构词法.ppt
构词法知识
(一)后缀
1.常见名词后缀 1）－y
difficult, dear, honest, modest, deliver, discover, recover difficulty, deary, honesty, modesty, delivery, discovery, recovery 2)－ne (加在形容词后构成抽象名词) careful, carele, clever, dark, happy, ill, kind, smart, selfish, useful carefulne, carelene, cleverne, darkne, happine, illne, kindne, smartne, selfishne, usefulne 4)－ment abandonment, achievement, adjustment, advertisement, accomplishment, acknowledgement ,agreement, amazement, announcement, appointment, arrangement, astonishment, attainment, containment, 3)－ty (加在形容词后) cruel, entire, proper, certain, uncertain, royal, safe cruelty, entirety, property, certainty, uncertainty, royalty, safety disagree, disappoint, discourage, embarra, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, equip, excite, govern, improve, judge, manage, postpone, punish, puzzle, refresh, replace, require, retire, employ, move, settle, treat disagreement, disappointment, discouragement, embarrament, encouragement, enjoyment, enlargement, equipment, excitement, government, improvement, judgment, management, postponement, punishment, puzzlement, refreshment, replacement, requirement, retirement, employment, movement, settlement, treatment 5)－ion (加在动词后，动词本身以t或te结尾时) addict, abstract, act, accelerate, adopt, affect attract, connect, construct, contribute, collect, direct, digest, discu, erupt, elect, except, inspect, instruct, interrupt, invent, irrigate, object, operate, proce, product, project, prevent, pollute, protect, reflect, suggest 6)－ation specific, experiment, export, form, tax, transport, adapt, consider, consult, expect, explain, inform, inspire, recommend, relax,
1 resign, transform, represent 7)－sion (以de结尾的动词改de为sion构成名词) conclude, explode, include 10）－ity electric, able, poible, active, equal, national, real, major, minor, moral, personal electricity, ability, poibility, activity, equality, nationality, reality, majority, minority, morality, personality 11)－al arrive, refuse, propose, survive, disapprove arrival, refusal, proposal, survival, disapproval
12)－ure /ture please, pre, fail, mix, fix pleasure, preure, failure, mixture, fixture 13)－dom free, wise freedom, wisdom 14)－hood child, neighbor, boy, brother, father childhood, neighborhood, boyhood, Brotherhood（兄弟关系，手足情意）, fatherhood(父亲的身份，父亲般的人，父权) 15)－ing : ending, farming, visiting, beginning, building, surrounding, freezing, founding, drawing 16）表示人的后缀 －er
settler, jeweler, buyer, dancer, producer, watcher, reporter , rider, footballer, runner, winner, stranger, owner 例外：container, loudspeaker扬声器, tanker, drier, best-seller畅销书, hammer, drawer, poster招贴，广告, laughter, printer, photocopier复印机, recorder, prayer 祈祷 －or actor, collector, conductor, director, doctor, governor, sailor, tailor, visitor, inventor, profeor, competitor, operator, editor, ancestor －ant, ent servant, patient, contestant参赛者，选手, consultant 顾问, applicant －ee表示被„„者，受„„者
trainee, trustee, examinee, employee, interviewee
2 －e表示女性
actre, hoste, waitre, prince －ian, an, ese表示哪个国家，州的人和职业 Canadian, Australian, Asian, Indian, Italian European, Japanese, Chinese, physician, musician, technician, librarian, politician － ist 表示„„.家„„者
chemist, scientist, zoologist, physicist, receptionist, typist, realist, dentist, artist, pianist, violinist 17）改变词义的后缀
－ful “充满，一„„之量”
boxful, cupful, glaful, mouthful, armful, plateful －ism “„„主义,„„制度”
capitalism, communism, realism, socialism, tourism －ship:表示状况，状态，性质，职务，职业，艺术或技巧 relationship, hardship, ownership, friendship
－ic (s)表示学科名字
music, logic, physics, mathematics
2.常见形容词后缀
1）－ful “充满„„的，有„„的”
helpful ,wonderful, careful, harmful, beautiful, hopeful, thankful, powerful, forceful, peaceful, skillful, colorful, cheerful 2)－le 附加在名词后，表示“没有„„的”
homele, carele, harmle, usele, hopele, fearle, endle, pricele 3)－able (ible) 可„„的,能„„的
enjoyable, renewable, unbelievable, suitable, reasonable, eatable, acceptable, poible, invisible, sensible 4）－al (以t结尾的加-ual)加在名词后表示“有„„的属性，属于„„的” industry, nation, nature, globe, person, centre, office, spirit industrial, national, natural, global, personal, central, official, spiritual 5) –an(-ean, -ian)表示“哪国的，哪洲的”
Asian, African, American, European, Canadian, Australia 6) –y加在名词上，意为“充满，包含”
health, wealth, sun, cloud, fog, ice, dirt, thirst, dust, salt healthy, wealthy, sunny, foggy, icy ,cloudy, dirty, dusty , thirsty, salty
3 7) –ous加在名词上，意为“充满„„的”
courage, danger, poison, humor, fame, nerve, vary, mystery courageous, dangerous, poisonous, humorous, famous, nervous, various, mysterious 8) –ly意为“外观相似的，有„„性质的，反复发生的” likely, orderly, brotherly, fatherly, friendly, lovely, lively, monthly, daily, deadly, timely 9）－ive (-iative) 表示“具有„„性质的，„„的，与„„有关的, 属于„„的”
act, instruct, expense, progre active, instructive, expensive, progreive 10) –ish表示“略带的，有点„„,有„„属性的, „„民族的”
black, white, red, book, boy, child, self, fool blackish, whitish, reddish, bookish, boyish, childish, selfish, foolish British, English, Polish, Spanish„(rubbish除外)
11) –ing 12) –ed colored, crowded, troubled, advanced, skilled, limited, gifted, experienced 13) –ic (-ical) history, practice, music, medicine, hero, energy, base, politics, science leading, surrounding, willing, living, exciting 14) –ern加在方位名词上，表示„„方的
east, west, south, north, north-west, south-east eastern, western, southern, northern, north-western, south-eastern historical, practical, musical, medical, political, heroic, energetic, basic, scientific 15) –ward 表示向„„的
back, up, down, east, west, south, north, north-west, south-east backward, upward, downward, eastward, westward, southward, northward, north-westward, south-eastward 16) –ary (-ory)表示与„„有关的
satisfactory, revolutionary, contrary, imaginary, neceary, ordinary, extraordinary (secretary秘书) 17）-ate immediate, fortunate, separate
4 18) –ar familiar, particular, regular, similar 19) –en 由„„制成的，由„„构成的 golden, wooden, woolen 20)-ant (-ent)表示动作、性质的
independent, silent, convenient, patient, distant 21) –some易于„„的， 倾向„„的，产生„„的 troublesome, tiresome, quarrelsome 3.常见动词后缀
1）－en 加在形容词和名词上，“使，变得”
sharp, deep, wide, loose, fast, weak, strength, fright 2)－ify 加在名词、形容词上，表示“使成为„„使„„化” terror, beauty, simple terrify, beautify, simplify
sharpen, deepen, widen, loosen, fasten, weaken, strengthen, frighten 3）－ize (-ise) organize, apologize, recognize, realize, practise 4.常见副词后缀
1) –ly 加在形容词后
unfortunate, easy, heavy, main, polite unfortunately, easily, heavily, mainly, politely 2) –ward(s) forward(s), afterward(s), inward(s), outward(s), downward(s), upward(s), eastward(s) 5.常见数词后缀
-teen从十三到十九 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, -ty几十 twenty, thirty, fifty, ninety -th构成序数词fifth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth
(一)前缀
2.表示其他意义的常见前缀 1）pre- 在 前,事先，预先 prewar, preposition, preview 2)fore-表示位置在前，时间提前，预先
forehead, foresee, foretell, forecast 3) pro- problem, promise, provide, programme 4）under-在下，不足
underground, underline, understand, underweight 5) tele-远距离
telecontrol, telescope, telegraph, telephone, television.6）sub- 空间的在下面
5 subway, subwater 7) trans-变化，转移，通过，跨越 translate, transplant, transport 8) over-“在上面，在上空，过分，额外”
overcoat, overcome, overwork, over careful, overjoyed, overcautious 9) in-在内，进，入，向，朝 increase, inside 10) out-出，向外，远，超过
outline, output, outside, outstanding 11) ex-出自，向外 exchange, export 12) a-表示处于某种状态或位置
asleep, aside, awake, alone, alive, apart, aloud, ahead 13）inter-中间，相互 international, interview 14) auto-自身，自己，自动
auto boat, auto cycle, autobus 15) con-（在b, m, p前用com-，在l前用col-，在r前用cor-,在元音字母或h前用co-）意为“与，合，共，全”
connect, command, common, complete, collect, correct 16）en-(在b, p前用em-)，“使„„处于„„境地”常附在名词或形容词前构成动词
enable, enrich, enforce, endanger, ensure, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, enclose, encircle 17)re-“再一次，重新恢复原状”
repay, remarry, rewrite, reread, retell, remain, rebuild, reuse, recover 18) uni-“单，一”unite, united, union 19)bi- “两”bicycle
20) kilo- “千” kilogram, kilometer 6
