一、高校平面设计教学中面临的主要问题
在信息社会互联网大行其道的今天，社会对平面设计人才的综合素质要求日益提高，传统的教学模式的不适应性逐渐显现出来。[1]
1、平面设计专业的引导性不强
这主要是高校的教学指导思想导致的，教师在教学过程中没有把教学内容与专业方向给学生讲清楚，或者教师本身也没有明确的定位。这就造成了这个专业的学生在学习的初期始终找不到职业的方向，仅仅是听说或者是想当然地认为将来要干什么，具体干什么，怎么干仍然是茫然的。既然学习了绘画基础课程，学好了理所当然的就可以胜任将来的工作;专业课学好了就能胜任一切平面设计岗位，可以在未来的公司中占有一席之地;实践课学好了毕业后就可以立刻上岗操作。这些认识不能说是错误，但是却忽视了这其中内在的有机联系，把本应递进、渗透、链接的几个方面割裂开来，最终不能成为平面设计专业的拔尖技能人才。
2、教学方式缺乏个性化
学习习近平面设计的学生应具有的基本素质参差不齐，在绘画和构图方面的理解和思维能力差异很大，在教学中一般是实行统一的课程，有的学生相当轻松，有的学生倍感吃力。在绘画基础课程上，有的学生根本没有接触过美术知识，对于素描、透视、构图、色彩一窍不通，绘画基础课又是课程较短的科目，前面的没学好，后面的根本无法掌握。绘画基础课是面对许多专业的课程，有些内容与平面设计关联确实不大，如果不加选择地按照相同的模式教学，既浪费了课时，也起不到应有的作用。
3、教学实践课课时没有得到应有的比重
平面设计是一个实践性很强的专业，理论的学习固然重要，更重要的是让学生掌握在实践中应用的能力。平面设计需要形象思维、理性认知、丰富的想象力和对客观事物的理解，以及经过全方位的综合能力的掌握来解决实际工作的问题。[2]我们经常可以看到这样的现象，有的学生绘画基础很好，理论知识也学习的不错，考试成绩一直优秀，讲起来也是头头是道，但是一接触到具体的设计就茫然无措了。这就是典型的理论脱离实际，最主要的原因就是缺乏实践课的锻炼，在教学课程的设置上实践课占有的课时太少，这对于将来的就业求职相当不利。[3]
4、绘画基础课被冷落
平面设计专业设置了绘画基础课程，同时也受到了许多诟病，有些人认为平面设计和绘画看似有些联系，实质用处不大，如果作为一种爱好来增添自己艺术底蕴当然不错，如果为了学习习近平面设计而学习绘画有些得不偿失。这种认识相当片面，基础绘画课属于艺术的范畴，里面充满了美学思维和空间构想，而这些正是我们许多学生最缺乏的，设计离不开思维、理念、想象、结构，而这些重要因素都会在绘画课程中得表现出来。
5、平面设计课程忽略学生思维能力的提高
平面设计的教学让学生看起来有点像机械熟练工的操作，一般采取的都是固定的模式：先由教师进行授课，学生通过查找和借鉴资料设计草图，制定相应的设计方案，对草图进行分析、修改和完善最后形成作品。[4]在整个教学过程中学生的思维多是停留在搜集资料、观看图形、借鉴模仿上，考核和评价也是关注于作品的观赏性和技术应用，却忽略了学生在设计过程中的思维能力的提高。
二、高校平面设计教学的对策研究
1、优化课程设置，注意职业导向
平面设计就是通过对基本元素设的计和重组结构出直观的具象，把设计者对这些形象的认知融合于图像中，通过再次加工创作后在二维空间中表现出来，能够给欣赏者以美的感受。我国高校的平面设计教学包含了基础理论、专业课和实践课三个教学层次，这三个梯次即是节节升高的，又是相互连接上，学生通过这一教育能够在掌握理论知识的基础上，在实际操作能力上得到锻炼，成为具有一技之长的专门人才。所以，在课程设置上就要达到三者的相对平衡，绘画基础知识必不可少，这在以后的应用实践和职业生涯中清晰地表现出来，缺少绘画基础和掌握了美术知识的学生的设计能力大不相同，底蕴的深浅决定着设计师的水平和前途。[5]所以要把被分离的平面构成、色彩构成、立体构成三个部分进行融合、串联和互动，呈现出螺旋渐进的态势，把平面设计的教学目标和职业导向结合起来，学以致用。
2、重在培养学生的创作思维能力和创新精神
在教学工作中，要对教材的内容进行整合和辨析，对于其中陈旧的、落后的教材内容进行有选择的删减，适当加入新时期最为前卫的、新潮的、先进的设计理念和形式。利用新媒体时代的海量信息增加创作资源，通过各种渠道获取最新的设计信息，比如网络、期刊、讲座、展览，把这些内容与教材紧密地结合起来进行创作。鼓励学生在平面设计中加入自己的创作理念、表现方式、构图特点，把作品有无新颖的设计思路、开阔的视野、技巧的灵活掌握、最具时代性的应用作为主要的评价指标。[6]
3、分类式教学灵活多样，实践课程为主
作为平面设计专业的学生应该掌握更多的创作素材，不仅需要扎实的理论知识，更需要和社会实践结合起来，才能积累源源不断的创作源泉。教师要根据学生的不同情况采取不同的教学方式，在普遍教学的基础上有所侧重。除了基础较差的学生需要重点补习外，绝大多数学生要在教师的带领下脱离课堂的束缚，让学生走进自然、走进社会，充分感受中华民族传统文化的博大精深。
4、绘画基础课程不能丢，要持之以恒
从某种意义上说平面设计也是艺术，它在许多方面与美术教学是相同的，至少有着极大的内在联系。比如空间设计和构图，绘画基础就可以很好地解决这个问题;用画家的眼光来看待平面设计就会更加关注作品的美学价值，从而使作品更加具有审美情趣;在平面设计中，色彩的应用似乎并不重要，但是当真正的缺失或者不协调时就会使整个作品的品质降低，绘画基础的学习会使学生在平面设计中的色彩应用得心应手，产生不一样的视觉冲击力。
平面设计是个比较热门的专业，社会有着一定的需求，而最抢手的正是那些具有较高理论水平和应用能力的专业人才。他们的思维方式应该新颖独特，创作手法应该不拘一格，创新能力应该鹤立鸡群，才能适应经济全球化的时代背景下市场经济的需求。为国民经济建设培养高质的平面设计人才是高校不可推卸的责任，为此我们的教学模式也要不断创新。
One, the plane design of the main problems in the teaching colleges and universities In today's information society, the Internet is popular, comprehensive quality requirements for graphic design talents is increasing day by day, the traditional teaching mode of inadaptability gradually emerge.[1] 1, the plane design profeional guidance is not strong This is mainly caused by colleges and universities teaching guiding ideology, the teachers in the teaching proce not give students clear the content of teaching and profeional direction, or the teacher itself without a clear positioning.This can make the students in the early stages of the learning, always can't find the direction of the profeion, just heard, or take it for granted that what to do in www.daodoc.com the future, specific what to do, how to do is still a blank.Since learning painting foundation courses, to learn the course can be competent for the job in the future; Specialized courses well is qualified for all jobs, graphic design can gain a foothold in the future of the company; Practice leons learned after graduation can operate it right away.These not mistake, but ignored the organic connection of the inner, link should be progreive, osmosis, isolated from several aspects, finally can't become a profeional graphic design top skills talents.2, lack of personalized teaching methods Study graphic design student should have the basic quality is uneven, in painting and composition in terms of understanding and thinking ability difference is very big, is generally unified course in the teaching, some students quite easily, some students feel more difficult.On painting foundation course, some students have no contact with the art knowledge, don't know anything for sketch, perspective, composition, color, painting basic course and course short subjects, to learn in front of and behind the cannot grasp.Painting basic course is faced with many profeional courses, some contents related to graphic design does not quite, if indiscriminately follow the same pattern teaching, both the waste of the cla, also don't effect.3, teaching practice wingsley didn't get a proper proportion Graphic design is a practical profeional, the theory of learning is important, more important is the ability to make students master applied in practice.Graphic design need image thinking, rational cognition, rich imagination and understanding of objective things, and mastered the omni-directional comprehensive ability to solve the problem of actual work.[2] we can often see this phenomenon, some students painting foundation is very good, as to learn the theoretical knowledge, test scores have been good, speak up and things, but the acce to specific design at sea.This is the typical theory divorced from reality, the main reason is the lack of exercise practice cla, in the teaching course on the set of practical cla of cla time is too little, it will be very bad for employment in the future job.[3] 4, painting, basic course Set up a painting foundation courses, profeional graphic design at the same time has also been a lot of criticism, some people think that the plane design and painting appears to be some links, the eence of little use, if, as a kind of hobby to add their artistic roots of course good, if in order to study graphic design and learn to paint some do more harm than good.This kind of understanding is one-sided, basic drawing cla belongs to the category of art, which is full of aesthetic thinking and spatial vision, which is what many of our students lack, design without thinking, ideas, imagination, structure, and there are important factors in drawing course.5, graphic design courses ignore the improvement of students' thinking ability Graphic design www.daodoc.com www.daodoc.com teaching to make students look a bit like machinery and skilled operation, generally take are fixed pattern: first taught by teachers, students to find and reference materials design sketch, formulate the corresponding design scheme, analyze the sketches, modify and perfect the final form.[4] in the whole proce of teaching high school students are stuck in a collection of thinking, watch the graphics and reference to imitate, aement and evaluation is also focused on the works of ornamental and technology application, ignoring the students in the proce of design thinking ability enhancement.Second, the countermeasures of university teaching graphic design 1, optimize the curriculum, pay attention to career oriented Graphic design is based on the basic elements of the meter and restructuring the intuitive representation structure, the designer's perception of the image fusion in the image, by again after proceing to create in the two-dimensional space, can give people with beautiful feeling.In colleges and universities teaching contains the basic theory of plane design, the three teaching specialized courses and practice level, the three phase is rising, it is mutual connection, students through the education to master the theoretical knowledge, on the basis of get exercise on actual operation ability, become a specialized talents with profeional skill.So, on the curriculum to achieve a relative balance of the three, painting is neceary basic knowledge, the application in the later practice and clearly expreed in his career, the lack of basic drawing and master the knowledge of fine arts of the students' ability of design, the depth of the background determines the level of the designer and the future.[5] to be plane composition, color composition, three-dimensional construction of the separation of the three parts of fusion, series connection and interaction, shows a tendency of spiral gradually, the plane design of the teaching goal and career oriented, knowledge.2, focus on cultivating students' creative thinking ability and innovation spirit In the teaching work, to integrate and analyze of the teaching material content, for the old, selective cuts backward teaching content, appropriate to join in the new period the most avant-garde, fashion, advanced design idea, and form.Take advantage of new media era of maive amounts www.daodoc.com of information increase the creative resources, get the latest design information through various channels, such as Internet, journals, lectures, exhibitions, combine closely the content and materials for creation.Encourage students to join his creation in graphic design concept, expreion, composition characteristics, the works have innovative design ideas, open field of vision, mastering the skill, the application of the most times as the main evaluation index.[6] 3, FenLeiShi flexible and varied teaching, practical courses As the plane design profeional students should have more material, not only need solid theory knowledge, more needs to be combined with social practice, to accumulate continuously.Teachers should according to the different situation of students take different teaching methods, emphasis on the basis of general teaching.In addition to the basis of poor students need to focus on the tutorial, the vast majority of students are under the guidance of teachers from the bondage of the claroom, let students walk into nature, into the society, fully experience and profound traditional culture of the Chinese nation.4, painting foundation courses cannot be lost, must be persistent In a sense the plane design and art, it is the same with fine arts teaching in many ways, at least has a great inner link.Such as space design and composition, basic drawing can well solve the problem; With the painter's eyes to look at the plane design will pay more attention to the aesthetic value of the works, so as to make work more aesthetic appeal; In the plane design, the application of color doesn't seem to be important, but when the real lo or uncoordinated will reduce the quality of the whole works, paintings based learning will make students color application in graphic design with ease, produce different visual impact.Graphic design is a popular major, society has certain requirements, and the most popular is the profeional talents with high theoretical level and application ability.Their way of thinking should be novel, unique writing style should not stick to one pattern, innovation ability should stand out, can adapt the demand of the market economy under the background of economic globalization.For the national economic construction to cultivate high-quality graphic designer is the unshirkable responsibility of colleges and universities, therefore our teaching mode innovation.
