Reading Training Course 1
归纳概括主题 ( Title and Main Idea )
归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过阅读理解, 总结归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。
要做好这类题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；既看到树木, 更看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。
找出主题句(topic sentence) 是一个有用的方法。
中心意思(main idea)通常是一个完整的句子，它应能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨；最佳题目(the best title)可以是一个短语词组，它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，还有吸引读者，引发阅读兴趣的任务。
除常见的提问以外，这种题型的提问方式还有：
The main point of the paage is ... The paage deals mainly with ... The paage is about ... What does the paage mainly discu? What is the author\'s main purpose ? Paragraph 1
Wouldn\'t it be terrible if, we didn\'t have gra? We would have to walk on bare soil.Can you gue what our playgrounds would look like? On a rainy day we would get all muddy.On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.1.The story mainly tells _________.A.why we need rain B.how gra is kept green C.how gra helps us D.without gra we would have to walk on bare soil
Paragraph 2
Rats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago.They still spread disease and eat crops.Much of the hunger we have today is caused by rats.They eat half of the grain harvested in the world.2.From the paage we know _________.A.why rats are an enemy of people B.how rats destroy our food C.why rats cause disease D.why rats were dangerous to people long ago
Paragraph 3
Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters.Sometimes they spray a \"cake smell\" into the air.At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread.These smells are enough to make people\' s mouths water.The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake, bread, rolls , and other baked goods! 3.The main idea of the paragraph is __________.A.what cake smells like B.why bakeries make money C.how people are attracted to bakery counters D.what bakery counters in supermarkets sell
Paragraph 4
The Manhattan (New York City) telephone book is one of the largest of its kind in the nation.About 1,500, 000 copies of this book are printed each -year.To make the paper of the books, 43, 000 trees are cut down.There are twenty-six columns of Smiths and twenty-three of Browns.If all the copies of this book were stacked on top of each other, they would make a pile forty miles high. 4.The subject of the paragraph is _________.A.what the Manhattan phone book is like B.where the Manhattan book is printed C.how many telephones are there in New York D.who printed the first phone book
Paragraph 5 The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster.Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to Napoleon Bonaparte \' s French Army.At stake were the whole continent of Europe and Napoleon\' s dream of an empire.In a few days over forty thousand French soldiers died.With their deaths a new word for disaster was born — Waterloo. 5.The subject of the paragraph is __________.A.where Waterloo is B.who named Waterloo C.why Napoleon and the French Army were defeated at Waterloo D.how the word Waterloo came to mean defeat
Paragraph 1
What are the tallest plants in the world? Many people would say that giant redwood trees of California.Actually, the tallest plants are in the oceans.These are seaweeds that grow almost seven hundred feet tall.Compared to this height, the giant redwoods are pygmies of only four hundred feet.To get some idea of these heights, consider the Statue of Liberty.This huge figure rises only three hundred feet.
1.The paage can be entitled __________.A.Redwoods in California B.The Statue of Liberty
C.Seaweed
D.The Tallest Plants
Paragraph 2 We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster.To many of nature\' s animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans.When settlers came from the East to America\' s great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs, and shot the coyotes.All this upset the area\'s balance of nature.For the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake.2.Which of the following is the best title for the paage? A.Nature Balance Itself
B.Floods and Earthquakes C.American Settlers
D.Humans--a Disaster to Nature
Paragraph 3 At this time the state of South Carolina was having hard times.Year after year the soil had been planted to the same crop.It was farmed by uneducated and carele slaves, and the planters knew little about soil conservation.Because the soil was beginning to wear out, crops were smaller.The younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South.Many of them moved westward and started cotton plantations (种植园) in Alabama and Miiippi.What was more, so much cotton had been shipped to factories in England and New England that they had as much cotton as they could use.This brought the price of cotton down.More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations, and higher and higher prices were demanded for them.Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.Hard times had come to South Carolina.3.The subject of this paage is __________.A.economic (经济的) difficulties of South Carolina B.that the planters knew nothing about farming C.that the soil in South Carolina was not good D.the causes of hard times in South Carolina 4.Which of the following sentences can summarize (概括) the main idea of the paage? A.Hard times had come to South Carolina.B.Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.C.The soil was farmed by uneducated and carele slaves.D.More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations.
Paragraph 4
When a piece of paper burns, it is completely changed.The ash that is left behind does not look like the original piece of paper.When dull-red rust appears on a piece of tinware (锡制品), it is quite different from the gleaming tin.The tarnish that forms on silverware is a new substance unlike the silver itself.Animal tiue (组织) is unlike the vegetable substance from which it is made.A change in which the original substance is turned into a different substance is called a chemical change.5.The author writes this paage to tell us _________.A.how paper burns
B.that dull-red on tinware is unlike tin itself C.that animal tiue is different from plant\'s
D.what a chemical change is Paragraph 1
One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease.The wartime use of penicillin saved thousands of lives.In the First World War, for example, pneumonia was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States army.In the Second World War, the rate went down to le than one percent.In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing proce of those wounds that did become infected.1.which of the following would be the best title for the paage? A.A Dangerous Weapon
B.Guns in the Second World War C.A Terrible Pneumonia
D.An Important Drug
Paragraph 2 Mr.Brown, a shopkeeper, was going to count the day\' s cash takings.There was more than £300 in notes.He was about to put them in a bag.He heard a sound. A door at the back of the room was opening.A voice shouted \"Don\'t shout.Don\'t look round.I have a gun.\" Mr.Brown stood still.The voice went on, \"Drop that bag and the notes.Go and stand in the corner beside the safe.Keep quite still.Remember, I have a gun.\" Mr.Brown was frightened.He obeyed all the robber\' s orders.The robber picked up the notes and was about to go out by the door at the back of the room. It was a quarter past six.John Taylor arrived outside that very same back door.He raised his hand and was about to knock.At that very moment the robber opened the door.He was frightened to see John there.He lost his head.He became panic-stricken.He tried to push his way past John.But John was suspicious.He blocked the robber\' s way.There was a fight. Mr.Brown heard the fight.He forgot his fear, turned round and rushed from his corner.He threw both his arms round the robber.This pinned the robber\' s arms to his sides so he could not use his gun.At the same moment John struck the robber hard in the stomach and knocked all the breath out of his body.The robber fell to the ground in a pile.He still held the notes but his gun fell on the floor and John quickly picked it up.All was now over.Soon the police arrived 2.The main idea of this paage is _________.A.a robber robbed a shop
B.Mr.Brown and Mr.Taylor fought against a robber C.None but the brave can win victory
D.John Taylor was a brave man
Paragraph 3 Sometimes people call each other \"scared-cat\", but have you ever thought about this expreion? When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its bloodstream.Although the cat doesn\'t realize this, its body is getting ready for action.If the danger continues, the animal will do one of two things.It will defend itself, or it will run away as fast as it can. Something like this also happens to people.When we are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions (feelings), our bodies go through many physical changes.Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense.All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react.We, too, get ready to defend ourselves or run. Human beings, however, have a problem that animals never face.If we give way to our feelings and let them take over, we can get into trouble.Have you ever said something in anger—or hit somebody—and regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told somebody you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then wished later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn\'t always wise to expre your feelings freely. Does this mean that it\'s smarter always to hide our feelings? No! If you keep feelings of anger, sadne, and bitterne hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays tense.Physical illne can develop, and you can feel churned up inside.It can actually be bad for your health.(It isn\'t good to keep pleasant feelings inside either; all feelings need to be expreed.) Feeling that you keep all bottled up inside, don\'t just go away.It\'s as if bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard.You might not be able to see them, but before long you\'d smell them, if you opened the cupboard, chances are you\'d see little fruit flies hovering all over them.They\'d be rotten. You can try to treat emotions as if they were bananas in the cupboard.You can hide them and you can pretend they don\'t exist, but they\'ll still be around.And at last you\'ll have to deal with them, just like those bananas.3.The best title for this article is __________.A.Emotions Affect Our Bodies B.What Happens to A Frightened Cat C.What Happens to An Excited Person D.Feelings That People Have
4.The author wrote this article in order to __________.A.tell us that it isn\'t good to keep feelings inside B.give us some advice on how to expre our feelings C.make us face the problem that we have to deal with feelings D.make us know that it isn\'t always wise to expre our feelings freely
Paragraph 4
It is poible to do many simple tricks with numbers.Here is one trick.It has several separate steps. First, write down your house number.For example, if your addre is 73 Lemon Street, you would write down 73.After you write down your house addre, next double it.Then add five to this doubled number.For example, if your addre was 73 and you doubled it, you would get 146.Then, if you added five, you\'d get 151. Then multiply this number by 50.In our example here, you\'ll get 7550.The next step is to add your age to this total.For example, if you\'re 26 years old, you should add 26 to this total.In our example here, the result would be 7576.After that you have to add the number of days in a year, which is 365.In our example here, 365 added to 7576 is 7941. The final step is this: Subtract 615 from the number that you have.Take away 615 from the total, In our example, 7941 minus 615 is 7326. The result hereis the trick.The first part of the number is the addre and the last part of the number is the age of the person.That is, 73 is the addre that we started with, and 26 is the age that we used.5.The best title of the paage is __________.A.The number tricks
B.A trick with numbers C.An interesting problem
D.How to work out a difficult trick Paage 1
An Australian wildlife park attendant survived a crocodile attack after her father jumped on the huge crocodile\'s back and dugout its eyes as the horrified tourists looked on. Karla Bredl, 21, was in a fairly good condition in good care in hospital with a broken bone, a broken leg and some injuries after the attack. The 4.5 - metre crocodile caught Karla Bredl around the leg and then the waist when she fell during a crocodile feeding show for tourists. Karla\'s father seized a long-handled tool and beat the crocodile about the head to force it to let go of her, but the tool was doing nothing.So he jumped on its back and stuck his fingers in its eyes and the crocodile let go of her.1.The best title of the paage is _________.A.The Hateful Crocodile B.Father Saved Daughter\'s Life C.A Terrible Accident D.The Dangerous Place
Paage 2 Trees should only be pruned (剪除) when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage result from doing it unnecearily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal (治愈) .Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as poible.It is eential (基本的) to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughne.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter, for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and it is, too, very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed.If this does happen, it is, of course, impoible to paint them properly.2.What was the writer\'s purpose when writing this paage? A.To give practical instructions for pruning a tree B.To give a general description of pruning C.To explain how trees develop diseases D.To discu different methods of pruning
Paage 3 Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last.And good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown.Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose— schoolwork, matters of busine, or purely social communication.You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding. There are still some remote places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your busine or social writing for you, for a fee.There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rare kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note form.But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves. We have to write school papers, busine papers or home papers.We are constantly called on to put words to paper.It would be difficult to count the number of such words, meages, letters and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous.What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes, that this writing will be read.We want to arouse (引起 ) and hold the interest of the readers.We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some \" letters-to-be-read\" file (档案) or into a wastepaper basket.This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practising the skills of interesting, effective writing.3.According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some \"letters-to-be-read\" file, __________.A.it will receive immediate attention B.it will be dealt with by the secretary C.it is likely to be neglected (忽略) D.it is meant to be delivered 4.The purpose of the author in writing this paage is __________.A.to explain and persuade B.to comment and criticize C.to interest and entertain (娱乐) D.to argue and demonstrate (论证)
Paage 4
Million of people pa through the gates of Disney\'s entertainment parks in California, Florida and Japan each year.What makes these places an almost universal attraction? What makes foreign kings and queens and other important people want to visit these Disney Parks? Well, one reason is the way they\'re treated once they get there.The people at Disney go out of their way to serve their \"guests, as they prefer to call them, and to see that they enjoy themselves.\" All new employees, from vice presidents to part-time workers, begin their employment by attending Disney University and taking \"Traditions I.\' Here, they learn about the company\'s history, how it is managed and why it is succeful.They are shown how each department relates to the whole.All employees are shown how their part is important in making the park a succe. After paing \"Traditions I,\" the employees go on to more specialized training for their specific ( 具体的) jobs.No detail is mied.A simple job like taking tickets requires four eight-hour days of training.When one ticket taker was asked why it took so much training for such a simple, ordinary job, he replied, \"What happens if someone wants to know where the restrooms are, when the parade starts or what bus to take back to the campgrounds? ......We need to know the answers or where to get them quickly.Our constant aim is to help our guests enjoy the party.\" Even Disney\'s managers get involved in the daily management of the park.Every year, the managers leave their desks and busine suits and put on special service clothes.For a full week, the boes sell hot dogs or ice cream, take tickets or drive the monorail (单轨车) and take up any of the 100 jobs that make the entertainment park come alive.The managers agree that this week helps them to see the company\'s goals more clearly. All these efforts to serve the public well have made Walt Disney Productions famous.Disney is considered by many as the best ma service provider in America or the world.As one long-time busine observer once said, \"How Disney treats people, communicates with them, rewards them, is in my view the very reason for his fifty years of succe ......I have watched, very carefully and with great respect and admiration, the theory and practice of selling satisfaction and serving millions of people on a daily basis, succefully .It is what Disney does best.\" 5.This paage is mainly about __________.A.how Disney employees are trained B.the history and traditions of the Disney enterprises C.why Disney enterprises make a lot of money D.the importance Disney places on serving people well
NMET 98 A Today, roller skating is easy and fun.But a long time ago, it wasn\'t easy at all.Before 1750, the idea of skating didn\'t exist.That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin.Merlin\'s work was making musical instruments.In his spare time he liked to play the violin.Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams.People called him a dreamer. One day Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dre ball (化装舞会).He was very pleased and a little excited.As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party.He had an idea.He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.
Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll.Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe.These were the first roller skates.Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin. On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin.Everyone was astonished to see him.There was just one problem.Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates.He rolled on and on.Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall.Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces.Nobody forgot Merlin\'s grand entrance for a long time! 1.The text is mainly about __________.A.a strange man B.an unusual party C.how roller skating began D.how people enjoyed themselves in the 18th century
2..People thought Merlin was a dreamer because he __________.A.often gave others surprises B.was a gifted musician C.invented the roller skates D.was full of imagination
3.Merlin put wheels under his shoes in order to ___________.A.impre the party guests B.arrive at the party sooner C.test his invention D.show his skill in walking on wheels
4.What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? A.The roller skates needed further improvement.B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool.C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.D.Merlin got himself into trouble.
NMET 98 B
\'As I stood in front of the grave (墓) of President Richard Nixon, I was thinking about the time 25 years ago when this president helped bring the United States and China closer together.Young people of our two countries should help this relationship grow.\'
This remark was made by a Shanghai student when speaking to his fellow students at the Nixon Library in California, U.S.A.He was one of 80 middle school students from China attending a month-long \'Youth Summit? The Summit was to mark the 25th anniversary (周年) of President Nixon\'s journey to China, which was the turning point in China-U.S.relations. The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discuions.Seventy-five American students were selected to visit China.They also visited the Nixon Library on July 21 before leaving for Beijing the next day.The head of the Library said he was pleased to see the American and Chinese students talking and laughing together. One Chinese student said, \'I didn\'t find it particularly difficult to talk with Americans.We have our differences, but we have a lot in common.Dialogue is good for us.\'
1.The words \'Youth Summit\' refer to __________.A.visits to the Nixon Library B.the Chinese students\' visit to the U.S.C.a meeting discuing relations between China and the U.S.D.activities to strengthen the ties between the Chinese and American students
2.The student from Shanghai thought about the time 25 years ago because it was when Nixon __________.A.died B.visited China C.became U.S.president D.started building the library in his name 3.The text is mainly about __________.A.the China-U.S.relations B.the Nixon Library C.President Nixon D.the Youth Summit
NMET 2001 C
Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted.Carele methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment (环境) friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.One result is that millions of tons of gla, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of. However, today, more and more consumers are choosing \"green\" and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment.Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these: \"Will this shampoo damage the environment?\" \"Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?\" A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it.This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are \"green,\" that is, friendly to the environment. Only a few years ago, it was impoible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds.Some supermarket products carry labels (标签) to show that the product is green.Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do busine.No longer will the public accept the old attitude of \"Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it.\" The public preure is on, and gradually busine is cleaning up its act.1.It becomes clear from the text that the driving force (动力) behind green products is __________.A.public caring for the environment B.companies\' desire for bigger sales C.new ways of doing busine D.rapid growth of supermarkets
2.What would be the best title for the text? A.Busine and People B.Busine Goes Green C.Shopping Habits Are Changing D.Supermarkets and Green Products
3.The underlined word \"it\" in the fourth paragraph refers to __________.A.a selling point B.the company name C.a great demand for health foods D.the manufacturing of green products
Correct answers: 1—3 ABD 本篇短文的中心主旨表达得很充分很明显，尤其是最后一段：民众环保意识的提高，消费习惯的改变，促使厂商开发生产环保产品，促使厂商规范生产经营行为使之符合环保要求。 第二题（最佳题目）的A, D离题较远，应首先排除。 选项C, 涉及部分原因的内容（消费习惯的改变），但没包括有关结果的内容，应视为概括不全面。
选项B, 表达了这样的一个趋势：厂商的生产经营行为越来越符合环保要求。这个结果和趋势（以及产生原因），正是作者要阐述的主要内容。选项B较好地概括了全文。
Paage 8
I\'ve worked all my life.I\'ve done men\'s jobs.I\'ve done everything.I\'ve used screw drivers, electric drills, and punch prees.I really know what it means to do man\'s work.What gets me is, you work all your life like a dog.You pay your taxes into these government programs.But still, when you need help, the people that are paid to help you, they act like it\'s coming out of their own pockets. My husband George had a stroke not long ago.I\'ve always worked all my life and I never had to do this before, but when George had the stroke I knew I needed some help.I had to quit my job to take care of him. So I went down to the welfare and told them I needed help.We were living with my son at the time.The welfare people said that since we were staying there.he had to take care of us.If we wanted help, we\'d have to move out.The trouble was we didn\'t have anything at all.and George was in the hospital. When I knew I needed some help, I went up here to this place called Hub Center where they\'ve supposed to help people.Well.I told this young kid that was working there that we were starving and didn\'t have the money to pay our rent or buy our medicine.Well.he started writing something down on a slip of paper, and he wrote for the longest time.Then he gave it to me and said.\"Take this paper to 163l Vine Street and they\'ll give you a sandwich.
I said, \"Thanks for nothing.kid.\" I never was so embarraed in all my life.I thought, well, I know I have to be going crazy.I just have to be, this just can\'t be happening. 1.The best title for the paage would be __________.A.I Really Know Man\'s Work.B.Applying (申请) for Welfare.C.Where Are They When You Need Them? D.Where Do Our Taxes Go?
Correct answers:
C 本篇是描述了一位妻子在丈夫病后辞去工作，申请福利救济的过程(Applying for welfare)。但若以此项(Applying for Welfare)为最佳题目，则不能概括申请手续烦琐，主人公到处碰壁的内容；且容易让读者以为将读一篇申请福利救济的指南性文章。
选项C虽说文字较多，又是一个问句，但它确实表达了主人公在这种情况下发自内心的无奈的求助的呼喊，能吸引读者，是本题的答案。
Paage 9
Money spent on advertising is money spent as swell as any I know of.It serves directly to bring about a rapid sale of goods at reasonable prices, so setting up a firm home market and making it poible to provide for export at good prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps greatly to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it causes an increased need for labor, and is therefore a nice way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisement your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, your price of television program would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or subway would cost more. And perhaps the most important of all, advertising provides a promise of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Besides the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long, for the public has the good sense not to but the poor goods more than once.If you see the product frequently advertised, it is the proof I know that the product does what it promised for it, and that it has good value. Advertising does more for the good of the public than other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television person declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was telling us the real difference.Of course advertising tries to persuade. If its meage were nothing but information, that would be difficult to get more people to buy, for even the choice of the color of a shirt is a bit persuasive--advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television person wants.1.By the first sentence of the paage the writer means that __________.A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising B.everybody knows well that advertising is a waste of money C.advertising costs more money than anything else D.money spent on advertising is worth spending
2.In the paage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? A.Getting greater fame.B.Providing more jobs.C.Raising living standards.D.reducing newspaper costs.
3.The writer thinks that the well-known TV person is __________.A.quite right in paing his judgement on advertising B.interested in nothing but the buyer\'s attention C.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informing D.obviously unfair in his views on advertising. 4.In the writer\'s opinion, __________.A.advertising can seldom bring material interest to man by providing information B.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over C.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer D.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Correct answers: DADC 本篇阅读训练共四道题，其中有三道题涉及到作者的基本观点和立场，若能在阅读中正确理解和把握作者的基本观点和立场，题目便能做对，若不能，则四道题全错。在一次练习中，一个班有十四人没有作对一道题。
本篇文章篇幅较长，有些生词和不熟悉的表达法，第一遍阅读时，考生容易陷在词句中，茫然不知作者所云。此时若动笔答题，非出错不可。此时应当跳出词句，以段落为单位回顾一下全文，你会发现：
第一段：作者介绍广告的优点用途。 第二段：广告业有正规管理，虚假广告不会长久。 第三段：反驳一个著名电视人的不利于广告的言论。
作者的态度与立场已清晰可辩：支持广告业。一旦有了这一认识，四道题迎刃而解。 提示：
考生既要看到树木, 更要看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。此篇虽未考察中心意思，或最佳题目，但同样考察对全文主旨大意的理解和把握。
Paage 10 The old conditions of travel and the new conditions of most travel of today are exactly opposite.For in old travel, as on horseback or on foot, you saw the country while you travelled.Many of your stopping places were for rest, or because night had fallen, and you could see nothing at night.Under the old system, therefore, a wise traveller might keep moving from day to day, slowly, indeed, but seeing something all the time, and learning what the country was through which he paed by talk with the people.But in the new system, he is shut up with his party and a good many other parties in a tight bus with gla windows, and whirled on through dust if it is dusty, or if it is rainy, under arrangements which make it impoible to talk with the people of the country, and almost impoible to see what that country is.1.The old conditions of travel are __________ the new ones.A.the same as B.exactly the same as C.very different from D.exactly different from
2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the paage? A.In the past people travelled on horseback.B.In the past people made trips from day to day slowly.C.In the past some wise travellers could make their trips even at night.D.In the past people usually travelled slowly so that they could enjoy what they saw. 3.In the past travellers __________.A.could learn more than those of today during their trips B.might continue their trips from night to night C.could talk with the people and learn something about the country D.could stop and take a rest when it became dark 4.In this paage the author suggests that __________.A.now people go on trips in train, buses or planes B.people on trips are not allowed to talk C.people on trips are often caught in the rain D.people on trips are often very dirty
5.The best title for this paage is __________.A.The Disadvantages of Travelling Today B.Comparison (比较)of Travelling in the Past With That of Today C.Contrast (对照) Between Travellings in the Past and Today D.The Advantages of Travelling in the Past
Correct answers: DCCAD 作者在对比两种条件（现在和过去）下的旅行时，分别是这样描述的：
过去：seeing something all the time, and learning what the country was through which he paed by talk with the people 现在：he is shut up...in a tight bus with gla windows, and whirled on through dust if it is dusty, or if it is rainy, under arrangements which make it impoible to talk with the people of the country, and almost impoible to see what that country is.作者的基本态度倾向已经跃然纸上，褒贬分明。而不是中立地对照，比较。
Paage 11
Though your parents probably meant to have your name last a lifetime, remember that when they picked it they\'d hardly met you, and the hopes and dreams they cared for when they chose it may not match yours.If your name no longer seems to fit you, don\'t lose heart.Film stars change their names, and with some determination, you can, too. If you wish to pick up a new name, you don\'t need to make the change official.Under common law, all that is neceary is to start using the name of your choice.Remember, though, that you must use it everywhere---even with your mother---for it to become your legal name. Getting friends and fellow workers to call you Leach instead of Lola may be harder than any paperwork involved, but you\'ll probably meet official resistance, too.Be sure that no law prevents you from using the name you have chosen, unle you use it for the purpose of cheating.If the gas company tells you that you cannot get your bill under a new name, they are wrong.You don\'t have to show them any sort of court document.You have a right to be called by whatever name you choose. By this time, you\'ve probably realized that changing your name is more difficult than replacing your furniture of changing your hair color, though the effect can be unusually encouraging.Don\'t care too much if you have to keep reminding others of your change of a new name---keep on, and your friends and lover will accept your new name.Good luck!
1.You may wish to change your mane because __________.A.you are required to do so.B.you don\'t mean to have your name last a lifetime.C.you like to follow what film stars often do.D.you may not like your parents\' choice.
2.If you wish to start using the name of your own choice, you __________.A.must get your friends to call your new name B.don\'t have to get permiion from anybody.C.must use it with your mother first.D.need to be approved by the court.
3.No law keeps you from using whatever name you have chosen, if only ___________.A.you pick up a new name not for purpose of wrong-doing.B.you can get your fellow workers to call you the new name.C.the gas company agrees to get your bill under your new name.D.some sort of court document is given to you.
4.You may realize that changing your name __________.A.usually has good effect.B.is actually asking for trouble.C.is not as easy as rearranging your room.D.means you have to go through some troubles.
5.The purpose of the writer in writing this paage is to __________.A.show you the need of changing your name.B.encourage you if you want to change your name.C.tell you how easy it is to change one\'s name.D.list all the difficulties in changing one\'s name.
Correct answers: DBADB 要准确把握全文的主旨大意，才能作对题2和题5。
本文的中心涉及作者对更改姓名一事的看法和态度。通读短文后，你应当有个基本印象。若你再注意到以下文字，你就更有把握了：
If your name no longer seems to fit you, don\'t lose heart.Film stars change their names, and with some determination, you can, too.Don\'t care too much if you have to keep reminding others of your change of a new name---keep on, and your friends and lover will accept your new name.Good luck!
作者写本文的目的是鼓励那些想改名的人（encourage you if you want to change your name），告诉这些人目前没有法律限制（you don\'t need to make the change official.Under common law, all that is neceary is to start using the name of your choice./ You don\'t have to show them any sort of court document.You have a right to be called by whatever name you choose.）提醒这些人克服可能遇到的困难（By this time, you\'ve probably realized that changing your name is more difficult than replacing your furniture of changing your hair color, though the effect can be unusually encouraging.）
因此题2的答案是B, 题5的答案是B，题4的答案是D。
题4的选项C （that changing your name is not as easy as rearranging your room）的说法与原文有出入：原文是 rearranging your furniture；且“没有那末容易（is not as easy as ...）”的另外说法是“跟它一样难，或比它还难，而原文的说法是“比...还难”。
本文选自2002年东城区高三英语期末试卷（2002.1)
Paage 12
The old idea that child prodigies ( 神童 ) \"burn themselves\" or \"overtax their brains\" in the early years, therefore, are prey to failure and ( at worst ) mental illne is just a myth.As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright children is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults. To find this out, 1,500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifty year with these results: On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they did as children.They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally.Eighty-four percent of their group were married and seemed content with their life. About 70percent had graduated from colleges, though only 30 percent had graduated with honors.A few had even flunked out ( 退学 ), but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 percent were in one of the profeions or in busine, managers or semi-profeional jobs.The women who had remained single had offices, busine, or profeional occupations. The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents ( 专利 ). In a material way they didn\'t do badly either .Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth when last surveyed. In fact, far from being strange, maladjusted ( 难以适应 ) people locked in an ivory tower, most of the gifted were turning their early promises into practical reality. 窗体顶端
1.The main idea of the paage is __________.A.how many gifted children turned succeful when they grew up.B.that bright children were unlikely to be physically and mentally healthy.C.that gifted children were most likely to become bright grown-ups.D.that when the bright children grew up, they would become ordinary. 2.From the paage, we can conclude that __________.A.most of the gifted children became white collars.B.half of the gifted followed up graduated from colleges.C.each of the talented published at least one article.D.bright men got higher income than bright women. 3.Which of the following is mentioned in the paage? A.The gifted could not be fit for their social positions.B.Most of the bright and succeful women kept single.C.The gifted men got full marks in intelligence tests.D.Most of the gifted appeared satisfied with their life.
4.The explanation of the underlined \"turning their early promises into practical reality\" is __________.A.earning their living and keeping promises.B.doing practical jobs and facing reality.C.doing what they have promised.D.realizing what they were expected.
Correct answers: CADD 本篇题1是考查对文章的中心主旨的理解，而由于生词和不熟悉的表达法，匆匆一读是很难把握中心意思的。
其实作者在文章的开头已表明了自己的观点和看法。他说：神童过早消耗精力（burn themselves），大脑负担过重（overtax their brains），深受失败和精神疾病之苦 （therefore, are prey to failure and mental illne），是以往的一种看法。作者认为这种看法是虚构和荒诞的（The old idea is just a myth）。作者进一步说：这些神童很有可能成长为智慧过人，前途光明的成年人。
进而，作者以一项跟踪调查的结果为依据，说明这1500个神童成人后的健康情况和对生活的满意度，他们后来受教育的程度，他们从事的工作性质，他们的学术成就，他们的物质生活和收入水平都等同于或高于常人。
最后的结论是：这些神童成人后根本不是那种关在象牙塔里的不合群的怪人（far from being strange, maladjusted people locked in an ivory tower），他们的大多数人正在实现自己早年的梦想。 这样一来,本文的中心主旨就清楚了，题1的答案是C (that gifted children were most likely to become bright grown-ups)。
本篇选自2002年海淀区高三英语期末试卷（2002/01）
Paage 13
For years and years people have been saying that the railways are dead.\"We can do without railways.\" People say ...as if motorcars and planes have made the railways unneceary.We all keep hearing that trains are slow, that they lose money, that they\'re dying.But this is far from the truth: In these days of expensive oil, the railways have become highly competitive (有竞争力的) with motorcars and planes.If you want to carry people or goods from place to place, they are cheaper than planes.And they have much in common with planes.A plane goes in a straight line and so does a railway.What is more, it takes you form the heart of a city into the heart of another.It doesn\'t leave you up as a plane does, miles and miles from the city centre.It doesn\'t hold you up as a car does, in endle traffic jams, and a single train can carry goods which a plane or motorcar could never do.Far from being dead, the railways are very much alive.Modern railway lines give you a smooth, untroubled journey.Where else can you eat well, sleep in comfort, feel safe and enjoy the scene while you are travelling at speed at the same time? And we are only at the beginning.For we have just entered the age of super-fast trains(超级高速列车), trains travelling at 150 miles an hour and more.Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on motorcars we can\'t use because we have not enough money to buy the oil and planes we can\'t fly for the same reason.1.Some people think the railways are unneceary for many reasons except that __________.A.planes and motorcars have taken the place of trains.B.oil is expensive today.C.trains are slow.D.railways lose money.2.The writer\'s idea seems to be that __________.A.we can do without railways.B.trains have much in common with motorcars and planes.C.motorcars and planes are not as good as trains.D.trains are as good as motorcars and planes.
3.According to the writer, which of the following is NOT true? A.It is cheaper to travel by train than by plane.B.The railway\'s station is usually at the centre of a city.C.When you get off the plane you will find yourself right in the city centre.D.No motorcar of plane can carry as many goods as a train does.
4.The writer thinks that the railways, far from being dead, are very much alive because __________.A.we can have a smooth and untroubled journey.B.we\'ll not have enough money to fly in planes.C.we can now travel in super fast train.D.all of the above.
5.The best title for this paage may be \"__________\".A.Not the End But the Beginning B.Which is the Best: Train, Motorcar or Plane C.Trains are More Competitive than Motorcars or Planes D.Oh, Super-fast Trains
Correct answers: BDCDA
本文作者的观点鲜明，态度明确，即火车和铁路运输非但没有走到穷途末路，反而有着光明的前途。同学们一般都能很快地读懂这一点。
但本文对判断把握文章的中心主旨这一能力提出了更高的要求：准确，不夸大，不缩小。
比如，题2，在阅读练习中许多同学认为正确答案是 C ，即 The writer\'s idea seems to be that motorcars and planes are not as good as trains.粗略一看，这与本文的中心主旨是一致的，即为火车和铁路辩护。再比如题5，许多同学认为正确答案是 C ，认为本文的最佳题目是 Trains are More Competitive than Motorcars or Planes ，这个题目是在为火车和铁路说话。 但是作者在论述这个问题时是非常客观和实事求是的，而没有夸大其词。在第一段，作者提及火车铁路优于飞机汽车的几个方面，但仍用了这样的句子来概括：And they (railways) have much in common with planes.显然作者把两方面看成平起平坐，各有千秋，并没有抬高火车铁路，打压飞机汽车。而我们知道火车铁路飞机汽车各有所长，互相补充，构成完整的交通运输系统。
作者在展望将来时才用了委婉的说法提及了火车铁路超越飞机汽车的可能性：Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on motorcars we can\'t use because we have not enough money to buy the oil and planes we can\'t fly for the same reason.
因此，题2的正确答案应当是 D, trains are as good as motorcars and planes.即：目前是平起平坐，各有千秋。这个表述符合实际情况，与作者的论述分寸一致。而 C 则夸大了火车和铁路的优势。
题5的正确答案应当是 A， Not the End But the Beginning 。这个题目不仅很好地概括了“火车和铁路运输非但没有走到穷途末路，反而有着光明的前途”这一主题，与文章内的句子呼应：Far from being dead, the railways ..., And we are only at the beginning；而且简洁明快，有文学味道，能起到引起读者注意，激发阅读兴趣的作用。而C选项除过于直白外，主要是它不能准确表达作者原意，夸大了火车和铁路的优势，所以不能作为本文的题目。
总之，细心阅读，认真体会，才能准确把握文章的中心主旨。
Paage 14
When I asked my daughter which item she would keep: the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said, \"the phone\".Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual.Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.Point 1.The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way more roads create more traffic.My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 pm and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the every people she have been at school with all day.If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about? Point 2.The mobile phone means that we are never alone.\"The mobile saved my life,\" says Crystal Johnstone.She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton.Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance to her rescue.Point 3.The mobile removes our secret.It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at any time of day to ask where they are, where they are going, and how their last meeting went.Point 4.The telephone separates us.Antonella Bramanate in Rome says, \"We worked in separate offices but I could see him through the window.It was easy to get his number.We were so near---but we didn\'t meet for the first two weeks!\" Point 5.The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives.Today we can talk to several complete strangers simultaneously () on chat lines (at least my daughter does.I wouldn\'t know what to talk about).We can talk acro the world.We can even talk to astronauts (if you know any) while they\'re space-walking.And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can acce the Internet, the biggest library on Earth.1.Point 1 mainly tells us that __________.A.the writer\'s daughter enjoys talking on the phone.B.More roads create more traffic.C.phones create the need to communication D it\'s easy to communicate through phones.2.People\'s attitude towards mobile phone is that it _________.A.helps people deal with the emergency.B.brings convenience as well as little secret to people.C.is so important and should be encouraged.D.is part of people\'s life.
3.Which do you think support the idea that phones improve people\'s life? A.Point 1 and 2.B.Point 3 and 4.C.Point 1 and 3.D.Point 2 and 5.
4.It is poible to talk to several complete strangers at the same time through __________.A.the TV screen.B.a fax machine.C.the Internet.D.the phone.
5.Which is the most suitable title for the paage? A.Phone Power B.Kinds of Phones C.How to Use Phone D.Advantages of Phones
Correct answers: CBDCA
作好本文阅读理解测试题的关键是准确把握短文的中心主旨，重点是准确，不偏不倚。
第一段作者提及自己的女儿可以舍弃其它，但必须保留电话。作者写到：Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.作者随后分五点(five points) 探讨了电话给人们生活带来的变化。
细读这五点，可以发现：第一点，电话创造了交流的需要，是个中性的变化，说不上是好是坏。第二和第五点是电话带给人们的便利和用途，显然是电话的优点长处,即advantages。但第三和第四点：The mobile removes our secret./ The telephone separates us.显然是讨论电话的缺点和弊端，即disadvantages 。 综上所述，作者并没有因女儿选择保留电话机就一面倒地夸奖电话，而是客观分析电话给人们生活带来的变化和电话在人们生活中所起的作用，既有正面的，也有反面的。 有了上述理解，阅读理解测试题就迎刃而解了。尤其是题2和题5，必须选能包括正反两方面的表述，才符合作者的原意
Paage 15
A green house is a building made of gla which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low.In a similar way there are several gases in the atmosphere which trap the heat produced by the sun and prevent it from escaping.These gases are known as \"greenhouse gases\", and the way in which they trap heat in the atmosphere is called the \"greenhouse effect\".this is not simply air pollution.Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist.In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth\'s atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests.The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer.The world\'s temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by 10 centimeters.If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth\'s temperature of between 1 and 4.This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture.Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops.It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about 30 years in the greenhouse effect.This means that we are probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere before the 1960s.Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased.1.\"Greenhouse effect\" means __________.A.the way in which gases are used for keeping plants warm.B.a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.C.the way \'greenhouse gases\' trap heat on the earth.D.the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat. 2.If there were no greenhouse effect, __________.A.no plants would grow on our planet.B.the earth would be 30 degrees colder.C.man could not live on the earth.D.all of the above answers are correct. 3.Which of the following is not true? A.Burning too much coal and oil produces lots of greenhouse gases.B.It has become warmer on the earth now than in the past.C.Gases put into the atmosphere now will effect the earth years later.D.The temperature in a greenhouse is as high as that in the atmosphere. 4.Suppose the earth\'s temperature rose by 3 degrees __________.A.great harm would be done to mankind.B.the sea level would go up by 10 centimeters.C.all the land in world would be flooded.D.crops would be unable to grow on earth. 5.The paage mainly deals with __________.A.the concept (概念) and harm of greenhouse effect.B.the relation between greenhouse gases and man.C.the concept and change of greenhouse effect.D.the effect of the rise of the earth\'s temperature.
Correct answers: BDDAC 作好本文的理解测试题的关键是：摈弃先入为主的概念，认真阅读原文。
本文讨论的“温室效应”问题是目前环保热点问题，妇孺皆知，“温室效应”已是大气污染的代名词，“温室效应”等于空气污染，这是普罗大众已经接受的概念和已经认可的说法。
但本作者从科学的角度准确地解释了“温室效应”这一概念，为其“正了身”，“平了反”。在第一段里，作者解释了“温室气体”和“温室效应”之后，明确说到：
This is not simply air pollution.Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist.In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.
可见“温室效应”是大气层生来具有的一种作用。正由于这种作用，地球上才能万物生长。至于大气污染，全球变暖，则是由于人类活动改变了“温室效应”的过程和作用所至。正如作者所说：
The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth\'s atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests.The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer. 准确理解温室效应的概念后，我们就不难作对有关中心主旨的三道题了：
题1的答案是B, \"Greenhouse effect\" means B.a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.题2的答案是D。
题5的答案是C, The paage mainly deals with C.the concept and change of greenhouse effect.
在我们阅读时，有时需要运用我们已有的背景知识来帮助理解。但同时我们也要警惕先入为主的观念干扰影响我们对文章的准确理解。总之，“虚心拜读”，“决不想当然”，才能有有效的阅读。
Paage 17 Unle we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race acro the night sky.Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don\'t threaten us.But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now.Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks.By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we\'ll have a way to change its course.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs.Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years.Sounds pretty rare---but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world.\"If we don\'t take care of these big asteroids, they\'ll take care of us,\" says one scientist.\"It\'s that simple.\" The cure, though, might be worse than the disease.Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? \"The world has le to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet (舰队)set against them,\" said a New York Times article.1.What does the paage say about asteroids and meteoroids? A.They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B.They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C.There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D.Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.
2.What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth? A.It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B.Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C.Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D.It\'s still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.
3.What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to change the course of asteroids? A.It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B.It may create more problems than it might solve.C.It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D.Further research should be done before it is proved practical. 4.We can conclude from the paage that __________.A.while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the world.B.asteroids racing acro the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near future.C.The worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetime.D.Workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth. 5.Which of the following best describes the author\'s tone in the paage? A.Hopeful.B.Subjective.C.Objective.D.Sad.
Correct answers: BABDC 读完全文后，你一定会有印象：对待小行星撞击地球的可能性和对策有两种观点和态度。一种是：只要可能性存在，就要花费人力资金认真对待；另一种意见是：不值得，且解决办法本身带来的问题和危害远远大于它能解决的问题。
请再浏览全文，仔细判读作者的倾向和态度。
再读后，你会发现，全文没有作者自己的观点，作者仅仅把各方的意见摆到了桌面上，向读者客观介绍情况，自己并无明显倾向。
因此，题2的A选项（小行星撞击地球的概率很小，但危险确实存在）是客观说明，中性表达，是题2的正确答案。题5的C项说全文基调是客观的(Objective)，应当是正确答案。
因此，在阅读此类辩驳性文章时，我们应当认识到有两种可能性：作者明显地支持一方观点，有清楚的倾向性，甚至有可能借助辩驳来推介自己的观点；另一种可能是作者仅仅是客观介绍双方观点，自己并无倾向，全凭读者自己评判。
Paage 18
Disposing (处理) of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it.As more and more people choose to live close together in cities, the waste-disposal problem becomes increasingly difficult.During the eighteenth century, it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot as a dump site.Residents or trash haulers (垃圾拖运者) would transport household rubbish, rotted wood, and old poeions to the site.Periodically some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried.The unpleasant sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by.Factories, mills, and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of.Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted remains into the water.Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem.Several facts make these choices unacceptable to modern society.The first problem is space.Dumps, which are now called landfills, are most needed in heavily populated areas.Such areas rarely have empty land suitable for this purpose.Property is either too expensive or too close to residential neighborhoods.Long-distance trash hauling has been a common practice, but once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere, cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is almost nonexistent.Awarene (意识) of pollution dangers has resulted in more strict rules of waste disposal.Pollution of rivers, ground water, land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste.The amount of waste, however, continues to grow.Recycling efforts have become commonplace, and many towns require their people to take part.Even the most efficient recycling programs, however, can hope to deal with only about 50 percent of a city\'s reusable waste.1.The most suitable title for this paage would be __________.A.Places for Disposing Waste B.Waste Pollution Dangers C.Ways of Getting Rid of Waste D.Waste Disposal Problem
2.During the 18th century, people disposed their waste in many ways EXCEPT for __________.A.burying it.B.recycling it.C.burning it.D.throwing it into rivers.
3.What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A.Farm areas accept waste from the city in modern society.B.There is cheap land to bury waste in modern society.C.It is difficult to find space to bury waste in modern society.D.Ways to deal with waste in modern society stay the same. 4.The main purpose of writing this article is to _________.A.draw people\'s attention to waste management.B.warn people of the pollution dangers we are facing.C.call on people to take part in recycling programs.D.tell people a better way to get rid of the waste.
Correct answers: DBCA
本篇短文的题1和题4涉及对中心主旨的理解。
环保是现在的热门话题，我们有着丰富的背景知识。背景知识可以帮助我们理解，但有时又会成为作题的障碍。我们只有认真仔细阅读原文，真正懂得作者的意思，才能作对题。以想当然的态度和以自己的观点取代作者的观点的做法，都是不可取的。
俯瞰全文，第一段就是主题中心段落，第一句话就是全文的主题句Disposing (处理) of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it.第二，三段介绍了以前人们处理废物的方法。第四，五，六段分析了现在的问题：第四段谈到了以前的方法已不再适用；第五段谈到虽然有严格条例，但废弃物越来越多；第六段谈到虽然有回收措施，但最多只能处理50%的废弃物。
由此我们可以得知本文的最佳题目(题1）是 \"Waste Disposal Problem\",即“处理垃圾废弃物的难题”，其它选项都似是而非。作者写作本文的目的（题4）是“draw people\'s attention to waste management”即“引起人们对垃圾废弃物的管理问题的注意”(A)，而不是“警告污染的危险”(B)，也不是“号召回收再利用废弃物”(C)。
选自2002-2003年海淀区高三期末考试英语试卷 2003.1
Paage 19
Most of the people who appear most often in the history books are great conquerors (征服者) and generals and soldiers, while the people who really helped civilization (文明) forward are often never mentioned at all.We do not know who first set a broken leg, or made a seaworthy boat, or calculated (计算) the length of the year, but we know all about the killers and destroyers.people think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars (柱子) in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conquer or a general of a soldier.And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in the battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.It is just poible they are, but they are not the most civilized.Animals fight; so do savages (野蛮人); so to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized.Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently ----- this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done ---- is not being civilized.People fight to settle quarrels.Fighting means killing, and civilized people ought to be able to find some way of settling their quarrels rather than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed most has won, and not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.For that is what is going to mean in a war, it means saying that might is right.1.In the author\'s opinion, the countries that ruled over a large number of other countries are __________.A.poibly the most civilized but not the greatest.B.poibly the greatest in some degree but not the most civilized.C.certainly not the greatest in any way.D.neither the greatest nor the most civilized.
2.The author says that civilized people should __________.A.not have any quarrels to settle.B.not fight when there are no quarrels to settle.C.settle their quarrels without fighting.D.settle their quarrels by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side. 3.\"Might is right\" in the last sentence means that __________.A.those who fight believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.B.only those who are powerful should go to war.C.those who are fight should fight against those who are wrong.D.in a way only those who are powerful will win.
Correct answers: BCA
本篇短文由一个现象谈起：史书更多地记载征服者，将军士兵；很少涉及真正推动历史的普通人，进而批判了国际政治斗争中的一种谬误：战争的胜利一方就是道义上正确的的一方，就是推动人类文明发展的一方。呼吁通过和平手段解决纷争。
本篇短文的题2和题3涉及对中心主旨的理解。
题2问及文明人解决纷争的正确方式，自然应当选C， settle their quarrels without fighting 。但许多同学错选了D， 意思恰恰反了，说明没有读懂短文，没有抓住作者的基本思想。 题3问及短文最后总结句中的“Might is Right”的意思。作者在文章的最后分析了那些总是企图通过武力解决纷争的人的哲学，即他们相信“强权即公理”，题3的答案是A， those who fight believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.。许多同学错选了C。 C所表达的的精神是永远正确的，但“Might is Right”是作者在文中批判的一种错误的政治哲学；而且C的内容根本没有在本文讨论，所以C不对。选C的同学显然没有领悟文章最后一段的意思，没有抓住作者的基本思想。
选自2002-2003年东城区高三期末考试英语试卷 2003.1
Paage 20
We find that bright children are not often held back by mixed-ability teaching.On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are improved.We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils, a way to teach pupils in groups according to their ability.It does not pay attention to the fact that children develop at different speed.It can have a bad effect on both the bright and not-so-bright children.After all it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力的) ability.This is only one aspect (方面) of their total personality.We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic (学术理论的) ability.We also value personal qualities (品质) and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching helps improve all these aspects of learning.In our claroom, we work in various ways.The pupils often work in groups; this gives them the chances to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills.They also learn how to deal with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, at analyze and evaluate (分析和评价), and to communicate effectively.The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual (个人的) tasks and aignments and they can do this at their own speed.They also have some formal cla teaching when this is right and suitable.We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this effectively.An advanced pupil can do advanced work; it does not matter what age the child is.We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.1.What\'s the author\'s attitude towards \"mixed-ability teaching\'? A.He agrees to it.B.He doubts the truth of it.C.He is very discontent about it.D.He tries to be objective about it.
2.By \"held back\", the author means ___________.A.forced to study in the lower cla.B.made to remain in the same cla.C.prevented from advancing.D.made to fall behind other students.
3.Which are the reasons given to disagree with \"streaming pupils\"? a.Pupils develop at different speed. b.Advanced pupils work at their own speed. c.Students work in various ways in our claroom. d.It is important to develop pupils\' total personality.A.a and b.B.a and d.C.c and b.D.c and d.
4.The author\'s purpose of writing this paage is to __________.A.offer advice on the proper use of school library.B.call attention to the importance of variety in claroom teaching.C.persuade to teach bright and not-so-bright pupils in separate claes.D.argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same cla.
Correct answers: ACBD
本篇短文是关于学校教育的一个争论：究竟是按能力分班教学好呢(streaming pupils)？还是混合编班教学好呢(mixed-ability teaching)？作者的立场观点是什么？这是通过阅读要解决的基本问题，即文章的中心主旨。
作者在第一段就旗帜鲜明地表达了自己的观点立场：We find that bright children are not often held back by mixed-ability teaching.On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are improved.We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils, ......由此可知，作者是坚决支持“混合能力编班教学”这一做法的。因此题1的答案是A， He agrees to it. 在接下来的三段文字中，作者提到了我们应当培养全面发展的具有健全人格的人，而不是仅仅具有学术能力的人（第二段）；在混合编班的教学活动中，不同能力水平不同能力倾向的学生互相学习，取长补短（第三段）；由于学生个体发展过程和速度的不同，他们应当有自己的发展空间，我们应当鼓励他们自主学习，给他们创造一个人人全力以赴全面发展的学习环境（第四段）。显然题3的 a 项和 d 项是作者不同意按能力分班教学的理由，答案是B。 综观全文，作者是在为支持“混合编班教学”进行辩护，反对“按能力分班教学”。题4的答案是D， argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same cla ，argue for 是为赞成，支持某事而辩论辩护的意思。本题也是一道领悟中心主旨的题目。
选自2003年崇文区高三一模英语试卷 2003.4
