1.English is a Crazy[a.疯狂的] Language 英语是一门疯狂的语言
1.Let\'s face it-English is a crazy[a.疯狂的] language.There is no egg in eggplant[n.茄子] nor ham[n.火腿] in hamburger[n.汉堡包]; neither apple nor pine[n.松树,松木] in pineapple[n.凤梨,波罗].English muffins[(muffin):n.松饼] weren\'t invented in England nor French fries in France.Sweetmeats[(sweetmeat):n.糖果,甜食,蜜饯] are candies[(candy):n.糖;巧克力] while sweetbreads[(sweetbread):n.小牛,小羊的胰脏或胸腺],which aren\'t sweet,are meat.1.让我们接受现实吧--英语是一种疯狂的语言。茄子（eggplant[n.茄子]，字面意为鸡蛋植物）里并没有鸡蛋，汉堡包（hamburger[n.汉堡包]，字面意为火腿夹饼）里也没有火腿。同样，菠萝（pineapple[n.凤梨,波罗]，字面意为松树苹果）里既没有松鼠也没有苹果。松饼（English muffin[n.松饼]，字面意为英式松饼）并不是英国人发明的，而炸薯条（French fries，字面意为法式油炸食品）也不是法国人的发明。“甜肉”（sweetmeat[n.糖果,甜食,蜜饯]）指的是蜜饯，而“甜面包”（sweetbread[n.小牛,小羊的胰脏或胸腺]）不是甜的，它指的是牛杂碎。
2.We take English for granted[(grant):v.给予,恩赐;同意,允许,答应].But if we explore[v.勘探;探究] its paradoxes[(paradox):n.自相矛盾的人或事物],we find that quicksand[n.流沙,流沙地,危险状态] can work slowly,boxing rings are square and a guinea[n.英国往昔的金币] pig is neither from Guinea[n.英国往昔的金币] nor is it a pig.And why it is that writers[(writer):n.作者,作家] write but fingers don\'t fing,grocers[(grocer):n.食品商;杂货商] don\'t groce and hammers don\'t ham[n.火腿]? If the plural[a.复数的 n.复数] of tooth is teeth,why isn\'t the plural[a.复数的 n.复数] of booth[n.小(房)间;公geese[goose(鹅,鹅肉)的复数],why not one moose[v.用电话亭] beeth? If you have one goose[n.鹅；鹅肉],two 北美产的一种大鹿],two meese,or one index[n.食指;索引;标志;指数 v.把…编索引],two indices[index的复数]? 2.我们理所当然地接受了英语的一切，但是如果我们分析一下英语中似是而非的情况，我们马上就会发现“快的沙子”（quicksand[n.流沙,流沙地,危险状态]，流沙，也指陷阱，困境）往往走得很慢，“拳击的圆圈”（boxing rings，拳击场）是方的，“几内亚猪”（guinea[n.英国往昔的金币] pig，天竺鼠）既不是来自几内亚，也不是猪。还有，既然名词作家（writers[(writer):n.作者,作家]）去掉词尾的rs 就可以成为动词“写作(write）”，那为什么名词“手指”（fingers）、杂货店（grocers[(grocer):n.食品商;杂货商]）、锤子（hammers）去掉rs就不能成为各自相应的动词呢？如果牙齿的复数是teeth，那为什么售货亭的复数不是beeth？一只鹅我们用goose[n.鹅；鹅肉]，两只鹅用geese[goose(鹅,鹅肉)的复数]，那么，一只驼鹿用moose[v.北美产的一种大鹿]（单复数同形），两只驼鹿就应该是meese了？为什么一条索引是index[n.食指;索引;标志;指数 v.把…编索引]，两条索引却成了indices[index的复数]？
3.Doesn\'t it seem crazy[a.疯狂的] that you can make amends[n.赔偿] but not one amend[vt.that you can comb[vt.梳(头发)] through the annals[n.编年史] of history but not 修正,改善,vi.改过自新],or a single[adj.单个的；单一的] annal[记录]? If you have a bunch[n.一束,一捆;一伙] of odds[n.可能性;机会] and ends and get rid[v.使摆脱] of all but one of them,what do you call it? 3.如果你赔偿时只能赔偿复数不能赔偿单数，这是不是很莫名其妙？你可以梳理历史的编年史，为什么却不能复习某一个单个的编年史？如果你有一堆麻烦，那么在你把其他的都解决了只剩下一个的时候该怎么说呢？
4.If teachers taught,why didn\'t preachers[(preacher):n.传道者,讲道者,牧师] praught? If a vegetarian[n.素食者] eats vegetables,what does a humanitarian[n.人道主义者,慈善家] eat? 4.如果教师教学是taught，那为什么传教士不是praught？如果素食主义者（vegetarian[n.素食者]）吃蔬菜（vegetable），那人道主义者（humanitarian[n.人道主义者,慈善家]）吃什么？ 5.Sometimes I think all the English speakers[(speaker):n.扬声器,喇叭] should be committed[(commit):v.做(不合法的、错的或愚蠢的事);犯] to an asylum[n.避难所,庇护所] for the verbally[(verbal):adj.文字的,用文字的] insane[adj.蠢极的,荒唐的;精神错乱的,疯狂的].In what other language do people recite[v.背诵,朗诵] at a play and play at a recital[n.演出;演奏会]; ship by truck and send cargo[n.船货,货物] by ship; have noses that run and feet that smell; park on driveways[(driveway):n.(通往住宅的)车道] and drive on parkways[(parkway):n.公园道路,驾车专用道路]? 5.有时候我觉得根据英国人说话时疯狂的用词可以将他们送进精神病院。哪一种语言人们可以在一出戏中朗诵，在朗诵中玩（分别指演戏和开独唱会）？用卡车运船，用船运货（分别只用卡车运输和用船运输）？鼻子可以跑而脚可以闻味道（分别指流鼻涕和脚有臭味）？车可以停在驾驶路上，而且在停车路上驾驶（driveway[n.(通往住宅的)车道]从字面上理解是驾驶路，parkway[n.公园道路,驾车专用道路]从字面上理解是停车路）。
6.How can a slim[adj.苗条的] chance[n.机会；可能性] and a fat chance[n.机会；可能性] be the same,while a wise[adj.有见识的，聪明的] man and wise[adj.有见识的，聪明的] guy[n.a man or a boy] are opposites,and quite a lot and quite a few are alike[adj.相同地]? How can the weather be hot as hell[n.地狱] one day and cold as hell[n.地狱] another? 6.为什么一个苗条的机会（slim[adj.苗条的] chance[n.机会；可能性]，指没机会）和一个肥胖的机会（fat chant[n.圣歌,赞美诗 v.吟唱,诵扬]，也指没机会）意思是一样的，而一个聪明的人（wise[adj.man，聪明人）和一个聪明的家伙（wise[adj.有见识的，聪明的] guy[n.a man or a boy]，自作聪明有见识的，聪明的]
的人）却意思相反？为什么相当多（quite a lot）和相当少（quite a few）意思一样?（实际上quite a lot和quite a few都是相当多的意思。）为什么天气可以热的像地狱也可以冷得像地狱？（as hell[n.地狱]字面意思像地狱一样，指非常）
7.You have to marvel[v.惊叹] at the unique[adj.独特的,独一无二的] lunacy[n.疯狂,愚行] of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down,in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which an alarm[n.警报] clock goes off by going on.7.你不得不对这种精神病一样的语言表示惊奇，在这种语言中，你的房子在被烧下去（burn down，意为烧为平地）的同时又被烧上去（burn up，意为烧起来，烧掉）。你用填出来（fill out，意为填写）的方法填进去（fill in,意思也是填写）一个表格。闹钟在走（go on）的时候响（go off）了。
8.English was invented by people,not computers,and it reflects[(reflect):v.反映] the creativity[n.创造力] of the human[n.&a.人(的)，人类(的)] race.That is why,when the stars are out,they are visible[a.明显的,看得见的],but when the lights are out,they are invisible[adj.看不见的].And why,when I wind up my watch,I start it,but when I wind up this eay[n.论说文],I end it? 8.英语是人而不是机器创造出来的语言，它反映了人类的创造性。这也是为什么当星星出来的时候，我们是看得见的，当阳光出来（out）的时候是看不见的。同理，我“处理”我的手表之后，它就开始（走）了；而我“处理”完这篇文章后，它却结束了。
2． All I Learned in Kindergarten[n.幼儿园]幼儿园所学的……
1． Most of what I really need to know about how to live and what to do and how to be, I learned in kindergarten[n.幼儿园] .Wisdom[n.智慧] was not at the top of the graduate[n.毕业生 vi.大学毕业] mountain．but there in the sandpile[n.沙堆] at nursery[n.托儿所] school．
1．大部分在生活中真正需要的，包括怎样生活，该做些什么，又该怎样去做，这些都是我在幼儿园时学会的。智慧不在研究生院的山巅之上，而在幼儿园的沙堆里。 really=真的、真正地；live=活着、生活；kindergarten[n.幼儿园]=幼儿园；wisdom[n.智慧]=智慧；
graduate[n.毕业生 vi.大学毕业]=研究生、研究院；mountain =山；at the top of=在顶部；sandpile[n.沙堆]=沙堆；
nursery[n.托儿所]=苗圃；nursery[n.托儿所] schoo=幼儿园
2． These are the things I learned：Share[vt.分享；共同使用] everything.Play fair．Don‟t hit people．Put things back where you found them.Clean up your own me[n.凌乱状态;混乱的局面 v.弄脏,弄糟]．Don‟t take things that aren‟t yours．Say you‟re sorry when you hurt somebody.Wash your hands before you eat.Warm cookies[(cookie):n.曲奇饼] and cold milk are good for you．Live a balanced[(balance):vt./n.平衡] life．Learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work everyday[adj.每日的，日常的] some． 2.以下就是我从幼儿园中学到的。分享所有的东西：行为光明磊落；不要攻击别人；东西要放回原处；自己弄脏的地方自己收拾好；不要拿走不属于自己的东西；如果你伤害了别人就得道歉；饭前洗手；热的甜点和凉的牛奶对身体有益；生活要有张有弛，学点东西、想点问题、写写画画、唱唱跳跳，休息和工作，每样事天天都要干一点。
These are=这些；Share[vt.分享；共同使用]=共享、分分享；fair=公平的；hit=打击、击中；Put=放置；where you found them=你发现他们的地方；Clean up=清理；Clean=清洁的；own me[n.凌乱状态;混乱的局面 v.弄脏,弄糟]=自己的烂摊子； me[n.凌乱状态;混乱的局面 v.弄脏,弄糟]=混乱；hurt=伤害；wash=洗；before=以前、之前；warm=热乎的、温暖；cookies[(cookie):n.曲奇饼]=饼干；
good for you=对你有好处；balanced[(balance):vt./n.平衡]=平衡的；draw=绘制、画；paint=涂抹、写；dance=舞蹈； some=一些；
3． Take a nap[n.小睡] every afternoon．When you go out into the world，watch for traffic．Hold hands and stick together.Be aware[a.知道的,意识到的] of wonder[vt.想知道]．Remember the little seed in the plastic[n.&adj.塑料(的)] cup? The roots[(root):n.根；根源；起源] go down and the plant goes up and nobody really knows how or why．but we are all like that.
3.每天下午小睡一会儿。当大家外出时，注意交通安全，记得手挽手，彼此互相扶持。多多注意那些生活的奇迹。你一定还记得那个塑料杯里的小小的种子吧，它不断地往下扎根，枝叶不断地向空中伸展。没有人真正知道它在怎样生长，也不知道是为了什么。但有一点很明白，我们也像他们一样地长大。
Take a nap[n.小睡]=午睡；nap[n.小睡]=午睡、打盹；go out=出门；into the world=走向世界；traffic=交通；
Together=一起；hold=把; stick=粘；Be aware[a.知道的,意识到的]=注意；wonder[vt.想知道]=奇迹；Remember=记住；
seed=种子；little=小的；seed=种子；Remember=记得；plastic[n.&adj.塑料(的)]=塑料；roots[(root):n.根；根源；起源]=根；
go down=向下；plant=植物；goes up=上升、生长；like=像
4．Goldfish[n.金鱼] and hamsters[(hamster):n.东欧或亚洲产的大颊的鼠类] and white mice and even the little seed in the plastic[n.&adj.塑料(的)] cup--they all die.So do we.4．看着金鱼、仓鼠以及小白鼠甚至是花盆中小小的一颗种子，最后他们的生命部将消亡。我们明白自己同样也不能避免。
goldfish[n.金鱼]=金鱼；hamsters[(hamster):n.东欧或亚洲产的大颊的鼠类]=仓鼠；mice=小白鼠；
5．And then remember the book about Dick and Jane and the first word you learned，the biggest word of all：Look．Everything you need to know is in there somewhere[ad.在某The Golden[a.金(黄)色的] Rule[n.规则；处]．规定] and love and basic[adj.基本的] sanitation[n.卫生].Ecology[n.生态] and politics[n.政治] and sane[adj.清醒的,明智的] living.
5．同时还记得《迪克与珍妮》的书，以及从书中学到的第一个词，也是最了不起的一个词：观察。你所需要了解的任何事情：包括为人的准则、爱、应注意的基本卫生，生态环境和政治哲学以及健全的生活方式，你都能在该书的某个地方找到答案。 Look=看；在这里是观察的意思；biggest=最大；somewhere[ad.在某处]=某处；Rule[n.规则；规定]=准则；basic[adj.基本的] =基本；sanitation[n.卫生]=卫生；Ecology[n.生态]=生态；politics[n.政治]=政治；sane[adj.清醒的,明智的] living=理智的生活；
6．Think of what a better world it would be if we all--the whole world--had cookies[(cookie):n.曲奇饼] and milk about 3 o‟clock every afternoon and then lay down with our blankets[(blanket):n.毛毯；毯子] for a nap[n.小睡] or if we had a basic[adj.基本的] policy[n.政策] in our nations[(nation):n.民族；国家] to always put things back where we found them and cleaned up our own mees[(me):n.凌乱状态;混乱的局面 v.弄脏,弄糟]．And it is still true，no matter how old you are，when you go out into the world，it is better to hold hands and stick together.
6.想一想，如果我们大家--全世界所有的人--每天下午3点左右都能够享受甜点和牛奶，然后盖上被单美美的睡上一小会儿；如果每一个国家都能够遵循一个基本的立国之道，即东西放回原处，自己弄脏的地方自己收拾好，那么这个世界将是多么的美好啊。无论你年龄有多大，当你出去时，当你进入社会之时，最好是和别人手牵手，相互扶持，团结一致。无论如何，这是一个颠扑不破的真理。
better=较好的；lay=放置；basic[adj.基本的] policy[n.政策]=基本的政策；nations[(nation):n.民族；国家]=国家；put things=整治；cleaned up=清理；go out=出去；into=进入；
3.On Mobile[adj.可移动的] Office 移动的办公室
1.Mobile[adj.可移动的]1 office is the mutual[a.相互的,彼此的;共同的,共有的]2 product[n.产品；成品] of economic[adj.经济的],scientific[adj.科学的],and social[adj.社会的；社交的] progre[n.进步；上进].Mobile[adj.可移动的] office has become a solution[n.解决方法] that provides[(provide):vt.提供] users[(user):n.用户,使用者] with convenient[adj.便利的；方便的],prompt[adj.准时的,迅速的],safe,reliable[adj.可靠的,可信赖的],and reasonably[ad.适度地,相当地] priced[(price):n.价格，价钱] communications[(communication):n.通讯;传达;交通] and office faculty[n.能力]3 anywhere anytime via[prep.通过,凭借;经过,经由]4 the support[vt.支持；赞助] of mobile[adj.可移动的] interconnection[n.互相连络] platform[n.讲台；站台]5 (MIP) and its applications[(application):n.申请] systems[(system):n.体系；系统].Using mobile[adj.可移动的] office and WAP[打] technology[n.技can do their work anywhere anytime,can send and receive data[n.资料,数据] via[prep.术],people 通过,凭借;经过,经由] terminals[(terminal):n.终点站,总站]6 such as mobile[adj.可移动的] phone,palm[n.棕榈树;手掌] computer,and PDA[n.个人数字助理],and can surf[n.海浪,拍岸浪] the Internet[n.国际互联网,因特网].Integrating[(integrate):v.(使某人)与社区融合(尤指种族间)]7 Internet[n.国际互联网,因特网] and mobile[adj.可移动的] communications[(communication):n.通讯;传达;交通] network[n.网络系统],and providing[(provide):vt.提供]
powerful[adj.强大的] applications[(application):n.申请] support[vt.支持；赞助] capacity[n.能力,才智] for wirele[adj.无线的,无线电的]8 interconnection[n.互相连络],mobile[adj.可移动的] interconnection[n.互相连络] platform[n.讲台；站台] (MIP) is an important network[n.网络系统] support[vt.支持；赞助] technology[n.技术] to accomplish[v.完成] mobile[adj.可移动的] office.1.移动办公室是经济、科技、社会三者发展进步的共同产物。通过无线互联平台（MIP）及其应用系统的支撑，移动办公室已经成为一种能够使用户获得随时随地、简便快捷、安全可靠、价格合理的通信和办公能力的解决方案。通过移动办公室和无线接入协议（WAP[打]）技术，人们可以在任何时间任何地点办公，可以从移动电话、掌上电脑、个人数字助理（PDA[n.个人数字助理]）等终端设备上收发数据，遨游于互联网上。无线互联平台将因特网和移动通信网络有机地整合起来，为无线互联提供强大的应用支撑能力，是实现移动办公室重要的网络支撑技术。
2.When you leave your office to attend[vt.出席；参加] meetings or travel on busine,what would happen to your busine routine[n.常规]? Of course,faxes[(fax):n.传真] and e- mails[(mail):n.邮政；邮递] would be still sent to your fax[n.传真] machine or e- mail[n.邮政；邮递] box,but you cannot read them and make prompt[adj.准时的,迅速的] reaction[n.反应] timely.When your clients[(client):n.顾客,委托人] need you to make some urgent[adj.急迫的,紧急的] modifications[(modification):n.修正,修饰,修改]9 on your work and you are neither in the office nor carrying relevant[adj.documents[(document):n.用文件证实或证明(某事)],what can you do? Maybe you have to say “sorry”to 有关的]10 the clients[(client):n.顾客,委托人].But,your busine will be affected[(affect):vt.影响],the clients[(client):n.顾客,委托人] will be unhappy and disappointed[(disappoint):vt.使失望] because of your delay[vt.&vi.推迟；耽搁],and you will lose a lot of busine opportunities[(opportunity):n.机会].2.当你离开办公室，忙于参加会议或出差在外时，你的日常工作业务会怎样呢？当然，传真和电子邮件依然会到达你的传真机和电子信箱，但是你却不能及时地看到它们并迅速作出反应。当你的客户需要你对某项工作进行一些紧急修改，而你恰好不在办公室，又没有随身携带相关文件时，怎么办呢？你也许只能向客户说“对不起”了。但是，你的业务将受到影响，客户们也会因为你的延迟而感到不快和失望，因而你失去许多商机。
3.In fact[n.事实；实际],very frequently[adv.经常地；频繁地],you need to check,reply[n.回答，答
read some materials[(material):n.复],distribute[v.分发,分配]11,display[n.展览,陈列],modify[v.变更,修改],or 材料；原料] when you are not in your office.You must get out of this dilemma[n.困境,(进退两难的)窘境]12.The best solution[n.解决方法] to normally[(normal):n.正常的状态] handle[n.柄，把手] your busine anywhere anytime and not to disappoint[vt.使失望] your clients[(client):n.顾客,委托人] is to let your office “move”with you.Thus，you can have convenient[adj.便利的；方便的],prompt[adj.准时的,迅速的],safe,reliable[adj.可靠的,可信赖的]13,and reasonably[ad.适度地,相当地] priced[(price):n.价格，价钱] communications[(communication):n.通讯;传达;交通] and office faculty[n.能力] anywhere anytime.With the development[n.发展；开发] of communications[(communication):n.通讯;传达;交通] technology[n.技术],network[n.网络系统] application[n.申请],and wirele[adj.无线的,无线电的] interconnection[n.互相连络],mobile[adj.可移动的] office has become simpler and smaller,and even can be realized[(realize):v.认识到；实现(=realise)] via[prep.通过,凭借;经过,经由] one mobile[adj.可移动的] phone with data[n.资料,数据]
communications[(communication):n.通讯;传达;交通] function[n.正常工作,正常生活].Thus,mobile[adj.可移动的] office has already been put into your pocket,and office mobility[n.流动性] has been realized[(realize):v.认识到；实现(=realise)].It uses its mobile[adj.可移动的] phone function[n.正常工作,正常生活] to make voice[n.说话声；嗓音] communication[n.通讯;传达;交通],and uses its data[n.资料,数据]
communications[(communication):n.通讯;传达;交通] function[n.正常工作,正常生活] to do most computation[n.计算]14 and storage[n.贮藏；储存]15 in the network\'s[(network):n.网络系统] other mainframes[(mainframe):n.主机]16.It uses the network[n.网络系统] to get neceary[adj.必要的；必需的] materials[(material):n.材料；原料] and data[n.资料,数据],and uses mobile[adj.可移动的] phone\'s infrared[a.& n.红外线(的)]17 interface[n.接口,界面 v.联系]18 to connect[vt.&vi.连接；把......联系起来] with computers,printers[(printer):n.打印机],scanners[(scanner):n.扫描设19,etc.3.实际上，当你不在办公室，但需要对某些材料进行查阅、回复、分发、展示、修改或宣读的情形是很常见的。因此，你必须从这种困境中解脱出来。使自己能够随时随地正常处理业务，不让客户失望，最好的解决办法就是让你的办公室也随你一起“移动”起来，使你获得随时随地、简单快捷、安全可靠、价格合理的通信和办公能力。随着通信技术、网络应用以及无线互联的发展，移动办公室已经变得越来越简单小巧，甚至只需一个具有数据通信功能的移动电话即可实现。此时，移动办公室已经被你装进了口袋，从而真正实现了办公的移动性。它利用移动电话功能进行语音通信；利用数据通信功能，使大部分计算和存储工作都在网络的其他主机上进行；利用网络获得需要的材料和数据；利用移动电话的红外接口与电脑、打印机、扫描仪等设备相连。 备;扫描器]4.Mobile[adj.可移动的] office has provided[(provide):vt.提供] people with convenient[adj.便利的；方便working environment[n.环境],but at the same time it still has some 的],casual[adj.偶尔的,非正式的]
unsatisfactory aspects[(aspect):n.方面] such as mismatching[配板失当;不匹配;不重合] equipment[n.装备，设备] interface[n.接口,界面 v.联系] and inadequate[adj.不够,不充分] battery[n.一群,一组,一连串;电池].Neverthele[adv.然而],we believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that with technical[adj.技术的；工艺的] progre[n.进步；上进],people can certainly overcome[v.战胜,克服] all kinds of difficulties[(difficulty):adj.困Mobile[adj.可移动的] office will make your career[n.职业] unimpeded[a.未受阻碍的]20,and will 难；费力].realize[v.认识到；实现(=realise)] the dream[vt.&n.梦；梦想] of completely[(complete):vt.完成；结束] free communication[n.通讯;传达;交通].Users[(user):n.用户,使用者] will enjoy more colorful[adj.五颜六色的] life and better working environment[n.环境],and users\' living standard[a.标准的],working efficiency[n.效率],and even enterprises\' production[n.生产；制作] efficiency[n.效率] will certainly be immensely[(immense):a.巨大的] raised[(raise):vt.使升高；饲养 vt.饲养].4.移动办公室给人们带来了方便随意的工作环境，但同时也存在着一些诸如设备接口不匹配、电池电力不足等不尽如人意的地方。但是，我们相信，随着技术的进步，人们肯定能战胜种种困难。移动办公室将使你的事业畅通无阻，实现完全自由通信的梦想。用户将会享受多彩的生活和美好的工作环境；用户的生活水平、工作效率以及企业的生产效率，必将大大提高。 4.How to Explore[v.勘探;探究] a City 探索城市轻松游
1.Are you spending two days in Tokyo? Are you moving to Melbourne[n.墨尔钵]? No matter where you\'re going or how long you\'re staying,keep reading! These tips[(tip):n.梢，末端；小费] will help you make the most of any urban[adj.市镇的] adventure[n.冒险；奇遇].要去东京待两天？还是要搬到墨尔本?不管打算去哪里、要待多久，往下读吧！一下介绍的小诀窍能帮你充分享受每趟都市旅游。
2.Before you arrive 抵达前3.Read a city guidebook[旅行指南].Some are even specially[(special):adj.特别的；专门的] designed[(design):vt.&n.设计；绘制] for a 24-hour visit! If you don\'t want to buy one,just look through the guidebooks[(guidebook):旅行指南] in a store[n.商店].They can give you hints[(hint):n.暗示,示意] on how to plan[n.计划，打算] your trip.参考城市旅游指南，有些旅游书甚至专为一日游行程而写的呢！如果不想花钱买书，在书店里翻一翻也可以。旅游指南会提出一些建议，帮助你规划行程。
4.Search[n.&v.搜寻；搜查] the Internet[n.国际互联网,因特网].Websites[(website):网站(全球资讯网的主机站)] such as Cilysearch.com and Economist[n.经济学家].com provide[vt.提供] information[n.信息] on cities around the world.Blogs can also be a good source[n.来源,提供消息者] of information[n.信息].They give you a chance[n.机会；可能性] to learn from others\' travel experiences[(experience):n.经验；经历].上网查找资料。诸如Cilysearch.com与Economist[n.经济学家].com 等网站都提供全球各城市的相关资讯。博客是另一个搜集资讯的好地方，能够让你汲取别人的旅游经验。
5.Some companies[(company):n.公司],like National Geographic[adj.地理上的],offer audio[a.成音频率的,walking tours[(tour):n.观光；参观；旅行],which can be downloaded[(download):下载] from the Internet[n.声音的]
国际互联网,因特网].Once you arrive,these free podcasts will turn your MP3 player into a lour[vi.皱眉,变阴沉] guide[n.导游者；向导 vt.指导；引导]! They will help you explore[v.勘探;探究] the city on foot.有些公司例如《国家地理杂志》备有步行观光语音岛览，可以直接通过网络下载，你一到目的地，这些免费“播客”档案会让你的MP3立刻化身为导游！它们会带你步行走访该城。 6.Doing research[n.研究；调查] before you arrive will help you experience[n.经验；经历] the city\'s claim[v.声称] to fame[n.名声].Whether it\'s a landmark[n.风景点;里程碑],a shopping area[n.地区，区域],or a river-you should see it.抵达目的地前要做好功课，你就可以好好欣赏该城著名的景点。不管是地标、购物区、河流，你都不应错过。
7.When you arrive 抵达后8.If poible,pick up a free city map at the airport[n.station or your hotel.Visit the city\'s tourism[n.旅游业；观光] office,which 机场，航空站],train will provide[vt.提供] other valuable[adj.值钱的；贵重的] information[n.信息].Sometimes locals[(local):a.当地的；本土的] post notices[(notice):n.通知；布告] there offering[(offer):vt.提供] tours[(tour):n.观光；参观；旅行] or other services[(service):n.服务].如果机场、火车站或下榻旅馆有免费市区地图，别忘了拿一份。参观一下当地旅游服务中心，也能获得其他宝贵资讯。当地居民偶尔也会在那里张贴广告，提供旅游行程或其他服务。
Carry the hotel\'s busine card or write down the addre and phone number.Take note[n.笔记；便条] of the neighborhood[n.邻近地区] around your hotel.It will be helpful when you return.随身携带旅馆名片或写下它的地址与电话，还要留意旅馆周边的环境，以方便认路返回。 9.For your first adventure[n.冒险；奇遇],take a city bus that drives in a circle through the downtown[n&a.城市的商业区(的)] area[n.地区，区域].It\'s a good-and cheap-way1 to see important landmarks[(landmark):n.风景点;里程碑].Il will also help you understand the city\'s layout[n.布While on the bus,write down places that interest you so you can visit them 局,安排,设计].later.你刚动身探访该城时，不妨搭乘会穿过市中心，绕行市区一圈的巴士，想走访重要地标，这是不错又便宜的选择，你还能借此一窥整个城市的轮廓。在公共汽车上，记下你感兴趣的景点吧，留待以后再参观。
10.Ask a local[a.当地的；本土的] person for advice[n.劝告；忠告；建议].Many cities have treasures[(treasure):n.财富；金银财宝] that most tourists[(tourist):n.旅行者；观光者] don\'t know about.A local[a.当地的；本土的] can direct[vt.&vi.导演] you to a wonderful but le famous restaurant.park or museum.
11.Finally[adv.最后；最终],be adventurous[adj.爱冒险的]! Some of the best tilings[(tiling):n.盖瓦;铺瓷砖] that a city has 10 offer can be found by mistake.II[no.第二]\" you\'re not afraid to get lost,you\'ll see more-and you\'ll have a better time! 5.Can Money Buy Happine[n.幸福；愉快] 金钱能买到快乐？ 1.Many of us dream[vt.&n.梦；梦想] of having thousands and thousands of dollars to spend on anything we desire[vt.要求；期望 n.欲望].We buy lottery[n.碰巧(冒险)之事,碰运气;彩票] tickets,enter[(ENT):contests[(contest):n.比赛,竞赛] or spend hours building a busine or playing the stock[n.耳鼻喉科]
market.We\'re sure when we have plenty[n.充足的；相当多的] of money,we will be happy.证券,股票]
But will we? 1.我们很多人都梦想拥有万贯钱财来满足自身欲望。我们会买乐透彩券、参加比赛或付出很多时间发展事业或投资股市。我们深信一旦我们有很多钱，就会很开心，但真的会吗？ 2.While having some money does have an impact[n.影响] on our level[n.水平线；水平] of happine[n.幸福；愉快],having a lot of money docs not.People in the United[(unite):vi.&vt.联合，团结] States[(state):n.国家；(美国的)州] whose income[n.收入；所得] goes from US$20,000 a year to US$50,000 a year are more likely to be happy.2.虽然有“一些”钱的确会影响我们的快乐程度，拥有“很多”钱则不然。在美国，年薪为2万~5万美元的人比较可能感到快乐。
3.But after USS50.000,happine[n.幸福；愉快] does not increase[vt.增加；繁殖] as salaries[(salary):n.薪水] go up.Why is that? It\'s because we are never satisfied[(satisfy):vt.\"We always think if we just had a little more money,we\'d be happier,\" says 满足；使满意].Catherine[n.凯萨琳(女子名)] Sanderson,a psychology[n.心理学] profeor[n.教授] at Amherst College[n.学院].\"But when we get there,we\'re not.\" 3.但薪水超过5万美元后，快乐程度会不随着薪水增多而升高。此话怎讲？原因是我们永远不会满足。安默斯特学院心理学教授凯萨琳·珊德森说：“我们总是以为只要我们的钱再多一点，我们就会比较快乐，但是当我们走到那一步，我们却不快乐。”4.\'The more you make,the more you want.The more you have,the le it brings you joy[n.欢乐；高says Daniel[n.男子名,丹尼尔,丹尼尔书] Gilbert[n.起磁力的c.g.s.单位],a psychology[n.心理学] profeor[n.兴；乐趣],\" at Harvard[n.哈佛大学].\"We incorrectly[(incorrect):adj.不正确的,错误的] aume[v.假定,以为] we\'ll get more 教授]
pleasure from more,and we don\'t.\" 4.“你赚得越多，欲望就越多。你拥有的越多，得到的喜悦就越少。”哈佛大学心理学教授丹尼尔·吉尔勃特说：“我们误以为我们会因为拥有越多而更快乐，其实不会。”5.The things money can buy don\'t make you happy either.A lot of research[n.研究；调查] suggests[(suggest):vt.建议；提议] that you won\'t find the \"good life\" buying expensive \"toys.\" You finally[adv.最后；最终] buy that BMW you\'ve always wanted and it soon loses its appeal[n.吸引力].Then,instead of wondering[(wonder):vt.想知道] if a new car is what really makes you happy,you decide you just need a different new car.It\'s an endle[a.无止境的] cycle[vi.骑自行车].5.能用金钱买到的东西也不会让你开心。很多研究显示你不会因为买了昂贵的“玩具”而得到“美满人生”。你终于买的梦寐以求的宝马汽车，它很快就丧失了吸引力，然后你不思考一部新车是否真能令你快乐，你认定自己只要再买一部新车就好了，这种循环没完没了。 6.To really be happy,you need to understand what makes you happy in the first place.One secret of happine[n.幸福；愉快]: people.Surveys[(survey):n.调查] have found that people need people.Those who have five or more close friends are 50 percent[n.百分之…] more likely to describe[vt.描写，描述] themselves as \"very happy.\" Good relationships[(relationship):n.关系] have a far greater effect[n.效果；作用] on happine[n.幸福；愉快] than large raises[(raise):vt.使升高；饲养 vt.饲养] in salary[n.薪水].Andrew[n.安德鲁] Oswald is an economist[n.经济学家] at England\'s University[n.大学] of Warwick.He says,\"If you\'re looking for happine[n.幸福；愉快] in life,find the right husband or wife rather than trying to double your salary[n.薪水].\" 6.为了要真正的快乐，首先你必须了解什么让你快乐。快乐的一个秘诀在于人。一些调查报告发现人与人彼此需要。拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。美满的人际关系对能否快乐的影响程度远胜于薪水大幅调升。安德鲁·奥斯瓦德是英国华威大学的经济学家，他说：“如果你在寻觅幸福人生，找一个合适的配偶吧，而不是想办法赚两倍的薪水。”7.So invest[v.投入(时间等);投资] your time and energy[n.精力；能量] in people.The payoff[n.报酬;报偿] is much bigger in terms of happine[n.幸福；愉快]! 7.所以把时间和精力投资在人身上吧，就快乐而言，回报会更大！ 6.How Americans View[n.风景；景色；眺望；观察] Love 美国人的爱情观
1.An old song says that \"love makes the world go around.\" If you watch Americans on Valentine\'s[(valentine):情人,情人节礼物] Day,you can believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] it.The whole country breaks out with little red hearts.Love-struck people give cards,flowers and candy[n.糖;巧克力] to their sweethearts[(sweetheart):n.情人,爱人].You might[v.aux.可能；也许] call it an annual[adj.每年的] celebration[n.庆祝] of love.
1、有一首老歌中唱道“爱让世界转动”。如果你看到美国人是如何庆祝情人节的，你便会相信这句话。这一天在美国不论你走到哪里都能看到一颗颗小红心。坠入爱河中的人向自己的心上人赠送卡片、鲜花和糖果。你可以将情人节称之为一年一度的爱的庆贺日。 2.The American concept[n.概念,观念] of love and romance[n.浪漫文学,浪漫故事] begins with dating.Young people date in several ways.At first they might[v.aux.可能；也许] have group dates with several boys and girls together.Later,they start going on single[adj.单个的；单一的] dates-just one boy and one girl.Sometimes a boy and a girl will go to a movie[n.电影].Maybe they will go to a party at a friend\'s house.Or they might[v.aux.可能；也许] go out to eat.2.美国人的爱情和浪漫始于约会。年轻人有几种约会方式。最开始，他们可能是好几个男孩和女孩都参加的集体约会。之后，他们单独出去约会――只有一男一女。有时他们会去看电影，也可能一起去参加朋友的聚会，或一起出去吃饭。
3.When two couple[n.夫妇；一对] go out together,it\'s called double dating.A friend might[v.aux.可能；也许] even arrange[vt.筹备;整理;调解] a blind[adj.瞎的] date for you with someone you don\'t know.That doesn\'t mean you keep your eyes closed the whole evening! You just don\'t know who your partner[n.搭档，合作者] will be until the time of the date.If someone asks you out on any kind of date,and you don\'t want to go,you may politely say,\"No,thanks.\" 3.如果两对男女一起出去，这叫做双重约会。一个朋友还可能为你和陌生人安排一个“蒙眼约会”。那并不是说你整个晚上都紧闭双目。只是在约会之前你并不知道你的约会对象是谁。如果有人请你出去约会，不管是哪种约会，假若你不想去，你都可以礼貌地说声“不，谢谢!”4.Americans view[n.风景；景色；眺望；观察] dating differently from people in other culture[n.文化].American young people see a date as a time just to have fun.They don\'t always have a romantic[adj.浪漫的] interest in mind.Someone may go out with one person this week,and another person the next.After a while,a boy and a girl may decide they want to go steady[a.稳固地；平稳地].This means they think of each other as boyfriend[n.男朋友] and girlfriend[n.女朋友].It also means they don\'t want to date anyone else.Romance[n.浪漫文学,浪漫故事] is beginning to bloom[v.开花 n.花].
4、对于约会，美国人与别的文化国度的人有不同的看法。美国的年轻人把约会看成是玩得开心的时间，并不一定就抱着浪漫的念头。有的人可能这星期与一个人出去，下星期又与另外一个人出去。经过一段时间后，一个男孩和一个女孩可能决定保持稳定的关系。这意味着他们把彼此看成“男朋友和女朋友”，这也意味着他们不想与别的人约会。浪漫之花开始绽放。
5.Romantic[adj.浪漫的] love is very much a part of American culture[n.文化].Movies[(movie):n.电影],TV shows and books in America all picture people falling in love.Americans know no romance[n.浪漫文学,浪漫故事] is perfect[a.完美的；极好的],but still they try to find the ideal[adj.理想的,完满的] person.Actually[(actual):a.实际的，现实的],love is a pan of every culture[n.文化],not just American culture[n.文化].People all over the world search[n.&v.搜寻；搜查] for happine[n.幸福；愉快] in a loving relationship[n.关系].Maybe love does make the world go around.
5、浪漫爱情是美国文化的重要组成部分。美国的电影、电视和书籍都描绘人们如何坠入爱河。美国人知道没有哪段爱情是完美的，但他们还是努力去寻找自己的意中人。事实上，爱不仅仅是美国文化，而是每种文化的组成部分。全世界的人们都在爱中寻求幸福。也许确实是爱使世界转动。
7.Carbon-based Alternative[adj.非传统的,不同的] 碳基替代燃料
1.Although[conj.尽管，虽然] recent[adj.最近的；近来的] years have seen substantial[adj.可观的,重大的] reductions[(reduction):n.减少,降低] in noxious[adj.有害的,有毒的] pollutants[(pollutant):n.污染物质] from individual[n.个人,个体] motor vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆], the number of such vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆] has been steadily[ad.稳定地；稳固地] increasing[(increase):vt.增加；繁殖].Consequently[ad.因此,因而,所以], more than 100 cities in the United[(unite):vi.&vt.联合，团结] States[(state):n.国家；(美国的)州] still have levels[(level):n.水平线；水平] of carbon[n.碳] monoxide[n.一氧化物], particulate[n.微粒 a.微粒的] matter, and ozone[n.新鲜的空气,臭氧] (generated[(generate):v.发生] by photochemical[a.光化学的] reactions[(reaction):n.反应] with hydrocarbons[(hydrocarbon):n.碳化氢] from vehicle[n.机动车辆] exhaust[vt.使筋疲力尽;用尽]) that exceed[v.超过] legally[(legal):adj.法律(上)的,合法的,法定的] established[(establish):v.使人接受(信仰、风俗、要求等)] limits[(limit):vt.限制；减少].There is a growing realization[n.意识到,领悟] that the only effective[adj.有效的] way to achieve[vt.完成；达到] further[ad.更远地；进一步地] reductions[(reduction):n.减少,降低] in vehicle[n.机动车辆] emiions-short of a maive[adj.巨大的] shift[v.移动] away from the private[a.私人的] automobile- is to replace[vt.取代] conventional[a.传统的,符合习俗的] diesel[n.柴油] fuel[n.燃料] and gasoline[n.(美)汽油] with cleaner-burning fuels[(fuel):n.燃料] such as compreed[a.压缩的] natural[adj.自然的；天然的] gas[n.煤气；汽油；天然气].liquefied[adj.液化的] petroleum[n.石油] gas[n.煤气；汽油；天然气], ethanol[n.乙醇,酒精], or methanol[n.甲醇].1.尽管近几年来私人机动车辆排放的有害污染物已有相当程度的减少，但这类车辆的数量却仍在稳定地增长。因此，美国100多个城市仍然存在着超过法律限定的一氧化碳、悬浮颗粒物和臭氧（由于车辆排出气体中碳氢化合物经过光化反应产生）。人们逐渐认识到实现车辆尾气排放更进一步减少的唯一有效方法--大规模消减私人小汽车除外--是用燃烧更为清洁的燃料，如压缩天然气、液化石油气、乙醇或甲醇代替传统的柴油和汽油。 2.All of these alternatives[(alternative):adj.非传统的,不同的] are carbon-based fuels[(fuel):n.燃料] whose molecules[(molecule):n.分子,克分子] are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline[n.(美)汽油].These molecules[(molecule):n.分子,克分子] burn more cleanly than gasoline[n.(美)汽油], in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds[(bond):n.债券] and the hydrocarbons[(hydrocarbon):n.碳化氢] they do emit[vt.散发;发射;发表] are le likely to generate[v.发生] ozone[n.新鲜的空气,臭氧].The combustion[n.燃烧,氧化] of larger molecules[(molecule):n.分子,克分子], which have multiple[a.多重的,多样的] carbon-carbon bonds[(bond):n.债券] involves[(involve):v.使(某事)成为必要条件或结果] a more complex[adj.难于理解或解释的;复杂的] series[n.系列] of reactions[(reaction):n.反应].These reactions[(reaction):n.反应] increase[vt.增加；繁殖] the probability[n.可能性] of incomplete combustion[n.燃烧,氧化] and are more likely to release[v.释放] uncombusted and photochemically[(photochemical):a.光化学的] active[a.积极的；主动的] hydrocarbon[n.碳化氢] compounds[(compound):v.增加,加重 n.化合物] into the atmosphere[n.氛围].On the other hand, alternative[adj.非传统的,不同的] fuels[(fuel):n.燃料] do have drawbacks[(drawback):n.不利条件,缺点,弊端].Compreed[a.压缩的] natural[adj.自然的；gas[n.煤气；汽油；天然气] would require[vt.需要；要求] that vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆] have set of heavy 天然的]
fuel[n.燃料] tanks- a serious liability[n.不利条件] in terms of performance[n.演出；表演] and fuel[n.efficiency-and liquefied[adj.液化的] petroleum[n.石油] gas[n.煤气；汽油；天然气] faces fundamental[a.燃料]
基本的,根本的] limits[(limit):vt.限制；减少] on supply[vt.供给，供应].2.所有这些替代物都是碳基燃料，它的分子要比汽油的小而简单。这些分子要比汽油燃烧得更为清洁，部分是因为他们碳-碳键较少，而且即使会释放出碳氢化合物，也不太可能会成为臭氧。较大分子的燃烧，由于它们具有多重碳-碳，伴随着更为复杂的一系列反应。这些反应增加了不完全燃烧得可能性并且易于放出未燃烧的、易起光化反应的碳氢化合物释放到大气中。从另一方面来说，替代燃料也有缺点。压缩天然气要求车辆有一套沉重的燃料箱--在外观和燃料效率方面有严重的不利之处--并且液化石油气面临着基本的供应量限制。
3.Ethanol[n.乙醇,酒精] and methanol[n.甲醇], on the other hand, have important advantages[(advantage):n.优点；好处] over other carbon-based alternative[adj.非传统的,不同的] fuels[(fuel):n.燃料]: they have higher energy[n.精力；能量] content[adj.甘愿的；满意的 n.内容] per[prep.每；一] volume[n.数量,总额] and would require[vt.需要；要求] minimal[adj.最低限度的,最小的] changes in the existing[(exist):vi.network[n.网络系统] for distributing[(distribute):v.分发,分配] motor fuel[n.燃料].Ethanol[n.乙醇,酒精] is 存在]
commonly used as a gasoline[n.(美)汽油] supplement[n.增刊,副刊], but it is currently[(current):adj.当前的;现今的] about twice as expensive as methanol[n.甲醇], the low cost of which is one of its attractive[adj.有吸引力] features[(feature):v.给某物显著地位,将…特写].Methanol\'s[(methanol):n.甲醇] most attractive[adj.有吸引力] feature[v.给某物显著地位,将…特写], however[然而；可是；尽管如此], is that it can reduce[vt.减少；缩减] by about 90 percent[n.百分之…] the vehicle[n.机动车辆] emiions[(emiion):n.发出物,散发物;发出,散发] that form ozone[n.新鲜的空气,臭氧], the most serious urban[adj.市镇的] air pollutant[n.污染物质].3.从另一个方面来看，乙醇和甲醇具有由于其他碳基替代燃料的重要优势：它们在单位容量下有更高的能量含量，并且只需要在现存的配送燃料的网络中做很小的变更。乙醇通常用作汽油的补充燃料，但它现在的价格是甲醇的两倍，后者的低成本是具有吸引力的特征之一。不过，甲醇最吸引人的特征是它能够将形成臭氧的车辆尾气这一严重的城市空气污染减少90%。
4.Like any alternative[adj.非传统的,不同的] fuel[n.燃料], methanol[n.甲醇] has its critics[(critic):n.Yet much of the criticism[n.批评] is based[(base):n.根据地；基地] on the use of \"gasoline[n.(美)批评家].汽油] clone[v.无性繁殖,克隆]\" vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆] that do not incorporate[v.使…并入] even the simplest design[vt.&n.设计；绘制] improvements[(improvement):n.改进,改善] that are made poible with the use of methanol[n.甲醇].It is true, for example, that a given volume[n.数量,总额] of methanol[n.甲醇] provides[(provide):vt.提供] only about one-half of the energy[n.精力；能量] that gasoline[n.(美)汽油] and diesel[n.柴油] fuel[n.燃料] do; other things being equal[adj.平等的；均等的], the fuel[n.燃料] tank[n.储水容器] would have to be somewhat[adv.有些] larger and heavier.However[然而；可是；尽管如此], since melhanol-fueled vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆] could be designed[(design):vt.&n.设计；绘制] to be much more efficient[adj.(指人)有能力的] than \"gasoline[n.(美)汽油] clone[v.无性繁殖,克隆]\" vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆] fueled[(fuel):n.燃料] with methanol[n.甲醇] they would need comparatively[(comparative):a.比较的,相对的] le fuel[n.燃料].Vehicles[(vehicle):n.机动车辆] incorporating[(incorporate):v.使…并入] only the simplest of the engine[n.引擎；发动机]
improvements[(improvement):n.改进,改善] that methanol[n.甲醇] makes feasible[a.可行的;可能的] would still contribute[v.导致] to an immediate[a.立即的;直接的] leening[(leen):v.减少] of urban[adj.市镇的] air pollution[n.污染].4.像任何替代燃料一样，甲醇也有对其的批评意见。然而，大部分批评都是针对“克隆汽油车”的，这些车并没有为使用甲醇而做出哪怕最简单的设计上的改进。这些批评意见是对的，举例来说，一定容量的甲醇只能供给汽油和柴油燃料所能供给的能力的一伴。在其他条件相同时，不得不将车辆的燃料箱做的较大和较沉些。然而，因为烧甲醇的车辆可以被设计成比烧甲醇的“克隆汽油车”更有效率的车辆，所以它们只需要比较少的燃料。车辆只要包含为使用甲醇而作的发动机方面最简单的改进，也将为迅速减轻城市空气污染做出贡献。
8.Our Family Creed[n.信仰,信条] 家族的信条
1.They are the principles[(principle):n.原则;原理;准则,为人之道] on which my wife and I have tried to bring up our family.They are the principles[(principle):n.原则;原理;准则,为人之道] in which my father believed[(believe):vt.&vi.相信；认为] and by which he governed[(govern):vt.统治，管理] his life.They are the principles[(principle):n.原则;原理;准则,为人之道],many of them,which I learned at my mother\'s knee[n.膝盖].
1、这些是我和我太太在教育子女的时候所尽力倚仗的信条，这些是我父亲所深信并以之为人生律条的信条，这些信条中的大部分是我从母亲的膝下秉承而来的。 2.They point the way to usefulne and happine[n.幸福；愉快] in life,to courage[n.勇气，胆略] and peace[n.和平] in death[n.死].
2、这些信条告诉人们如何快乐而有所作为地活着，也告诉人们如何勇敢而安详地面对死亡。
3.If they mean to you what they mean to me,they may perhaps be helpful also to our sons for their guidance[n.指导] and inspiration[n.灵感].
3、假如这些信条于诸位的意义如同它们于我的意义，那么也许它们可以有效地指导和鼓舞我们的儿女们。
4.Let me state[n.国家；(美国的)州] them:
4、让我说出这些信条：
5.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] in the supreme[adj.最大(程度)的,极度的] worth[adj.值......的] of the individual[n.个人,个体] and in his right to life,liberty[n.自由 n.权利],and the pursuit[n.从事的事务,研究] of happine[n.幸福；愉快].
5、我相信，个人拥有无上的价值，拥有生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。
6.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that every right implies[(imply):v.暗示,含有…意思] a responsibility[n.责任]; every opportunity[n.机会],an obligation[n.义务,职责,责任]; every poeion[n.所有；拥有；财产；所有物],a duty.
6、我相信，每一项权利都必然包含着责任，每一个机遇都必然包含着义务，每一种获得都必然包含着职责。 7.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that the law[n.法律，法令] was made for man and not man for the law[n.法律，法令]; that government[n.政府] is the servant[n.仆人] of the people and not their master[vt.精通；掌握].
7、我相信，法律为人而制，而非人为法律而生，政府是人民的公仆，而非人民的主人。 8.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] in the dignity[n.尊严] of labor[n.劳动],whether with head or hand; that the world owes[(owe):vt.欠(债等)] no man a living but that it owes[(owe):vt.欠(债等)] every man an opportunity[n.机会] to make a living.
8、我相信，无论体力劳动还是脑力劳动都是高尚的，世界不会让人不劳而获，而会给人-次谋生的机会。
9.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that thrift[n.节俭,节约] is eential[adj.不可缺少的;必要的] to well-ordered[a.安排得很好的] living and that economy[n.经济] is a prime[a.首要的,主要的;最好的,第一流的] requisite[a.需要的n.必需品] of a sound financial[adj.财政的,经济的] structure[v.组织,安排],whether in government[n.政府],busine,or personal[adj.私人的；个人的] affairs[(affair):n.事情；事].
9、我相信，无论在政府、商业还是个人事务中，勤俭节约都是合理安排生活之基本要素，而经济适用是健全的金融机制之必需。
10.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that truth[n.真相；实际情况] and justice[n.正义，公正] are fundamental[a.基本的,根本的] to an enduring[adj.持续的,持久的] social[adj.社会的；社交的] order.
10、我相信，真理和正义是任何一个长治久安的社会秩序之基础。
11.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] in the sacredne[(sacred):adj.神圣的] of a promise[vi.&vt.允诺；答应],that a man\'s word should be as good as his bond[n.债券],that character-not wealth[n.财富，财产] or power[n.力；动力；电力] or position-is of supreme[adj.最大(程度)的,极度的] worth[adj.值......的].
11、我相信，承诺是神圣的；我也相信，假如人的言语能和契约同样可靠，那么这种品质-而非财富、权势与身份地位--就具有至高无上的价值。
12.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that the rendering[(render):v.使得,使成为] of useful service[n.服务] is the common duty of mankind[n.人类] and that only in the purifying[(purify):vt.提纯,精炼(金属)] fire of sacrifice[v.牺牲] is the dro[n.浮渣,碎屑,渣滓] of selfishne[(selfish):adj.自私的] consumed[(consume):v.消耗,消费;心中总想着] and the greatne of the human[n.&a.人(的)，人类(的)] soul[n.灵魂；心灵；气魄] set free.
12、我相信，人类共同的职责是有用地服务社会，只有在自我牺牲的炼火中，自私的沉渣才会被焚为灰烬，人类灵魂中的伟大情操才会显现。
13.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] in an all-wise and all-loving God[n.神；(大写)上帝],named by whatever[pron.&conj.凡是......的事物；无论什么；不管什么] name,and that the individual\'s[(individual):n.个人,个体] highest fulfillment[n.满意,满足],greatest happine[n.幸福；愉快],and widest usefulne are to be found in living in harmony[n.和谐] with his will.
13、我相信，有一位无所不知、大慈大悲的上帝存在--尽管人们对他的称呼各不相同--人们能在与他的意志相和谐的生活过程中得到最高的满足感、最大的幸福感，以及最广博的成就感。
14.I believe[vt.&vi.相信；认为] that love is the greatest thing in the world; that it alone can overcome[v.战胜,克服] hate; that right can and will triumph[n.胜利] over might[v.aux.可能；也许].
14、我相信，世界上最伟大的事物就是爱，只有爱能够战胜仇恨，而真理能够而且必定能击败强权。 15.These are the principles[(principle):n.原则;原理;准则,为人之道],however[然而；可是；尽管如此]
formulated[(formulate):v.确切地表达(某思想)],for which all good men and women throughout[prep.遍及；贯穿] the world,irrespective[adj.不考虑的,不顾及的] of race or creed[n.信仰,信条],education[n.教育；培养],social[adj.社会的；社交的] position[n.位置],or occupation[n.(formal)工作,职业],are standing,and for which many of them are suffering[(suffer):vt.遭受；忍受 vi.受痛苦；受损害] and dying.
15、无论怎样表达，以上就是那些信条-世界上所有不计种族、信仰、宗教、地位或职业的善良的人们所代表的信条--而且正是为了这些信条，他们中许多人正在忍受折磨，甚至正在死去。
16.These are the principles[(principle):n.原则;原理;准则,为人之道] upon[prep.在...上] which alone a new world recognizing[(recognize):vt.认出(=recongnise)] the brotherhood[n.兄弟般的关系] of man and the fatherhood[n.父亲的身分,父权] of God[n.神；(大写)上帝] can be established[(establish):v.使人接受(信仰、风俗、要求等)].
16、只有凭借这些信条，人类才能建立起人人如手足、上帝如慈父的新世界。
9、The art of public[adj.公共的；公开的] Speaking 公共演讲的艺术
1.The need for effective[adj.有效的] public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime[adv.将来某个时候,过去某个时间] in your life.When it does,you want to be ready.But even if you never give another speech[n.演讲] in your life,you still have much to gain[vt.赢得；挣得] from studying public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking.Your speech[n.演讲] cla will give you training in researching[(research):n.研究；调查] topics[(topic):n.话题],organizing[(organize):vt.your ideas,and presenting yourself skillfully[(skillful):adj.娴熟的;熟练的].The training is 组织]
invaluable[adj.价值高得无法估量的;极宝贵的] for every type[vt.打字 n.类型] of communication[n.通讯;传达;交通].
1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的。
2.There are many similarities[(similarity):n.相似,类似] between public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking and daily conversation[n.谈话；交谈].The three major[a.较大的；主要的] goals of speaking-to inform[vt.告诉，通知],to persuade[vt.说服；劝说],to entertain-are also the three major[a.较大的；主goals of everyday[adj.每日的，日常的] conversation[n.谈话；交谈].In conversation[n.谈话；交谈],almost 要的]
without thinking about it,you employ[vt.雇用] a wide range[n.一系列] of skills[(skill):n.技能；技巧].You organize[vt.组织] your ideas logically[(logical):adj.合逻辑的;推理正确的].You tailor your meage to your audience[n.听众].You tell a story for maximum[n.&a.最大量(的)] impact[n.影响].You adapt[v.使适应,使适合] to feedback[n.回授,反馈,反应] from your listener.These are among the most important skills[(skill):n.技能；技巧] you will need for public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking.
2、在公开演讲和日常交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是：传达、说服、吸引，这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点，你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。 3.Of course,public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking is also different from conversation[n.First,public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking is more highly structured[(structure):v.组织,安排] than 谈话；交谈].conversation[n.谈话；交谈].It usually imposes[(impose):v.加(负担、惩罚等)于] strict time limitations[(limitation):n.局限] on the speaker,and it requires[(require):vt.需要；要求] more detailed[(detail):n.细节] preparation[n.准备] than dose[n.剂量] ordinary[adj.普通的；平常的] conversation[n..Second,speechmaking requires[(require):vt.需要；要求] more formal[adj.正式的] language.Listeners react[v.反应] negatively[(negative):a.负面的,不良的] to speeches[(speech):n.演讲] loaded[(load):n.担子；货物] with slang[n.俚语;行话,黑话],jargon[n.行话],and bad grammar[n.语法].Third,public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking demands[(demand):vt.要求] a different method[n.方法，办法] of delivery[n.(货物或邮件的)投递,送交].Effective[adj.有效的] speakers[(speaker):n.扬声器,喇叭] adjust[v.调整] their voices[(voice):n.说话声；嗓音] to the larger audience[n.听众] and work at avoiding[(avoid):v.避免] distracting[(distract):v.分散;转移(注意physical[a.身体的；体力上] mannerism[n.(言语、写作中的)特殊习惯,怪癖] and verbal[adj.文字的,用文字的] habits[(habit):n.力)]
习惯；习性].谈话；交谈]
3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。首先，公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制，故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次，公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众，力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作，力求避免习惯性口头语。
4.One of the major[a.较大的；主要的] concerns[(concern):n.忧虑,焦虑] of students in any speech[n.演讲] cla is stage[n.舞台；时期；阶段] fright[n.害怕,恐怖,惊恐].Actually[(actual):a.实际的，现实的],most succeful[adj.成功的；有成就的] speakers[(speaker):n.扬声器,喇叭] are nervous[adj.紧张不安的] before making a speech[n.演讲].Your speech[n.演讲] cla will give you an opportunity[n.机会] to gain[vt.赢得；confidence[n.信心] and make your nervousne[(nervous):adj.紧张不安的] work for you rather than 挣得]
against you.You will take a big step toward overcoming[(overcome):v.战胜,克服] stage[n.舞台；时期；阶段] fright[n.害怕,恐怖,惊恐] if you think positively[(positive):adj.积极的],choose speech[n.演讲] topics[(topic):n.话题] you really care about,prepare[vt.准备；调制；配制] thoroughly[adv.完全地],and concentrate[v.专心致志于] on communicating[(communicate):vi.交往 vt.传送] with your audience[n.听众].Like many students over the years,you too can develop confidence[n.信心] in your speechmaking abilities[(ability):n.能力；才能].
4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步：选择你真正关心的演讲主题，充分地准备，集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的许多同学一样，你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。
5.The speech[n.演讲] communication[n.通讯;传达;交通] proce[n.过程;步骤] as a whole includes[(include):vt.包含；包括] seven elements-speaker,meage,channel,listener,feedback[n.回授,反馈,反应],interference[n.干涉,妨碍],and situation[n.形势；情况].The speaker is the person who initiates[(initiate):v.开始,发起] a speech[n.演讲] transaction[n.事务,交易].Whatever[pron.&conj.凡是......的事物；无论什么；不管什么] the speaker communicates[(communicate):vi.交往 vt.传送] is the meage,which is sent by means of a particular[adj.特殊的；特别的] channel.The listener receives the communicated[(communicate):vi.交往 vt.传送] meage and may provide[vt.提供] feedback[n.回授,反馈,反应] to the speaker.Interference[n.干涉,妨碍] is anything that impedes[(impede):v.妨碍;阻碍,阻止] the communication[n.通讯;传达;交通] of a meage,and the situation[n.形势；情况] is the time and place in which speech[n.演讲] communication[n.通讯;传达;交通] occurs[(occur):vi.发生].The interaction[n.交流] of these seven elements[(element):n.要素,基本构成部分] is what determines[(determine):vt.&vi.决定；决心] the outcome[n.结果,效果] in any instance[n.例子,事例] of speech[n.演讲] communication[n.通讯;传达;交通].
5、语言交流的过程，整体而言包括七个要素：演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。
6.Because speechmaking is a form of power[n.力；动力；电力],it carries with it heavy ethical[adj.道德的,合乎道德标准的] responsibilities[(responsibility):n.责任].Ethical[adj.道德的,合乎道德标准的]
speakers[(speaker):n.扬声器,喇叭] use sound means to achieve[vt.完成；达到] sound goals.They do this by being well informed[(inform):vt.告诉，通知] about their subjects by being honest[adj.诚实的；in what they say,by using sound evidence[n.证据],and by employing[(employ):vt.雇用] valid[a.正直的]
有效的;正当的] reasoning[(reason):n.理由；原因].
6、因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。 10.A Gentleman[n.绅士；先生] 何为绅士
The Victorian[维多利亚时代的] gentleman[n.绅士；先生] must have been really something to behold[v.目睹,看见] if the following article[n.文章] is true.For any woman who has dreamed[(dream):vt.&n.梦；梦想] of \"Knight[n.骑士] in shining armor[n.盔甲]\",the perfect[a.完美的；极好的] man,or just a man who would give up the TV remote[adj.遥远的;偏僻的] control[vt.控制],you have found him here.Remember,these gentleman[n.绅士；先生] mostly existed[(exist):vi.存在] in the Victorian[维多利亚时代的] era[n.时代,年代].Few of us may be lucky enough to find one in the 20th century.For those of you still looking,you may get some good tips[(tip):n.梢，末端；小费] on things to look for in a man.For those of you who are married[(marry):vt.&vi.使成婚；结婚],take heart and remember,your husband may not resemble[v.相像] the \"Victorian[维多利亚时代的] Gentleman[n.绅士；先生]\",but you love him anyway[ad.不管怎样].如果下面这篇文章是真实的，那莪维多利亚女王的绅士真的值得关注了。对于那些梦想找到一个“身穿光亮铠甲的骑士”、一个完美男人或者一个仅仅是放弃电视要哦那个的男人的女人来说，你在这里就可以找到了。记住，这些绅士大多存在于维多利亚时代.在21世纪，很少有人能够幸运地找到一个。对于那些在寻找的人，你可能在寻求的标准上得到一些好的提示，对于那些已经结婚的人来说，你们要有信息并且记得，你的丈夫可能不像“维多利亚女王时代的绅士”，但是不管怎么样，你爱他。 What is a gentleman[n.绅士；先生]? 到底什么样的人才算得上一个绅士呢It is almost a definition[n.定义] of a gentleman[n.to say he is one who never inflicts[(inflict):v.使遭受(损伤、痛苦等)] pain.This description[n.绅士；先生]
描述；描写] is both refined[(refine):v.使变得完善;改进] and,as far as it goes,accurate[a.准确的,正确无误的].He is mainly[adv.大体上；主要地] occupied[(occupy):v.占领;忙于] in merely[adv.仅仅；只不过] removing[(remove):vt.移动；拿走；脱掉（衣服等）] the obstacles[(obstacle):n.障碍(物),妨碍] which hinder[vt.阻碍,妨碍] the free and unembaraed action[n.行动] of those about him,and he concurs[(concur):v.同意,观点一致] with their movements[(movement):n.动作，活动] rather than takes the initiative[n.主动的行动,倡议] himself.绅士是个从来都不会给人带来痛苦的人，这几乎成了绅士的定义。这一描述不仅精炼，而且现在看来也依然是准确的。他的主要职责就是消除那些阻碍周围的人自如行动的障碍。而且他与其他人行动一致，而不是采取主动。
His benefits[(benefit):n.好处] may be considered[(consider):vt.考虑] as parallel[a.平行的;相同的] to what are called comforts[(comfort):n.安慰；慰藉 vt.安慰] or conveniences[(convenience):n.方便,合宜;便利设施,方便的用具] in arrangements[(arrangement):n.商定之事,协商;筹划,准备] of a personal[adj.私人的；个人的] nature[n.自然]: like an easy chair or a good fire,which do their part in dispelling[(dispel):vt.驱散,驱逐] cold and fatigue[n.疲乏,疲倦],though nature[n.自然] provides[(provide):vt.提供] both means of rest and animal heat[n.热 vt.把......加热] without them.他的益处相当于个人生活中给人们带来舒适或便利的事物，就像安乐椅或温暖的火，能够驱除寒冷和疲劳，尽管没有它们，大自然也能提供休息的场所，人也可以靠体温来保持温暖。
The true gentleman[n.绅士；先生] in like manner carefully avoids[(avoid):v.避免] whatever[pron.&conj.凡是......的事物；无论什么；不管什么] may cause[vt.促使；引起；使发生] ajar[adj.(门、窗等)微开的] or a jolt[n.震动;震惊v.颠簸,弹跳] in the minds of those with whom he is cast[n.戏剧等的全体演员];---all clashing[(clash):n.碰撞声;抵触,冲突] of opinion[n.见解；看法],or collision[n.碰幢] of feeling,all restraint[n.克制,抑制,限制;约束措施,约束条件],or suspicion[n.怀疑],or gloom[n.忧郁,沮丧;昏暗,阴暗],or resentment[n.怨恨;忿恨]; his great concern[n.忧虑,焦虑] being to make every one at their ease[v.缓和,减轻] and at home.同样，真正的绅士会小心避免给接触到的人造成思想上的混乱或震动。他会小心避免给接触到的人造成思想上的混乱或震动。他会小心避免一切意见上的冲突，情感上的冲撞，避免一切拘束、怀疑、忧郁或怨恨；对他来说，让每个人都觉得轻松自在是头等大事。 He has his eyes on all his company[n.公司]; he is tender[(tend):v.倾向于,趋于] towards the bashful[adj.害羞的,难为情的],gentle[a.和蔼的;轻柔的] towards the distant[adj.远的；遥远的],and merciful[a.仁towards the absurd[adj.荒谬的,可笑的;不合理的]; he can rocollect to whom he is speaking; 慈的，宽大的]
he guards[(guard):n.防护装置；警戒] against unseasonable[a.不合时宜的] allusions[(allusion):n.提及,暗示],or topics[(topic):n.话题] which may irritate[vt.激怒;引起不愉快]; he is seldom[adv.很少；不常] prominent[adj.in conversation[n.谈话；交谈],and never wearisome[a.使疲倦的,使厌倦的,厌烦的].He makes light 著名的,重要的]
of favours[(favour):n.好感;赞同;恩惠] while he does them and seems to be receiving when he is conferring[(confer):vt.赠予,协议 vi.协商].他关注他周围所有的人，他对害羞的人体贴，对冷淡的人温和，对愚蠢的人宽容，他会注意谈话的对象，他会提防不恰当的影射，或是一些可能令人不安的话题。他很少在谈话中突出自己。但也不令人感到乏味。在给别人帮助时，他会轻描淡写，让人感觉他似乎是在接受帮助而不是给予帮助。
He never speaks of himself except when compelled[(compel):vt.强迫,迫使屈服],never defends[(defend):vt.防守；保卫] himself by a mere[adj.仅仅] retort[v.反击;反驳],he has no ears for slander[n.&vt.诽谤,诋毁] or goip[n.闲聊],is crupulous in imputing[(impute):v.归于,(尤指不公正地)归咎于] motives[(motive):n.动机,目的] to those who interfere[v.干扰;妨碍;干涉,介入] with him,and interprets[(interpret):v.理解] everything for the best.他从不谈论自己，除非情势所迫，他从不为自己辩护，就连一句反驳也不说，他从不听信闲言碎语，当有人妨碍自己时，他会极为审慎地推测他们这么做的动机；他会尽量把事情往好处想。
He is never mean or little in his disputes[(dispute):v.对…提出异议],never takes unfair[adj.不公平的] advantage[n.优点；好处],never mistakes personalities[(personality):n.个性] or sharp[adj.锋利的；尖的] saying for arguments[(argument):n.辩论],or insinuates[(insinuate):vt.暗示] evil[n.罪恶] which he dare[v.aux.敢；敢于] not say out.From a long-sighted[a.眼力好的,有先见之明的,卓见的] prudence[n.谨慎,小心],he ovserves the maxim[n.格言,普遍真理] of the ancient[adj.古代的;远古的] sage[n.哲人,圣贤之人],that we should ever conduct[vt.引导；带领] ourselves towards our enemy[n.敌人；敌军] as if he were one day to be our friend.争论时他从不采取卑劣的手段，从不利用别人的弱点，从不把他人的个性或尖锐的言辞当作吵架的由头，也不会含沙射影地说一些他不敢直接说出来的令人不舒服的话。基于有先见之明的深谋远虑，他尊奉先贤的格言，那就是我们对待敌人的态度要好像他将来某一天会成为我们的朋友一样。
He has too much good sense[n.感觉；意识] to be affronted[被冒犯的] at insults[(insult):v.侮辱],he is too well employed[(employ):vt.雇用] to remember injuries[(injury):n.伤害；受伤处],and too indolent[adj.懒惰的] to bear malice[n.恶意].He is patient[n.病人],forbearing[(forbear):v.忍耐,克制,容忍],and resigned[adj.听任于,顺从],on principles[(principle):n.原则;原理;准则,为人之道],he submits[(submit):vt.使服从 vi.服从] to pain,because it is inevitable[adj.不可避免的],to bereavement[n.丧失,死别],because it is irreparable[a.无法修复的,不可弥补的],and to death[n.死],because it is destiny[n.命运].If he engages[(engage):v.从事] in controversy[n.争论,争议] of any kind,his disciplined[(discipline):n.克制,遵守纪律] intellect[n.智力,理解力] preserves[(preserve):v.保存] him from the blunder[vi.犯大错 n.大错].他极为明智，能避免遭到侮辱，他非常忙碌，以至于记不住别人对他的伤害，他又十分懒散，不会去怨恨别人。从哲学原则上讲，他是耐心的，宽容的，顺从的。他承受痛苦，因为这是不可避免的。他忍受丧亲之痛，因为这是无法挽回的，它直面死亡，因为这是他最终的命运。如果他陷入任何争议之中，他训练有素的智力会使他免于做错事情。 11.Smoking and Cancer[n.癌症] 吸烟和癌
1.Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes[(cigarette):n.纸烟；香烟] every year (1970 figures[(figure):n.塑像；画像]).This is roughly[(rough):adj.粗糙的] the equivalent[n.等价物] of 4,195 cigarettes[(cigarette):n.纸烟；香烟] a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more.It is estimated[(estimate):v.估计] that 51% of American men smoke compared[(compare):vt.比较；对照] with 34% of American women.
1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
2.Since 1939,numerous[adj.为数众多的,无数的] scientific[adj.科学的] studies have been conducted[(conduct):vt.引导；带领] to determine[vt.&vi.决定；决心] whether smoking is a health hazard[n.危险].The trend[n.趋向,趋势] of the evidence[n.证据] has been consistent[adj.一致的,符合的] and indicates[(indicate):v.表明] that there is a serious health risk[n.危险;风险].Research[n.研究；调查] teams have conducted[(conduct):vt.引导；带领] studies that show beyond[prep.在...的那边] all reasonable[adj.合情理的,适度的] doubt[n.vi.&vt.怀疑；疑惑] that tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶]
smoking,particularly[(particular):adj.特殊的；特别的] cigarette[n.纸烟；香烟] smoking,is aociated[(aociate):v.使联系起来] with shortened[(shorten):vt.弄短,缩小,减少] life expectancy[n.预料,预计,期待].
2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
3.Cigarette[n.纸烟；香烟] smoking is believed[(believe):vt.&vi.相信；认为] by most research[n.研究；调查] workers in this field to be an important factor[n.因素] in the development[n.发展；开发] of cancer[n.癌症] of the lungs[(lung):n.肺，肺脏] and cancer[n.癌症] of the throat[n.喉咙] and is believed[(believe):vt.&vi.相信；认为] to be related[(relate):vi.有关；涉及] to cancer[n.癌症] of the bladder[n.and the oral[adj.口头的；口述的] cavity[n.龋齿].Male[adj.男(性)的] cigarette[n.纸烟；香烟] Smokers[(smoker):n.膀胱]
吸烟者] have a higher death[n.死] rate[n.比率;率] from heart disease[n.病；疾病] than non-smoking males[(male):adj.男(性)的].(Female[a.女性的；妇女的] smokers[(smoker):n.吸烟者] are thought to be le affected[(affect):vt.影响] because they do not breathe[vi.呼吸] in the smoke so deeply.) The majority[n.大多数] of doctors and researchers[(researcher):n.研究人员] consider[vt.考虑] these relationships[(relationship):n.关系] proved[(prove):vt.证明] to their satisfaction[n.满意] and say,\"Give up smoking.If you don\'t smoke-don\'t start!\"
3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!”4.Some competent[adj.能干的] physicians[(physician):n.医生,(尤指)内科医生] and research[n.研究；调查] workers-though their small number is decreased[(decrease):v.减少] even further-are le sure of the effect[n.效果；作用] of cigarette[n.纸烟；香烟] smoking on health.They consider[vt.考虑] the increase[vt.增加；繁殖] in respiratory[a.呼吸的] diseases[(disease):n.病；疾病] and various[adj.各种各样的] forms of cancer[n.癌症] may poibly[adv.可能地；也许] be explained[(explain):vt.&vi.解释；说明] by other factors[(factor):n.因素] in the complex[adj.难于理解或解释的;复杂的] human[n.&a.人(的)，人类(的)] environment[n.环境] -atmospheric pollution[n.污染],increased[(increase):vt.增加；繁殖] nervous[adj.紧张不安的] stre[n.压力,紧张],chemical[n.化学物 adj.化学的] substances[(substance):n.物质] in proceed[(proce):n.过程;步骤] food,or chemical[n.化学物 adj.化学的] pesticides[(pesticide):n.杀虫剂] that are now being used by farmers in vast[adj.巨大的；广阔的] quantities[(quantity):n.量；数量] to destroy[vt.破坏；毁坏] insects[(insect):n.昆虫] and small animals.Smokers[(smoker):n.吸烟者] who develop cancer[n.癌症] or lung[n.肺，肺脏] diseases[(disease):n.病；疾病],they say,may also,by coincidence[n.巧合],live in industrial[adj.工业的] areas[(area):n.地区，区域],or eat more canned food.Gradually[adv.逐渐地],however[然而；可是；尽管如此],research[n.研究；调查] is isolating[(isolate):v.使隔离,使孤立] all other poible factors[(factor):n.因素] and proving[(prove):vt.证明] them to be statistically[adv.根据统计数irrelevant[adj.不相干的,离题的].
4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员-虽然这些人据来看,从统计学的观点来看]
不多，并且人数在进一步减少-不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
5.Apart[ad.相距；分开] from the scientific[adj.科学的] statistics[n.统计数字,统计资料],it might[v.aux.可能；也许] be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] actually[(actual):a.实际的，现实的] does to the human[n.&a.人(的)，人类(的)] body.Smoke is a mixture[n.混合物] of gases[(gas):n.煤气；汽油；天然气],vaporized[(vaporize):v.(使)蒸发,吹牛] chemicals[(chemical):n.化学物 adj.化学的],minute particles[(particle):n.粒子,微粒] of ash[n.灰，灰末],and other solids[(solid):n.&adj.固体(的)].There is also nicotine[n.尼古丁],which is a powerful[adj.强大的] poison[n.毒药],and black tar[n.柏油,焦油].As the smoke is breathed[(breathe):vi.呼吸] in,all these components[(component):n.组成部分,部件,元件 a.组成的,构成的] form deposits[(deposit):vt.使沉淀;存放] on the membranes[(membrane):n.膜,隔膜] of the lungs[(lung):n.肺，肺脏].One point of concentration[n.集中,聚精会神;浓度] is where the air tube[n.管子],or bronchus[n.支气管],divides[(divide):vt.&vi.分；划分].Most lung[n.肺，肺脏] cancer[n.癌症] begins at this point.
5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
6.Smoking also affects[(affect):vt.影响] the heart and blood[n.血，血液] veels[(veel):n.容器;船,It is known to be related[(relate):vi.有关；涉及] to Beurger\'s disease[n.病；疾病],a narrowing 飞船;管].of the small veins[(vein):n.静脉,血管,矿脉] in the hands and feet that can cause[vt.促使；引起；使发生] great pain and lead[vt.领导；过(生活)] even to amputation[n.切断,切断手术] of limbs[(limb):n.肢,臂,腿;树枝].Smokers[(smoker):n.吸烟者] also die much more often from heart disease[n.病；疾病].
6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
7.While all tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] smoking affects[(affect):vt.影响] life and expectancy[n.预料,and health,cigarette[n.纸烟；香烟] smoking appears[(appear):vi.出现] to have a much greater 预计,期待]
effect[n.效果；作用] than cigar[n.雪茄烟，叶卷烟] or pipe[n.管子；输送管] smoking.However[然而；可是；尽管如此],nicotine[n.尼古丁] consumption[n.消费;消耗量] is not diminished[(diminish):v.减少] by the latter[n.后者] forms,and current[adj.当前的;现今的] research[n.研究；调查] indicates[(indicate):v.表明] a causal[adj.原relationship[n.关系] between all forms of smoking and cancer[n.癌症] of the mouth 因的,关于因果的]
and throat[n.喉咙].Filters[(filter):n.滤器,过滤嘴 v.过滤,透过] and low tar[n.柏油,焦油] tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] are claimed[(claim):v.声称] to make smoking to some extent[n.程度,范围] safer,but they can only marginally[(marginal):a.记在页边的;边缘的] reduce[vt.减少；缩减],not eliminate[v.消除,排除] the hazards[(hazard):n.危险].
7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当编者注：本篇文章写作日期较早。事实上，近年来美国吸烟人口比率以及吸烟量一直在持续下降。根据美国疾病预防与控制中心的报告，2003年美国抽烟人口比率已经下降到
21、6％。美国对吸烟有明确的法律规定：未满21周岁的人不得吸烟；在公共场所，如图书馆、教堂、超市、饭店、公共汽车、地铁等处不得吸烟。美国对烟草行业的征税特别重，故烟价很高，这也是限制吸烟的重要措施。前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
12.Taking chances[(chance):n.机会；可能性],Making chances[(chance):n.机会；可能性] 抓住机遇，制造机遇 Lecturer[(lecture):n.讲演；演讲] Charles[n.查尔斯] Hobbs sometimes tells about a woman who lived in London over a century ago.She saved what little money she could working as a scullery[n.碗碟洗涤处,碗碟储藏室] maid[n.女仆；侍女] and used it one evening to hear a great speaker of her day.His speech[n.演讲] moved her deeply and she waited to visit with him afterward[adv.以后].\"How fine it must be to have had the opportunities[(opportunity):n.机会] you have had in life,\" she said.演说家查尔斯·霍布斯经常会在他的演说中引用这样的故事。一百多年前，伦敦住着一位女士，她以给人帮厨为生。生活虽然很艰难，她还是省吃俭用地攒了一点儿钱，并用这点儿钱去听了一场演讲。演讲者是一位在当时非常著名的演说家。他的演讲深深地感染了她，也触动了她。演讲结束之后，她并没有立即离去，而是去拜访了那位演说家。“要能像您这样一生中拥有这么多的机会那该有多好啊！”她羡慕道。
\"My dear lady.\" he replied[(reply):n.回答，答复],\"have you never received an opportunity[n.机会]?\" “哦，亲爱的女士，”那位演讲家问道，“难道您从未得到过任何机会吗？”\"Not me.I have never had a chance[n.机会；可能性],\" she said.“是的，我从未得到过任何机会。”她很沮丧。 \"What do you do?\" the speaker asked.“那您是做什么工作的？”演讲家问道。
She answered,\"I peel[vt.剥(皮),削(皮)] onions[(onion):n.洋葱，洋葱头] and potatoes in my sister\'s boarding[(board):n.木板] house.\" “我在我姐姐开的寄宿公寓里帮厨，剥剥洋葱，削削土豆。”她答道\"How long have you been doing this?\" he pursued[(pursue):v.(继续)从事或忙于(某事物)].“你做这事多长时间了？”演讲家追问。 \"Fifteen miserable[adj.痛苦的] years!\" “都已经干了15年了，难熬的15年啊！”\"And where do you sit?\" he continued[(continue):vi.&vt.继续].“您工作的时候坐在哪里呢？”演讲家继续问。
\"Why,on the bottom[n.底部；底] step in the kitchen.\" She looked puzzled.“您为什么问这个？”她感到非常的迷惑，“我就坐在厨房最低的一级台阶上。”\"And where do you put your feet?\" “那么您把脚放在哪里呢？”\"On the floor,\" she answered,more puzzled.“放在地板上啊。”她惊讶地望着演讲家。 \"What is the floor?\" “那地板是什么样的？”\"It is glazed[(glaze):v.(因疲倦、疲劳)等指眼睛变得呆滞,毫无表情] brick[n.砖；砖块].\" “是用釉面砖铺就的。”Then he said,\"My dear lady,I will give you an aignment[n.任务,作业] today.I want you to write me a letter about the brick[n.砖；砖块].\" 著名的演讲家说道：“亲爱的女士，今天，我要给您布置一项任务。我想让您写一封信给我，谈一谈您对砖的认识。”Against her protests[(protest):v.抗议,反对] about being a poor writer,he made her promise[vi.&vt.允诺；答应] to complete[vt.完成；结束] the aignment[n.任务,作业].女士以自己根本就不会写信为由拒绝他的建议，但是，演讲家坚持要她完成这项任务。 The next day,as she sat down to peel[vt.剥(皮),削(皮)] onions[(onion):n.洋葱，洋葱头],she gazed[(gaze):v.注视,凝视] at the brick[n.砖；砖块] floor.That evening she pulled one loose[a.松散的；宽松的],took it to a brick[n.砖；砖块] factory and asked the owner to explain[vt.&vi.解释；说明] to her how bricks[(brick):n.砖；砖块] were made.第二天，当她坐在厨房的台阶上剥洋葱的时候，目光不禁聚焦在了釉面砖铺就的地板上。她专门跑到砖厂向厂主请教砖头是如何制造出来的。
Still not satisfied[(satisfy):vt.满足；使满意],she went to a library and found a book on bricks[(brick):n.砖；砖块].She learned that 120 different kinds of brick[n.砖；砖块] and file[n.were being produced in England at the time.She discovered[(discover):vt.发现] how clay[n.档案]
粘土,泥土;肉体] beds,which existed[(exist):vi.存在] for millions of years,were formed.Her research[n.研究；调查] captivated[(captivate):vt.迷惑,迷住] her imagination[n.想象；想象力] and she spent every spare moment learning more.She returned to the library night after night and this woman,who never had a chance[n.机会；可能性],gradually[adv.逐渐地] began to climb the steps of knowledge.对于厂长的解释她并不满意，于是，她又跑到了图书馆。通过查阅资料，她了解到，在当时的英国，一共有一百二十多种砖瓦在生产。她还发现了已经存在了数百年的粘土层是如何形成的。她已经完全沉浸在她的研究之中了，她的思想也已经被她的研究完全占据了。每天晚上，她都会准时到图书馆查阅资料。
After months of study,she set out to write her letter as promised[(promise):vi.&vt.允诺；答应].She sent a 36-page document[n.用文件证实或证明(某事)] about the brick[n.砖；砖块] in her kitchen and,to her surprise,she received a letter back.Enclosed[(enclose):vt.围住,圈起;附上] was payment[n.偿付的钱] for her research[n.研究；调查].He had published[(publish):vt.出版；发行] her letter! And along with the money came a new aignment[n.任务,作业]that speak to me of harmony[n.和谐],courage[n.love.A gift from a child with sea-blue eyes and hair the color 勇气，胆略],undemanding sand-who taught me the gift of love.我把这张宝贵的画裱了框，挂在我的书房里。六个字，每一个字代表她生命里的一年。这六个字对我诉说着和谐、勇气、无私的爱。这个礼物来自一个眼睛碧蓝似海、发色如沙的小女孩，是她教给了我爱的意义。
22.An Introduction[n.引进；介绍] to Distillation[n.蒸馏] 蒸馏概述
1.Petroleum[n.石油] refining[(refine):v.使变得完善;改进] is the separation[n.分离；隔离] of petroleum[n.石油] into fractions[(fraction):n.分数,小数] and the subsequent[adj.随后的] treating[(treat):vt.对待；看待] of these fractions[(fraction):n.分数,小数] to make them into petroleum[n.石油] products[(product):n.产品；成品].Most petroleum[n.石油] products[(product):n.产品；成品],including[(include):vt.包含；包括]
kerosenes[(kerosene):n.煤油],fuel[n.燃料] oils[(oil):n.油],lubricating[(lubricate):v.润滑,使润滑] oils[(oil):n.油],and waxes[(wax):n.蜡,蜂蜡],are fractions[(fraction):n.分数,小数] of petroleum[n.石油] that have been treated[(treat):vt.对待；看待] to remove[vt.移动；拿走；脱掉（衣服等）] undesirable[a.不受欢迎的,不良的] components[(component):n.组成部分,部件,元件 a.组成的,构成的].Other products[(product):n.产品；成品],for example,gasolines[(gasoline):n.(美)汽油],aromatic[a.芬芳的] solvents[(solvent):adj.有偿债能力的,n.溶剂],and even some asphalts[(asphalt):n.沥青],are totally or partly synthetic[a.合成的,人造的;虚假的] in that they have compositions[(composition):n.作文；作曲] that are impoible[adj.不可能的] to achieve[vt.完成；达到] by direct[vt.&vi.导演] separation[n.分离；隔离] of these materials[(material):n.材料；原料] from crude[a.简陋的,petroleum[n.石油].They result from chemical[n.化学物 adj.化学的] procees[(proce):n.粗糙的;天然的,未加工的]
过程;步骤] that change the molecular[a.分子的] nature[n.自然] of selected[(select):v.选择 adj.挑选出来的,精选portions[(portion):n.部分] of crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] petroleum[n.石油]; in other words,they 的]
are the products[(product):n.产品；成品] of refining[(refine):v.使变得完善;改进] or they are refined[(refine):v.使变得完善;改进] products[(product):n.产品；成品].
1、石油炼制即将石油分离成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和石蜡，都是原油经过处理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油馏分。其他石油产品，如汽油、芳烃溶剂、甚至包括有些沥青，则是通过完全或者部分合成而制造的。因为组成这些产品的物质成分无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过化学反应过程，从原油中选定某些成分并改变其分子属性而获得的。换言之，它们是通过炼制得到的，或称为炼制产品。
2.Refining[(refine):v.使变得完善;改进] petroleum[n.石油] is a complex[adj.难于理解或解释的;复杂的] series[n.系列] of steps by which the original[adj.原先的] crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] material[n.材料；原料] is eventually[adv.最终] converted[(convert):v.使转化] into salable[adj.有销路的,适销的] products[(product):n.产品；成品] with the desired[(desire):vt.要求；期望 n.欲望] qualities[(quality):n.质量；品质；素质] and,perhaps more important,in the amounts[(amount):n.数量,数额] dictated[(dictate):v.口授,使听写;促使,影响] by the market.
2、石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。
3.In fact[n.事实；实际],a refinery[n.精炼厂] is eentially[(eential):adj.不可缺少的;必要的] a group of manufacturing[(manufacture):n.制造] plants that vary[v.改变] in number with the variety[n.多样化；of products[(product):n.产品；成品] produced; refinery[n.精炼厂] procees[(proce):n.过程;步骤] must be 种类]
selected[(select):v.选择 adj.挑选出来的,精选的] and products[(product):n.产品；成品] manufactured[(manufacture):n.制造] to give a balanced[(balance):vt./n.平衡] operation: that is,crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] oil[n.油] must be converted[(convert):v.使转化] into products[(product):n.产品；成品] according[a.按照；根据] to the rate[n.比率;率] of sale[n.卖；出售] of each.For example,the manufacture[n.制造] of products[(product):n.产品；成品] from the lower boiling[(boil):vi.&vt.煮] portion[n.部分] of petroleum[n.石油]
automatically[adv.不经思索的] produces a certain[adj.某种；一定的] amount[n.数量,数额] of higher boiling[(boil):vi.&vt.煮] components[(component):n.组成部分,部件,元件 a.组成的,构成的].If the latter[n.后者] cannot be sold as,say,heavy fuel[n.燃料] oil[n.油],they accumulate[n.积累;聚积] until refinery[n.精炼厂] storage[n.贮藏；储存] facilities[(facility):n.设施] are full.To prevent[vt.预防；防止] the occurrence[n.发生,出现;事件] of such a situation[n.形势；情况],the refinery[n.精炼厂] must be flexible[adj.能随机应变的, and able to change operations as needed.This usually means more procees-a cracking[(crack):n.强效可卡因(毒品) v.裂开,龟裂] proce[n.过程;步骤] to change an exce[n.过多,过剩,超过] of heavy fuel[n.燃料] oil[n.油] into more gasoline[n.(美)汽油] with coke[n.焦炭 v.炼焦] as the residual[adj.复播复映追加时间;存留下来的,剩余的] product[n.产品；成品] or a vacuum[n.真空] distillation[n.蒸馏] proce[n.过程;步骤] to separate[adj.单独的；各自的] the heavy oil[n.油] into lubricating[(lubricate):v.润滑,使润滑] oil[n.油] stocks[(stock):n.证券,股票] and asphalt-to accommodate[vt.容纳;供应,供给] the ever-changing[adj.千变万化] demands[(demand):vt.要求] of the market.
3、实际上，炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置，其数量根据生产产品的不同而不同。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每一产品的销售速度而进行。比如，从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点产品。如果高沸点产品，如重燃料油，无法销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应采取灵活措施，并能够根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求：运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦碳成为残余品；或者运用真空蒸馏工艺将重油分解成润滑油和沥青。 有灵活性的]4.In addition[n.增加],a complete[vt.完成；结束] refining[(refine):v.使变得完善;改进] installation[n.安装;include[vt.包含；包括] the following: all neceary[adj.必要的；必需的] non-proceing 装置;设施] must facilities[(facility):n.设施]; adequate[adj.足够的] tankage[n.贮于槽中,桶槽租费,桶槽容量] for storing[(store):n.商店] crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] oil[n.油],intermediate[a.中间的;中级的],and finished products[(product):n.产品；成品]; a dependable[adj.可靠的] source[n.来源,提供消息者] of electrical[adj.电的，电气的] power[n.力；动力；电力],material-handling equipment[n.装备，设备]; workshops[(workshop):n.车间,工场;创作室] and supplies[(supply):vt.供给，供应] for maintaining[(maintain):v.维持;保持] a continuous[a.连续不断的,接连的] 24 h/day,7 day/week operation; waste[n.&vt.浪费] disposal[n.消除,处置,处理;弃菜碾碎器] and water-treating equipment[n.装备，设备]; and product-blending facilities[(facility):n.设施].
4、此外，一套完整的炼油装置须包括以下设备：所有必须的非工艺设施：足够的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力和物质处理设备来源；用于维持一天24小时，一周七天连续运转所需的车间和物资：废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调合设施。 5.In the early stages[(stage):n.舞台；时期；阶段] of refinery[n.精炼厂] development[n.发展；开发],when illuminating[(illuminate):v.阐明,解释] and lubricating[(lubricate):v.润滑,使润滑] oils[(oil):n.油] were the main[adj.主要的] products[(product):n.产品；成品],distillation[n.蒸馏] was the major[a.较大的；主要的] and often only refinery[n.精炼厂] proce[n.过程;步骤].At that time,gasoline[n.(美)汽油] was a minor[adj.程度more often unwanted,product[n.产品；成品].As the demand[vt.要求] for gasoline[n.(美)轻的,较小的],but 汽油] increased[(increase):vt.增加；繁殖],conversion[n.转变,转化;改变] procees[(proce):n.过程;步骤] were developed because distillation[n.蒸馏] could no longer supply[vt.供给，供应] the neceary[adj.必要的；必需的] quantities[(quantity):n.量；数量].
5、在早期炼油工业发展过程中，照明用油和润滑油是主要的产品，蒸馏则成了主要的甚至经常是唯一的炼油工艺。当时，汽油本身尽管不是重要产品，但也常讨人嫌。随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。
6.Neverthele[adv.然而],distillation[n.蒸馏] has remained[(remain):vt.余下；留下] a major[a.较大的；主要的] refinery[n.精炼厂] proce[n.过程;步骤] and a proce[n.过程;步骤] to which just about every crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] that enters[(enter):vt.进去；进入] the refinery[n.精炼厂] is subjected.A multitude[n.大批,大群;大量] of separations[(separation):n.分离；隔离] are accomplished[(accomplish):v.完成] by distillation[n.蒸馏],but its most important and primary[adj.最重要的,首要的] function[n.正常工作,正常生活] in the refinery[n.精炼厂] is its use for the separation[n.分离；隔离] of crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] oil[n.油] into component[n.组成部分,部件,元件 a.组成的,构成的] fractions[(fraction):n.分数,小数].
6、但是，蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺，而且所有原油进入炼厂都必须经过蒸馏。许多分离过程是通过蒸馏进行的，但蒸馏在炼油厂中的最重要和主要的功能则是它在将原油分离成不同馏分过程中的作用。
7.Thus it is poible to obtain[vt.获得；得到] products[(product):n.产品；成品] ranging[(range):n.一系列] from gaseous[a.气体的,气态的] materials[(material):n.材料；原料] taken off the top of the distillation[n.蒸馏] column[n.(报纸的)专栏;柱,圆柱;一队/列(人,车)] to a heavy residue[n.剩余(财产);残余,渣滓] or “bottom[n.底部；底]”,which is usually nonvolatile[不挥发的],with correspondingly[(corresponding):adj.lighter materials[(material):n.材料；原料] taken off at intermediate[a.中间的;中级的] points.相应的,相当的]
However[然而；可是；尽管如此],the majority[n.大多数] of crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] oils[(oil):n.油],and this applies[(apply):v.运用,应用] to the heavier,more viscous[a.粘滞的,粘性的] petroleums[(petroleum):n.石油],which are proceed[(proce):n.过程;步骤] by distillation[n.蒸馏],are usually separated[(separate):adj.单独的；各自的] into the lighter fractions[(fraction):n.分数,小数] (gas[n.煤气；汽油；天然气],gasoline[n.(美)汽油],naphtha[n.挥发油],kerosene[n.煤油],and gas[n.煤气；汽油；天然气] oil[n.油]) and the bottom[n.底部；底] or,as it is more generally[(general):adj.大体的；笼统的] called,the reduced[(reduce):vt.减少；缩减] crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的].
7、由此，我们有可能获得石油产品，这些产品包括从蒸馏塔顶部得到的气态物质，包括比重较大的渣油或称“残渣”(一般而言挥发性较差)，以及从蒸馏塔中部得到的比重较小的其他相应物质。但是，经过蒸馏处理的大多数原油，包括比重较大、粘度更大的原油，一般都分离为较轻组分(气、汽油、粗汽油、煤油和粗柴油)和残渣，或者更多称作常压重油。
8.The reduced[(reduce):vt.减少；缩减] crude[a.简陋的,粗糙的;天然的,未加工的] may then be proceed[(proce):n.过程;步骤] by vacuum[n.真空] or steam[n.蒸汽；水汽] distillation[n.蒸馏] to separate[adj.单独的；各自的] the high-boiling lubricating[(lubricate):v.润滑,使润滑] oil[n.油] fractions[(fraction):n.分数,小数] without the danger of decomposition[n.分解,腐败,变质],which occurs[(occur):vi.发生] at high (>350℃,660℉) temperatures.Indeed[ad.确实；实在],atmospheric[a.大气层的,有某种气氛的] distillation[n.蒸馏] may be terminated[(terminate):v.停止,(使)终止] with a lower boiling[(boil):vi.&vt.煮] fraction[n.分数,小数] (“cut”) if it is thought that vacuum[n.真空] or steam[n.蒸汽；水汽] distillation[n.蒸馏] will yield[v.产生] a better quality[n.质量；品质；素质] product[n.产品；成品] or if the proce[n.过程;步骤] appears[(appear):vi.出现] to be economically[adv.经济上地] more favorable[adj.赞同的,称赞的;有利的,顺利的].
8、然后，通过真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏，常压重油可以分离成高沸点润滑油组分而没有分解的危险。这种分离在高温状态下进行(>350℃，660℉)。如果认为真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏生产的产品质量更好，或者从经济角度看更为有利，则低沸点组分分离出来后，常压蒸馏即可结束。
23.Hints[(hint):n.暗示,示意] to Improve[vt.改进；更新] Spoken English 提高英语口语须知 1.Speaking English fluently[adv.流利地,流畅地] and accurately[adv.精确地,准确地] is a goal of many people studying English in China.Fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩] can be simply[adv.简单地；(加强语气)的确] defined[(define):v.画出轮廓,勾勒] as \"being able to communicate[vi.交往 vt.传送] ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying\"; speaking accurately[adv.精确地,准确地] means \"speaking without errors[(error):n.错误] of grammar[n.语法] and vocabulary[n.词汇；词汇表]\".
1、流利并准确地说英语是中国许多英语学习者的一个目标。流利可简单也定义为“具有交流各种思想的能力，无须停下来对话题进行过多思考”。说舌准确的意思是“说话不犯语法错误和词汇错误”。
2.The problem is that many students find that if they try to speak fast,they make more mistakes.And,if they slow down,there may be fewer errors[(error):n.错误] but it can sound unnatural.So,how do balance[vt./n.平衡] accuracy[n.准确(性);准确度] and fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩] in spoken English?
2、问题在于：许多学生发现，如果他们试图讲得快，所犯错误就更多。如果他们讲话速度放慢，错误可能会减少，可是听上去就不自然。所以，英语口语的准确与流利，如何才能平衡起来呢? 3.It can depend[vi.依靠；相信；信赖] on the manner in which one has studied English in the past.People who tend[v.倾向于,趋于] to focus[v.(使)聚焦,(使)集中] on accuracy[n.准确(性);准确度] may find that they worry too much about making mistakes.This can make them nervous[adj.紧张不安的] or embarraed[adj.尴尬的] about speaking English in public[adj.公共的；公开的].As a result,their spoken English might[v.aux.可能；也许] not improve[vt.改进；更新].This means that,although[conj.尽管，虽然] they know English grammar[n.语法] and vocabulary[n.词汇；词汇表] well,they might[v.aux.可能；也许] not be able to hold a good conversation[n.谈话；交谈].
3、这可能取决于一个人过去学习英语的态度。那些往往注重于说话准确的人们可能会发现，他们对犯错误操心过多。这可能导致他们在公众场合说英语感到紧张或尴尬。所以，他们的英语口语可能得不到提高。这就意味着，尽管他们掌握了英语语法，也熟悉英语词汇，他们可能不能成功地开展对话。
4.On the other hand,there are those who really like to talk and are willing to try their language out even if they make mistakes.This willingne[(willing):a.乐to take risks[(risk):n.危险;风险] helps them speak more fluidly[(fluid):n.液体].But,if they 意的；愿意的]
make a lot of mistakes,they may find it difficult to get their ideas acro.
4、另一方面，有一些人真的很喜欢说话，而且就算讲错，他们都愿意试着说。这种敢于冒险的意愿帮助他们说得更流利。但是如果他们讲话错误百出，就会觉得很难表达自己的思想。 5.The debate[n.辩论,讨论] about which is more important-fluency or accuracy-in the English language has lasted for a long time.Still,one thing is clear: speaking a language well needs both fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩] and accuracy[n.准确(性);准确度].How can we be sure that we can develop both? The following tips[(tip):n.梢，末端；小费] could help.
5、讲英语流利重要还是准确重要，关于这个问题的辩论持续了很长时间。然而，有一点是明确的，即说好一门语言既要流利又要准确。如何才能做到讲话既流利又准确呢?下面的建议也许会有所帮助。
6.Find the problem.What kind of person are you-one who focuses[(focus):v.(使)聚焦,(使)集中] on accuracy[n.准确(性);准确度] or one who focuses[(focus):v.(使)聚焦,(使)集中] on frequency[n.频繁;频率]? The first step is to recognize[vt.认出(=recongnise)] your problem and go to work on it.Think about situations[(situation):n.形势；情况] where you\'ve used English and how you felt about making mistakes? Do you always try some new language even though it might[v.aux.可能；也许] not be correct[adj.正确的；对的]? Or do you feel embarraed[adj.尴尬的] by mistakes?
6、发现问题。你属于怎样的一类人?-你注重说话准确还是注重说话流利?第一步是认识到你的问题，然后着手解决问题。回想一下你使用过英语的若干情景，你对说错有何感受?即使你不一定说得对，你经常试着讲某种新学的语言吗?你是否因犯错误而感到困窘呢? 7.Focus[v.(使)聚焦,(使)集中] on one problem at a time.When you speak English,find the mistakes you make most often.One mistake Chinese often make is omitting[(omit):v.略the \"s\" from the third person singular[adj.突出的] verb.Or you may speak 去,省去,遗漏;疏忽,忘记做某事]
too slowly as if you were searching[(search):n.&v.搜寻；搜查] for the right word and correct[adj.正确的；对的] grammar[n.语法].The next time you use English,try to work on those problems you have identified[(identify):v.辨认出;认为与…一致].If it\'s fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩],try to focus[v.(使) on it.If you have a problem with the third person singular[adj.突出的],try to concentrate[v.专心致志于] on when you make such errors[(error):n.错误].Don\'t spend time thinking about other mistakes.By choosing an area[n.地区，区域] to work on,you can isolate[v.使隔离,使孤立] problems and help yourself overcome[v.战胜,克服] them.
7、一次关注一个问题。当你说英语时，找到你最常犯的错误。中国人常犯的一个错误是第三人称单数动词漏掉“s”。或者你可能说得太慢，好像你在寻找合适的单词和正确的语法似的。你下一次使用英语时，力求改正那些你已经认识到的问题。如果是流利的问题，那就力求讲快些。如果你的问题是在第三人称单数，那就尽力专注于你犯此类错误的时候。不要费时思考其他错误。选定解决问题的范畴，你就能使问题孤立起来，各个击破，这样有助于自己克服问题。 聚焦,(使)集中]8.Vary[v.改变] your practice[n.实践；练习].If you go to an English comer or an English club,try to change the types[(type):vt.打字 n.类型] of activities[(activity):n.活动] you take part in so that you practice[n.实践；练习] both fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩] and accuracy[n.准确(性);准确度].Public[adj.公共的；公开的] speaking allows[(allow):vt.允许，准许] you to slow down and be sure you have time to concentrate[v.专心致志于] on the language.Meanwhile[adv.同时],discuions[(discuion):n.讨论，辩论] are good practice[n.实践；练习] for fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩],especially[adv.特别，尤其] if you don\'t stop each time a mistake is made,
8、参加各种实践活动。如果你去参加英语角或英语俱乐部，设法改变你参加的活动类型，以便训练英语的流利性和准确性。公共演讲会使你放慢速度，并保证你有时间关注语言。同时，讨论是很好的训练流利的实践活动，如果你不是一出错就停，更是如此。
9.Learn the difference between fluency[n.流畅,雄辩,善辩] and speed[n.速度 v.(使)加速].Some Chinese think that speaking fast is the same as speaking fluently[adv.流利地,流畅地].In fact[n.事实；实际],speaking fluently[adv.流利地,流畅地] involves[(involve):v.使(某事)成为必要条件或结果] not only speed[n.速度 v.(使)加速].It also involves[(involve):v.使(某事)成为必要条件或结果] stre[n.压力,紧张],pronunciation[n.发音] and intonation[n.朗诵,语调,唱].If you make a mistake in these,speaking fast will only make it worse.Don\'t sacrifice[v.牺牲] understanding for speed[n.速度 v.(使)加速].
9、弄懂流利与速度的差异。有些中国人认为。说话迅速就是说话流利。事实上，说话流利不仅需要说话速度，它同时还涉及重音、语音和语调。如果你在这些方面犯有错误，那么说得快只会使你错得更厉害。不要为了速度而牺牲理解。 10.Try recording[(record):n.记录 vt.记录；记载] yourself.Take a tape recorder and record[n.记录 vt.记录；记载] a conversation[n.谈话；交谈] with a friend or a speech[n.演讲] or monologue[n.独白;独脚剧;独演] as you do it naturally[(natural):adj.自然的；天然的]! A two-or-three-minute recording[(record):n.记录 vt.记录；记载] is enough.When you\'ve finished,listen to yourself.Can you identify[v.辨认出;认为与…一致] and correct[adj.正确的；对的] any errors[(error):n.错误]? Make it a regular[a.规则的;整齐的] practice[n.实践；练习].The more you record[n.记录 vt.记录；记载] yourself,the more confident[adj.有信心的,自信的] and natural[adj.自然的；天然的] sounding you will become.
10、自己尝试录音。用录音机录下你与朋友的对话，或录下你自己的落落大方的演讲或独白。录音两三分钟就足够了。录音完毕，专心倾听你自己的录音。你能辨认并矫正错误吗?把这种录音当做常规练习。你自己录音越多，你就越有自信，你的英语听上去会更自然。 24.The Moon-Riddle from the Past月球-来自远古之谜
1.Spacecraft[n.航天器,宇宙飞船] from the United[(unite):vi.&vt.联合，团结] States[(state):n.国家；(美国的)州] and from Ruia[n.俄罗斯] have been to the moon,and men have walked upon[prep.在...上] its surface[n.Rock and soil[n.土壤；土地] samples[(sample):v.体验] and information[n.信息] of many other kinds 表面].have become available[adj.可利用的;可获得的] in recent[adj.最近的；近来的] years.Yet with all we know about the moon,there is even more that we don\'t know.
1、美国和俄国的宇宙飞船都已经到达过月球，而且人类也在它的表面上行走过。月球上的岩石和土壤的样本，以及许多其它类型的信息，近些年来已经为人们所知所用了。然而除了我们所知道的关于月球的那些外，还有更多是我们不知道的。
2.Following the end of the Apollo[n.阿波罗,美男子] space program[n.节目单;大纲;程序 n.行动方案;工作计划],the National Geographic[adj.地理上的] Society[n.社会] published[(publish):vt.出版；发行] an excellent[adj.极好的；优秀的] set of articles[(article):n.文章] about the moon.Here,in shorter form,are some questions and answers from one of these articles[(article):n.文章].For the full story,see the September,1973,iue[n.问题,争论点] of National Geographic[adj.地理上的].
2、在阿波罗太空计划结束后，国家地理协会出版了一组有关月球的极好文章。这里，以简短的形式截取了其中一篇文章重的部分问答。完整的内容，请见1973年九月发行的《国家地理》。
Were scientists[(scientist):n.科学家] right about what the moon would be like? 科学家关于“月球外貌”的描述是正确的吗？
3.Many were,of course,but many were mistaken.One said there was no lava[n.熔岩,岩浆] on the moon.Another said that the moon material[n.材料；原料] would explode[vt.&vi.(使)as soon as an astronaut\'s[(astronaut):n.宇航员] boot[n.靴子] touched it.One said there would 爆炸]
certainly be water on the moon.Many felt there was a chance[n.机会；可能性] that the astronauts[(astronaut):n.宇航员] could bring back to earth some strange infection[n.传染,影响,传染病].These ideas are now known to be incorrect[adj.不正确的,错误的],and no doubt[n.vi.&vt.怀疑；疑惑] we are still wrong about many other things,also.
3、大多数是正确的，当然，也有相当部分是错误的。一个说法是月球上没有熔岩。另外一个说法是宇航员的靴子一旦碰上月球物质就会爆炸。有人说月球确实存在水。许多人还认为宇航员有可能把某些奇怪的传染病菌带回地球。这些说法现在被证明都是不正确的，无疑，我们关于月球的许多其它的看法是错误的。 Is the moon like the earth? 月球像地球吗？
4.Yes and no.It is more like it than many scientists[(scientist):n.科学家] thought before Apollo[n.阿波罗,美男子].Like the earth,the moon is in layers[(layer):n.层次,层面;一层],with a crust[n.外壳] on the outside and a deep mantle[n.1.地幔2.覆盖物;斗篷] below.It may also have a core[n.the earth does.However[然而；可是；尽管如此],the crust[n.外壳] is almost four times 果心,核;核心,要点],as thicker than the earth\'s crust[n.外壳].We do not know much yet about the moon\'s mantle[n.1.地幔2.覆盖物;斗篷],that section[n.段；部分；部门] of superheated[过热的;过热蒸汽] rock which goes down hundreds of miles[(mile):n.英里] below the crust[n.外壳].We think-but we are not sure-that the moon has a center[(cent):n.分] core[n.果心,核;核心,要点] which includes[(include):vt.包含；包括] molten[(melt):v.融化,变软,溶解] rock,as the earth does.
4、答案是，像也不像。月球比科学家在阿波罗计划之前想象的还要像地球。如同地球一样，月球上有地层，表面是一层地壳，其下是很深的地幔。月球也可能如同地球一样有一个地核。然而，月球地壳几乎是地球地壳厚度的四倍。我们对月球地幔所知不多，那些过热的岩石在外壳几百英里以下。我们预料，但是我们不能确定，月球有一个由熔岩构成的地核，如同地球。
5.In other ways,of course,the moon is very different.There is no life,and there is no water.The makeup[n.性格,气质] of its atmosphere[n.氛围] is very different; the earth
