场，特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人，或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始，美国这一群体的数量不断增加，而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。
勿需惊奇，美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中，人口不断西徙，在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州，人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间，人口增加了近5倍，原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里，肖像绘画的要求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国，摄影时代开始，而且，在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。从此，人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求，专业画家来完成绘画。
但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”，当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像，很快在当地声誉鹊起，然后很多人前来要求画像；艺术家们发现，他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游，既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。
Paage 3 Crows
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States.The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time.On the other hand, when it comes to substantive─particularly behavioral─information, crows are le well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones, the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example .There are practical reasons for this.
Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.Because they are so numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another.Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.
Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.
Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.
Key 乌鸦
乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员（物种）。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说（故事、传说和神话）流传众多，可见，人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面，在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时，与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比，它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。
众所周知，野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少，并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐，领悟快捷，善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图，并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单
一、机警灵活，人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上，但这却要满足一个前提，那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。
乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步，撇开技术上的困难不谈，其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手，其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源，而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习，每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好，策略和花招。比如，有一只宠物乌鸦，学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后，它便进去，享用了狗的美食。
Paage 4 Life on Earth
Life originated in the early seas le than a billion years after the Earth was formed.Yet another three billion years were to pa before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents.Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.
What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafoils--relatively large specimens of eentially whole plants and animals.Vascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns, left the first comprehensive megafoil record.Because of this, it has been commonly aumed that the sequence of terrestrialization reflected the evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems.In this view, primitive vascular plats first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eaters.Moreover, the megafoils suggest that terrestrial life appeared and diversified explosively near the boundary between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more than 400 million years ago.
Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary.It turns out that some foils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfoils and microscopic pieces of small animals.In many instances the specimens are le than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the foils consist of the organic remains of the organism.
These newly discovered foils have not only revealed the existence of previously unknown organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular organisms.Our views about the nature of the early plant and animal communities are now being revised.And with those revisions come new speculations about the first terrestrial life-forms. Key
在地球形成不到十亿年的时间后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的观点），要再过30亿年，第一批动植物才出现在大陆上。或许，正如生命的起源一样，生命从海洋向陆地的过渡，同样在进化论上受到质疑。
什么形式的生命能使其生活方式发生如此惊人的变化？对于第一批登陆的生物，传统的观点是建立在巨化石基础上的，这些巨化石是一些基本上完整的动植物的较大标本。与现代种子植物和蕨类植物有种属相关的微管植物，留下了一批巨化石记录。因此，人们可以推测，生命登陆的次序反映了现代陆生系统的进化。按照这种观点，维管植物首先移居到大陆水域的周边，其次是以这种植物为食的动物，最后是吃这种食草动物的动物。而且，巨化石也表明（提示），在四亿多年前的志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间（在志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间，即四亿多年前），陆生生命已经出现，种类也急剧增加。
但是最近，古生物学家一直对志留纪-盆泥纪抵制界限以下的积淀物进行更为周密的调查。结果表明，将岩石放在一些盛有酸的容器里，一些化石就能从这些沉淀物中离析出来。这项技术从古海洋岸边的沉积物中又发现了新的证据——植物的微小化石以及在显微镜才可以看得见的小动物的碎片。多数情况下，标本的直径不足1/10微米。尽管他们在岩石中埋藏了数亿年，许多化石仍遗留有生物体的有机物质。
这些新发现的化石不仅揭示了先前不为人质的有机体的存在，也将多细胞生物进居陆地的时间向前推移。我们对早期动植物群体（群落）本质的看法正得以修正，随之而来的是对第一批陆生生命的新推断。
Paage 5
Historical Methods
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending proce.
Interest in historical methods has arisen le through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profeion.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.”Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
Vocabulary: practice: custom create: make sth from the past exit again or seem to exist again affinity: a close connection between two things because of qualities or features that they share revere: respect and admire primacy: the state of being the most important thing or person inherent: a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it equate: to consider that two or more things are similar or connected Key 历史研究方法
虽然每一位历史学家对历史有自己的界定，但是，现代最习惯的做法是，将历史看着是对过去重大事件进行再现并予以解释。每一代的历史学家，总会根据自身所处的时代和位置，重新判定过去的事件中哪些是重要的。这样找到的证据往往是不完全的、零散的；也常常是片面的、有着个人偏见的。对历史学家研究技艺的讽刺在于，运用这一技艺的人总是知道，他们所付出的努力不过是在给一个无边无际的过程不断加砖添瓦。
人们对历史学研究方法产生兴趣原因有二，其主要原因是历史学家内部意见不统一，其次原因是，将历史学作为一门需要智力活动参与（进行分析和研究）的学科是否合理，外界持尚有怀疑态度。虽然以前的历史学重视与文学和哲学的紧密关系，但是在提出新问题、并为理解过去提供有益的方法方面，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多的机会。社会科学方法论必须调整之后适应这样的学科：它由历史资料的重要程度决定，而非根据当代世界所必不可少的需求决定。
在历史学的研究中还有其他的一些方法是用来解释历史资料的。而在上一转化过程中，这些方法使得传统研究方法更为有效。
在历史学界，方法论是一个从根本上就非常含糊的术语。它到底是普通历史研究中所特有的概念，还是适合于各个分支领域的研究技巧，人们对此尚无定论。历史学家，特别是那些盲目从于自己的研究兴趣、因而被指责为使用“井蛙（狭隘）方法”的历史学家，常常成为“技术谬误”的牺牲品。同样，在自然科学领域，技术谬误也错误地将学科看成是由一些技术运用所组成的整体。这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学派和社会科学历史学派的身上，前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料的评议；后者认为历史的研究应该是某些具体技术的运用。
Paage 6 The Method of Scientific Investigation
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expreion of the neceary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person , as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these procees, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong , and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.
There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere\'s plays, where the author makes the hero expre unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life.In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. Key 科学研究的方法
科学研究的方法只是人类思维中必要的工作方式的表现，正是通过这种方式，人类对一切现象进行逻辑推理，并做出精确的解释。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间并无实质的区别，其区别有如面包师或者肉匠用普通磅秤称量他们的物品，而化学家则用天平和精确/细致分级的砝码来进行难度很大和复杂深入的分析一样。并不是因为在前一种情况下的磅秤与后一种情况下的天平在构造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因为天平是更为精密的仪器，与磅秤比较起来，其称量结果自然要精确得多。
如果我给你（可省去）举一些非常熟悉的例子，或许你会理解得更清楚。你会多次听说过科学家们是运用归纳法和演绎法工作，而且，在某种意义上，他们运用这些思维方式从自然界中总结出一些自然规则，然后运用特殊的技巧，在这些自然规则的基础上建立自己的理论。因此，很多人认为，普通人的思维活动决不能与科学家的思维活动堪比；只有通过某种特殊训练，普通人才能获得这些思维过程。听到这些夸张的说法，你或许会认为科学家的大脑和普通人的大脑在构造上不相一样；但是如果你不被这些大话（夸张的说法）唬住，你会发现你弄错了：在你生命中的每天、每时、每刻，你都在运用这些绝妙的思维方法。
在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个众所周知的情节：主人公在听到别人夸赞他毕生都是出口成章时，他表现出无尽的喜悦。同样，我相信，当你发现（在科学家运用科学思维的同时，）你也一样基于归纳法和演绎法原理行事，你会感到十分慰籍，也会对自己也非常满意。（在座）每一个人在一天中都有可能有机会开动一辆思维的列车进行（一连串）复杂的推理，这与科学家在探寻自然现象时的思维活动相比，虽然程度有些不同，但其性质却完全一样
第14篇：英译汉练习短文
·英译汉练习短文·
Paage1
SatiricLiterature1
Perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshne,itsoriginalityofperspective.Satirerarelyoffersoriginalideas.Instead,itpresentsthefamiliarinanewform.Satiristsdonotoffertheworldnewphilosophies.Whattheydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditioneemfoolish,harmful,oraffected.Satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.DonQuixotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;BraveNewWorldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;AModestProposaldramatizetarvationbyadvocatingcannibalism.Noneoftheseideasisoriginal.ChivalrywauspectedbeforeCervantes2,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforeAldousHuxley3,andpeoplewereawareoffaminebeforeSwift4.Itwasnottheoriginalityoftheideathatmadethesesatirespopular.Itwasthemannerofexpreion，thesatiricmethod,thatmadetheminterestingandentertaining.Satiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,notbecausetheyaremorallywholesomeorethicallyinstructive.Theyarestimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcommonsensebriskne5theybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions6.Withspontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,andspeaksinapersonalidiominsteadofabstractplatitude.
Satireexistsbecausethereisneedforit.Ithaslivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing7,andfoolishphilosophy.Satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawareneoftruth,thoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth.Satiretendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaianctimonious,sentimental,andonlypartiallytrue.Liferesemblesinonlyaslightdegreethepopularimageofit.Soldiersrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,notdoordinarycitizensdevotetheirlivestounselfishserviceofhumanity.Intelligentpeopleknowthesethingsbuttendtoforgetthemwhentheydonothearthemexpreed8.
Notes
1．这篇文章用词正式，句式严谨、周密、冗长，文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式，可多用四字结构和铺排形式。
2．Cervantes:塞万提斯（1754-1616），西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。
3．AldousHuxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英国生物学家，作家。
4．Swift:斯威夫特（1667-1745），英国作家，擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。
5．briskne：brisk意为keenorsharpinspeechormanner。
6．secondhandopinions：不可翻译为“二手的观点”，应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。
7．cheapmoralizing：这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar,contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”，而是“说教”。
8．whentheydonothearthemexpreed：当直译不方便时，我们可用视点转移法：但是当周围人不谈起时
Key
讽刺文学
或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情，在这一视角下，这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒，让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到，我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中，有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑；《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩；《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉，使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的：在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上；在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品，而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心，因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语，便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭，它重新调整视角，将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起，用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。
讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今，是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫，它提醒读者，他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动，但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们，他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想，而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实，但是当周围人不谈起时，他们常常会忘记掉。
Paage2
AmericanFolkArt
WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday1“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,eentiallymiddle-clarepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwayhownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.
TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMaachusetts—forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMiouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theUnitedStates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtooriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commiionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofeional.
Butintheheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,auchaportraitist3wascalled.Localcraftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—
begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvaes,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.
Notes
everyday:意为commonplace,ordinary
midwaythroughitsfirstcentury:美国独立后50年间
portraitist：译为“画师”，以和前面的limner（画家）相区别。
Key
美国民间艺术
我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术的市场，特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人，或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始，美国这一群体的数量不断增加，而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。
勿需惊奇，美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中，人口不断西徙，在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州，人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间，人口增加了近5倍，原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里，肖像绘画的要求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国，摄影时代开始，而且，在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。从此，人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求，专业画家来完成绘画。
但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”，当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像，很快在当地声誉鹊起，然后很多人前来要求画像；艺术家们发现，他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游，既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。
Paage3
Crows
CrowsareprobablythemostfrequentlymetandeasilyidentifiablemembersofthenativefaunaoftheUnitedStates.Thegreatnumberoftales,legends,andmythsaboutthesebirdsindicatesthatpeoplehavebeenexceptionallyinterestedinthemforalongtime.Ontheotherhand,whenitcomestosubstantive─particularlybehavioral─information,crowsarelewellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones,theendangeredCaliforniacondor,tociteoneobviousexample.Therearepracticalreasonsforthis.
Crowsarenotoriouslypoorandaggravatingsubjectsforfieldresearch.Keenobserversandquicklearners,theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers,andadeptatavoidingthem.Becausetheyaresonumerous,active,andmonochro
matic,itisdifficulttodistinguishonecrowfromanother.Bands,radiotransmitters,orotheridentifyingdevicescanbeattachedtothem,butthisofcourserequirescatchinglivecrows,whoareamongthewariestandmostuntrappableofbirds.
Technicaldifficultiesaside,crowresearchisdauntingbecausethewaysofthesebirdsaresocomplexandvarious.Aspreeminentgeneralists,membersofthipeciesingeniouslyexploitagreatrangeofhabitatsandresources,andtheycanquicklyadjusttochangesintheircircumstances.Beingsoeducable,individualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,strategiesandscams.Forexample,onepetcrowlearnedhowtoletadogoutofitskennelbypullingthepinonthedoor.Whenthedogescaped,thebirdwentintothekennelandateitsfood.
Key
乌鸦
乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员（物种）。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说（故事、传说和神话）流传众多，可见，人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面，在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时，与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比，它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。
众所周知，野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少，并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐，领悟快捷，善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图，并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单
一、机警灵活，人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上，但这却要满足一个前提，那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。
乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步，撇开技术上的困难不谈，其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手，其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源，而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习，每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好，策略和花招。比如，有一只宠物乌鸦，学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后，它便进去，享用了狗的美食。
Paage4
LifeonEarth
LifeoriginatedintheearlyseaslethanabillionyearsaftertheEarthwasformed.Yetanotherthreebillionyearsweretopabeforethefirstplantsandanimalsappearedonthecontinents.Life’stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife.
WhatformsoflifewereabletomakesuchadrasticchangeinlifestyleThetraditionalviewofthefirstterrestrialorganismsisbasedonmegafoils--relativelylargespecimensofeentiallywholeplantsandanimals.Vascularplants,relatedtomodernseedplantsandferns,leftthefirstcomprehensivemegafoilrecord.Becauseofthis,ithasbeencommonlyaumedthatthesequenceofterrestrializationreflectedtheevolutionofmodernterrestrialecosystems.Inthisview,primitivevascularplatsfirstcolonizedthemarginsofcontinentalwaters,followedbyanimalsthatfedontheplants,andlastlybyanimalsthatpreyedontheplant-eaters.Moreover,themegafoiluggestthatterrestriallifeappearedanddiversifiedexplosivelyneartheboundarybetweentheSilurianandtheDevonianperiods,alittlemorethan400millionyearsago.
Recently,however,paleontologistshavebeentakingacloserlookatthesedimentsbelowthisSilurian-Devoniangeologicalboundary.Itturnsoutthatsomefoilscanbeextractedfromthesesedimentsbyputtingtherocksinanacidbath.Thetechniquehasuncoverednewevidencefromsedimentsthatweredepositedneartheshoresoftheancientoceans-plantmicrofoilsandmicroscopicpiecesofsmallanimals.Inmanyinstancesthespecimensarelethanone-tenthofamillimeterindiameter.Althoughtheywereentombedintherocksforhundredsofmillionsofyears,manyofthefoilsconsistoftheorganicremainsoftheorganism.
Thesenewlydiscoveredfoilshavenotonlyrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownorganisms,buthavealsopushedbackthesedatesfortheinvasionoflandbymulticellularorganisms.Ourviewsaboutthenatureoftheearlyplantandanimalcommunitiesarenowbeingrevised.Andwiththoserevisionscomenewspeculationsaboutthefirstterrestriallife-forms.
Key
在地球形成不到十亿年的时间后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的观点），要再过30亿年，第一批动植物才出现在大陆上。或许，正如生命的起源一样，生命从海洋向陆地的过渡，同样在进化论上受到质疑。
什么形式的生命能使其生活方式发生如此惊人的变化？对于第一批登陆的生物，传统的观点是建立在巨化石基础上的，这些巨化石是一些基本上完整的动植物的较大标本。与现代种子植物和蕨类植物有种属相关的微管植物，留下了一批巨化石记录。因此，人们可以推测，生命登陆的次序反映了现代陆生系统的进化。按照这种观点，维管植物首先移居到大陆水域的周边，其次是以这种植物为食的动物，最后是吃这种食草动物的动物。而且，巨化石也表明（提示），在四亿多年前的志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间（在志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间，即四亿多年前），陆生生命已经出现，种类也急剧增加。
但是最近，古生物学家一直对志留纪-盆泥纪抵制界限以下的积淀物进行更为周密的调查。结果表明，将岩石放在一些盛有酸的容器里，一些化石就能从这些沉淀物中离析出来。这项技术从古海洋岸边的沉积物中又发现了新的证据——植物的微小化石以及在显微镜才可以看得见的小动物的碎片。多数情况下，标本的直径不足1/10微米。尽管他们在岩石中埋藏了数亿年，许多化石仍遗留有生物体的有机物质。
这些新发现的化石不仅揭示了先前不为人质的有机体的存在，也将多细胞生物进居陆地的时间向前推移。我们对早期动植物群体（群落）本质的看法正得以修正，随之而来的是对第一批陆生生命的新推断。
Paage5
HistoricalMethods
Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatiignificantforitinthepast.Inthiearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingproce.
Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlethroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialscienceeemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesrather
thantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.
Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofeion.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.
Vocabulary:
practice:custom
create:makesthfromthepastexitagainorseemtoexistagain
affinity:acloseconnectionbetweentwothingsbecauseofqualitiesorfeaturesthattheyshare
revere:respectandadmire
primacy:thestateofbeingthemostimportantthingorperson
inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit
equate:toconsiderthattwoormorethingsaresimilarorconnected
Key
历史研究方法
虽然每一位历史学家对历史有自己的界定，但是，现代最习惯的做法是，将历史看着是对过去重大事件进行再现并予以解释。每一代的历史学家，总会根据自身所处的时代和位置，重新判定过去的事件中哪些是重要的。这样找到的证据往往是不完全的、零散的；也常常是片面的、有着个人偏见的。对历史学家研究技艺的讽刺在于，运用这一技艺的人总是知道，他们所付出的努力不过是在给一个无边无际的过程不断加砖添瓦。
人们对历史学研究方法产生兴趣原因有二，其主要原因是历史学家内部意见不统一，其次原因是，将历史学作为一门需要智力活动参与（进行分析和研究）的学科是否合理，外界持尚有怀疑态度。虽然以前的历史学重视与文学和哲学的紧密关系，但是在提出新问题、并为理解过去提供有益的方法方面，新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多的机会。社会科学方法论必须调整之后适应这样的学科：它由历史资料的重要程度决定，而非根据当代世界所必不可少的需求决定。
在历史学的研究中还有其他的一些方法是用来解释历史资料的。而在上一转化过程中，这些方法使得传统研究方法更为有效。
在历史学界，方法论是一个从根本上就非常含糊的术语。它到底是普通历史研究中所特有的概念，还是适合于各个分支领域的研究技巧，人们对此尚无定论。历史学家，特别是那些盲目从于自己的研究兴趣、因而被指责为使用“井蛙（狭隘）方法”的历史学家，常常成为“技术谬误”的牺牲品。同样，在自然科学领域，技术谬误
也错误地将学科看成是由一些技术运用所组成的整体。这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学派和社会科学历史学派的身上，前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料的评议；后者认为历史的研究应该是某些具体技术的运用。
Paage6
TheMethodofScientificInvestigation
Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpreionofthenecearymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itiimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.
Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocees,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.
Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere‘splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpreunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingproseduringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.
Key
科学研究的方法
科学研究的方法只是人类思维中必要的工作方式的表现，正是通过这种方式，人类对一切现象进行逻辑推理，并做出精确的解释。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间并无实质的区别，其区别有如面包师或者肉匠用普通磅秤称量他们的物品，而化学家则用天平和精确/细致分级的砝码来进行难度很大和复杂深入的分析一样。并不是因为在前一种情况下的磅秤与后一种情况下的天平在构造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因为天平是更为精密的仪器，与磅秤比较起来，其称量结果自然要精确得多。
如果我给你（可省去）举一些非常熟悉的例子，或许你会理解得更清楚。你会多次听说过科学家们是运用归纳法和演绎法工作，而且，在某种意义上，他们运用这些思维方式从自然界中总结出一些自然规则，然后运用特殊的技巧，在这些自然规则的基础上建立自己的理论。因此，很多人认为，普通人的思维活动决不能与科学家的思维活动堪比；只有通过某种特殊训练，普通人才能获得这些思维过程。听到这些夸张的说法，你或许会认为科学家的大脑和普通人的大脑在构造上不相一样；但是如果你不被这些大话（夸张的说法）唬住，你会发现你弄错
了：在你生命中的每天、每时、每刻，你都在运用这些绝妙的思维方法。
在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个众所周知的情节：主人公在听到别人夸赞他毕生都是出口成章时，他表现出无尽的喜悦。同样，我相信，当你发现（在科学家运用科学思维的同时，）你也一样基于归纳法和演绎法原理行事，你会感到十分慰籍，也会对自己也非常满意。（在座）每一个人在一天中都有可能有机会开动一辆思维的列车进行（一连串）复杂的推理，这与科学家在探寻自然现象时的思维活动相比，虽然程度有些不同，但其性质却完全一样。
Asecretary’sjob
Althoughthesecretaryismostoftenthoughtofas”she”andtheexecutiveas“he”,itisn’talwaysnecearilyso!Intheearlydaysofofficework,mostsecretariesweremalebecausewomenwereconsideredtooweakforsuchhardactivities.
NowthereisanincreaseinthenumberofmencomingintothesecretarialfieldAndmorewomenaremovingintoexecutivepositions.Jobsandcareersanrnolongerdecidedbysex,butbyability.Aslongasthepersonhasthequalityofbeingagoodsecretary,heorshewillbeabletogetajob.Goodsecretariesarealwaysindemand.
Agoodsecretaryshouldbeexcellentinofficeduties.Forexample,whenthebohasanurgentbudgetmeeting,thesecretaryshouldnotdisturbhim.Iftheboisgoingtogiveadinnerparty,heorsheshouldmakethereservationaheadoftimeinanappropriaterestaurant.
Goodsecretariehouldalsopayattentiontotheirappearanceanddrefashionablyandneatly.Theymustbeabletospeakatleastoneforeignlanguagefluently.Ifasecretaryisveryskilledintypingandusingacomputer,sheismorelikelytoberecommendedforpromotion.
一份秘书的工作
通常秘书一般都被想成是“她”而执行者是“他”，但这不是必然的！在最初的办公室工作中，几乎所有的秘书都是男性，因为女性被认为是无法胜任如此难的工作。现在越来越多的男性加入到秘书的工作领域而许多女性加入到执行者的行列。工作和经历不在取决于性别而是能力。只要这个人有成为好秘书的资质，他或她将得到这份工作。好的秘书经常是受欢迎的。一个好的秘书必须有出色的办公室工作潜质。例如：当老板正在开一个紧急预算会议，秘书就不能打扰他。如果老板要开一个晚宴，他或她在这之前要预定一个合适的酒店。好的秘书还必须要注重他们的形象，穿着时尚整齐。他们要最少流利的讲一门外语。如果一个秘书非常熟练并且有技巧的掌握电脑，那么她很有可能被推荐升职。
本文编辑由（http://www.daodoc.com/sb）提供
第15篇：财务会计文献英译汉
南华大学经济管理学院毕业论文
英文翻译
题 目Determinants and consequences of internal control
in firms: a contingency theory based analysis 学院名称 经 济 管 理 学 院 指导教师 王 龙 辉 职 称 讲 师 学 号 20084960137 学生姓名 高 旭
班 级 财 务 管 理 081班
2012
年05月25日
企业内部控制的影响因素和后果：基于权变理论的分析
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南华大学经济管理学院毕业论文
摘要:为了保证企业需求内部控制活动的有效性和信息的可靠性以及遵守法律的适用性。因此，COCO,COSO等几个框架显示公司的特这个不同对内部的控制也不同。每个组织要选择最适合的控制系统时，必须考虑到意外事故的风险是否切合权变理论。本文研究的是检视这些风险特点的选择是否适应他们公司内部控制结构和它是否会导致一些更加优惠的有效性的评估控制管理。虽然内部控制的组成部分已进行单独控制，本文尝试阐明内部控制的关键点并将其放到更加广阔的背景中。结果证明，基于对741芬兰公司WEB调查，表明公司用内部控制结构来应对环境的不确定性，并观测控制的有效性的战略对其内部控制结构有着显著的效果。
关键词：内部控制 成效 权变理论 结构方块建模
1 文章概述
人们普遍认为，一个内部控制系统可以帮助企业降低风险的财务报表的可靠性保证体系和法律的遵循情况（Spira and page 2003）因此，越来越多的企业倒闭和一些广泛宣传企业舞弊行为导致企业在他们具体的操作环境下更多的关注自己的内部控制。在巨大的管理压力下，如何提高内部控制的有效性以及有效的与董事会和股东沟通。由于内部控制可能会影响长期的报告，导致审计人员、供应商、客户都对内部控制感兴趣。Kinney在2000年指出，尽管内部控制对公司影响很大，但在组织环境中内部控制结构却无法实现。关于内部控制的抓也文献在国际研究上已取得进展，但迄今为止，内部控制的研究数量有限。在2004年Selto andWidener出版的专业文章中提出，在管理控制中研究较少的内部控制有着很强的实用性。在2000年Maijoor越来越重视企业内部的控制，以及现有的研究不足，为其创造了新的研究基于和需求。
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这项研究有助于了解内部控制结构及其在公司环境中观察到对公司的效果。即使内部控制结构框架中提出了一个标准化的结构和内部控制目标，但仍然需要注意的是，有效地内部控制是要根据公司的不同特点来制定的。因此，即使是内部控制的框架中也无法提供一个企业的特点和其控制系统的关系。因此，本研究利用一个应急方法，审查内部控制结构的设计，并且将其放到不同的环境下观察其效果。研究报告分析了使用方程关系模型对SEM和芬兰公司进行实例证明并得到结果。这项研究的结果在几个重要方面增加了有限的内部控制研究的知识。首先，研究中提出了要利用内部控制及其在实践中的有效性度量模型的实证研究结果。世界上有一些组织已经将内部控制框架建立基金会来开展活动。无论如何，有一点是值得注意的，那就是除了求证时间框架外还要更加深入的内部控制研究模型。除了少数例子外，Stringer和Carey早在2002年就研究了在特定集中研究控制元件，如控制环境（1988D’Aquila）同心结构或风险评估，在这些研究中内部控制只是作为一个概念，是研究不同情况下的整体。第二，尽管在这之前文学的关系在内部控制的了解中发挥了关键作用，但是行为对内部控制的应急理论尚未进行充分研究。第三，从知识管理的角度进行内部控制还不成熟。该文学至今集中在外部各方的观点，1998年的Felix,尽管该组织将内部控制作为管理中的职责。因此在我们的而研究中内部控制调查研究是重点。
第四，本文研究的重要特点是当一个组织注意内部控制时必须检视意外事件的特征。其目的是确定哪些特征在内部变化有助于解释控制系统和观察内部控制的效。然而，当对该模型进行一元或多元变量设置时，会产生不同的效果。因此，本文主要论证了，如何将SEM技术应用到内部控制的研究。在内部控制结构有效替代的情况下了解差异的共同性对内部控制讨论做出很大的贡献。因此，这项研究提供了一种方法来识别不同组织对内部控制的特殊需求。
本文的其余结构介绍如下。接下来的部分介绍了研究框架和部分定义的介绍，研究结构的相关问题文献。第四部分介绍了调查设计和变量的测定。随后本文详细阐述了在SEM方法从741芬兰公司搜集数据为基础对实例论证。第六部分是对结果的讨论。最后一节是对研究限制阐述。 2 研究框架
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在2003年Chenhall运用控制系统设计可以协助管理人员实现其公司的目标和期望的结果。内部系统控制增强了企业的检测报告程序，也确保遵守法律法规。通过这种有效的内部控制对公司成功方面有着关键的作用。但是，正如我们观察到的，内部控制在真空下是不存在的。在1994年COCO框架中指出，两个组织不存在类似的控制系统，除非该组织的中心组织机构系统是相同的。内部控制系统根据不同的细节需要会产生在不同的组织环境下。在1994年COSO在内部控制框架中提出的声明类似于权变理论每一个组织特点采取适当的控制系统（参考Chapman 1997； Chenhall 2003；Fisher1995； Luft and Shields 2003）因此，应变的方法提供了在实践当中对内部控制因素不同的解释。权变理论构成了一种新的方法来演技有内部控制的理论和基础特点，这些从应急控制文件总结而来。
应变特征战略尺寸组织结构预知环境的不确定性内部控制结构RQ1RQ2RQ3RQ4-控制环境- 风险评估- 控制活动- 信息和通信- 监控内部控制评判效果- 效率和效力 活动- 可靠性信息- 遵守法律和 法规RQ5
因此管理控制在组织制度中的一个重要控制子集一直是权变理论的研究主体。研究主要集中在上下文变量对管理控制系统设计的影响，在这文献中，是对文献回顾的研究基础上分析的。其目的是利用了解内部控制结构的特点和影响来观察成效以作为制定权变理论。内部控制和权变理论共享某些元素，但是共同点和不同点的广度取决于所用的定义。在2003年Chenhall指出，以前的应变研究是基础的管理控制研究，遵循传统的感知旨在协助管理人员决策的被动工具。一是管理控制系统包含了一个会计系统，还包括个人或家族控制的控制因素。
图1说明了研究框架和理论基础上的内部控制框架。变量之间的关系有三组，在应变特点，内部控制结构和观察成效是本文研究的终点。前四个研究问题（RQ1-RQ4）旨在测试（战略，规模，组织应变特征结构和环境的不确定性）等因素对内部控制结构的影响。这些因素前人都有所研究（例如Chenhall 2003；Donaldson 2001；Hoque and James 2000； Macintosh 1994；Simons 1987；Drazinand Van de Ven 1985；Otley 1980)指出，指出这些因素对控制结构和企业的绩效产生一定的影响。
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第五个研究因素（RQ5）集中于内部控制结构与内部控制有效性的关系上。变量之间的理论关系是基于COSO1994年提出的。指出根据特定的情况对内部控制的需求不尽相同，但是内部控制组成的部分功能可以引导有效地内部控制系统。Fisher 1998年指出，成功的剪裁控制系统以适应企业的特点等类似的权变理论对公司的业绩有着突出的贡献。然而企业可能有着传统性能的其他目标。因此根据Fisher1995年的建议，在模型中所设想的一个非财务目标对内部控制的有效性产生理想的效果。用内部控制因素管理眼力大的公司已成为关键的因素（Sutton在2006年指出）。内部控制在组织中的影响和传统性能的可靠性措施可以衡量内部控制系统的业绩，不过在过去的文献中发现了许多相关文献。总之，本文进一步研究了不同情况下应变特性对内部控制结构的有效性的有力评价结果。
3 结构定义和研究的问题
在本节中提出了定义的适用范围，并且给出了以前的研究对构造问题因素之间的关系。 3.1内部控制框架
根据内部控制的广泛研究，它涵盖了一个组织的方方面面，在这里运用了汇集控制器的概念将内部控制架构的方法形成一个完整的整体，明确内部需求。在著名的内部控制框架（COCO,COSO）中包括有效地内部控制定义和目前内部控制结构的组成部分。举例来说，在1994年COCO的内部控制状态可以再董事会和管理层的理解程度上，该实体的目标正实现公布财务报表以及保证遵守法律法规。因此，着这中间的内部控制的研究进行有效的界定，如何控制好这三个目标在管理的观念上实现。
同样的，可以在一个适当的内部控制框架结构中描述五个不同组成部分的条款，其可以确定为：
1 控制环境的界定是一个组织得以运作的精神支柱。这个组件可以给人们创造一个他们可以进行他们的活动和执行它们的责任氛围。他创建了这家公司整体控制文化。
2 风险评估部分是指，处理风险如何威胁公司实现目标的过程。他设计到对风险的识别、分析和相应的评估。
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3 控制活动的组成部分，是指对政策、程序和做法对分先环节战略的实施是的管理目标得以实现的过程。
4 信息和通信组建是指确保有关信息在形式和时限上的识别，是工作人员履行其职责和责任的有效沟通过程。
5 监测组件是指评估内部控制的质量过程，谈涵盖了有管理人员进程外的其他各方面进行内部控制的外部监督和定期评估。
在本文中这五个组成部分定义了内部控制的架构。根据1994年COCO架构，为了有足够的内部控制系统使其组件部分正常运行。大大部分的研究将这一部分作为重点研究领域设定控制元件（D’Aquila 1998; Hooks et al.1994; Mills 1997）。在2002年Stringer and Carey研究的五个组成部分，以及单个因素对内部控制研究是在此研究领域的一个质转变。
在这项研究中观察到的内部控制原件及其有效性能分析的潜在变量。应当指出的是，理论和具体的个人控制或判断分析水平并不是主要的研究焦点。此外，分析应用水平受公司首席执行官和其他管理人员的控制。 3.2应急变量
(Fisher1995；Gerdin2005在以前的研究中指出，控制系统可能经过调试来进行应对多种相互矛盾情形下的需求。为了研究内部结构设计的复杂性，本文选择研究四个变量的特征。该研究探讨了战略，规模，组织结构和环境的不确定性对内部控制结构的影响，并且对其有效性进行考证。早先的研究中证明，这些特征随内部控制结构的性能设计有一定的影响(比如Chenhall 2003; Donaldson 2001; Hoque and James 2000; Macintosh 1994; Simons 1987; Drazin and Van de Ven 1985; Otley 1980)然而，特征选择不是唯一的，并且对内部控制结构有着相关的影响。。接下来，本文研究了文献回顾的特点和发展中研究的问题。 3.2.1战略
Otley (1980) 和 Dermer (1977) 分别指出，企业战略应当属于会计控制系统设计的主要特征之一。公司的战略不同将采用不同的控制系统，正如Miller etal.(1986)，Miles and Snow (1978)和 Porter (1980)等指出的。Simons在1990年发现，公司凭轻的会计控制系统在不同的公司策略下所选择的方式不同。虽然这些早期的研究表明，不同企业战略的不同往往会引起不同的控制系统配
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置。战略也会导致内部控制的一些分歧。然而，迄今为止进行的实例研究都没有取得战略与控制系统的自然链接。
在1978年MILES和Snow研究得多大多数控制前者与后者的差异为重点。Miles和Snow发现控制系统类型侧重于发现问题并且能够帮助一个组织灵活的应对环境的变化。在1977年正如Langfield-Smith所指出的组织控制可以分散结果为导向。这就意味着，监测通过强有力的控制环境，从未确保有力的控制意识。Simons在1987年发现通过监测异常报告与月度报告的预算偏差。监测需要从市场上寻找机会，将各种不同的信息通过通信组件提供对未来预测有用的信息。Simons在1987年的结论，在正式的控制系统的属性差异的捍卫下，得到这些属性对公司的业绩有着深远的影响。
根据之前的管理研究控制（Langfield-Smith 1997; Chenhall 2003）表明，某些类型的控制系统将适用特定策略。监测通过灵活的控制来应对不确定性的环境，减少不确定性的发生和公司效率最大化。相对于哪些保卫的公司，监测型公司根据用户的不同在不断地改变他们的管理系统，根据以上的要论研究我们的问题。
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南华大学经济管理学院毕业论文
Determinants and consequences of internal control in firms: a contingency theory based analysis
Annukka Jokipii
Published online: 8 March 2009
Springer Science+Busine Media, LLC.2009
Abstract In order to ensure the efficiency and effectivene of activities, reliabilityof information and compliance with applicable laws, firms demand adequateinternal control.However, several frameworks (COSO, CoCo etc.) aume that theneed for internal control varies according to a firm’s characteristics.This concurs with contingency theory, which claims that each organization has to choose the most suitable control system by taking into account contingency characteristics.This study examines which contingency characteristics firms choose to adapt their internal control structure and whether it results in a more favorable aement of the effectivene of control by the management.While the components of internal control have been examined individually in the control literature, this paper attempts to shed light on internal control and place it in a broader context.The results, derived from a web-based survey of 741 Finnish firms, indicate that firms adapt their internal control structure to deal with environmental uncertainty and to achieve observed control effectivene.Also the strategy has statistically significant effects on internal control structure.Keywords Internal control Effectivene Contingency theory Structural equation modeling 1 Introduction
It is generally believed that an internal control system reduces risks and helps firms ensure the reliability of financial statements and compliance with laws and regulations (Spira and Page 2003).So, an increasing number of busine failures and some widely publicized frauds have encouraged firms to put more emphasis on their
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internal control systems, which are specific to their particular operating environment.Management is under increased preure to enhance the effectivene of internal control and to effectively communicate this to the board of directors and shareholders (Sutton 2006).Reference groups like auditors, suppliers and customers are also interested in internal controls since they may affect long-term confidence in reporting, accountability and in the corporate form of organization (Rittenberg and Schwieger 2001).
Despite the fact that internal control is an eential factor affecting the firm, the evidence of the actual performance of an internal control structure within the organizational environment is almost non-existent, and the topic relatively unexplored by researchers, as noted by Kinney (2000).The profeional literature on internal control has made progre toward developing international control frameworks, but so far the amount of internal control research is limited.Selto and Widener (2004) analyze published research and profeional articles and find thatthere were fewer internal control topics in the management control research literature than in practical literature.Increasing emphasis on the role played by internal control in busine (Maijoor 2000), and the lack of existing research, creates new research needs and opportunities.
This study contributes to the understanding of the internal control structure and its observed effectivene in company contexts.Even though the internal control frameworks (COSO, CoCo etc.) present a standardized structure and objectives for internal control, they still advise that the need for effective internal control varies according to a firm’s characteristics.However, neither frameworks nor prior literature provide an adequate picture of the relationships between a firm’s characteristics and its control system.Therefore, this study utilizes a contingency approach to examine the design of the internal control structure and its observed effectivene in different contexts.The study examines relationships using structural equation modeling (SEM) and presents empirical results from 741 firms in Finland.
The results of this study add to the limited internal control research knowledge in several important respects.First, the study presents empirical findings using
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measurement models for internal control and its effectivene in practice.There are organizations worldwide which have used internal control frameworks as a foundation for conducting activities.At any rate, there is little evidence about frameworks outside practice, and thus the models deserve more intensive research attention (COSO 1994; Selto and Widener 2004).With a few exceptions (e.g.,Stringer and Carey 2002) earlier studies have usually concentrated on particular control elements, such as the control environment (D’Aquila 1998), communication (Hooks et al.1994) or risk aement (Mills 1997).In this study the internal control concept is examined as a whole in different contexts.Second, the action of contingency theory on internal control has not been examined sufficiently within the prior literature even though that relationship plays a critical role in better understanding internal control within organizations.Third, there is a lack of knowledge about internal control from the point of view of management.The literature has so far concentrated on the external parties’ view (Felix 1998), although organizing internal control in the organization is in fact the responsibility of management.Therefore, in this study the perceptions of the management of the surveyed firms are the focus.
Fourth, this study examines important contingency characteristics that should be taken into account when focusing on the internal control in an organization.The aim is to determine which characteristics are helpful in explaining variations in an internal control system and its observed effectivene.However, the model examined, yields different results when examined in a bivariate or in a multivariate setting.Therefore, this paper demonstrates how a contingency approach and SEM technique may be applied to internal control research.Understanding commonalities and differences in internal control structures and observed effectivene in alternative contexts makes a significant contribution to the internal control discuion.Thus, the study provides a means to identify the special needs of different organizations.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.The next section presents a research framework and the following section presents definitions of constructs and the literature related to the research questions.The fourth section explains the survey
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design and measurement of variables.Following that, the paper elaborates on the empirical analysis using the SEM method based on data collected from 741 Finnish firms.The sixth section includes a discuion of the results.The last section ends with the conclusions and limitations of the study.2 Research framework
Control systems are designed to aist managers to achieve their firm’s goals and desired outcomes (Chenhall 2003).An internal control system potentially enhances a firm’s monitoring and reporting procees, as well as ensuring compliance with laws and regulations.In this way effective internal control has a critical role to play in a firm’s succe.But, as we can see from the practical findings, internal control does not exist in vacuum.The COSO framework (1994, p.18) states that two organizations should not have similar internal control system unle the organizations are identical.The need for, and the specifics of, internal control systems may vary in organizational contexts.This statement presented in the internal control framework (COSO 1994) is analogous to contingency theory that claims that each organization has to choose the most suitable control system by taking into account contingency characteristics (see reviews in Chapman 1997; Chenhall 2003; Fisher 1995; Luft and Shields 2003).The contingency approach therefore offers an explanation for the variety of internal control systems found in practice.
However, contingency theory constitutes a novel approach to studying internalcontrol and thus, theoretical fundamentals and chosen characteristics are derived from the contingency-based control literature.Consequently, management control
is a major control sub-system in organizations which have been the subject of
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contingency theory research (Collier 2004).The research has mainly focused on the influence of contextual variables on management control system design (for example Langfield-Smith 1997; Chenhall 2003) and in this paper, the literature is reviewed along with an analysis of the research based on these studies.The aim is to use contingency theory to understand characteristics affecting internal control structures and its observed effectivene rather than to elaborate on contingency theory as such.Figure 1 illustrates the research framework based on contingency theory and internal control frameworks.The relationships between three sets of variables—the contingency characteristics, the internal control structure and the observed effectivene—are the focus of this research.The first four research questions (RQ1–RQ4) aim to test if contingency characteristics (strategy, size, organizational structure and environmental uncertainty) affect the internal control structure.There is evidence in earlier management control studies (for example Chenhall 2003; Donaldson 2001; Hoque and James 2000; Macintosh 1994; Simons 1987; Drazin and Van de Ven 1985; Otley 1980) that these characteristics may have some impact on the design of control structures and on firm performance.
The fifth research question (RQ5) concentrates on the relationship between an internal control structure and observed internal control effectivene.The theoretical relationship between variables is based on the COSO (1994) that states that depending on circumstances the need for internal control varies, but internal control components that are presented and function properly lead to effective internal control systems.The relationship also parallels contingency theory that states that succefully tailoring a control system to suit the firm’s characteristics will result in better firm performance (Fisher 1998).However, firms may also have goals otherthan traditional performance.Therefore, as proposed by Fisher (1995), a desired outcome envisaged in the model is that of a non-financial goal, namely internal control effectivene.This has become more important due to management being under increased preure to enhance it in firms with proper internal control (Sutton 2006).Internal control affects many procees in an organization and reliabletraditional performance measures, which can be claimed to measure
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performance due solely to the internal control system, can not be identified in thepreviousliterature.
To summarize, this paper examines if contingency characteristics affect the internal control structure and further, whether the internal control structure will result in a more favorable aement of effectivene if applied in alternative contexts.3 Definition of constructs and research questions
In this section the definitions of the constructs used are presented, and the literaturethat contributes to the relationships between constructs is reviewed alongside theresearch questions that have been developed.3.1 Internal control framework According to the broad view of internal control, it covers all aspects of anorganization and there was a clear demand for a method of pulling together controlconcepts to form an integrated internal control framework.Well-known frameworks (COSO, CoCo, the Basle Framework, the Combined Code and the Turnbull Guidance) include a definition of effective internal control and present the components of the internal control structure.For example COSO (1994) states that internal control can be judged to be effective when the board of directors and management have reasonable aurances that they understand the extent to which the entity’s operational objectives are being achieved, the published financial statements are being prepared reliably, and the applicable laws and regulations are being complied with.Therefore, in this study effectivene of internal control is defined in terms of management’s perceptions of how well these three internal control objectives are met.
Similarly, in the frameworks a proper internal control structure is described in different terms, but the following five components can be identified: 1.The control environment component defines the ethos of an organization and the way it operates.This component refers to the creation of an atmosphere in which people can conduct their activities and carry out their control responsibilities.It creates the overall control culture in the firm.2.The risk aement component refers to the procees of dealing with the risks that
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pose a threat to achieving the firm’s objectives.It involves the identification, analysis and aement of relevant risks.3.The control activities component refers to policies, procedures and practices that aure management that the objectives are achieved and the risk mitigation strategies are carried out effectively.4.The information and communication component ensures that relevant information is identified, captured and communicated in a form and time frame that allows personnel to carry out their duties and responsibilities effectively.5.The monitoring component refers to a proce of aeing the quality ofcontrol.It covers ongoing and periodical evaluations of the external supervisionof internal controls by management or other parties outside the proce.
In this research these five components define the internal control structure.2 It is stated in the frameworks (e.g., COSO 1994) that in order to have an adequate internal control system these components of internal control must be presented and function properly.Most of the research in this field focuses on examining particular control elements (D’Aquila 1998; Hooks et al.1994; Mills 1997).Stringer and Carey (2002) examines all five components but use a qualitative approach and examine the components separately.
In this study internal control components and observed effectivene are used as latent variables in the analysis.It should be noted that the level of analysis is theoretical and specific individual controls or judgments are not the main focus of the study (see for example Felix and Niles 1988; Gadh et al.1993).Furthermore, the level of analysis in the firms is at the corporate control level as applied by the CEO and other corporate officers (see e.g., Fisher 1998).3.2 Contingency variables
Previous studies (Fisher 1995; Gerdin 2005) have noted that a control system may have to be tailored to multiple and sometimes conflicting contextual characteristics.To capture the complexities of internal control structure design, this paper chooses to examine four contingency characteristics.The study examines the impact of strategy, size, organization structure, and environmental uncertainty on an
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internal control structure and reports its observed effectivene.There is evidence in earlier studies that these characteristics have some impact on the design of control structures and on performance (for example Chenhall 2003; Donaldson 2001;Hoque and James 2000; Macintosh 1994; Simons 1987; Drazin and Van de Ven 1985; Otley 1980).However, the selection of the characteristics may not be the only set of variables that might have an effect on internal control structure but the characteristics are considered relevant and are widely examined in control literature (Chenhall 2003).Next, this paper reviews the related literature for each contingency characteristic and develops its first four research questions.3.2.1 Strategy
Otley (1980) and Dermer (1977) state that the busine strategy should be one ofthe main features in accounting control system design.Depending on the firm’s strategy, as noted by Miller et al.(1986), Miles and Snow (1978) and Porter (1980), control systems are used in different ways.For example, Simons (1990)
found evidence that firms employ accounting control systems in diimilar ways if they use different strategies.While these earlier studies suggest that different types of firm strategies tend to cause different control system configurations, strategies may also cause some differences in internal control.However, empirical studies conducted to date have not yielded any firm conclusions about the nature of the most appropriate connections between strategies and control (e.g., 1999)
The Miles and Snow (1978) typology was adopted in this study; most control research has only focused on the differences between prospector and defender (Fisher 1995).Miles and Snow (1978) find that control systems of the prospector type may focus more on problem finding and that identifying flexible structures and procees may aist an organization in responding rapidly to environmental change.As noted by Langfield-Smith (1997) control in prospector organizations may be decentralized and results oriented.This means that the prospector requires a strong control environment, which can ensure strong control consciousne.Further,Simons (1987) finds that the prospector emphasizes monitoring deviations from a budget through exception reports
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and monthly reports.A prospector needs a wide range of information related to the future during the search for market opportunities which may activate information and communication components.Simons (1987) concludes that differences in the attributes of formal control systems exist between defender and prospector organizations and that these attributes have significanteffects on company performance.
Based on prior management control studies (see Langfield-Smith 1997; Chenhall 2003) it is poible to suggest that certain types of control system will be suited to particular strategies; prospectors are more likely to have flexible controls to enable quick adaptation to fast changing environments, while defenders are more likely to focus on reducing uncertainty and maximizing efficiency.Compared to defenders, prospectors are more flexible in modifying their management systems according to user needs.Based on the previous discuion the following research question is raised.
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第16篇：英译汉翻译技巧
英译汉翻译技巧
王 瑛
英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。 考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。
一、翻译技巧一
一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。 我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。
(一)重点分析句子结构
其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和
一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1.to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语
Mi Jones is a manager.琼斯小姐是位经理。
2.to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school.他在这所学校教英语。
3.there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语
There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美丽的野花。
(二)确定语法现象和惯用结构
英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、
同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如:
Anyone who is interested in it can go with us.对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) The problem discued at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) You could have done better if you had been more careful.要是细心一点的话，你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) Hardly had I said that when she entered the room.我刚说完，她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) It was not until last night that I noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其余成分) The books were either works on travel or detective novels.这些书要么是关于旅行的, 要么就是侦探小说。(连接词either„ or„连接两个表语) (三)熟悉固定搭配词组和习惯用法
英译汉考题中还常常会设计一个关键的考点 – 固定搭配的词组和习惯表达法, 旨在考查考生对词汇的掌握和运用情况。考生在理解这些习惯用语时会感到很困难, 这是因为单从组成某个习惯用语的词的字面意思上来理解其含义, 往往会出偏差, 必将影响到对整个句子的理解。 例如:
They came up with a cure for the disease at last.他们最终发现了治疗这种疾病的方法 (短语动词,意为“提出;发现”)
The news got around by word of mouth.这一消息通过人们的口传播开来。(介词短语,意为“口头流传”)
It’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.从长远的观点来看, 用真皮更便宜。(介词短语,意为“从长远的观点来看”)
I’ll tell them the truth, regardle of what they want to hear.不管他们愿不愿意听, 我要告诉他们真相。(形容词短语,意为 “不管...”)
Punishment had very little effect on him.惩罚对他没有什么效果。(名词短语,意为“对„起作用”)
(四) 熟练掌握过渡连接词
过渡连接词是使上下文的连接自然、紧凑的有效方法，使文章整体具有结构上的粘着性和意义上的连贯性。因此,熟练掌握过渡连接词能充分把握住原文的意图和出题思路。过渡连接词按语义划分为以下最常见的几种类型
表示增补: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore „
表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence „
表示转折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, neverthele, though, in fact „
表示列举: firstly, secondly, for one thing„for another, to begin with, then, last „
表示解释: for example, for instance, that is, namely „ 表示总结: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole „
例如:
The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago.这铁路联接两个城市, 即纽约和芝加哥。 (表示解释) She was very tired, neverthele, she kept on working.她虽然很疲倦, 然而她却继续工作。(表示转折) He said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他说他找不到它, 而且也没有人会找到它。(表示增补) He was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示结果) 他病了, 所以未能来。
二、翻译技巧二
每一种语言，在词意的运用，语句的铺排、句子的结构方面，都有其独特的方式，而每一词每一字所承载的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英译汉的表达方式总体上可以分成两大类:
（一）直译法：
一般来说, 在语言条件许可的情况下, 应该尽可能地用直译, 使译文既能保持原文的内容, 又能保持原文的形式和风格。例如:
o All roads lead to Roma.条条大路通罗马。
o The soldier was as brave as a lion.那个士兵像狮子一样勇敢。
o My brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作岗位上如鱼得水。
o It is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他这个人一向对人是雪中送炭，从来不是锦上添花。
（二）意译法: 为使译文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，当翻译中遇到两种文化有差异，用直译无法使译文传达准确的信息时，就要在母语中寻找与其对应的表达方式，利用各种必要的转换手段进行意译。例如: He is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.
他穷困, 潦倒，好像过着牛马一样的生活。（转译法- a dog’s life转换词义）
He behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.
他在回答采访者问题时, 很有礼貌。 (省略法–behaved 一词不译出) He is a stranger to the company’s busine.
他对于该公司的经营业务是陌生的。(转换法–stranger 名词转换成形容词) All preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做试验之前, 一切准备工作都必须做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)
Each country has its own customs.各国有各国的风俗.(重复法- Each country重复使用“各国”)
第17篇：英译汉应试技巧
关于应试技巧的内容很多，你可以直接把它们下载到你的电脑上，慢慢阅读。
第六章
英译汉应试技巧
英译汉试题是1996年1月始开始出现的一种新的测试学生能力的试题,它主要是考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用汉语来准确而又完整地表达英文意思的能力。这其中涉及到词汇、语法、句子结构剖析，表达方式等各方面知识。翻译的过程是个创作过程，严格意义上讲它要求达到“信”、“达”、“雅”的标准。但从四六级考试角度而言，一般只要求做到“忠实”、“通顺”即可。但纵观历届考生试卷，许多考生在翻译这一项得分不高。许多考生做此项题的最大感受是心理明白英文意思，可就是不能用汉语准确表达出来。这主要是因为考生平时在此方面训练得少，没有掌握英译汉基本技巧。近几年此类题型成为考试的一种趋势（考研英译汉必考，占15％），为此，我们在研究大学英语四六级真题基础上，总结出英译汉试题命题的一些规律，并详细解析各类考题的应试方法和技巧。
第一单元
命题规律
1.定语从句常考
英译汉中要求巧妙地翻译定语从句是最常见的题型。英语中，定语从句都放在被修辞词后面，考生关键就是把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组，放置于被修饰词之前。此类方法一般叫前置限定的合成翻译法，即把英语的后置定语译在被修饰的名词或代词前。
例（1）We were most impreed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious ill were quite aware of its potential outcome.
解析：此句中有个who引导的定语从句修饰前面的“those patients”,我们要用合成翻译法把who引导的定语从句变成一个前置性定语来修饰“patients”。所以此句话可译为：给我们留下极深印象的是：即使那些没有被告知严重病情的病人， 对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。
例（2）Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.
解析：此句中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词“features”,考生只要用合成翻译法把该定语从句变成一个前置性定语，此句就不难翻译为：即使是老道的作家也很可能不能完全描述出决定人的面孔各不相同的所有特征。
但是，当定语从句较它时，如果翻译成位置的定语，就会不符合汉语表达的习惯。在此种情况下，往往把该定语从句用转换法把翻译成并列的分句或作插入语，放在原来它所修饰词后面。
例（1）They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
解析：此句中Which引导的定语从句较它，我们可以用转换法把它译成并列分词。译文为：他们正在为实现这一理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人内心所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为它而牺牲了自己的生命。
例（2）Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.
解析：此句that引导的定语从句也较它。如果考生不能精炼地表达出that后面内容而又把它放在“features”前，就不符合汉语表达方式。此时，考生可用转换法把该从句变成一并列分句。译文为：即使是最老道的作家也很可能描述出全部特征，这些特征能够体现出各人面孔的不同。 2.宾词从句常考
宾词从句一般在句子中做宾语，它总体上也符合汉语主、谓、宾表达方式。而四六级英译汉试题中的宾语从句本身也较容易，没有复杂结构。故此类试题用顺向法即可翻译出，即顺着字面的内容从前向后翻译，也就是通常所指的直译。
例（1）Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 ream without being damaged.
解析：此句话的句子结构很简单，than引导的宾语从句主、谓、宾俱全，more…than是一比较结构，可译成“超过”，without引导的介词短语作状语。全句按字面意思即可译出：科学家有理由认为一个人可以忍受远远超过0.1雷姆的幅射而不受伤害。
例（2）Too often we believe what accounts for other’s succe is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇)。But rarely is succe so mysterious.
解析：此句句子结构也较简单，“Too often”作状语提前（汉语也有此表达方式），believe后面是一个省略that的宾语从句，但从句的主语又是一个what引导的完整句子。第二句是一个含否定意义的倒装句。但整个句子结构基本符合汉语习惯，故可用顺向法翻译为：我们常常相信别人的成功是由于某种特殊的奥秘或者某种机遇。但成功是很少如此神秘的。
3.省略处常考
英语表达中，常有省略主语、谓语而用一短语来表达句意的做法。做此类翻译时，如果按字面意思去处理，句意就不完整，所以考生可用分译转换法，把短语变成一个分句。
例（1）Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.
解析：此句中后面两个短语其实省略了“we fed”, 这样在英语表达中，句子结构精炼而又不影响表达意思。但变译成汉语时，考生需要增添谓语等成分，把短语变成分句，才能把句意表达清楚。译文为：然后我们给他们喝四种没贴标签的可乐样品，一次一种，给其中一组喝一般性可乐，给另一组喝低糖可乐。
例（2）…We find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations.
解析：此句中“and such-like…”部分其实跟that引导的从句并列，完整的表达法应是“we find such-like factors common to all biological Situations.”考生在翻译时，就需要用分译转换法把后面这一句转换成独立的分句。译文为……我们发现我们必须考虑诸如气候、土壤、植物此类的因素，且此类因素是所有生态环境中常见的要素。
4.状语部分常考
英语中作状语部分时一从句，有时是介词或连词短语。英语的状语部分位置和汉语中的状语位置有时不同，考生做题时要符合汉语表达方式将它提前。故可采用逆向翻译法，即先译后面内容，再译前面的。
例（1）But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
解析：此句中，重点考的是对“almost as well……as they did with it”部分的翻译。考生首先要分析出句子结构，主语是that引导的同位语从句，谓语是“is”, 宾语“victory”。As well … as 考生可将其调为“as well as they did with it without government”。这样，整个句子各部分分清楚之后，考生翻译时把相应状语提前，整个句子表达就通顺了。译文：但是，对许多人而言，穷人象以往一样在没有政府救济的情况下，生活照样过得很好，这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
例（2）What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose profeion identity(身份)than to step out of uniform?
解析：此句只要把“for…,or a waiter” 这个状语提前，整个句子结构就容易看出：for…，wate easier way is there to lose profeional identity than to step out of uniform? 所以该句可翻译为：对于一名护士、一名警察、一为理发师或一名侍者而言，还有什么比脱掉制服更加便利的方法能让他们失去职业身份呢？
5.同位语从句常考
同位语从一般都较长，考生先将该从句用顺译法或合成法（视具体情况而定）译成一独立分句，然后前面的先先词视具体情况取舍或巧妙安排。
例（1）We were most impreed by the fact that even those patients who not told of their serious illne were quite aware of its potential outcome.
解析：此句重点考that引导的同位语从句译法，该从句中还套用一个who引导的定语从句。考生可以把that引导的同位语从句单独译成一分句。译文为：给我们留下极深印象的事实是：甚至那些没有被告知严重病情的疾人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的.
例（2）But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well as without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
解析：该句是一个that引导的同位语从句作主语，考生先将that后面内容翻译出来，然后把“the fact”调到后面作is主语。译文为：对许多人而言，穷人象以往一样在没有政府救济的情况下，生活照样过得很好，这一事实本身就是一个巨大的胜利。
6.非谓语动词常考
英语中非谓语动词包括分词（过去分词和现在分词），不定式和动名词。英译汉考得较多的是过去分词作后置定语，考生可用前置限定合成翻译法，把后置定语译在被修饰的名词或代词前.
例（1）In the1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.
解析：此句结构简单，考生翻译关键是把divided修饰的后置定语巧妙安置到land前。 译问为：19世纪80年代美国是一个贫富分化极为明显的国家.如果过去分词后置定语不好安置于所修饰词前，考生可用转换法讲该分词后置定语变换成一个并列的分句。
例（2）Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.
解析：此句如果把定语放于所修饰词前，句意就比较敖口而难懂。考生可将过去分词后置定语游离出句子之外，单独译成一个分句。译文：社会资助是由人与人之间的资源交换所构成，而这种交换乃是建立在他们的人际关系的基础上。
在四六级英译汉中，出现了不定式作状语的题型。此类题一般按顺向法即可译出.
例（3）You very likely give other paengers a quick glance to size them up and to aure them that you mean no threat.
解析：此句结构简单，主要考如何把它们切换成两个独立的小分句.
译文：你很可能给其他乘客很快的一瞥，打量他们一下，以此让他们确信你对他们没有威胁。
7.表语从句译法
四六级英语英译汉中考了一题表语从句译法。一般而言，是将表语从句部分单独译成一个分句。如果表语从句结构复杂，可将复杂结构肢解成简单句子.
例（1）My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.
解析：该句表语从句中有一个现在分词后置定语，可用合成法将它放置在先行词one前。其他的可按顺向法译出.
译文：我的观点是，一代人对今跟其后的另一代人的频繁抱怨是不可避免的。
8.被动语态译法 被动语态是英译汉中常见的试题。英语中被动语态较多，而汉语表达中则较少。故考生做此类翻译题时尽量按汉语表达方式译成主动语态。
例（1）We were most impreed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illne were quite aware of ite potential outcome.
解析：此句中含有被动语态。如果按字面顺向译，表达就不顺利。故用转换法译成主动语态. 译文：留给我们极其深刻的印象的事实是：甚至那些没有被告知严重病情的病人，对其疾病的潜在后果也是非常清楚的。
综观以往四六级英语英译汉题型。考得最多的是定语部分的翻译。比如用从句作定语，分词作定语的等。考生做此类题时，如果定语部分较短，也较容易放到先行词前，考生可用合成法将后置定语放到先行词前。如果后置定语较长，意义容量大，可用转换法将后置定语变换成一个独立分句.
其次考得最多的是状语部分的翻译。有从句作状语，不定式作状语，介词连词作状语，分词作状语等。做此类翻译时，一般将状语先译出，或者前置。另外，不定式短语作状语时，如果句意容量大，可以将他们转换成分句来翻译。
第二单元
英译汉得高分原则和技巧
考生在掌握了命题规律之后，平时学习时就应注意各种题型，侧重练习常考题型的译法。但是，能把句子翻译通顺还不是翻译的最高境界。翻译的的高标准是讲究\"信\"、\"达\"、\"雅\"的结合。考生若想在此项试题中得高分，还必须注意以下几个原则。
1.直译意译互动，但侧重于意译。
四六级英译汉试题中，一般句子能直译出来，但为了达到“雅”的标准，考生在把握了句意，安排好了句子结构基础上，若选用意译，其效果更佳。
例（1）Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.
解析：此句中“make one face different from another”, 若直译则译为“区别人脸的。”这在汉语表达中不够“雅”。因此考生可根据上、下文（或句），采用意译：即使是最老道的作家也很可能不能描述出不同面孔的区别所在。
例（2）In the 1880s the United States was a lard sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.
解析：此句中对“Sharply divided been the immensely wealthy and the very poor.”翻译若采取直译法，则成了大白话：“分成极富的和极穷的。”若意译为“贫富悬殊极大的”，则显得通顺、高雅。
2.注意词义的精选和引申。
英语中的单词一般都有多种意义，不同的语境、词汇搭配关系的不同都导致词意的不同所以考生一定要联系上、下文或上、下句精确地选择词义。此外，有些词根据字典的释义无法进行翻译，这一需要根据基本词义，进行引伸。
例（1）Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.
解析：此句中“unidentified”的翻译互关重要，它需要根据上、下文（或句）联系才能最精确地表达出其内涵。根据短文意思，我们可翻译为“没有贴标签的四种可乐样品。”
例（2）In the 1880s the United states was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.
解析：此句中“land”的翻译能看出考生的功底。直译为“大陆”、“陆地”都没有达到境。根据上、下文可译为“国家”。
3.适当地增词或减词。
在英汉翻译时，为了更准确地表达原文含义或为使译文更符合汉语习惯，考生要学会适当地增词（如表转折、让步、因果、假设等关系的连词。）
例（1）While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.
解析：此句中有while引导的让步状语从句，所以翻译成汉语时一定要增添“但是”，以符合汉语表达习惯。译文：尽管两组表现得比我们预料的要好，但是每组几乎一半参加者作出了两次或两次以上的错误选择。
4.坚持长句短说的表达方法。
英译汉句子中。有些句子结构复杂，从句中再套有从句，或者是修饰性定语、状语太长。考生翻译此类长句时，首先把复杂长句层层剥离，分成相对独立的分句，然后逐个翻译这些分句，直至把整个句子意义表达出来。
例（1）Researchers have established that when people are mentally，bio-chemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effeetively in cognitive(认知的)areas such as attention and memory.
解析：此句结构较复杂，前that引导宾语从句。宾语从句中又有一个when引导的状语从句，还有一个that引导的宾语从句修饰changes。此外，还有一个such as引导的短语修饰areas。考生若想翻译好此句子，最好用一个个小短句来表达不同部分的意思。参考译文：研究人员己证实，当人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化。这种变化可以使头脑在一些认知领域（如注意力、记忆力领域等）里更加有效地进行活动。
5.善于分析句子结构
做好英译汉的重要步骤之一就是要会分析句子结构。再长，再复杂句子，把主、谓、宾、状、补一一分析出来。考生心里就会明白句意，然后针对各成分，采用不同的译法翻译出来。考生首要的一步就是找出句子主干：主、谓、宾。主干抓住了，其它成分就能能更好地找出。
总之，英译汉也是考查学生综合能力的一项测试。考生在阅读理解的基础上，掌握上述的命题规律和做题基本原则，一般是能考出理想成绩的。希望考生在平时学习过程中，照我们总结的一些规律和提供的一些建议多加练习。
第18篇：英语翻译英译汉打印
（1）In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of various colors and sizes.门口堆着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
（2）It is a position which if we endorse，it will really mean without law.
endorsing the rule of the jungle, that is, a world 如果我们认可这种状况,那就真正意味着赞同弱肉强食的原则,也就是一个没有法制的世界。
（3）Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us.Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water, a complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.gentle quivering along showing that it was not 眼前不远，渔舟三五，凝滞不前，樯影斜映在水上， 仿佛睡去，偶尔微见颤动，似又未尝熟睡，恍若惊梦。 （3）I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.
我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍。
（4）Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.
逃避并不能解决实际问题。
（5）He wore dark glaes, thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.
他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里面塞了棉花。
（6）But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.
但是他每冲一次，不是让人一脚踢了回去，就是让人棍子打了回去。
（7）Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.
车未停稳，请勿上下车
（8）I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative reinstate the visit so quickly.
of your Government, it proved poible to 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样愉快的重新进行这次访问，这使我感到特别高兴。 （9）Time is an equal opportunity employer.Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day.Rich people cancanspend it on another day.’t invent new minutes.And you can’t buy more hours.Scientists 每个人每天所拥有的小时数和分钟数完全相同，富人
’t save time to 不可能购买更多的小时，科学家也不能发明新的分钟，并且你还不能把时间留到另一天用，所以说，时间是机会均等的雇主。
（10）As it is too late for you to go home now, you had better stay overnight at this place.
现在回家太晚，你最好在这儿住一晚。
（11）Odd thought it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically ideas plausible consequence of some astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of in elementary-particle physics, and respected many a decade that it is true.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中
一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推论，许多天体物理学家
七、八年来一直认为这一学说是正确的。（12）Marriage may be compared to a cage: the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out.婚姻好比鸟笼，外面的鸟儿想进进不去，里面的鸟儿
想出出不来。
（13）All the people want to be succeful in life and work.Succe is one of the primary motivating factors of human biological need, although society.But we must not say, it is or wealth he needs.In the pursuit of succe, we should it can bring a person our position basic have a right attitude toward failure best policy mother of succe.‖– as a Chinese old saying says, ―failure is the – no fear for it is the 每个人都想在生活和工作中取得成功。成功是人类社
会主要的动力之一。尽管成功能给人带来所需的地位和财富，但是我们不能说成功是我们的基本生物需求。在追求成功的过程中，我们应该用正确的态度看待失败---最好的办法是不惧怕失败，正如一句中国古训所说：“失败是成功之母。（14）Even though everyone has different concepts about what constitutes being succeful, almost all individuals experience the constant preure to succeed.While most people would still consider an important position or great wealth as a sign of succe, term others are realizing that the means embraces many more elements.To me, succe feeling the achievement of one’s goals.It includes a fear of accomplishment, a willingne to overcome self-improvement in reaching the goal.in attempting something new, and a sense of 每个人对什么是成功有不同的观点，但几乎所有的人都经历过为取得成功所承受的长期压力。虽然多数人仍然把身居要职和腰缠万贯看成是成功的标志，但也有人认识到成功包含着更多的东西。对我而言，成功就是实现了自己的目标，它包括尝试新事物的成就感和克服恐惧的积极性以及在实现目标的过程中的自我完善。
（15）It is sometimes the fate of a poet to succeed, only when he has one foot in the grave.有时候一名诗人命中注定只有在一只脚踏进坟墓的
时候才会成功。
（16）Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving infrequently.hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, 树懒产于中南美洲各地，它靠长而有弹性的四肢挂在 树上，每天睡15个小时，很少移动。
（17）We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道,因为猫的眼睛所摄入的光线比人眼多,所以 猫在夜间看物体很清楚.
（18）He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.尽管没有用处,
他仍然坚持再盖一座房子.
（19）Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
人们开始急切的找工作,只要能帮助他们维持家庭生活,任何工作都行.
（20）Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而从一开始，人们就忽略了我还活着这一事实
.（21）But I knew I couldn’t trust him.There was always the poibility that he was a political swindler.但我知道我不能信任他.很有可能他是个政治骗子
.（22）It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.
他应对延误负责,这一事实无法改变.（23）He expreed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他希望还能再次访问中国.（24）I have accepted my father’s decision that I was to be all.
a doctor, thought the prospect did not interest me at 我已经接受了父亲的决定，将来做名医生,尽管我对这种想法并不感兴趣.
（25）After Aunt Lena had heard about the family trouble, she agreed to look for a job.
丽娜阿姨听说了家庭的困难情况后，同意去找工作。 （26）Our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace in the world.
我们的衷心愿望是建立世界长久和平。
（27）I can’t even remember clearly what he looked like.
我连他的模样也记不清楚了。
（28）The war was immediately caused by incursions acro the borders.
那次战争的直接原因是入侵国境。 （29）All night long the beating and questioning goes on, the search goes on.
拷打、审讯彻夜不停，搜捕也不停。
（30）My first 30 years were spent in Western America.我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。
（31）An individual is judged by how he serves the collective, lives and talents of its individuals.but the collective is expected to cherish the 判断一个人要看他对集体服务得怎样，但是集体也要重视个人的生活和才能。A
(1) dedication from his employees.As a demanding bo, he excepted total loyalty and 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠
躬尽瘁。（贬）
(2)Active oxidizable materials are always subject to slow attack by metals, organic substances, and other oxygen when exposed to the air.
活泼金属，有机物和其它可氧化的物质，当暴露在空气中时，总是容易受到氧的缓慢侵蚀。
(3)Anyone endle airport corridors, or waited for a delayed flight in who has tugged heavy hand baggage down a airports are in design terms.
sterile lounge will know how user-unfriendly many 任何人只要他曾拖着沉重的随身行李，走过环形的机场走廊，或者曾在枯燥乏味的休息室里等候延误的班机，都会体会到许多飞机场在设计上对旅客多么不方便。
(4)A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。
(5)After conference.
the basketball, he still has an important 看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。 (6)As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
(7)A increasing attention.
new kind of car—small, cheap—is attracting 一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意——这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。
(8)After flown acro the U.S.to San Francisco.
all preparations were made, the planes were 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。
(9)A book is useful.(10)As becomes greater.
the temperature书（是）有用（的）increase, the volume 。
of water 温度升高，水的体积就增大。
(11)And 一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from
university.(12)A teacher 的应当有耐心。should have
patience in his work.当教员(13)The girl 在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。standing at the window is his
girlfriend.站(14)A boy is always a boy.(15)An 孩子终归是孩子。
study of translation.acquaintance of world history is helpful to 读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。
the
(16)A view of Mt.E-mei can be obtained from here.儿可以看到峨嵋山。
从这(17)Americans organizations available in the United States attests.are great joiners, as the huge number of 美国人热衷于参加各种活动，看看不胜枚举的各种组 织就足以证明这一点。
(18)A well-dreed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.
一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。
(19)Appearances 住的。
are often deceptive.外表往往是靠不(20)At the news of his father’s death, he remained quiet for several days.得知父亲过世的消息，他好几天都一言不发。
(21)Anybody le like a dictator they would not find.是他们所见到的最霸道的人了。
他(22)Americans Chinese in terms of ―obligations‖ view relationships in terms of ―rights‖; elders, to the country.--- to family, to one’s 美国人以―权利‖看待关系，而中国人则以
―义务‖看待关系：包括对家庭的义务、对长辈的义务和对国家的义务。
(23)Americans are beginning to realize that this terrible problem Government’s.of poverty is their problem and not just the 美国人开始意识到可怕的贫困问题不仅是政府的问
题，更是他们自己的问题。
(24)Around are either restrictive, absent, or are lagging behind what the world, laws on human cloning research is happening in the laboratory.全世界关于克隆人研究的法律要么加以限制，要么缺
乏，要么落后于实验室的进程。
(25)American writers have produced novels, short stories, and poems, reflecting both the life of the nation and the diverse local and ethnic cultures within it.美国作家创作出了反映国民生活和国内多民族文化
的长篇小说、短篇小说和诗歌。
(26)A police court is presided over by a magistrate, who tries the cases without a jury.治安法庭由地方法官主持，法官审理各种案件，无须
陪审团。
(27)Apple pie is a favorite sweet, and English puddings, of which there are various types, are an excellent ending to a meal, especially in winter.苹果馅饼是人们喜爱的甜点，而英国布丁品种多样，
用作一餐的最后一道点心再好不过，尤其在冬天更是如此。
(28)Among candles, turkeys and toys.the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, 货品中有圣诞树、花卉、蜡烛、火鸡和玩具。
(29)An awed hush fell upon the bystanders.大气也不敢出。
旁观者吓得(30)A panoramic glance Lincoln Memories.view through of the Washington his office Monument window offers and the a 从他的办公室窗口望出去，华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念
堂尽收眼底。
(31)American goods they set in motion than by how well they respond presidents tend to be judged le by the to crises.美国人对总统的评判往往不是看他们能否成功治理
国家，而是看他们能否泰然应对危机。
(32)After all these years of working together, he is more than a friend to me.他和我共事了这么多年，我们已成莫逆之交。
(33)Aluminum century, owing to its always being combined with other elements, because remained nowhere unknown in nature until is the it found nineteenth free, most affinity.commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
(34)Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and many religious increasing other countries and political flocked freedom, to the immigrants United from -1914.
numbers, reaching a peak in the years States 1880 in 许多其他国家的人听说在美国挣钱机会多，还有宗教和政治自由，不免有所心动，纷纷移居美国，移民人数越来越多，于1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。 B
(1)Brain matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.
drain has been Kangding’s No.1 concern; as a 人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成
为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。
(2)Before stations may be replaced by battery-recharging terminals.too many years paed, corner gasoline 用不了多少年，街头加油站就有可能被蓄电池充电站所代替。
(3)Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.
(4)Being 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国的路线。security calls for government measures for improvement.a major concern now, the problem
of cyber 网上安全现在已经成为人们关注的主要问题，因此需 要政府采取措施，增强网上安全。
(5)Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.claes: those who are toiled to death, those who 广义地说，人可以分为三类：有些人辛劳而死，有些 人忧愁而死，有些人烦闷而死。
(6)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will where there are many stimuli which experience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
(7)But now are it is realized that supplies of estimate limited, and it take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these of their ―expectation is even poible some of them of life‖, to give the a reasonable time it will materials.
可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质―矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。可望存在多少年‖, 也就是说, 经过若干年后 , 这些C
(1)Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently.变革正在进行，以提高部门的工作效率。
(2)―Coming!‖ Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, acro the veranda, and into the porch.―径来啊,跨上台阶!‖ 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。, 越过草地
, 跑上小(3)Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？
(4)Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.
你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。 (5)Cambridge thinkers Byron and poets University has nurtured great scientists, to the progre of mankind.and Darwin, who such made as Newton, outstanding Bacon, contribution Milton, 根、弥尔顿、拜伦、达尔文这样伟大的科学家、思想剑桥大学培养出了牛顿、培家和诗人，他们为人类的进步做出了杰出的贡献。 (6)California year Continental United States.round on than the that whole of has a climate milder all the 大体上说，在整个美国大陆上，加州的全年气候是最
any other places in the 温和的。
(7) Charles is more cautious than decisive.有余，果敢不足。 查尔斯谨慎D
(1)Destructive community.forces are clearly operating within the 显然社区中有破坏势力在活动。
(2)Dobbin more had been in the themHe had tried all the coffee-room papers but could for an not hour read or 杜宾在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的．
报纸，可什么也没看进去
(3)Disappearances frequency.occurred with apparently increasing 失踪事件接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。
(4)Decision has to come.(5)Don’t lose time in handing in the exercise book决定还没有做出。
即把作业本交上来。
s.立(6)Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford.底特律的迅速发展和一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归
功于亨利-福特。 E
(1)Exchange advantage of exports.rates are currently operating to the 目前的汇率走势对出口有利。
(2)Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜和苦。
(3)European increase number of cars, and the modernization of housing.in habits supermarkets have changed and shopping much along centers, with the 欧洲人的习惯随着超市、购物中心和小汽车的增多，
the 以及住房的现代化而发生了变化。
(4)Ericon which analysts launched its slim and smart new model share in the tough mobile phone market.expect will boost profits 手机市场竞争激烈，爱立信公司推出小巧时尚的新机
but not market 型，专家预测这种机型能够增加利润，但不会扩大市场份额。
(5)Each country has its own customs.风俗。
各国都有各国的(6)Everybody appreciates polite words and manners.每个人都会赞赏礼貌的言辞和礼貌的举止。
(7)Einstein, Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.who worked out the famous Theory of 爱因斯坦由于创立了著名的相对论，于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖。
(8)Even automobiles than any other country, it still imports large though the United States produces more number primarily of autos from United States.because 尽管美国的汽车生产量居世界首位，但它仍从德国、
there Germany, is a market Japan for and them Sweden, in the 日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，这主要是因为美国市场有这一需求。
(9)Even asleep, when refrigerators, electricity we turn off the beside lamp and are fast air-conditioned.heating is working for us, driving our 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时
our water, or keeping our rooms , 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。 F
(1)For severely criticized.mistakes had 因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了
been made, bad ones, he was 严厉的批评
(2)Feel at home.(3)Functioning 别见外，别客气。ambitious young people from all over the world.like a magnet,
Hollywood draws 好莱坞如同一块磁铁，吸引了世界各地一心想成名的
年轻人。
(4)Foundations otherwise go to the government in taxes.are based on the money that would 基金会所依赖的资金本来会以税收的形式上缴政府。
(5)For convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, a family of four, for example, it is more with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看
电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。 G
(1)Gla is more transparent than plastic cloth.明度比塑料布要好。
玻璃的透(2) Good winner, good loser.(3)Genetically 胜不骄，败不馁。
security, to feed impoverished millions.engineered rice is the key to Asia’s food 转基因大米对于保障亚洲粮食供给十分重要，对于保
证贫穷的数百万人民温饱也十分重要 H
(1)He took the machine to pieces to try and find out how it operated.他把机器拆开，想看看机器怎么运转的。
(2)He reached his hand out for the book I offered him.他伸出手来接我给他的书。
(3)He was a man of high renown (fame).他是位有名望的人。（褒）
(4)\"He was polite and always gave advice willingly,\" she recalled.她回忆说，―他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。‖ (5)He left without a word.他一句话也不说就走了。
(6)He dismied the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。
(7)He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.
他吃了 点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。 (8)He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。 (9)His arrogance made everyone dislike him.他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。
(10)He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
(11)He his eyes, but said nothing.
shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。
(12)He looked gloomy and troubled.不安。
他看上去有些忧愁(13)He left without a word.(14)His triumph.
very appearance 他一句话不说就走了。at any affair proclaimsit a 无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。 (15)He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽。 (16)He was a regular visitor.(17)He is strong physically, but weak mentally.他经常来。
很强，可智力很弱。
他体力(18)Hopefully, 完成这项工作是大有希望的。it will be done early
next month.下月初(19)He had the honor to attend the congre.席了代表大会。
他荣幸地出(20)He had a careful study of the map before he started off.(21)He hated failure; he had conquered it in his own life, 他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。
risen above it, despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
(22)Happy family also had their own troubles.也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
幸福家庭(23)Having brought about a lifestyle revolution, Internet use computer systems of important organizations.is threatened by hackers’ repeated attacks of the 尽管因特网带来了生活方式的革命，黑客屡屡入侵重
要机构的电脑系统，使因特网的功能受到了损害。 (24)His him to sit down in the first convenient shade.wearine and the increasing heat determined 他疲惫不堪，天气又越来越热，于是想就近找个阴凉
的地方，坐下歇会儿。
(25)His attacked.action was prompted by the fear of being 他这样做是因为害怕受到攻击。
(26) music.His real interests lie outside work in his love of 他最喜欢在工作之余，尽情欣赏音乐。
(27)He left the White House a wiser but sadder man.他离开白宫时比以前更睿智，但也更伤感。
(28)He gorgeous beauty.felt more than shrilled 邂逅这样一个大美人，他激动万分。
to come acro such a(29)He gave me clothes as well as food.他除了给我食物外还给我衣服。
(30)He as good as said I’m a liar.I
他无异于说我撒谎。 (1)If there’s an electrical failure, it’s poible to operate the lift manually.如果停电，可以由人力开动电梯。
(2)It have ever seen.
is indeed the most magnificent drawing-room I 那的确是我所见到的最豪华的客厅。
(3)It is all but very well, again, to have a tiger in altogether.
to have one in the driver\'s seat is another the matter tank, 当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是另一回事了。
(4) If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.尺。
得寸进(5) I wash my face in the morning.(6) I saw her waving her hand and smiling sadly at me.我早上洗脸。
我看见她挥着手，对我忧愁地微笑着。
(7) It took me a long time to reach the hospital.长时间才到了医院。
我花了很(8) If winter comes, can spring be far behind?春天还会远吗？
冬天来了，(9) In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
一九(10)I can note the grace of her gesture.雅的举止。
我可以看到她优(11)Independent study.thinking is an absolute neceity in (12)I 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。
her.(13)It escapes your notice that she has changed so much.我去机场接朋友，可是没接着。went to the airport to meet my friend
but mied 你没注意到她变化那么大。
(14)If further questioning of your courage.all three of you take part in it, there can be no 要是你们三位都参加，无疑你们是有勇气的。
(15)I couldn’t agree with you more.(16)In motorist who commits a motoring offence will appear in due course, having received我完全同意。a summons,the a police court.驾驶人开车违章，收到传票后，要在规定时间内到治
安法庭受审。
(17)In an effort to reach more readers, many publications have people with personal computers.gone on-line, making their materials available to 为了争取更多读者，很多杂志将文章刊载在电脑网络
上，人们在家里可以通过个人电脑阅读喜爱的文章。 (18)In mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous 1849 gold was discovered in California in the Gold Rush.1849
了广为人知的淘金热。年加州三藩市附近的山里发现了黄金，
由此开始((19)It greatest innovations is believed that will bring the end of the world.of our time.nuclear power is among the 我们相信核能是当代最伟大的发明之一，但是我们也
But it is also feared it 担忧核能会带来世界末日。
(20)It people’s is commonly believed talk more slowly than the busy northerners.energy and that people that of hot the climates south walk reduce （人们）通常认为，炎热的气候降低了人的活力，南
and 方人走路和说话都比忙碌的北方人慢。
(21)In the 1960s there was a change in fashion in favor of small cars.20
青睐。世纪
60年代，时尚起了变化，小汽车受到人们的(22)In stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom.the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard 长方形的院子里长着三株盛开的白玉兰。
(23)Improved sharpened sense of aesthetics.housing has also contributed to a 改善居室环境也有助于增强审美意识。
(24)It is not advice as much as approval that he seeks.与其说他在征求意见，不如说他在期望得到赞同。
(25) If you ask my opinion, I’d say he is a man who is more brave than wise.要我说，他这人勇敢有余，韬略不足。
(26)I was busy and le than delighted to have company that day.那天我很忙，不喜欢有人作伴。
(27)It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge.获取知识不易，传授知识亦难。
(28)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have courses and more advice.
to be much more detailed information about 因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。 J
(1)Justice darkne will inevitably prevail over evil, light over 胜邪恶，光明终将送走黑暗，进步终将替代倒退。and progre over backwardne.正义终将战 (2)Jee opened his eyes.They were filled with tears.西睁开眼，眼里充满了泪水。
杰(3)Just experiences.as neceary for us as knowledge are social 对我们来说，和知识同样必需的是社会经历。
L
(1)Leave me alone! Go away! (2)Lacking 别烦我！走开！families are upset by the widening generation gap.communications between generations,
some 由于两代人之间缺乏交流，不断加深的代沟使一些家
庭深感烦恼。
(3)Launched official currency in the 11 European Union nations.on 1 January, 1999, the euro becomes the 欧元于1999年1月1日启动，成为11个欧盟国家的 官方流通货币。
(4) Long dominated by the Japanese, Asia’s auto market now lies in the sights of ambitious US and European car manufacturers.长期由日本一统天下的亚洲汽车市场，目前受到了雄
心勃勃的美国和欧洲汽车制造商的关注。
(5)Like newspapers the crime, factual news and the analysis of world events.sex and range pre in most other countries, American goip, from to the the sensational, serious, which which focus feature 美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报
on 道犯罪、色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。 M
(1)My shoes are the worse for wear.我的皮鞋穿破了。
(2)Mary cancer.washed for a living after her husband died of 玛丽的丈夫癌症去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。 (3)My heart bleeds when I recall the scene --- my teacher moved with difficulty out the room, with tears in his eyes.回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景，我心里悲痛极了。
(4)Milk is sold by the pound.(5)Matters government in consultations on the basis of equality.and the people world should 牛奶按磅计价。of all be countries handled
by the 世界上的事情应由各国政府和人民平等协商。
through
(6)More infected than 50,000 computers at around the world.by a computer virus that is spreading websites rapidly were 一种电脑病毒在全世界迅速传播，网上
5万多台电脑遭到侵袭。
(7)Movies 一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。were first made in Hollywood
before WWI.(8)Music hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.whose meaning is slightly different with each 有一种音乐，你每一次聆听感受稍有不同，这样的音
乐更有可能经久不衰。 N
(1)Neither sufficient cause or reason.party shall cancel the contract without 双方均不得无故解除合同。
(2)Nothing from going bankrupt.but a miracle could prevent the company 只有奇迹发生，这家公司才能免于破产。
(3)Not long from now, the seemingly endle expansion of revolution of the past two decades will stop unle major computer power that has propelled the digital breakthroughs take place.电脑的能量似乎在无止境地扩大，推动了过去
20年的革命，然而在不久的将来，如果没有大的突破，这种扩大将会终止。
(4) strong, the ocean salinity is higher than it is in other parts Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very of the world where there is not as much evaporation.通常热带地区阳光强烈，而其他地区海水蒸发量不如 热带地区那么大，因此这些地区海水咸度要高些。 O
(1)Our can at least see twenty years’ service.products, if maintained properly and regularly, 我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用
20年。
(2)On Sundays we have no school.(3)On the morning of the exam day I woke up early.礼拜天我们不上课。 的那天早上，我醒得很早。
考试(4)Our foreign policy is supported by people all over the world.我国的外交政策得到了全世界人民的支持。
(5)One stores, most of which are to be found in or near the West of the features of London is the number of big End.伦敦的一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及周边
地区。P
(1)Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones.亲人的相继离世是他的一生充满了个人悲剧。
(2)participants spectators.in the war, but nor must we be mere 我们不能参与战争，但也不能袖手旁观。
(3)Population and of continued immigration.grew both as a result of natural 人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。
increase
(4)Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to 减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关one another, but also to natural resources.人口的增系。
(5)People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the emergency, police had anybody else.
they been were ordered just as confused to stand and by in helple case of as 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。 R
(1)Robin loved and protected the poor.Hood and his merry men hated the rich and 罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。
S
(1)Specially activities in the hills.equipped 专门部队在山上进行秘密训练。
troops are operating undercover
(2) She reached up and picked a pear off a branch.她抬起手从一根枝上摘下一只梨。(3)She has been a widow only six months.她的丈夫死了至今不过半年。
(4)Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used.
自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能可以利用。
(5) popular in Europe as they are in America.
So-called convenience and frozen foods are now as 如今，所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲，就像在美国一样大众化。
(6) immersed in it.
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。
(7)She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea.她热情地将客人们迎进来，然后给他们各端了一杯
茶。
(8)She 着他的来信。lingered
long over his letter.她反反复复地回味(9)She won\'t be coming, as we didn\'t invite her邀请她，她不回来的。
。我们没(10)Smoking is 准吸烟。
prohibited in public places.公共场所不(11) She behaves as if she were a child.孩子一样。
她的举止跟一个(12)Stevenson was eloquent and elegant文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
—but soft.史蒂(13)She 着我。
looked at me expectantly.她用期待的眼光看(14)She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise.她没有得到涨工资的机会，非常生气。
(15)She is the last person to trust with a secret.能保守秘密的人。
她是最不(16)She seemed pale from the absence of all cosmetics.因为没有化妆，她看上去面色苍白。
(17)She want of trying.couldn’t find anywhere to 她四下里寻找住处，仍是找不到。
live, though not for
(18)Since most new smokers apparently are women, my friend’s more than ever since September 11.confusion was understandable.And there are 大多数的新烟民似乎都是女性，我的朋友误以为她们
是妓女也情有可原。自9.11事件发生后，抽烟的女性人数比以往任何时候都多。
(19)Some theaters concentrate on the claics and serious dramas, some on light comedy, some on musicals.有些剧院集中上演经典剧目和严肃戏剧，有些剧院集
中上演轻喜剧，而有些剧院则集中上演音乐剧。 (20)Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.有的上大学了，有的下乡了。
(21)Swallowing corporations will be able to control what Americans read small companies, the big media and watch.如果吞并众多小公司，大媒体集团将能控制美国人的
视听。
(22)Sweeping revolution acro Asia, an labor.is causing an acute information shortage of technology high-tech 一场席卷亚洲的信息技术革命导致高新技术人才严
重短缺。
(23)Scientists high-yield rice varieties that sparked the green revolution have been devoted to developing in the 1970s.科学家致力于开发高产水稻品种，从而引发了
20世纪70年代的绿色革命。
(24)So bright as by day.bright was the moon that the flowers were as 月色皎洁，照得花朵像白天一样鲜艳。
(25)She is as gentle as fair.(26)She was as good as dead after the final exam.她既温柔又美丽。
考试完后，她就像死了一样。 期末T
(1)The speaker\'s voice couldn\'t reach to the back of the auditorium.礼堂后排听不到演讲人的声音。
(2)The insecticide was put out of the child\'s reach.剂放在孩子够不着的地方。
杀虫(3)The ecological upper west of China.barriers reaches of Sichuan of Minjiang Province River and serves even the as 岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南重要的生态屏障
(4)The nondescript, buildings around the Circus are imposing.though some of them are large and rather quite 广场周围的建筑物并不起眼，不过其中有一些还比较高大、宏伟。
(5)The spending do not stop here.factors which are likely to influence investment 可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。
(6)That’s a tall story about the town’s high street.有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。
(7)There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayne.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。
(8)The geniuses.factory is famous for its arsenal of technical 这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。
(9)The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.
利率一直在10％到15％之间不断波动。
(10)There character of the imperialists.
is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the 帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。
(11)Tony is only nineteen and the baby of our crew.托尼只有十九岁，是我们机组里的小字辈。
(12)The some striking results.
adoption of new policies will surely lead to 采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。
(13)There the drastic measures.
would have been more painful result but for 若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果。
(14)The financing plays have helped to close many theatres.But popularity of television and the difficulty of now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline.
电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一端时间的衰落后，现在剧院似乎又将从新焕发生机。
(15)Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬）
(16)The smaller the animal, the greater the surface area in relation to body ma.动物越小，单位体重的表面积（与体重相比的表面积）越大。
(17) between the lungs.
The heart is slightly bigger than a fist, and lies 心脏略大于一个拳头，位于两肺之间。
(18)They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。
(19)The thesis in computers, artificial satellites and rockets.
summed up the new achievements made 该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。
(20)The crowds melted away.(21)The priorities of the Chinese Government.development of economy 人群渐渐散开了。remains one
of the 发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要任务之一。
(22)That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.克真是价廉物美。
那件黑夹(23)The earth goes around the sun.(24)The significance of a man is not in what he attained 地球绕太阳转。 but rather in what he longs to attain.
人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。
(25)The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he
revealed them.他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。
(26)The 1949.(27)The children are of an age.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。People’s Republic of China was
founded in (28)There trees, the gra was dead.was no snow, the leaves 这些孩子都是同岁的。were gone from the没有下雪，但叶落草枯。
(29)The significant expansion in the last twenty years.American airline industry has 年里，美国的航空工业突飞猛进。
过去的enjoyed 20(30)The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political iues.集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问财富逐渐题。
(31)The Statue of Liberty was a gift to USA from France in 1886 as a the aid France gave the Americans during the American mark of friendship and also in memory of Revolution.自由女神像由法国于
1886年赠给美国，作为友谊的象征，并纪念美国独立战争期间法国给予的援助。 (32)The American economy is organized in single-owner businees, 组织方式是个人所有制、合伙制和公司制。partnerships and corporations.美国经济的
(33) wounded.They did their best to help the sick and the 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
(34)This problem is no le important than that one.这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。
(35)The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.
图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。
(36)The pervasively.English language (37)The man nodded with satisfaction.英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。has changed subtly
and 点头。
那人满意地点了(38)The buy a new one.computer is beyond repair.You might as well 这台电脑修不好了，你不如买台新的算了。
(39)They accepted the peace proposal with dignity.不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。
他们(40)The stay was as joyable as poible.hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our 旅馆工作人员竭尽所能让我们住得舒适些。
(41)The strategist, 21st century executive He sees --- then seizes --- markets worldwide.working as deftly in Tokyo must as in be New a global 21 York.是在纽约，都能应付自如。他能够纵览全球市场，把世纪的行政主管必须是全球战略家，无论在东京还握市场机遇。
(42)They 们忠于祖国，忠于人民。are loyal to the motherland
and the people.他(43) affairs.
There had been too much publicity about his love 他的风流韵事已经是满城风雨、人人皆知了。 (44)The boasts were flat.(45)The kid is always in rags as if he were an orphan.祝酒辞时平平淡淡的。 那个孩子整天穿得破破烂烂，就像个孤儿似的。 (46)The ending 95 years of American control.Panama Canal has become Panama’s Canal, 巴拿马运河已经成为巴拿马自己的运河，从而结束了
美国95年的控制。
(47)The greatly reduced.risk of the global nuclear conflict has been 全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小。
(48)The country called Europe‖.euro was inspired by the idea of 欧元诞生于―欧洲一体化
creating ―a ‖的设想。
(49)The regional financial crisis in Asia.consumer spending was dampened in the 亚洲地区的金融危机抑制了消费。
(50)The adults.mobile phone boom is driven by the young 年轻人促进了移动电话市场的繁荣。
(51)The be halted by more investment in public transport.ever-increasing demand for private cars 公共交通增加投入，可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。
could(52)The reading National Security Agency in US is accused of search for military and commercial secrets.other people’s e-mails around the world in its 人们指责美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的
电子邮件，获取军事和商业秘密。
(53)The fine would serve as a warning to other motorists who drove without due care.罚款对于驾车不够小心的司机可以起到警告作用。
(54)The communication era of capital could flow freely to those regions, industries and and globalization information has technologies, begun with new and companies that promise the best returns.随着通信和信息技术的发展，全球化时代已经到来，
资本可以自由地流向有望获得最大收益的地区、产业和公司。
(55)The high-tech explosion has created a new group of workers independence and the diversity of work.that like challenge and treasure the 高科技迅速发展，造就了一批新的员工，他们喜欢挑战，珍视独立和工作的多样性。
(56)The society increasingly turning down marriage.is idea challenged that the family by American is the traditional youth who unit are of 家庭是社会的传统组成成分，而美国青年越来越拒绝
婚姻，使这种观念受到了挑战。
(57)Technology supplanting the old national economies.is creating a global economy 由技术带来的经济全球化正在取代旧有的民族经济。
that is(58)The trend of home working is surging in the field of finance where trading can be done via the Internet.在金融界可以通过互联网进行交易，居家工作的潮流 正在金融界兴起。
(59)There Germany, was no beyond time and space and politics.who only respect wanted even to for think Einstein of the in problems Hitler’s 希特勒统治下的德国，就连爱因斯坦也得不到尊重，
因为他一心只想考虑超越时空和政治的问题。
(60)The danger of a receion in world trade that could hit most all countries cannot be ignored, but it would bear economy.heavily on the weakest partners in the world 因为经济衰退的危险可能冲击到所有的国家，所以不
容忽视，但是受到冲击最大的将是世界经济中最为弱小的国家。
(61)There are a lot of pine trees on the slope of the hill.山坡上长着许多松树。
(62)There sits a flower bed in the middle of the garden.园子中央有一座花坛。
(63)There structure: are compound-complex sentences.simple, four types compound, of sentences complex, in terms and of 按结构分，句子有四类：简单句、并列句、复合句和
并列复合句。
(64)There 二十多处。are
over twenty printing errors.印刷错误有(65)There may be a chance to win.(66)There’s going to be a fine day.可能还有赢的机会。 (67)There consequences of corruption.can never be any discuion 天要晴了。as
to the 无需讨论腐败的后果。
(68)There was expected to be strong disagreement on the matter.对这件事的看法，估计有很大的分歧。
(69)There for an attack on pornographic publications.is a persistent demand on the part 家长一直要求对色情出版物进行打击。
of parents (70)There growth.is a growing concern over the population 人们对人口的迅速增长越来越关注。
(71)There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step.人人喜笑颜开，步履轻快。
(72)Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
(73)To this cla belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished.作者写就的那部惊世骇俗之作便是属于这一类。
(74)The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the lack of the information media.农村因为地处偏僻，交通不便，与外界隔绝。而通讯
工具的缺乏，使农村更为闭塞。
(75)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，声息全无。
(76)The plan is nothing more than a castle in the air.这个计划只是空中楼阁。
(77)The military.problem is probably as much political as 这很可能既是一个政治问题，又是一个军事问题。
(78)The number of the young people in the United States who can\'t read is incredible about one in four.
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
(79)Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current developments events, endle series of programmes which are both instructive in allow science one and to politics, follow and the offers latest an and entertaining.人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事
, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。 U
(1)University applicants who had worked at a job would receive 人，有工作经验的优先录取。preference over those whohad not.报考大学的V
(1)Vin whom a citizen is voting.private oting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters booths so that no one else can find out for 选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站内填写，这样就
不会知道选民投了谁的票。
(2)Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。
(3)Vboth geographically and culturally.ariety is a key characteristic of the United States, 多姿多彩是美国地理和文化的主要特征。
W
(1)We have representatives 我们在许多国家都有代理开展业务。operating in most
countries.(2) We tried to reach them by cable.他们联络。
我们试着用电报跟(3)We climbed to the top of the mountain.had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we 当我们爬上了山巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。 (4) We must do away with the grandiose style of work.们必须摈弃浮夸的工作作风。
我(5) Whenever the stately national anthem is performed, I am invariably emotionally roused.
每当奏起庄严的国歌时，我总在感情上受到激发。 (6)With made, the invention of communicated for knowledge writing, could then a great advance was poible, and education in its turn added to libraries.but also stored, libraries made be mot education only 由于文字的发明，人类取得了巨大的进步，因为此时知识不仅可以交流，而且可以储存。图书为开展教育活动提供了可能性，而教育又反过来增加了图书的数量和内容。
(7)Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay.We are not going to reverse the trend.
不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。
(8)Women –have 女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅the-sight-of-a-mouse era, but he says that they have not.outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at 子上；而他则认为，今天的女性还没有取得这样的进步。
(9)Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔
改呢？
(10)What 袖啊。
a leader he was! 他真是一个出类拔萃的领(11)We live and learn.(12)We we had seen the big stone in the River.knew winter 活到老，学到老。vocation was coming as
(because) （我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。
(13)Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees.Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树
枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。
(14)When becomes low.the (15)We 气压低，沸点就低。preure gets low, the boiling-point 美丽的泰山。have seen
the beauty of Mt.
Tai.我们看到了(16)Women who do house nearly as much public school teachers, if they work the work by the hour may make same number of hours.做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间内，挣钱不比公立学
校的教师少。
(17) where improvement was poible.While she liked his works, she pointed out areas 尽管她喜欢他的作品，但仍指出其不足之处。
(18)We could not be more mistaken.(19)Westerners paragraph following from the preceding.think in ―prose‖, 我们大错特错了。each西方人思维方式是―散文式‖的，每句话、每个段落都
sentence or 承接着前句或前段。
(20)Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.谁犯了纪律，谁就该受到批评。
(21)We want such materials as can bear high temperature and preure.我们需要能耐高温、高压的材料。 Y
(1)You gratify it.have roused my curiosity.And now you must 你既然激起了我的好奇心，就别再卖关子了。
(2)Your negligence was nothing le than criminal.疏忽无异于犯罪。
你的(3)You can not be too careful in proofreading.仔细越好。
校对时越
第19篇：1英译汉练习之一
《翻译理论与实践》之“英译汉练习”
英译汉练习之一 参考译文
English Invades Chinese Language 字母词时代来临 汉语“纯度”受污染？
Does technology pose a threat to the purity Chinese language? 科技发展威胁到了汉语的“纯度”？
Many Chinese use instant meenger tools such as MSN or QQ, listen to music on MP3 players and log on the Internet using ADSL -- most without knowing the literal Chinese translation of the abbreviations.很多中国人使用MSN或QQ等即时通信工具、用MP3听音乐、用ADSL上网，但大多数人都不知道这些英文缩写的中文翻译。
But they don’t have to, as many English letters have become part of the local lexicon.但他们也不一定非得知道，因为很多字母词已成为汉语词汇中的一部分。
A dozen abbreviations including GDP, NBA, IT, MP3, QQ, DVD and CEO are among the 5,000 most-frequently used words in the Chinese-language media last year, according to a report on the 2006 Language Situation in China, which was released yesterday in Beijing.据昨天在北京公布的《中国语言生活状况报告（2006）》显示，去年，GDP、NBA、IT、MP
3、QQ、DVD、和CEO等十余个字母词进入中文媒体前5000个高频词之列。
The report said some parents are so keen on English letters that a couple tried to name their baby “@”, claiming the character used in email addrees reflects their love for the child.报告中提到，一些家长也很喜欢英文字母词，一对夫妇想给他们的孩子起名为@，他们说，这个用在电子邮件地址中的符号能体现他们对孩子的爱。
While the “@” is obviously familiar to Chinese e-mail users, they often use the English word “at” to pronounce it - which with a drawn out “T” sounds something like ai ta, or “love him”, to Putonghua speakers.用电子邮箱的人都很熟悉@这个符号，它的发音为英文单词at，拉长“T”的发音后听起来就像是ai ta，用普通话说就是“爱他”。
The study collected more than 1 billion language samples from newspapers, magazines, TV, radio and websites.The annual report is jointly compiled by the Ministry of Education and the State Language Commiion.该年度报告是由教育部和国家语言文字工作委员会联合编撰的。该项调查从报纸、杂志、电视、广播和互联网上收集了10亿多份语言样本。
“Nowadays, more and more English abbreviations are being used in Chinese, making them an important part of the contemporary language,” said Hou Min, a profeor at Communication University of China.中国传媒大学的侯敏教授说：“如今，越来越多的英文缩写出现在中文中，它们已成为现代语言中的重要组成部分。”
“The abbreviations have gained popularity because of the ease of usage,” Hou said.侯教授说：“由于这些英文缩写易于使用，所以很受欢迎。”
For example, DNA is much simpler to use than its Chinese version tuoyang hetang hesuan.比如，用DNA比用中文“脱氧核糖核酸”要简单得多。 “As more Chinese people learn foreign languages, especially English, in recent years, using abbreviations has become a trend among educated people,” she said.她说：“近年来，越来越多的中国人学习外语，尤其是英语，使用英文缩写已成为受过良好教育的人的一种潮流。”
Some language scholars fear such usage will contaminate the purity of Chinese and cause confusion in communication.一些语言学者担心，这些字母词的使用会污染汉语的纯度，会导致沟通上的混乱。 --------------------------
第20篇：统考英语B英译汉
2015统考英语B-英译汉
英译汉是统考的重中之重，比分占30分，居题型分值榜首。得英译汉，得统考英语B！ 英译汉为人工阅卷，故没有标准答案，翻译句中任何一个单词正确会给0.5分到1分，整句意思翻译正确会给满分，所以一定要答题，认识一个单词就写一个单词的意思，确定不会写的单词就不要写，只翻译自己会的单词内容。
必考部分（课内70题）
1.A friend of mine from high school is working in England now.2.A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used.3.As is known to all, China is a developing country.或As is known to all, China is a the largest developing country in the world today 4.Are you fond of music? 5.All that glitters is not gold.6.Apples here like water and sunshine.
7.Both Ann and Mary are suitable for the job.8.Bill hit his car into a wall last night.9.Could you tell me where the post office is? 10.Do you have acce to the Internet? 11.Do you think you can do it by yourself? 12.Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.13.Have you seen Tom recently? 14.How are you doing these days? 15.He was very happy to hear from his old friend.16.He has a foreign friend who lives in the United States.17.He didn\'t need to attend the meeting.18.He prefers coffee to tea.19.He has taught English in this university ever since he moved to this city． 20.I rang your house last night but your mother answered the phone.21.I knocked on his door but nobody came to answer it.22.I\'m thinking about a visit to Paris.23.I hurried to my office.24.I slept soundly all night.25.I read the local newspapers with great interest every evening. 26.I hope we can have some snow this winter.27.I\'ve lost interest in my work.28.I was having a nap when suddenly the telephone rang.29.I would appreciate it if you would just let me deal with this case.30.In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.31.In no other country in the world can you find such plants as this one.32.It’s very important to maintain your current weight through exercise and healthy eating.33.It normally takes a semester for a college freshman to adjust to his college life.34.If you decided to learn a new language, you would have to dedicate yourself wholeheartedly to the cause.35.John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant
36.Life is meaningle without a purpose.
37.Look out the window it\'s still raining today! 38.My clamate is much cleverer than I.39.Most students feel satisfied with the progre they’ve made.40.Our textbooks are very different from theirs.41.People all over the world are trying to help the people in the quake-stricken areas.42.She likes to help any one who is in difficulty. 43.This box can hold more books than that one.44.This new country hopes to establish friendly relations with all its neighbours.45.This place has plentiful material resources.
46.The doctor had no choice but reach out to their colleagues acro the nation.47.The People\'s Republic of China (PRC), founded on October 1, 1949, covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.48.The Olympic Games is an international sports event that takes place every four years.49.The friend saw everything but did not say a single word.50.The doctor told me to have more water.51.The students are encouraged to do more listening, reading and writing by their teacher.52.They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.53.The more paions we have, the more happine we are likely to experience.54.The traffic jams during morning and afternoon rush hours are a headache in big cities now.55.Tom（人名有可能变化或Fred）was such a hardworking student that he soon came out first in the cla.56.Trees need water to grow.57.There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction.58.Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years.59.Transistors are small in size and light in weight.60.Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.61.What kind of life do most people enjoy? 62.What time do you go swimming every day? 63.Would you mind closing the window for me? 64.Would you please help me with this heavy box? 65.We must take some measures to control the pollution.66.Who can help me clean the room? 67.We should encourage him to have confidence in himself.68.You needn’t go there anymore.He already knows about it.69.You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.70.You\'d better do that again.翻译：
1我高中的一个朋友目前在英格兰工作。 2那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。 3众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。 4你喜欢音乐吗？
5闪光的东西，未必都是金子。 6这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。（定从） 7安妮和玛丽都适合干这项工作。 8昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。 9请问邮局在哪里？ 10你能上网吗？
11你认为你自己可以单独干完这件事吗? 12历史每重演一次，代价就增加一分。 13最近你看见汤姆了吗？ 14这些日子你怎么样？
15他很高兴收到他的老朋友的信。 16他有一个住在美国的外国朋友。 17他没必要参加那个会议。 18与茶相比，他更喜欢咖啡。
19自从移居到这座城市以来，他就一直在这所大学教英语。 20我昨夜给你家打电话，但接电话的是你母亲。 21我敲了他的门，但没人来开门。 22我在考虑去巴黎旅游。 23我匆忙赶到了办公室。 24我整夜睡得很熟。
25每晚我怀着极大的兴趣读当地报纸。 26我希望今年冬天会下点雪。 27我对这份工作已经失去了兴趣。 28我在睡觉时，电话铃突然响了。
29如果你能让我独自处理这桩案件，我将不胜感激。 30在这个物质财富充裕的时代，我们感到精神上的饥渴。 31像这种植物在世界上的其他任何一个国家中都找不到。 32通过锻炼和健康饮食来保持你目前的体重是非常重要的。 33大学新生一般需要花一个学期来适应大学生活。 34如果你决定学一门新的语言，你必须全身心地投入。
35.尽管约翰和他哥哥在年纪上相差不大，但他们的个性却不相同。36没有目标的生活是毫无意义的。 37看窗外，今天还在下雨。 38我的同学比我聪明多了。
39大多数学生对自己所取得的进步感到满意。 40我们的教材与他们的教材很不一样。
41全世界人民都在尽力帮助遭受地震地区的人民。 42她乐意帮助任何一个有困难的人。 43这个箱子比那个箱子能装更多的书。 44这个新成立的国家希望和所有邻国建立友好关系。 45这个地方有丰富的物质资源。
46那个医生别无选择，只能向全国的同行救助。
47中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日，国土面积约960万平方公里。 48奥林匹克运动会是国际性的体育会，每四年主办一次。 49这位朋友看到了一切，却一言不发。 50医生让我多喝些水。
51老师鼓励学生多听、多读、多写。 52他们认为电视机一定出了毛病了。
53我们的激情越多，我们有可能体验到的快乐就越多。
54上下班高峰期的交通拥挤问题是大城市目前的一个棘手问题。
55汤姆是一个学习十分用功的学生，以至于不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生。 56树木有水才能生长。
57由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。
58泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了。 59晶体管的体积小，重量轻。 60各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。 61多数人喜欢什么样的生活？ 62你每天何时去游泳？ 63能帮我关一下窗户吗？
64你能帮我拾一下这个很沉的箱子吗？ 65我们必须采取措施来控制污染。 66谁能帮我打扫房间？
67我们应当鼓励他对自己要有信心。 68你不必去了，他已经知道那件事
69你和你的团队能够一起找到问题的答案。 70你最好再做一遍。
训练部分（157题）
想拿高分，有基础的同学做一下，基础较差的同学在第一部分完全掌握的基础上尝试做做，并努力记忆，加油
1.A dog is always well-known as a clever and friendly animal.2.A good memory is a great help in learning a language.3.A teacher should have patience in his work.4.A lot of natural resources in the mountain are are to be exploited and used.5.Although very important, intelligent is not necearily the key to succe.6.As long as there is water, plants won\'t die quickly.。 7.As was expected, he paed the exam easily.8.But it looks like something I would never buy.9.Bob was such a hardworking man that he always worked late till night.
10.Because of his carelene, Jack hit his car into a big tree by the roadside.11.Can you expre yourself clearly in English?
12.Christmas is the most important festival in the west 13.Don\'t you think smoking is harmful to your health? 14.Don\'t you mind my opening the window?
15.Do you think students should do a part-time job? 16.Did you get that E-mall from me? 17.Everyone was in bed except me.
18.Excuse me.Where\'s the nearest police station?
19.Go down this street until you reach the second traffic lights. 20.Give us a few more minutes to decide
21.He had a traffic accident last week. 22.He has been learning English for years.
23.He is always very active in student activities. 24.He is sweating all over.
25.He is thinking about moving to a new place. 26.He keeps looking at himself in the mirror. 27.He stopped smoking.
28.He was too tired to go on reading. 29.He has sympathy for all poor people
30.He told me that he had lived in America for 10 years before he came to china.31.He has the habit of making notes while reading.
32.He went out of the room and came bake a few minutes later. 33.He doesn\'t know what life means to him. 34.How do you spell your last name?
35.How long have you collected your stamps? 36.How long will it take us to get there? 37.I feel satisfied with my life. 38.I got married ten years ago. 39.I have a pain in my back.
40.I look forward to hearing from you 41.I need to buy some 50-cent stamps. 42.I prefer tea to coffee.
43.I think the picture shows us how fruits is neceary to life. 44.I think our dream will become true. 45.I\'ll call you as soon as I arrive.
46.I\'ll write to you as soon as I get there. 47.I\'ll have to try using the search engines.
48.I\'m certain he\'ll go to see the film, because he\'s bought a ticket. 49.I\'m going to buy a monthly ticket tomorrow 50.I\'m going to run for the bus as soon as the bell rings. 51.I\'m not an English major student. 52.I\'m now a distance education student.
53.I\'m very much eager to improve my oral English. 54.I am very familiar with his name.
55.I am wondering who broke the window 56.I came back because of the rain. 57.I can\'t go with you today because I\'m too busy. 58.I do want to know what really happened.
59.I don\'t think he can operate the new type of computer. 60.I don\'t want to spend five dollars on a cup of water. 61.I expect she will have changed her mind by tomorrow. 62.I feel lonely without you.
63.I\'ve been so busy lately，I haven\'t had time to call anybody. 64.I\'ve never heard such good music in a computer game. 65.It is neceary to take medicine on time.66.It is not neceary to do this work.
67.It takes a lot of time to learn a foreign language. 68.It was a hard job, but he did not mind.
69.It\'s always a pleasure to see many friends here in London. 70.It\'s their duty to look after these young trees.
71.In the United States a lot of college students do not live at home. 72.In the world, soccer or football is the most popular sport.
73.In Foreign Languages Department,a checking machine is used to correct the students\'test papers.
74.In many factories,an aembly line is used to speed up the efficiency of the workforce. 75.In no other region in the world can you find such rare animals as giant pandas. 76.Jane has told me a lot about her trip in
77.Just because you like, it doesn\'t mean I will.
78.Jenny is fond of reading and often borrows books from the city library. 79.Let\'s sit over here until it\'s time for you to board. 80.Let\'s try something different.
81.Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have ever lived in China. 82.My clamate is more clever than I. 83.My grandpa is used to getting up early.
84.My problem is that I don\'t have much time to do the work.
85.Many valuable resources in China\'s west area are to be exploited and used. 86.Not all Americans are interested in sports, of course. 87.Nothing in the world moves faster than light.
88.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.89.Never had he thought that the project would have been completed so fast. 90.Once all the information is completed, you sigh here.
91.One can never succeed without enough confidence in himself. 92.Okay, and I need a pen to fill out the addre. 93.Open the window and let the fresh air in. 94.Our library is as big as theirs.
95.People use science knowledge to understand and change nature. 96.Please call me back when you are free. 97.Please ring me up tomorrow morning. 98.Please move your chair to the window
99.Please give this book to whoever comes first. 100.She begins cooking as soon as she gets home. 101.She is used to living in the countryside. 102.She looks lovely when she is happy.
103.She was the only daughter and the youngest child of five. 104.Some football teams will have games there. 105.Stay here before I get back.
106.Soon it was time for my friend to take Jack for walk. 107.Students can study by themselves through network. 108.The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.
109.The moon looks much bigger than any other stars in the sky. 110.the earthquak in Sichuan made Chinese people unite as one.
111.The more money I make, the happier I will be. 112.The old man is in his late sixties. 113.The plane took off very smoothly.
114.The price of gasoline will come down in Chinese market.
115.The most common samples of inorganic materials are the gases of the atmosphere, water, rocks, etc.
116.The girls are busy making preparations for the weekend party 117.The cause of the fire was carelene. 118.Try hard or you\'ll fail the test.
119.There is something urgent for you to do right now. 120.There\'s a party at my house this Friday.
121.They are ordinary people, but did a great job.
122.They have been working together for three months and have come to know each other better.123.They will have been married for 20 years by then. 124.This custom has a long tradition.
125.This is the most wonderful day of my life, because I\'m here with you now.
126.This money is for the thoughtful person who removes this stone from the road. 127.This is the worst hospital I have ever seen
128.This one\'s pretty, but it costs too much 129.This street will be widened.
130.Tom likes playing basket-ball but he can\'t play well.
131.Tom\'s father has taught English here since he graduated from Peking University 132.Travel broadens the mind.
133.Though it was beyoud them,they tried their best to do it.134.Though it was late,they kept on working.
135.We are getting ready for our English examination. 136.We are short of time and money. 137.We should make best use of time.
138.We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party. 139.We are from mainland China.
140.We all like her because she\'s very helpful.
141.We\'re running behind schedule by about 15 minutes.
142.When I was young, I\'d listen to the radio, waiting for my favorite songs. 143.When were the Olympic Games founded? 144.When are you going to get your hair cut?
145.When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people,we are not merely being polite. 146.Who\'s going to answer the telephone?/Who\'s going to answer the door? 147.Who is the girl in a whilte shit?
148.Were there any phone calls for me while I was out? 149.Why, do you want me to change the channel?
150.Without water, there is no life on the earth.151.Would you mind turning down the radio?
152.Yeah, I\'m anxious to hear all the songs from her new album. 153.You ought not to smoke so much. 154.You can buy water inside.
155.You\'ll find in English some words can be remembered more easily than the others.156.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 157.Yeah, but they play the same songs over and over again.
158.She likes Mike a lot, but she doesn\'t want to get married so early.
英译汉答案：
1、在动物中，狗素以其聪明与和善而著称。
2、好的记忆有助于语言的学习。
3、当老师应当有耐心。
4、那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。
5、虽然聪明很重要,但未必是成功的关键。
6、只要有水，植物就不会很快死去
7、果不出所料，他轻而易举地通过了考试。
8、但它看起来就像是我绝不会买的东西。
9、鲍勃是一个如此勤奋的人，以至于他总是工作到深夜。
10、因为粗心，杰克开车撞到了路边的一颗大树。
11、你能用英语清楚地表达自己的意思吗？ 12圣诞节是西方最重要的节日
13、你不认为抽烟对你的身体有害吗？
14、你不介意我打开窗户吧？
15、你认为学生应该做兼职吗？
16你收到我发的那份电子邮件了吗？ 17除了我，所有人都上床睡觉了。 18劳驾，离这儿最近的派出所在哪里？
19顺着这条街走，一直走到第二个交通灯处。 20再给我们一点时间来做决定 21他上星期出了一起交通事故。 22多年来，他一直在学英语。 23他总是积极参与学生活动。 24他出了一身汗。
25他正在考虑搬到一个新的的地方 26他老是照镜子。 27他戒烟了。
28他太困了，无法再阅读了 29他对所有的穷人有一颗同情心
30他告诉我在来中国之前，他已经在美国呆了10年了。 31他有边阅读边做笔记的习惯。 32他跑出房间，几分钟后又回来了。 33他不知道生活对他意味着什么。 34你的姓是如何拼写的？ 35你集邮有多久了？
36我们到那儿要用多长时间？ 37我对我的生活感到满意。 38十年前，我结了婚。 39我的背疼。
40.我期待着收到您的回信。41我需要买一些50美分的邮票 42我宁可要茶，不要咖啡。
43我想这幅图是告诉我们水果是生活中不可缺的。 44我想我们的梦想会成真。 45我一到就给你打电话。 46我一到那儿就给你写信 47我必须试着使用搜索引擎。
48我肯定他会去看电影，因为他已经买了票 49.我想明天买张月票。
50铃声一响，我就跑出去赶公交车。 51我不是英语专业的学生。 52我现在是一名远程教育学员。 53我非常渴望改进我的英语口语。 54我很熟悉他的名字。
55我想知道是谁打坏了窗户。 56因为下雨我就回来了。
57我今天不能和你一块儿去，因为我太忙了。 58我确实想知道到底发生了什么事。 59我认为他不会操作这种计算机。 60我不想花五美元买一瓶水。
61我预料到明天为止她会改变观点。 62没有你我感到孤独
63我最近一直很忙，所以没时间打电话给任何人。 64我从来没有在电脑游戏中听到过这么好的音乐。 65按时吃药是必要的。 66没有必要做这项工作。 67学习一门外语需要很多时间
68这项工作很艰苦，但他并不在乎。 69总是很高兴能在伦敦看到很多朋友。 70他们的责任是照看这些小树。 71在美国，许多大学生不在家住。 72足球是一项风靡全世界的体育运动。 73在外语系，用阅卷机给学生阅卷。 74许多工厂采用流水线来提高工作效率。
75在世界上的其他任何地区，你都找不到像大熊猫这样的珍惜动物。 76珍妮告诉了我很多关于她旅行的事 77你喜欢它，并不意味我也会喜欢。
78珍妮喜爱读书，经常从市图书馆借回许多书。 79我们就在这里坐到你上飞机的时间。 80让我们尝尝其它不同的口味
81李白是中国有史以来最伟大的诗人之一。 82我的同学比我聪明。 83我爷爷习惯早起。
84我的问题在于我没有多少时间干这工作。
85中国西部地区有许多宝贵的资源有待开发和利用。 86当然，并非所有美国人都对运动有兴趣。 87世界上没有什么东西比光走得更快。 88直到孩子睡着了，妈妈才离开房间。
89他从没有预料到这项工程会完成得这么快。 90一旦所有的信息都完成了，请在这里签字。
91一个若是对自己没有足够的信息就永远不会成功。 92好，我还得借一支笔来填写地址 93打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。 94我们的图书馆和他们的一样大。
95人们利用科学知识去了解自然，改造自然。 96你有时间给我回个电话。 97请在明天早上给我打电话 98请把你的椅子移动到窗口 99请把这本书给最先来得人。 100她每天一到家就开始做饭。 101她习惯住在乡下。
102她高兴的时候看起来很可爱。
103她是家里唯一的女儿也是五个孩子中最小的一个 104有几支足球队要在那里进行比赛。 105等在这儿等我回来。
106很快，就到了我朋友带杰克散步的时间了。 107学生可以通过学习的网络自学。 108我们居住的地球，形状像一个大球。
109月亮看起来比天空中任何其他星星都要大的多。 110四川地震使得中国人民团结一致。 111赚的钱越多，我就会越快乐。 112老人近七十岁。
113飞机很平稳地起飞了。
114中国市场上的汽油价将会下降。 115大气中的气体、水、岩石等都是无机物中最普通的实例。 116女孩们正忙于准备周末的聚会 117起火的原因是不谨慎。
118努力地，否则你考试及不了格 119有件急事要你立刻去做
120这星期五在我们家有个宴会。 121他们是普通人，却干了一件大事。
122他们一起工作了三个月，相互之间也更了解了。 123到那时他们已经结婚20年了。 124这一风俗历史悠久。
125今天是我一生中最美好的一天，因为我现在和你在一起。 126这钱将送给将石头从路上移走的为他人着想的人。 127这是我见过的最糟的医院 128.这个很漂亮，但是很贵。 129这条大街将要加宽。
130汤姆喜欢打篮球，但他打得不好。
131.汤姆的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。132旅行可以开阔眼界。
133虽然这件事超出了他们的能力范围，但他们还是尽全力去做。 134尽管已经很晚了，他们还在继续工作。 135我们正在为英语考试做准备。 136我资金和时间都缺。 137我们要充分利用时间。
138在那次晚会上我们玩得很愉快。 139我们来自中国大陆。
140我们都喜欢她， 因为她乐于助人。 141我们大约误点15分钟
142当我还是个孩子的时候，我常听收音机等待我最喜欢的歌。 143奥运会是何时创办的？ 144你打算什么时候去理发？
145我们在赞美中国领导人和中国人民时，不仅仅是出于礼貌。 146谁去接电话？/谁去开门？ 147穿白衬衣的这位女孩是谁？ 148我不在时有人打电话找我吗？ 149怎么了，你要我换个频道吗？ 150没有水，地球上就没有生命。 151你不介意把广播声调小一点吧？
152是的，我也很急着听她新唱片里所有的歌。 153你不应该抽这么多的烟。 154你可以在里面买水喝。
155你会发现英语里有些词比别的词容易记忆。 156明天这个时候你就到达上海了。
157是的，但是他们一遍又一遍地播放同一首歌。 158她喜欢迈克，但她不想那么早就结婚。
