动词的第三人称单数的单数及发音规则:
1.一般直接在此为加-s,-s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/, ds读/dz/, ts读/ts 如 help
helps/s/
know
knows/z/
get
gets/s/
read
reads/z/ 2.以字母s, x, ch, sh或有些以o 结尾的动词加-es,-es 读 /iz/, 如 gue
guees
fix
fixes
teach
teaches
wash
washes 注意:go
goes/z/
do
does /z/ 3.
辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es,-ies读/iz/ carry
carries
fly
flies
注意:在play---plays,say----says中,字母y前为元音字母,第三人称单数形式直接在动词后加-s 4.特俗词例外
5.be动词的第三人称单数分别为am, is, are, have则为has 注意:以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是/s/,/z/,加-s后,字母”e”发音,与所加-s一起读作/iz/,如 close
closes/iz/ 动词的ing变化规则:
1.一般情况直接加ing,如 look—looking
go---going visit---visiting 2.以不发音的e结尾的,去e再加ing,如 come---coming
make---making write---writing 3.以重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母的,双写该辅音字母,再加ing,如 run---running
stop---stopping get---getting swim---swimming begin---beginning 4.以辅音字母加y结尾的,直接加ing,如
study---studying
carry---carrying
fly---flying cry---crying 5.以ie结尾的重度开音节动词,先变ie为y,再加ing,如 die---dying
tie---tying
lie---lying 动词的过去式变化规则:
1.规则变化
(1) 一般直接在动词后加ed,-ed在清辅音后读/t/, 在浊辅音及元音后读/d,/-ed在/t//d/后读/id/,如
call---called open---opened look---looked
want---wanted /id/ need---needed /id/ (2) 以不发音的“e”结尾的,直接加-d ,如
live---lived move---moved hope---hoped (3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-ed,(注意:如果是元音字母加y结尾的,还是直接加-ed,如,play---played, enjoy---enjoyed)如 study---studied cry---cried try---tried
(4) 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed,如
plan---planned fit---fitted stop---stopped
2.不规则变化(要特俗记忆),以下是一些常见的动词的过去式 am,is-was
are-were,
do-did,
see-saw,
say-said,
give-gave,
get-got, go-went
come-came
have/has-had eat-ate,
take-took
run-ran
put-put make-made
read-read
write-wrote
draw-drew drink-drank fly-flew
ride-rode speak-spoke sweep-swept
swim-swam
sit-sat
hear- heard sleep-slept
let-let blow-blew
hurt-hurt
speak-spoke
buy-bought keep-kept swim-swam
eat-ate catch-caught know-knew stand-stood
choose-chose lie-lay
leave-left draw-drew teach –taught drink-drank make- made tell-told
think-thought mean-meant
feel-felt
drive-drove meet-met
write –wrote
find-found fly-flew
forget -forgot ring -rang see -saw
ride-rode grow-grew
sing-sang/sung begin-began learn-learned/learnt
可数名词变复数的规则:
1.规则变化:
(1) 一般情况下,在词尾加-s, 如book---books
boy---boys (2) 以-s, -x,-ch, -sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es,如bus---buses
watch---watches (3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加-es, 如city---cities
family---families (4) 以-f或-fe结尾的分两类,一类直接加-s,另一类大多数情况下,将-f或-fe改为v,再加-es,如,roof---roofs belief---beliefs leaf---leaves life---lives knife---knives 2.不规则变化
(1) 元音字母发生变化
man---men tooth---teeth goose---geese (2) 词尾变化
child---children mouse---mice (3) 单复数同形
sheep---sheep deer---deer fish---fish
另附清辅音与浊辅音:
清辅音:
[p]
[t]
[k]
[f]
[s]
[θ]
[∫]
[ts]
[t∫]
[tr]
[h]
浊辅音:[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [δ] [з] [dz] [dз] [dr] [r]
音节分为开音节和闭音节,
3.开音节又分为相对开音节和绝对开音节
(1) 相对开音节:“以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e”结尾的叫相对开音节。这里元音字母发自己本身的音。如,cake, grade, name, bike (2) 绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的叫绝对开音节。如,he, she,
me, no,go 2.闭音节:以“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母”结尾的叫闭音节,如,get,
put,pen, ten, let