G20峰会宣言全文（中英文）2009-04-12 15:3
51、在世界经济和金融市场遭遇严重挑战时，我们即二十国集团领导人于2008年11月15日在美国华盛顿举行了一次初步会议。我们决定增强相互合作，努力恢复全球经济增长，实现全球金融体系的必要改革。
2、在过去几个月，我们各国采取了紧急和特别措施以支撑全球经济和稳定金融市场。这些努力必须要继续下去。同时，我们必须推进改革以确保全球性的危机比如这次危机不再发生。我们的工作将遵循一个共同信念，即市场原则、开放的贸易和投资体制、受到有效监管的金融市场，将培养活力、创新和创业精神，这些是经济增长、就业和减少贫困所不可缺少的基本因素。
目前危机根源
3、在经济高速增长时期，资本流动性日益增长并且此前十年保持着长期稳定性，市场参与者过度追逐高收益，缺乏风险评估和未能履行相应责任。同时，脆弱的保险业标准、不健全的风险管理行为、日益复杂和不透明的金融产品以及由此引发的过度影响，最终产生了体系的脆弱性。在一些发达国家，决策者、监管机构和管理者没有充分地意识到并且采取措施应对金融市场正在扩大的风险，未能及时实施金融革新或者未能考虑本国监管不力所产生的后果。
4、除了其它原因以外，导致当前形势主要因素是不一致和不够协调的宏观经济政策、不充分的结构改革，这阻碍了全球宏观经济可持续发展，导致风险过度，最终引发严重的市场混乱。
采取和需要采取的措施
5、截止目前为止，我们已经采取了强有力的重要措施，以刺激经济，提供流动性，增强金融机构的资本，保护储蓄存款，弥补监管不力，解冻信贷市场。我们正在努力确保国际金融机构能够向全球经济提供重要的支持。
6、为了稳定金融市场和支持经济增长，还有更多的工作需要做。经济发展势头在主要经济体正在大幅度地减弱，全球经济发展预期下滑。过去十年对全球经济发展作出贡献的许多新兴市场经济体，当前尽管享受着良好的增长，但是正在日益受到全球经济下滑所带来的不利影响。
7、面对全球经济恶化形势，我们同意在紧密的宏观经济合作基础上采取广泛而必要的应对政策，以恢复经济增长，避免消极后果，支持新兴市场经济体和发展中国际。作为实现这些目标和应对长期挑战而立即采取的措施，我们将继续加强努力并且实施任何必要的更进一步的行动，以稳定金融体系。
认可货币政策支持的重要性，就同在本国所认可的一样。
在保持有助于金融可持续性发展政策架构同时，利用财政措施刺激国内需求。帮助新兴市场和发展中国家经济体在当前金融困难时期获得资金支持，其中包括流动性能力和项目支持。我们强调国际货币基金组织（IMF）在应对危机方面的重要作用，欢迎它的短期流动性支持，推进正在进行的对其设施和支持的评审，以确保灵活性。
鼓励世界银行（World Bank）和其他多边开发银行（MDB）全力支持开发计划，我们对世界银行最近在基础设施和贸易融资领域所推出的新措施。
确保国际货币基金组织、世界银行和其它多边开发银行，具有充分的资源在克服危机中继续扮演重要角色。
金融市场改革的共同原则
8、除采取上述措施以外，我们将实施改革。这些改革将加强金融市场和监管体系，以避免危机再次发生。管理是各国监管机构防御市场动荡的首要职责，我们的金融市场已经全球一体化，因此增强监管机构的国际合作，强化必须的国际标准并且予以切实执行显得非常必要，这样才能防止不利的跨边境、跨地区和全球性的影响全球发展的国际性金融混乱的出现。监管者必须确保他们的行动支持市场原则，避免对其它国家产生可能的不利影响，其中包括监管套利行为和支持市场竞争、活力和创新。金融机构对当前市场混乱也必须承担责任，应当尽自己职责克服现状，包括承担亏损，改善透明性，加强自己管理和风险管理。
9、我们承诺执行与以下改革共同原则相关的政策。
·增强透明性和责任性。我们将增强金融市场透明度，其中包括提高复杂的金融产品必须的透明性，确保公司财务状况完全和准确无误的公开。其目的是防范官员过度冒险。
·增强有效管理。我们承诺加强我们的监管体系，谨慎监督和强化风险管理，确保所有金融市场、产品和参与者受到管理或者接受监督。我们将强化对信用评级机构的监管，加强对国际行为准则的执行。在确保监管有效的同时，我们还将使监管体系在经济发展周期中更加有效率，确保创新并且刺激金融产品及服务中交易的扩展。我们承诺我们国家监管体系评估透明。
·促进金融市场诚信。我们承诺，通过对投资者和消费者保护给予支持、避免损害公众利益行为发生、预防非法的操纵市场行为和欺骗以及权力滥用行为，保护合法的金融风险。我们还将促进信息共享，其中包括尚未承诺实施关于银行保密性和透明度国际标准的地区。
·加强国际合作。我们呼吁，我们的国家和区域性监管机构在遵循一致性原则基础上制定规章以及其他措施。监管机构将加强他们同金融市场所有层面的协调和合作，其中包括跨国境的资本流动。作为首先要做的事情，监管者和其它相关当局应当在防范危机、加强管理和应对措施上加强合作。
·改革国际金融机构。我们承诺，推进布雷顿森林机构(Bretton Woods Institutions)改革，以便他们在全球经济中能够更加充分地反映不断变化的经济权数，提高其正确性和有效性。在这方面，新兴市场和发展中国家经济体，其中包括最贫穷国家，将有更多的话语权和代表权。金融稳定论坛(Financial Stability Forum，FSF)成员急需向新兴经济体扩展，其它主要标准制定机构必须迅速重新审定他们的会员组成。国际货币基金组织要同FSF及其它机构合作，更好地认识脆弱，预测潜在压力，迅速采取行动在应对危机中发挥重要作用。
部长和专家的任务
10、我们承诺，迅速行动贯彻这些原则。我们将要求我们的财政部长启动程序并且排出行动时间表。一份具体措施的最初目录将以附件“行动计划”形式推出，其中包括要在2009年3月31日之前先要完成的行动。
经与其它经济体和现有机构磋商并且吸取知名独立专家的建议，我们将要求我们的财政部长拿出更多的意见，其中包括以下具体方面：
·有利于缓解周期性波动的调控政策；
·评估和修订全球会计标准；
·增强信用衍生产品市场弹性和透明度，减少系统性风险，其中包括通过改善场外交易市场基础设施；
·评估奖励措施，这涉及风险产生激励和创新；
·评估国际金融机构授权、管理和资源要求；
·界定系统性的重要性机构范围，决定他们适当的管理和监督。
11、为了解我们在金融系统改革中发挥的作用，我们将于2009年5月之前再次召开会议，检查今天同意的这些原则和决定的执行情况。
承诺全球经济开放
12、如果致力于推动自由市场原则，这些原则包括法制、尊重私有财产、开放的贸易和投资、竞争市场和受到有效监管并且有效率的金融系统，我们觉得这些改革只能成功。这些原则对经济增长和繁荣是必须的，并且已经消除了数以百万计的贫穷，而且也提高了全球生活标准。鉴于改善全球金融业管理的必要性，我们必须过度管理，否则将损害经济经济增长并且加深资本流动性紧缩，这其中包括对发展中国家。
13、我们强调，在金融不稳定时期反对保护主义至关重要。未来12个月，我们将反对抬高投资或货物及服务贸易新壁垒，反对设置出口新限定或实施有违世界贸易组织规定的措施来刺激出口。另外，我们将努力在今年达成协议，使得世界贸易组织多哈发展议程(Doha Development Agenda)有一个圆满结果。我们将指示我们的贸易部长实现这一目标，推进最终协议的达成。
14、我们关注着当前危机对发展中国家产生的影响，特别是关注最易受损害的国家。我们重申千年发展目标的重要性，这是我们已经实施的发展援助承诺。我们将力促发达国家和新兴经济体都来承担与自己能力和在全球经济发展中扮演角色相适应的义务。在这点上，我们重申2002年在墨西哥蒙特雷举行的联合国发展筹资问题会议上达成的发展原则，这一原则强调了国家所有权并且动员了发展筹资的所有资源。
15、我们将继续致力于解决其它重要的挑战，如能源安全和气候变化、粮食安全、法治、反恐、贫困和疾病。
16、随着向前发展，我们相信通过持续的伙伴关系、合作和多边主义，我们将战胜挑战，恢复世界经济稳定与繁荣。
英文全文（来源：21世纪网）
DECLARATION ：SUMMIT ON FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THE WORLD ECONOMY
1.We, the Leaders of the Group of Twenty, held an initial meeting in Washington on November 15, 2008, amid serious challenges to the world economy and financial markets.We are determined to enhance our cooperation and work together to restore global growth and achieve needed reforms in the world’s financial systems.
2.Over the past months our countries have taken urgent and exceptional measures to support the global economy and stabilize financial markets.These efforts must continue.At the same time, we must lay the foundation for reform to help to ensure that a global crisis, such as this one, does not happen again.Our work will be guided by a shared belief that market principles, open trade and investment regimes, and effectively regulated financial markets foster the dynamism, innovation, and entrepreneurship that are eential for economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction.
Root Causes of the Current Crisis
3.During a period of strong global growth, growing capital flows, and prolonged stability earlier this decade, market participants sought higher yields without an adequate appreciation of the risks and failed to exercise proper due diligence.At the same time, weak underwriting standards, unsound risk management practices, increasingly complex and opaque financial products, and consequent exceive leverage combined to create vulnerabilities in the system.Policy-makers, regulators and supervisors, in some advanced countries, did not adequately appreciate and addre the risks building up in financial markets, keep pace with financial innovation, or take into account the systemic ramifications of domestic regulatory actions.
4.Major underlying factors to the current situation were, among others, inconsistent and insufficiently coordinated macroeconomic policies, inadequate structural reforms, which led to unsustainable global macroeconomic outcomes.These developments, together, contributed to excees and ultimately resulted in severe market disruption.
Actions Taken and to Be Taken 5.We have taken strong and significant actions to date to stimulate our economies, provide liquidity, strengthen the capital of financial institutions, protect savings and deposits, addre regulatory deficiencies, unfreeze credit markets, and are working to ensure that international financial institutions (IFIs) can provide critical support for the global economy.
6.But more needs to be done to stabilize financial markets and support economic growth .Economic momentum is slowing substantially in major economies and the global outlook has weakened.Many emerging market economies, which helped sustain the world economy this decade, are still experiencing good growth but increasingly are being adversely impacted by the worldwide slowdown.
7.Against this background of deteriorating economic conditions worldwide, we agreed that a broader policy response is needed, based on closer macroeconomic cooperation, to restore growth, avoid negative spillovers and support emerging market economies and developing countries.As immediate steps to achieve these objectives, as well as to addre longer-term challenges, we will:
Continue our vigorous efforts and take whatever further actions are neceary to stabilize the financial system.
Recognize the importance of monetary policy support, as deemed appropriate to domestic conditions.
Use fiscal measures to stimulate domestic demand to rapid effect, as appropriate, while maintaining a policy framework conducive to fiscal sustainability.
Help emerging and developing economies gain acce to finance in current difficult financial conditions, including through liquidity facilities and program support.We stre the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) important role in crisis response , welcome its new short-term liquidity facility, and urge the ongoing review of its instruments and facilities to ensure flexibility.
Encourage the World Bank and other multilateral development banks (MDBs) to use their full capacity in support of their development agenda, and we welcome the recent introduction of new facilities by the World Bank in the areas of infrastructure and trade finance.
Ensure that the IMF, World Bank and other MDBs have sufficient resources to continue playing their role in overcoming the crisis.
Common Principles for Reform of Financial Markets
8.In addition to the actions taken above, we will implement reforms that will strengthen financial markets and regulatory regimes so as to avoid future crises.Regulation is first and foremost the responsibility of national regulators who constitute the first line of defense against market instability.However, our financial markets are global in scope, therefore, intensified international cooperation among regulators and strengthening of international standards, where neceary, and their consistent implementation is neceary to protect against adverse cro-border, regional and global developments affecting international financial stability.Regulators must ensure that their actions support market discipline, avoid potentially adverse impacts on other countries, including regulatory arbitrage, and support competition, dynamism and innovation in the marketplace.Financial institutions must also bear their responsibility for the turmoil and should do their part to overcome it including by recognizing loes, improving disclosure and strengthening their governance and risk management practices.
9.We commit to implementing policies consistent with the following common principles for reform.
Strengthening Transparency and Accountability: We will strengthen financial market transparency, including by enhancing required disclosure on complex financial products and ensuring complete and accurate disclosure by firms of their financial conditions.Incentives should be aligned to avoid exceive risk-taking.
Enhancing Sound Regulation: We pledge to strengthen our regulatory regimes, prudential oversight, and risk management, and ensure that all financial markets, products and participants are regulated or subject to oversight, as appropriate to their circumstances.We will exercise strong oversight over credit rating agencies, consistent with the agreed and strengthened international code of conduct.We will also make regulatory regimes more effective over the economic cycle, while ensuring that regulation is efficient, does not stifle innovation, and encourages expanded trade in financial products and services.We commit to transparent aements of our national regulatory systems.
Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets: We commit to protect the integrity of the world’s financial markets by bolstering investor and consumer protection, avoiding conflicts of interest, preventing illegal market manipulation, fraudulent activities and abuse, and protecting against illicit finance risks arising from non-cooperative jurisdictions.We will also promote information sharing, including with respect to jurisdictions that have yet to commit to international standards with respect to bank secrecy and transparency.
Reinforcing International Cooperation: We call upon our national and regional regulators to formulate their regulations and other measures in a consistent manner.Regulators should enhance their coordination and cooperation acro all segments of financial markets, including with respect to cro-border capital flows.Regulators and other relevant authorities as a matter of priority should strengthen cooperation on crisis prevention, management, and resolution. Reforming International Financial Institutions: We are committed to advancing the reform of the Bretton Woods Institutions so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy in order to increase their legitimacy and effectivene.In this respect, emerging and developing economies, including the poorest countries, should have greater voice and representation.The Financial Stability Forum (FSF) must expand urgently to a broader membership of emerging economies, and other major standard setting bodies should promptly review their membership.The IMF, in collaboration with the expanded FSF and other bodies, should work to better identify vulnerabilities, anticipate potential strees, and act swiftly to play a key role in crisis response.
Tasking of Ministers and Experts
10.We are committed to taking rapid action to implement these principles.We instruct our Finance Ministers, as coordinated by their 2009 G-20 leadership (Brazil, UK, Republic of Korea), to initiate procees and a timeline to do so.An initial list of specific measures is set forth in the attached Action Plan, including high priority actions to be completed prior to March 31, 2009.
In consultation with other economies and existing bodies, drawing upon the recommendations of such eminent independent experts as they may appoint, we request our Finance Ministers to formulate additional recommendations, including in the following specific areas:
Mitigating against pro-cyclicality in regulatory policy;
Reviewing and aligning global accounting standards, particularly for complex securities in times of stre;
Strengthening the resilience and transparency of credit derivatives markets and reducing their systemic risks, including by improving the infrastructure of over-the-counter markets;
Reviewing compensation practices as they relate to incentives for risk taking and innovation;
Reviewing the mandates, governance, and resource requirements of the IFIs; and
Defining the scope of systemically important institutions and determining their appropriate regulation or oversight.
11.In view of the role of the G-20 in financial systems reform, we will meet again by April 30, 2009, to review the implementation of the principles and decisions agreed today.
Commitment to an Open Global Economy
12.We recognize that these reforms will only be succeful if grounded in a commitment to free market principles, including the rule of law, respect for private property, open trade and investment, competitive markets, and efficient, effectively regulated financial systems.These principles are eential to economic growth and prosperity and have lifted millions out of poverty, and have significantly raised the global standard of living.Recognizing the neceity to improve financial sector regulation, we must avoid over-regulation that would hamper economic growth and exacerbate the contraction of capital flows, including to developing countries.
13.We underscore the critical importance of rejecting protectionism and not turning inward in times of financial uncertainty.In this regard, within the next 12 months, we will refrain from raising new barriers to investment or to trade in goods and services, imposing new export restrictions, or implementing World Trade Organization (WTO) inconsistent measures to stimulate exports.Further, we shall strive to reach agreement this year on modalities that leads to a succeful conclusion to the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda with an ambitious and balanced outcome.We instruct our Trade Ministers to achieve this objective and stand ready to aist directly, as neceary.We also agree that our countries have the largest stake in the global trading system and therefore each must make the positive contributions neceary to achieve such an outcome.
14.We are mindful of the impact of the current crisis on developing countries, particularly the most vulnerable.We reaffirm the importance of the Millennium Development Goals, the development aistance commitments we have made, and urge both developed and emerging economies to undertake commitments consistent with their capacities and roles in the global economy.In this regard, we reaffirm the development principles agreed at the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, which emphasized country ownership and mobilizing all sources of financing for development.
15.We remain committed to addreing other critical challenges such as energy security and climate change, food security, the rule of law, and the fight against terrorism, poverty and disease.
16.As we move forward, we are confident that through continued partnership, cooperation, and multilateralism, we will overcome the challenges before us and restore stability and prosperity to the world economy.
Action Plan to Implement Principles for Reform
This Action Plan sets forth a comprehensive work plan to implement the five agreed principles for reform.Our finance ministers will work to ensure that the taskings set forth in this Action Plan are fully and vigorously implemented.They are responsible for the development and implementation of these recommendations drawing on the ongoing work of relevant bodies, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), an expanded Financial Stability Forum (FSF), and standard setting bodies.
Strengthening Transparency and Accountability
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
The key global accounting standards bodies should work to enhance guidance for valuation of securities, also taking into account the valuation of complex, illiquid products, especially during times of stre.
Accounting standard setters should significantly advance their work to addre weaknees in accounting and disclosure standards for off-balance sheet vehicles.
Regulators and accounting standard setters should enhance the required disclosure of complex financial instruments by firms to market participants.
With a view toward promoting financial stability, the governance of the international accounting standard setting body should be further enhanced, including by undertaking a review of its membership, in particular in order to ensure transparency, accountability, and an appropriate relationship between this independent body and the relevant authorities.
Private sector bodies that have already developed best practices for private pools of capital and/or hedge funds should bring forward proposals for a set of unified best practices.Finance Ministers should ae the adequacy of these proposals, drawing upon the analysis of regulators, the expanded FSF, and other relevant bodies.
Medium-term actions
The key global accounting standards bodies should work intensively toward the objective of creating a single high-quality global standard.
Regulators, supervisors, and accounting standard setters, as appropriate, should work with each other and the private sector on an ongoing basis to ensure consistent application and enforcement of high-quality accounting standards.
Financial institutions should provide enhanced risk disclosures in their reporting and disclose all loes on an ongoing basis, consistent with international best practice, as appropriate.Regulators should work to ensure that a financial institution’ financial statements include a complete, accurate, and timely picture of the firm’s activities (including off-balance sheet activities) and are reported on a consistent and regular basis.
Enhancing Sound Regulation Regulatory Regimes
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
The IMF, expanded FSF, and other regulators and bodies should develop recommendations to mitigate pro-cyclicality, including the review of how valuation and leverage, bank capital, executive compensation, and provisioning practices may exacerbate cyclical trends.
Medium-term actions
To the extent countries or regions have not already done so, each country or region pledges to review and report on the structure and principles of its regulatory system to ensure it is compatible with a modern and increasingly globalized financial system.To this end, all G-20 members commit to undertake a Financial Sector Aement Program (FSAP) report and support the transparent aements of countries’ national regulatory systems.
The appropriate bodies should review the differentiated nature of regulation in the banking, securities, and insurance sectors and provide a report outlining the iue and making recommendations on needed improvements.A review of the scope of financial regulation, with a special emphasis on institutions, instruments, and markets that are currently unregulated, along with ensuring that all systemically-important institutions are appropriately regulated, should also be undertaken.
National and regional authorities should review resolution regimes and bankruptcy laws in light of recent experience to ensure that they permit an orderly wind-down of large complex cro-border financial institutions.
Definitions of capital should be harmonized in order to achieve consistent measures of capital and capital adequacy.
Prudential Oversight
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
Regulators should take steps to ensure that credit rating agencies meet the highest standards of the international organization of securities regulators and that they avoid conflicts of interest, provide greater disclosure to investors and to iuers, and differentiate ratings for complex products.This will help ensure that credit rating agencies have the right incentives and appropriate oversight to enable them to perform their important role in providing unbiased information and aements to markets.
The international organization of securities regulators should review credit rating agencies’ adoption of the standards and mechanisms for monitoring compliance.
Authorities should ensure that financial institutions maintain adequate capital in amounts neceary to sustain confidence.International standard setters should set out strengthened capital requirements for banks’ structured credit and securitization activities.
Supervisors and regulators, building on the imminent launch of central counterparty services for credit default swaps (CDS) in some countries, should: speed efforts to reduce the systemic risks of CDS and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives transactions; insist that market participants support exchange traded or electronic trading platforms for CDS contracts; expand OTC derivatives market transparency; and ensure that the infrastructure for OTC derivatives can support growing volumes.
Medium-term actions
Credit Ratings Agencies that provide public ratings should be registered.
Supervisors and central banks should develop robust and internationally consistent approaches for liquidity supervision of, and central bank liquidity operations for, cro-border banks.
Risk Management
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
Regulators should develop enhanced guidance to strengthen banks’ risk management practices, in line with international best practices, and should encourage financial firms to reexamine their internal controls and implement strengthened policies for sound risk management.
Regulators should develop and implement procedures to ensure that financial firms implement policies to better manage liquidity risk, including by creating strong liquidity cushions.
Supervisors should ensure that financial firms develop procees that provide for timely and comprehensive measurement of risk concentrations and large counterparty risk positions acro products and geographies.
Firms should reae their risk management models to guard against stre and report to supervisors on their efforts.
The Basel Committee should study the need for and help develop firms’ new stre testing models, as appropriate. Financial institutions should have clear internal incentives to promote stability, and action needs to be taken, through voluntary effort or regulatory action, to avoid compensation schemes which reward exceive short-term returns or risk taking.
Banks should exercise effective risk management and due diligence over structured products and securitization.
Medium -term actions
International standard setting bodies, working with a broad range of economies and other appropriate bodies, should ensure that regulatory policy makers are aware and able to respond rapidly to evolution and innovation in financial markets and products.
Authorities should monitor substantial changes in aet prices and their implications for the macroeconomy and the financial system.
Promoting Integrity in Financial Markets
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
Our national and regional authorities should work together to enhance regulatory cooperation between jurisdictions on a regional and international level.
National and regional authorities should work to promote information sharing about domestic and cro-border threats to market stability and ensure that national (or regional, where applicable) legal provisions are adequate to addre these threats.
National and regional authorities should also review busine conduct rules to protect markets and investors, especially against market manipulation and fraud and strengthen their cro-border cooperation to protect the international financial system from illicit actors.In case of misconduct, there should be an appropriate sanctions regime.
Medium -term actions
National and regional authorities should implement national and international measures that protect the global financial system from uncooperative and non-transparent jurisdictions that pose risks of illicit financial activity.
The Financial Action Task Force should continue its important work against money laundering and terrorist financing, and we support the efforts of the World Bank - UN Stolen Aet Recovery (StAR) Initiative.
Tax authorities, drawing upon the work of relevant bodies such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), should continue efforts to promote tax information exchange.Lack of transparency and a failure to exchange tax information should be vigorously addreed.
Reinforcing International Cooperation
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
Supervisors should collaborate to establish supervisory colleges for all major cro-border financial institutions, as part of efforts to strengthen the surveillance of cro-border firms.Major global banks should meet regularly with their supervisory college for comprehensive discuions of the firm’s activities and aement of the risks it faces.
Regulators should take all steps neceary to strengthen cro-border crisis management arrangements, including on cooperation and communication with each other and with appropriate authorities, and develop comprehensive contact lists and conduct simulation exercises, as appropriate.
Medium -term actions
Authorities, drawing especially on the work of regulators, should collect information on areas where convergence in regulatory practices such as accounting standards, auditing, and deposit insurance is making progre, is in need of accelerated progre, or where there may be potential for progre.
Authorities should ensure that temporary measures to restore stability and confidence have minimal distortions and are unwound in a timely, well-sequenced and coordinated manner.
Reforming International Financial Institutions
Immediate Actions by March 31, 2009
The FSF should expand to a broader membership of emerging economies.
The IMF, with its focus on surveillance, and the expanded FSF, with its focus on standard setting, should strengthen their collaboration, enhancing efforts to better integrate regulatory and supervisory responses into the macro-prudential policy framework and conduct early warning exercises.
The IMF, given its universal membership and core macro-financial expertise, should, in close coordination with the FSF and others, take a leading role in drawing leons from the current crisis, consistent with its mandate.
We should review the adequacy of the resources of the IMF, the World Bank Group and other multilateral development banks and stand ready to increase them where neceary.The IFIs should also continue to review and adapt their lending instruments to adequately meet their members’ needs and revise their lending role in the light of the ongoing financial crisis.
We should explore ways to restore emerging and developing countries’ acce to credit and resume private capital flows which are critical for sustainable growth and development, including ongoing infrastructure investment.
In cases where severe market disruptions have limited acce to the neceary financing for counter-cyclical fiscal policies, multilateral development banks must ensure arrangements are in place to support, as needed, those countries with a good track record and sound policies.
Medium -term actions
We underscored that the Bretton Woods Institutions must be comprehensively reformed so that they can more adequately reflect changing economic weights in the world economy and be more responsive to future challenges.Emerging and developing economies should have greater voice and representation in these institutions.
The IMF should conduct vigorous and even-handed surveillance reviews of all countries, as well as giving greater attention to their financial sectors and better integrating the reviews with the joint IMF/World Bank financial sector aement programs.On this basis, the role of the IMF in providing macro-financial policy advice would be strengthened.
Advanced economies, the IMF, and other international organizations should provide capacity-building programs for emerging market economies and developing countries on the formulation and the implementation of new major regulations, consistent with international standards.
