水平的英文（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：如何提高英文水平111

如何提高英文水平

在中国深化改革开放，及加入WTO的近十年来，随着国际化程度的逐步提高，英语已经成为国人与世界交流中，无论是商务邮件往来，手机信息沟通，电话沟通，都是不可缺少的首选语言。本人从高中毕业后，从事酒店服务工作，由于本酒店为国际五星级集团管理，无论是酒店内部管理，沟通还是和客人交流，英语都是必不可少的。由于之前在学校学习英文，都是纸上谈兵，写多说少，进入社会工作后，发现话到嘴边说不出，力不从心。特别是面对外宾，有时候无法直接沟通清楚，造成一些工作上的误会和服务的延迟。主要体现为：词汇量少，发音不准确，听力差，语音语调及语法不标准等问题。对于，本人也积极提高自身英文水平，入读汕头大学商务英语大专课程，及结合实际工作中的应用，希望借此提高本人英文水平。

本人为此设定了提高英文水平时间表，分别是三个月，半年及一年，两年总共4个阶段：

 三个月- 能与外宾进行礼貌、礼仪的问候

 半年 – 能流利的进行交谈，涉及工作范围内所有事情  一年 – 能用规范语法进行英语书写，阅读

 两年 – 除专业术语外，与外宾进行正常社交交流及书写

如何利用工作的有理优势，将提高英文水平结合到工作中来，是我当前必须学习和探索的方向之一。人类具有学习语言的本能，而且人类已经习惯于在我们上面提到的那种规律下学习语言，然而我们对外语的学习却是逆道而行。就拿我们学习英语来说，在我们还不怎么会说的时候，却先学习了语法。在我们不太会读的时候却已经学会了一些单词的拼写。而且我们一般只在课堂上才能说几句已经成套路的英语或者用英语造几个句子。用这种违背人类学习语言规律的方法学外语，势必会给我们学习造成很多障碍。比如，单词拼写不准确，容易遗忘；语法不扎实，运用不灵活，受母语影响严重。另外发音更是一塌糊涂，即使单个单词发音准确，但句子的语调、重音和停顿也很不地道。这么多困难摆在眼前，我们在学习英语的过程中很容易遭受挫折和气馁。所以，学习英语一定要扬长避短，变不利为有利，尽量让自己学习英语的过程符合学习汉语的规律，也就是顺应人类学习语言的规律。我们不可能在一个完全的英语环境下学习英语，但可以想法设法，千方百计的创造学习英语的氛围。比如，可以每天听英语广播、看英语频道电视节目；或者每天看一部英文电影或连续剧；或阅读一些英文报纸和杂志。其实，创造一个“被动的”英语环境并不难，但仅仅被动的去听和看是不够的，我们要主动的运用英语去表达和沟通。

首先，酒店就像一个小社会团体，在这里你能遇到全世界各地，各种各样不同种族的人群。大家对英文的学习程度，理解各不相同，一开始通过酒店的培训资料，从礼貌用语入手，通过不断的练习，形成英文交流的习惯。其次，从酒店内部管理文件入手，本酒店为新加坡外资管理酒店，内部行文多为英文，总部邮件，批示等全部为英文版本。通过多看，多读，不懂查字典等方式，把酒店管理方面的专业词汇揽入怀中。再次，通过自身岗位的工作特点，以邮件答复客人预定房间等方式，从外宾邮件中学习英文的用词，语法等，从而提高了英文写作水平，和阅读速度。最后，利用酒店资源，有空阅读英文报纸及观看CNN等外文频道，使得整个人处于一个英文语言的氛围，能极快的提高自身英文水平。

通过以上的途径和方式，我能很好的把口语，写作，听力三部分相结合，提高英文水平。而这些都是其他同学无法利用工作的优势去达到提高的，而通过此方式，可有效快速的提高英语水平。还有就是词汇，词汇是学好英语的关键，没有足够的词汇就无从谈起听、说、读、写。词汇量的大小决定一个学生英语水平的高低。在学习词汇的过程中，要掌握词的拼读规则，根据规则记忆单词；同时还要根据构词法知识记忆和扩充单词，通过语境理解和记忆单词也是一个最佳学习单词的好方法。目前词汇在中考试题中汉译英的试题越来越少，取而代之的是词汇在语境中的运用考查比重越来越大。在进入学习英语的初级阶段时，掌握语音知识是学好英语单词的基础，读准英语音素是拼读音标的前提。因此一定要熟练掌握48个音素，要做到会拼读、拼写。

根据资料记载：短时记忆的周期大概是：5分钟，30分钟，12个小时。其它重要的周期是：1天，2天，4天，7天，15天。可以参照这个记忆周期去重复复习记忆。不过，我觉得背单词还有个简单易行的操作方法，就是：第一天背1，2单元。第二天背第3单元之前，先快速复习1，2，然后背3，4。时间不允许就可以只多背一个第3单元。第三天复习1，2，3，再背第4单元。这样，到了第四天，第1单元可能已经记得很熟练了。然后就2，3，4，5。第五天，3，4，5，6等，以此类推。这样循环着背，就不会出现总做重复劳作的情况。记住的单词一定会比较多，也比较牢固了。这个方法听起来简单，但操作起来有点难度，这种难度主要是心理上的。人容易喜新厌旧，如果是背过的单词，在复习时，就觉得没有成就感，没意思。而如果是翻开崭新的一页，背一个新的单元，总觉得更充实。虽然有句话叫：不在乎天长地久，只在乎曾经拥有。但这对背单词来说是不可取的。背单词，我们就是要记住，但又绝对不能指望一次两次就记住，所以只能大量重复，且要在忘记它之前重复。

通过两年来的在汕头大学商务英语的学习，和工作岗位的英语实践，之前设定的目标已经能够基本达到：

 三个月- 能与外宾进行礼貌、礼仪的问候

 半年 – 能流利的进行交谈，涉及工作范围内所有事情  一年 – 能用规范语法进行英语书写，阅读

 两年 – 除专业术语外，与外宾进行正常社交交流及书写

但不足之处有以下几点：

1.对于不同国度， 不同英语发音的外宾的英文，有时候会听不懂，这点仍需加强听力对英文的敏感性。

2.对于一些棘手问题上跟外宾的交流中，词汇量仍不足使用，且用词无法真正体现本身所想表达之意愿。

3.书写方面用词，语法仍不规范，不够正式。

总结以上几点，学习英文不是一天两天，或者一两年埋头苦干就能获得成就的事情。它是需要长期，不间断的反复学习、练习，通过各种途径进行提高。如果中途停滞，没有使用，它将遗失得更快，要保持良好的学习环境和经常使用英文交流的氛围，自身也需不断提高学习的热情度，和保持对英文的兴趣，最终达到将此第二门外语掌握得炉火纯青。英语是一种语言，不是记住了单词、词组、句型和语法项目就是把它学好了，关键在于使用语言，所以在学习英语时一定要注意听、说、读、写、译全面发展。英语学习首先是一个记忆过程，然后才是实践过程。学习英语，无论如何，勤奋是不可少的，它是一个日积月累的渐进过程，是没有任何捷径可走的，也没有所谓“速成”的灵丹妙方，急于求成，不做踏实工作，是学不好英语的。任何成功的获得都要靠自己的努力，要踏踏实实、勤勤恳恳、兢兢业业、一步一个脚印地学习，端正态度，认真对待学习中的挫折和失败。失败并不可怕，可怕的是对自己丧失信心而一蹶不振。对考试的失败，冷静分析，认真思考，只要对胜利充满信心，善于总结经验教训，不断努力，不断追求，胜利一定是属于自己的。

推荐第2篇：如何提高英文阅读水平

如何提高英文阅读水平？

很多单词都认识，就是不知道它在说什么，怎样才能看懂英语阅读？

最近复习考研英语，很多单词都认识，但是有时一句话要反复看好多次才能明白，甚至经常看了好多次都不理解他在讲什么意思。我的语法基础很薄弱，是不是阅读和语法基础有关系？

【李璐的回答(241票)】: 总结来说，形成英语思维很重要。初级建议阅读一些超词汇量大概30%以内的词汇进行阅读。另外兴趣为辅，我建议阅读的书目是牛津通识读本，有200多本，言简意赅，涉及各个学科各个方面。都是大家小书，知识点都是正确的。另外，我觉得提高阅读速度只是一种片面的高速求成，反而得不偿失。不如先从整体入手，把听说读写全面提高起来，就事半功倍了。如果想要提高整体听说读写，一般持续就是先掌握听，然后能够与情境相关，2楼陈久龄同学的方法就很实际而且也方便寓教于乐。 具体细节就是，不翻译直接反应，得到更直接的图像信息而不是汉语信息。在看美剧时，初始先培养对一般语言的反应能力，其次是看学术型的如耶鲁公开课一类，慢慢戒除字幕依赖性。对于句子结构也是如此，重复使用的句式其实很有限，在专业词汇齐备的情况下，不建议花过多时间在语法上。 至于说，就是反复练习和一定要苛求自己的发音。推荐《标准美语发音的13个秘诀》，还有american accent的一个软件，在很多地方有下载。在实际对话中反复练习是语音提高最快的。 另外一个误区就是背单词，要想高速阅读，单词量一定不会低。本人的亲身经验就是，除非是面对语言考试，否则枯燥的一天背大量单词是无效工。当然，专业术语和词汇需要特别记忆一下，但是这个范围的词汇应该不超过2000个。更应该结合比较适合自己水平的英语书籍来进行提高。把不会的词汇进行猜词和圈划，方便后面回忆的过程。这些词汇不要贪多。最好一天不超过100个，否则的话就证明你的阅读材料已经超出你目前水平太多。高速阅读的词汇在精不在多。凡事求十全十美只会提升阅读的门槛，很难有进步的成就感，不可求全。 【樊易的回答(88票)】: 考研的时候曾经试过一种方法。拿本英文原著小说，强行看下去，遇到单词看不懂先猜，实在猜不出再查字典。一段时间下来（不超过半个月），看英文小说就能找到看中文小说的感觉了。再一段时间下来，读英文报刊就跟读中文报刊差不多了。

呵呵，这种方法最大的好处就在于用英文小说流畅的思维脉络使自己强行形成英文思维方式，而忘记中文思维（现在英语教学的通病就在于理解英文之前先要用中文转换一下）。 在现行教育方式下一个人刻苦学习十几年学到博士的英文水平，基本还比不上一个美国一个没有怎么接受过教育的卖菜的农民，原因自然就能理解了吧。

简单点来说，学习外语时为何不直接把自己当成是外国人，用外国人的方式去思考（马克思的外语学习方法）。 【陈勇的回答(78票)】: 昨天睡前忽然想到了知乎上的这个问题。我想到我之前用过的一种，现在也还在努力锻炼中。

就是，阅读英文的色情小说，增强单词词形和感官之间的直接联系。因为阅读色情小说有个好处就是，在有一段时间里注意力是超级集中的。

推荐一个网站：http://literotica.com/ 【刀刀宁的回答(29票)】: 我觉得就是要硬着头皮读文章，一定要读大量的文章。不大建议读原版小说，生单词太多，时事英文报道比较推荐。也不大建议通过看电影和美剧提高阅读能力，因为你英文水平没到，跟不上它反而纯娱乐了。我最近的感受就是现在通过大量阅读自己领域的英文学术文献大幅的提高了自己的英文阅读能力，我以前看到大篇幅英文会头疼的问题现在没有了，理解问题起来也快多了，没办法，不读论文工作都继续不下去，所以说必须要硬着头皮去做，逼出来的。 记得有一种说法（应该是研究成果，不大记得了），说是费力气读超出自己当前水平很多的英文对提高阅读能力是没有效果的，而读自己当前水平相当即相对理解起来较慢但可以读懂的文章，反复读，对提高阅读能力是有很大效果的。 同时比较认同@李璐所说的，提高听力整体入手的方法。 【吴恒的回答(25票)】: 作为从24岁开始英文书看得比中文书多，目前基本只看英文non-fiction的同学，我的经验就是，最开始不行就硬着头皮读，每读完一本信心就增加一个层次，读到第5本基本就行运流水了。要说方法的话，那就是扔掉你的英中字典，不以中文思考，记笔记写东西都用英文，一切都是习惯。 【宋健的回答(26票)】: 我有一个小诀窍：

培养一种和英文有关的兴趣。 不要告诉别人哈：）

【jennypiglet的回答(17票)】: 特别推荐杨鹏的GRE&GMAT阅读难句教程，里面包括了所有英语中的长难句并且教了你阅读难句的方法。不过多看多听更加重要，语感这个东西比什么都重要。推荐看TIME这本杂志，你可以上他的官网上看或者去香港购买（每年六月还是七月，香港都有书展，里面有些订国外有名的杂志的摊位，你可以在里面订购，至少订一年，平均人民币每本8元左右，市面上零售价是人民币50多），另外看美剧也是提高很快的，边娱乐边学习，但一定要下载有中英字幕的，推荐你去搜一个叫人人字幕的网站，它的翻译非常专业，边看的时候可以做点笔记，如果你想纯粹的学习，看国外名校的开放式课程，找学科的入门课程比较容易听点，当然中英字幕是必须的，你可以边学英语边学专业知识，但是你需要长时间的专注注意力，挺累的，看你喜欢哪种吧。如果你想边看东西边思考问题的话，我推荐你去看GRE官方作文，主要看他的Iue部分，里面两百多个问题，可能是我们国人一辈子也不会思考的问题，你看的同时，不仅了学到当地人精妙的语言，同时你也会提高你思考问题的逻辑性，一举两得。我是比较喜欢边学英语同时用在学其他的东西，这样没有那么的枯燥。 【王捷的回答(18票)】: 首先，你的语法基础薄弱，显然会影响到阅读能力。语法知识的缺失，特别是对从句，各种伴随结构，虚拟语气的不熟悉，会导致理解变成猜测，不知道一句话里究竟是谁干了什么事情，是真干了还是假干了。所以你至少要掌握这些必要的语法知识。

其次，你觉得很多单词认识，但是单词仅仅达到认识的程度，是远远不够理解这些单词组成的文章的。原因是人脑短时记忆中能容纳的内容非常有限，当你正在费劲的翻译把文中一个单词翻译成中文的时候，已经忘记了上一个单词是什么，这句话正在说什么，所以经常需要来来回回看一句话。 说到底，怎样提高英语阅读水平，答案是只有阅读才能提高阅读水平，多读，狠读。强烈建议看一下李笑来老师写的“如何迅速提高阅读理解能力”

http://www.daodoc.com/ 里面建议的练习步骤为：

1.挣扎着搞清楚每一句话的确切含义。2.理解每句话之间、每个段落之间的关系 3.整理词汇 4.反复阅读若干遍 5.复述文章

6.养成相隔若干天后复习的习惯。

按照李笑来的话说，“如此处理50篇左右的文章，就基本上所向披靡了。”

最后，一条无耻但是有用的小广告，请尝试使用扇贝阅读 http://www.daodoc.com/ 【爻木木的回答(8票)】: 拿一本GRE长句解析，看完什么都能懂了 【Kammy Wang的回答(8票)】: 准备一次gre。。。。 【朱松清的回答(6票)】: 我93年时还是英文一窍不通，而且要面对繁重的医学课程，还一面梦想着山沟里飞出金凤凰，可以考GRE出国，结果福至心灵，把自己完全沉浸在英文思维里，甚至还用英文来学中文！我平时不怎么上大课，但是上了大课的而且做笔记的同学却乐意把笔记借给我，条件是要坐在我后面，因为我记得。我把所有的要点都翻译为英文，然后把英文中的重点单词抓出来，再把代表该词字母，玩弄一番，最后形成自己容易背的单词，就完事了。考试时再反过程就好了。比如，什么是爱，PPPKHTT, BRESPREF

后来95年底 GRE 2240 97年毕业时病理科还保送研究生

http://www.daodoc.com/?utm_source=0&utm_medium=0&utm_campaign=0e 【李家靡的回答(0票)】: 好好听课

【吕涛的回答(0票)】: 看哈利波特原版，真的超级好看，看完全套，你就牛逼了 【Exs的回答(0票)】: 多阅读 原文地址:知乎

推荐第3篇：适合初中生水平的英文故事

1.The Unwise Hans

In the countryside, there lived three brothers.The first and second brothers were very wise.But the third was not very wise.People

called him unwise Hans.All three of the brothers wanted to marry the prince.The prince had said that she wanted to marry the wisest man on the land.\"We only have one week.\"

So in order to marry the prince, they hurried off on their way.The father of the three brothers gave horses to only two of the sons.The first brother got a brown horse and the second brother got a white horse.But, no horse was given to Hans.The unwise Hans left on a goat, instead of a horse.

The older brothers laughed at Hans.Still, Hans left with his brothers.After sometime, Hans picked up a dead crow on the road.\"Brothers, look at this.\" \"What are you going to do with that?\" \"I\'m going to give it to the prince.\" The brothers continued to laugh at Hans.

As Hans was going along the road, besides the crow, he picked up an old wooden clog and good quality mud.The older brothers no longer paid attention to Hans\' strange behavior and hurried off on their horses reaching the castle before Hans.

In front of the castle there stood the prince and many people who wanted to marry her.However, all the people who went inside of the prince\' room came out stuttering and muttering quietly to

themselves.Finally the first brother went in.\"You\'re not right.Please go.\"

The first brother had forgotten everything that he had memorized.So, he could not say one word.Next the second brother went in.The prince told him to leave, as well.The second brother could not

understand the prince’ question.Hans was the last person to go in.\"The room is hot.\" \"The rooster is being roasted.\" \"Then roast my

crow, as well, please.\" \"What should we do? There is no plate.\" \"Here it is.\"

Hans showed the old wooden clog that he had hidden.The prince made a smile on her face.\"Then where can we get the sauce?\"

Hans showed her the mud that he had picked up on the road, too.\"Ha, Ha, Ha- this is really fun.\"

The unwise Hans gave the prince the wisest answers.That\'s how the prince and the unwise Hans got married.The unwise Hans became the king of that land.

2 Thumbelina

Once upon a time, there lived a woman who had no children.The woman went to a sorcerer and begged, \"I want to raise a pretty baby.\" The sorcerer then gave her a flower seed.As soon as the seed was planted, a tulip bloomed forth.From the floral leaf, a lovely baby girl who was as short as a thumb was born.

\"Mother, how are you?\" The baby girl who came out from the flower said hello to her mother with a beautiful voice.The woman was very happy and wanted to give her a pretty name.\"A baby who is as short as a thumb...I will name her as Thumbelina.\"

Thumbelina led a happy life sailing her ship acro a pond filled with flowers.But one night, there appeared a horrible-looking toad when Thumbelina was asleep.\"She is really a pretty girl.I am going to make her my bride.\" The toad carried the sleeping girl on his warty back and went to his pond.Thumbelina woke up in the morning, and was so surprised that she could do nothing but weep silently.She thought that she would rather die than become the wife of a toad.The fish who saw this unhappy event were sympathetic towards the poor girl, and said, \"Thumbelina is pitiful.Let\'s help her.\" The fish cut the leaf of a lotus flower on which Thumbelina was riding, so that she could run away from the toad.She was roaming around the

riverside riding on the leaf of a lotus flower.At that time, a

beetle came flying about and spied the top of the head of Thumbelina.\"Uh! She is a very pretty girl.Okay, I am going to make her my

friend.\" The beetle grabbed Thumbelina and flew into the forest.\"How

about that? She is my friend.Isn\'t she very pretty?\" The beetle bragged about her to his other beetle friends, but they all thought that she was an odd creature.\"What? She only has two legs but has no wings like we do.It is really strange.\"

With his friends making fun of him, the beetle began to dislike

Thumbelina.He went away with his friends, leaving the girl alone in the branches.She spent many lonely days eating tree fruits and

flowers.\"Dear God, please send me to my mother.\" Thumbelina wandered around the forest shivering from cold and hunger.

After some time, it began to snow.Thumbelina was looking for a place to take shelter when she finally saw a twinkling light.\"I am

Thumbelina.Please allow me to take a rest in your house.\" A field mouse woman greeted the girl warmly saying, \"Oh my dear, please come in.\"

The field mouse woman loved Thumbelina as if she were her own

daughter.One day, a rich mole from a neighboring burrow came to the house for a holiday.He said, \"She is a really pretty girl.It would be good if she became the wife of my son.\" The field mouse woman was very happy about what the rich mole said.But Thumbelina did not like that haughty fellow.Yet she was unable to reject what the field mouse woman wanted.

Thumbelina was taking a walk sadly in an underground paage, which was actually the house of the mole.At that time, she found a swallow that had fallen on the ground.\"Ah, poor swallow.Please gain your strength.\" Thumbelina nursed the swallow earnestly.Finally, spring came, and the swallow gained strength and was about to leave the underground paage.He said, \"Dear Thumbelina, come with me to the flower country where there is nothing but sun and flowers.\"

She agreed and rode on the back of the swallow to the flower land, where the Prince of the country greeted her saying, \"Welcome, Thumbelina! I was waiting for you.\" There began a great party to welcome the happy girl.The Prince said, \"Dear Thumbelina, would you please marry me and become the Queen of the flower country?\"

She said, \"Yes, I will!\" The Prince then gave his royal crown and wings to Thumbelina.To her bird companion she said, \"Dear swallow, please deliver this news to my mother.\" Thereafter, the Prince and Thumbelina led a very happy life in the flower country.

推荐第4篇：Adolf Hitler 阿道夫 希特勒 英文演讲 高中水平

Adolf Hitler

This chapter we’re gonna study is about war & peace.

Coincidently, the leader of the NAZI Party, Adolf Hitler has got his birthday on the following Monday, which is 68 years after his death.I am sure that everyone in our cla is familiar with him.Adolf Hitler is known as one of the most important war criminals during the Second world war.

Hitler’s father Alois was a stern man, who had a big influence on him.Alois was very stict to his children, and he wanted them to follow his footsteps to work for the government.But Hitler refused his father’s suggestion, and he did poorly in school.This once made his father really upset.However, Hitler finally got his freedom after his father’s death in 1903.His mother allowed him to quit school in 1905, so Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further schooling or clear plans for a career.

From 1905, Hitler lived in Vienna as a painter, selling water colors.Anyway, he wasn’t a succeful artist, so soon he ran out of money and lived in a shelter for homele people.

When World War I broke out, Hitler volunteered to serve the Bavarian Army as an Austrian citizen.During his services at the headquarters, Hitler continued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper.During the battle, he got wounded and spent two months in the Red Cro hospital.While there, Hitler learnt of Germany’s defeat, and became embittered over the collapse of the war effort.His ideological development began to firmly take shape and he described the war as the “greatest of all experiences”.

This is what happened before Hitler entered the NAZI party in 1919, which was really important to both his own life, and World War II.

War is what human beings hate, but it did occur often.What we could do is not to prevent it, but remember the leons it gave to us.It’s the same for Adolf Hitler.We mustn’t learn from what he had done, but we should be clear that it’s because of people like him that the history could be changed.

推荐第5篇：肖申克的救赎,英文 ,观后感 ,初中水平

keep hoping

I have knownThe Shawshank Redemption for a long time .It is a famous movie.Thanks tothe summer holiday, I have such a good chance to watch it.When I heard the name of the movie for the first time, I considered theShawshank to be a man’ name, but in fact it is a jail’s name——a hellin the world.Every time ,we know iti sneceary to keep hoping .However , if you were in such a hell ,would you keep hoping?

Yes ,you shoud.Andy gave you the best answer.\"Remember, Hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things and no good thing ever dies!\"Every one got despir in the Shawshank except Andy.His best friend ,Red,told him ,\" These walls are kind of funny like that.First you hate them, then you get used to them.Enough time paed, get so you depend on them.That’s institutionalized.\"They tried too many times but they never finish it, so they gave up.Andy tried.He has the bright brain ,the never fading persistent,and the most impotant thing----hope.He put up some poster withbeauty.Then he usedhiswisdom and talents to help his warden and prison officer make money.To his credit,hehad writtenletters to the government so that the prisoners could read.He brought hopes to the prisoners.He worked hard to run away.In the end ,he succeeded.

It is important to keep hoping.I think all of us can know something.

推荐第6篇：科学化水平

构建信访举报预警机制全面提升信访举报工作科学化水平

为充分发挥纪检监察机关的监督教育职能作用，婺源县纪委通过建立信访举报预警机制，达到苗头性问题早发现、早提醒、早纠正的目的，确保“未病先防，既病防变。”

一、信访举报预警机制的科学内涵。

信访举报预警机制，就是纪检监察机关通过受理、调查、处理各种信访事件和群众举报案件，及时收集廉情信息，对发现苗头性问题或具有轻微违规违纪行为的单位和个人需要给予警示的，通过谈话函询、警示诫勉、责令纠错等措施，有效地纠正错误，及时预防和制止腐败。

构建信访举报预警机制，就是要建立信访举报预警系统。信访举报预警系统主要包括预警报告系统、预警分析系统和预警处置系统三个层次。

（一）建立信访举报预警报告系统。信访举报预警报告系统包括信息收集、报告。是指通过建立严密完善的信息收集网络，创建广泛畅通的信息收集渠道，运用科学合理的信息收集方式，发现、获取并传递信访举报信息。

1．信访举报信息收集范围。主要包括：群众信访举报；社会公众对党风廉政建设和反腐败工作的意见、建议和评价；干部群众对涉及党风廉政建设方面的倾向性、苗头性问题以及对党员干部违法违纪问题的反映；重大改革措施出台后的反响和评价；各项专项检查、干部考察及案件查办过程中发现的涉及党风廉政建设和党员干部违法违纪的问题；有关党风廉政建设和反腐败工作的其他情况。

2．信访举报信息收集渠道。一是建立信访举报预警信息直报点制度。县委各部门、县直各单位和各乡（镇、街道）都应设立信访举报预警信息直报点，各单位指定一名分管领导同志具体负责，每季度末前将本部门的信访举报信息，以《信访举报预警信息报告表》的形式上报给县纪委。二是建立定期信访排查制度。各纪工委、乡镇纪委和信访举报信息员每月对管辖范围内信访举报信息、潜在信访举报情况进行一次排查，及时发现掌握苗头性、倾向性问题，并将了解的信访舆情上报县纪委信访室。三是建立不定期下访制度。县纪委每年可根据实际情况，由县纪委常到一段时间内信访举报问题比较突出的单位下访调查研究。原则上每年专题集中下访不少于4次。四是建立信访举报信息联席例会制度。每季度召开一次由县纪委牵头，组织人事、宣传、政法、审计和县信访局等单位参加的信访举报信息联席会议，及时通报信访举报信息，定期分析信访舆情。

3、信访举报信息收集报告。县纪委信访室要及时汇总信访举报信息和撰写信访信息分析报告，为领导分析信访举报动态当好参谋和助手。一般信访举报信息每月汇总向领导报告一次；信访信息分析报告每季度报告一次；重要信访举报信息分析随时报告。

（二）建立信访举报预警分析系统。信访举报预警信息分析是指对收集来的信访举报信息进行整理、甄别、鉴定和剖析，审验信息的真实性，剖析问题发生的性质和根源，研究解决办法。

1．组织专题研判。县纪委信访室每月对受理的信访举报情况进行一次研究分析，对收集到的信访举报信息进行梳理、分析，查找评估党员干部在党风廉政建设方面的苗头性、倾向性问题，并提出针对性措施和方法。同时建立信访举报工作信息库。

2、信访举报预警机制工作领导小组综合研判。县纪委每季度召开一次由信访举报预警机制工作领导小组成员、乡镇纪委书记等参加的信访态势分析会。集中对反映或发现的信访举报信息进行定性、定量的分析，研究解决问题的对策措施，并为进一步调查核实奠定基础。对反映集中、问题较多的人和事，县纪委将及时进行调查取证。

3、联席会议协调研判。由县纪委、组织人事、检察、审计、信访等部门组成的干部信息交流联席会议协调研判，每半年召开一次。

（三）建立信访举报预警处置系统。建立信访举报预警处置系统，就是通过对信访举报信息的综合研判，对有关单位和当事人潜在的、可能发生的或正在发生的风险，及时向县纪委常委会以及纪委领导报告，通过及时向有关党政组织、党员干部和监察对象发出《信访举报预警通知书》、谈话函询、警示诫勉、责令纠错、调查处理等措施警，搭建预警信息运用平台。 根据事态的轻重缓急、影响程度和发展态势，分三个级别进行预警化管理。对易产生问题，还未有举报反映的，及时向基层单位下发蓝色预警通知书，要求提前防范，纪委跟踪督办；对群众有反映的苗头性问题，下发黄色预警通知书，被反映人在收到通知书后20日内作出书面自查整改说明，并上报给县纪委；对有群众举报，可能蔓延的苗头性、倾向性问题，实行一级预警，下发红色预警通知书，要求有关单位在规定时间，就有关问题及时调处上报。

二、构建信访举报预警机制，有利用于提升信访举报工作科学化水平。

信访举报预警机制的建立，在促进信访举报信息化建设的同时，必将进一步提高信访举报工作的预见性、针对性和时效性。

1.构建信访举报预警机制，进一步提高信访举报工作的预见性。胡锦涛总书记在十七届中央纪委第五次全会上讲话特别指出：要建立健全预防腐败信息系统，逐步形成信息共享机制和腐败预警机制，及时准确判断腐败现象易发多发的重点领域、重点部位、重点环节以及廉政风险，增强科学分析和预防腐败能力。信访举报预警机制的建立，就是科学分析信访举报信息，有效预防腐败的重要举措。“凡是预则立，不预则废。”预警机制重在“预”字，打的是“提前量”，增强了信访举报工作的预见性。 2.构建信访举报预警机制，进一步提高信访举报工作的针对性。信访举报预警，就是把单位或个人可能产生腐败的苗头性问题或已经出现的轻微性问题指出来，及时提醒，严肃警告，使其不出现腐败问题或把腐败现象消灭在萌芽状态。因此信访举报预警机制具有很强的针对性，能够发挥到“定向爆破”、“靶向治疗”的作用。

3.构建信访举报预警机制，进一步提高信访举报工作的时效性。信访举报预警机制，其目的是做到苗头性问题早发现、早提醒、早纠正。信访举报部门应当一改过去的“坐诊”变为主动“出诊”，改事后监督为事前、事现苗头性、倾向性问题的同志拉拉“袖子”、掸掸“灰尘”，做到治病于初始、治患于萌芽。

三、构建信访举报预警机制应正确处理好的三大关系。

建立信访举报预警机制，是实现关口前移、防范在先的有益尝试。在信访举报预警机制的信息收集报告、分析和处置三大关键环节中，应当正确处理好三大关系。

1.系统内信息和系统外信息的关系。在过去的信访举报工作实际中，其信源相对来说比较单一，信息主要来自群众来信来访和其他信访形式，信息是在一个相对封闭的纪检监察机关系统内运行的。建立信访举报预警机制，就是要在巩固现有的系统内信息的基础上，着重拓展系统外的信息。通过设立信访举报和廉情信息直报点、以及聘请社会各阶层人士作为效能建设和机关作风监督员等举措，极大地丰富了系统外信访举报的信息元，从而形成一个多层次、宽领域、开放型信访举报预警信息报告系统。

2.定性分析和定量分析的关系。信访举报预警信息的分析，是预警机制的重要节点。在常规性和决策性两类分析过程中，都离不开定性和定量分析，定性和定量分析都是确立预警的基础。苗头性和倾向性的问题，是以一定量的信息为载体的；同时，一定量的信息反映的是同一性质或不同性质的问题。我们只有综合定性和定量分析，才能甄别、鉴定和剖析，审验信息的真实性，做出科学的预警。

3.预警和“预后”的关系。预警机制的建立，增强了信访监督的广泛性和时效性。预警的目的是预防腐败和纠错，是要有好的“预后”。监督不能替代惩处，只有好的“预后”，才使预警成为可能。不能因为有了预警，变成了“通风报信”，造成案件线索的流失，丧失了“战机”。

推荐第7篇：水平能力

护理学总论综合练习一

1．管理的二重性是指(自然属性和社会属性）

2．管理的艺术性集中体现在（管理活动中对于＂度＂的把握和管理活动是一种创造性的话动）

3．管理的关键职能是（控制职能）

4．在现代管理中，管理人员对当前的实际工作是否符合计划而进行测定并促使组织目标实现的过程，被称为（控制）

5．不属于领导职能一般特点的是（专业性）

推荐第8篇：计算机水平

可以写一级、二级、三级、四级之一

全国的计算级等级考试有4个等级。

一级：考核微型计算机基础知识和使用办公自动化软件及因特网（Internet）的基本技能。要求掌握字、表处理（Word）、电子表格（Excel）和演示文稿（PowerPoint）等办公自动化（Office）软件的使用及因特网（Internet）应用的基本技能，具备从事机关、企事业单位文秘和办公信息计算机化工作的能力。

二级：考核计算机基础知识和使用一种高级计算机语言（包括JAVA、C、C++、ACCESS、Visual Basic、Visual FoxPro）编写程序以及上机调试的基本技能。要求能够使用计算机高级语言编写程序和调试程序，可以从事计算机程序的编制工作、初级计算机教学培训工作以及计算机企业的业务和营销工作。

三级：分为“PC技术”、“信息管理技术”、“数据库技术”和“网络技术”四个类别。“PC技术”考核PC机硬件组成和Windows操作系统的基础知识以及PC机使用、管理、维护和应用开发的基本技能。“信息管理技术”考核计算机信息管理应用基础知识及管理信息系统项目和办公自动化系统项目开发、维护的基本技能。“数据库技术”考核数据库系统基础知识及数据库应用系统项目开发和维护的基本技能。“网络技术”考核计算机网络基础知识及计算机网络应用系统开发和管理的基本技能。

四级：考核计算机专业基本知识以及计算机应用项目的分析设计、组织实施的基本技能。四级证书表明持有人掌握计算机的基础理论知识和专业知识，熟悉软件工程、数据库和计算机网络的基本原理和技术，具备从事计算机信息系统和应用系统开发和维护的能力。。

推荐第9篇：英文

china launched its National Day celebrations yesterday by streing its hosting of the Beijing Olympics and the country\'s first spacewalk, two hard-won succees in a tumultuous year featured by natural disasters, ethnic unrest, and another food safety scandal.

The spacewalk on Saturday strengthened a wave of Chinese pride and patriotism springing from the Olympics, which is still a big news story in the domestic pre one month after it came to an end.China\'s Olympic heroes were honored in a three-hour ceremony at the Great Hall of the People that was broadcast live on national television.

State broadcaster CCTV showed the three returning astronauts, with flower garlands around their necks, waving and smiling as they were treated to a homecoming parade in Beijing.Their miion, including China\'s first spacewalk, put the country closer to building a space station and landing a man on the moon.

State broadcaster CCTV showed the three returning astronauts, with flower garlands around their necks, waving and smiling as they were treated to a homecoming parade in Beijing.Their miion, including China\'s first spacewalk, put the country closer to building a space station and landing a man on the moon.

Meanwhile, Vice President Xi, who oversaw preparations for the Beijing Summer Games, praised what he said was China\'s realization of a 100-year dream to host the event and said it would keep China on its reform path.

\"The succeful holding of the Beijing Olympics and Paralympics has carried forward the Olympic spirit, improved the understanding and friendship betweenthe world , and it also demonstrates the great achievements of reform and opening and the building of socialist modernization.\"

But Premier Wen Jiabao touched briefly on some of the country\'s troubles so far this year during an addre at a dinner banquet that included many foreign dignitaries.

\"We prevailed over the disasters caused by the heavy snow and sleet storms and the devastating Wenchuan earthquake,\" he said, referring to a freak storm just before February\'s Lunar New Year that left scores dead and hundreds of thousands stranded during the country\'s busiest travel period.

A magnitude 7.9 earthquake in May left nearly 90,000 people dead or miing.

\"We still face many difficulties and problems in our endeavor to advance socialist modernization but we have full confidence to conquer them,\" he said.

The 59th anniversary of the founding of the People\'s Republic of China is tomorrow.This year also marks 30 years since China initiated the economic reforms that turned the country into the world\'s factory floor and transformed all of its major cities.

Economic development has been slower to reach far-flung regions like Tibet, where simmering ethnic tensions boiled over in March.Anti-government riots erupted in the capital of Lhasa,

sparking sympathy protests in Tibetan areas acro western China.however, china can respond to these chanllenges positively,and at last we are convinced that our govenment can lead us into a more promising future.

第2篇

Australia through My Eyes

When referring to Australia, I am always impreed by its charisma.From the great barrier reef to the vast desert, from the thick forests to the boundle plains, Australia boasts picturesque scenery and abundant natural resources.However, what strike me most are its complicated population map and its diversified culture.Australia is one of the developed countries that embraced and is now continuing opening her arms to many immigrants, who are incorporated into a both culturally rich and economically prosperous society.These immigrants’ multifaceted backgrounds contribute to the country’s cultural diversity.Thanks to the adoption of multicultural policies in Australia Since 1980s, Australia has gradually grown into a harmonious community.As the core value, cultural diversity has witneed its burgeon and boom in Australia.The diversity is the most precious national wealth.As a result, it is supported and encouraged by all the previous governments.People from different cultural backgrounds bring various languages and customs to Australia, which adds to Australia’s overall strength in facing challenges of globalization.It is with this readine and open-mindedne that Australia is now heading for a more promising future.第3篇

It is not an easy thing for a government to have its people live without any conflicts.So the multicultural policy, while encouraging the realization of individual value, prioritizes national interests.So when peoples’ interests are in contradiction with national interests, the ｆｒｏｍer should give way to the latter.Furthermore, the iue of the nationality still plays an important part under the current circumstances.At any rate, people worldwide are arriving at an agreement that cultural diversity should be maintained, transmitted, and developed.Albeit different historical backgrounds, cultural and social systems between China and Australia, and thus discrepancies in national situations and national policies, China and Australia still share a lot in common in terms of principles and methods of dealing with domestic and international iues.As a result, both countries can share their experiences and expertise in dealing with the ethnical iues.For instance, the idea of coexistence characterized by mutual understanding and mutual tolerance is in conｆｒｏｍity with the thought of harmony despite difference in China.

As the anthem of Australia sings, “With courage let us all combine to Advance Australia Fair.” with high freedom, fresh mentality, adventurous entrepreneurship and great ambition, Australia is now striding towards a higher civilization.

推荐第10篇：英文

The Impact of the Computer on Writing Ability

As we can see,from left to right, there is a brush, a pen and a computer in the picture, which indicates the development of the way people write with.Under eachone of them Chinese characters meaning “handwriting”.Obviously, the two characters under the computer are not as beautiful as the rest ones, which implies that with the popularity of computer people’s writing ability has deteriorated.

This picture brings us the question whether we are going forward or backward after the popularity of computer.There is no doubt that our life has become much easier owing to the conveniences computer has brought, However, people have depended so much on computer that they can hardly do things wewll without it, which result in the degeneration in some abilities, such as writing ability and communication ability,In this sense,computer has made go backward.

Alarmed by the iue reflected in the picture, we should do something to prevent ourselves from the side of computer.As far as I am concerned,we should limit the time we spend on computer and try to develop as many habits as poible in spare time .

第11篇：英文

矢志不渝,天道酬勤

>01 The Language of Music

A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Profeional singers and players have great responsibilities,for the composer is utterly dependent on them.

A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements.Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner\'s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percuion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.

This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical butselfle authority.Technique is of no use unle it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.

Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works writtenin any entury.

01 音乐的语言

画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。 作曲家写完了一部作品，得由 演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职 业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。

一名学音乐的学生要想成为 一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。 绝 大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演 员相当的水平.歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用 右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协 调。 钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调 音师的职责。 但调音师们也有他们的难处： 他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交叠的音都必须要清晰。

如何得到乐章清晰的纹理是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。 他们还 必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起 来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。

艺术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于 可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。艰难困苦.玉汝于成

>02 Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Neverthele, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged ineducation from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong proce, a procethat starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one\'s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized proce, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.

Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take aigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of realitythat are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know thatthey are not likely to find out in their claes the truth about political problems

in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized proce of schooling.

上学与受教育

在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。 而 现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们 受教育的过程。 这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区别非常重要。

与上学相比，教育更具 开放性，内容更广泛。 教育不受任何限制。 它可以在任何场合下进行，在淋浴时，在工作 时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。

它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。 传 授知识的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进行政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子， 也可以是知名的科学家。 上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的发现。 与 陌生人的一次随意谈话可能会使人认识到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。 人们从幼时起就 开始受教育。 因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开始了。

教育应成为人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上学却是一个特定的形 式化了的过程。 在不同场合下，它的基本形式大同小异。 在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一 时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授知识，使用大致相同的教材，做作业， 考试等等。

他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范 围的限制。

例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清楚他们社区里政治问题的真情， 也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。

学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的 限制的。

>03TheDefinitionof\"Price\"Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are inlimited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed ofthe prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, profeional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices makeup the\"system\" of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or le upon everythin else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define \"price\", many would reply that price is anamount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,in other words, that price is the money value of a

product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.Inother words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total \"package\" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

\"价格\"的定义 价格决定资源的使用方式。 价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给 手段。

美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括 名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。

所有 这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。 任何一种个别产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的制约。如果随机挑选一群人，问

问他们如何定义\"价格\"，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提供的产品或服务，买方向其付出 的钱数。换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货币量。 该定义就其本 身来说自有其道理。但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑到大量\" 非货币\"因素的影响。 买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和 数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的缓付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、交货条款、退赔权利等等。 也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物价 格的通盘细节。

>04 Electricity

The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent Refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature hasapparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small -- often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel\'s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.

电当今时代是电气时代。 人们对电灯、收音机、电视和电话早已司空见惯以致很难想 象没有它们生活会变成什么样。

当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索； 因没有红 绿灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，导致食物变质。人们只是在两个世

纪前一点才开始了解电的使用原理，自然界却显然在这方面经历过了数百万年。 科学家不 断发现许多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的有趣秘密。所有生物细胞都会发出微小的 电脉冲。

当心脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这可让医生了解心脏的 工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在脑电图上记录下来。

许多生物细胞发出的电流都是 极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器才能记录和测量。 但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一个 个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。

这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是 非常令人吃惊的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。 它可以在水中发出相当于 800 伏特电 压电流(家庭用户的电压只有 120 伏特)。 在电鳗的身体里，多至五分之四的细胞都专门用 来发电，而且发出的电流的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。

>05 The Beginning of Drama

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The one most widely accepted today is based on the aumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the worldas unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time paed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theaterbecause music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the \"acting area\" and the\"auditorium.\" In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually aumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-- succe in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.

Another theory traces the theater\'s origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the aumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.戏剧的起源 关于古希腊戏剧的起源存在着多种理论，其中一个最普遍为人接受的理论 假设认为戏剧从仪式演化而来。

这个观点是这样进行论证的：一开始，人类把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季节的变化都看成是不可预料的。 他们试图通过各种方式去控制这些未知的、令人恐惧的力量。 那些似乎带来了满意结果的手段就被保留下来并且重复直到这些手段固 化为不变的仪式，最后产生了能够解释或者掩盖这些仪式神秘性的故事。随着时间的推移， 一些仪式被废弃了，但这些后来被称作神话的故事流传下来并且为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。 认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人们还认为那些仪式包含了戏剧的基本因素，因为音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装几乎经常被使用，而且，必须为演出提供一个合适的地点；如果不是整个社区共 同参加演出，经常在\"演出区\"和\"观众席\"之间划分出明显的分界。

另外，仪式中还有演员， 而且宗教领袖通常承担演出任务，因为在仪式的执行中避免错误的发生被认为有相当大的重 要性；他们经常带着面具，穿着服装象演员那样扮演其它人、动物或超自然的生灵，用动作来表演以达到所需要的效果，比如打猎的成功或战斗的胜利、将至的雨、太阳的复活。 最 后这些戏剧性的表演从宗教活动中分离了出来。

另一个追溯戏剧起源的理论认为它来自人 们对叙述故事的兴趣。 根据这个观点，故事(关于狩猎、战争或者其它伟绩)是逐渐丰富起 来的。 首先通过一个讲解人来运用模仿、表演和对话，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一个与之紧密相关的理论将戏剧的起源追溯至舞蹈，这些舞蹈大体上是有节奏感的和体操 式的那一类，或者是对动物动作和声音的模仿。

第12篇：英文

As the recognized leader in the lighting industry, it is our miion to deliver consistently superior value to our customers and their clients.This commitment permeates everything we do, driving us to continuously develop and improve our products and the procees to fulfill your need for quality lighting solutions.

The Acuity Brands commitment to superior lighting solutions begins with the industry’s strongest portfolio of quality products.Within our family of leading brands, you will find unequaled breadth of product to meet a wide variety of indoor and outdoor lighting creation and management needs in commercial, industrial, institutional and residential applications.At the heart of our new product development is a steadfast commitment to the development and application of innovative, new lighting technologies that improve lighting quality,

improve lighting economics and enhance the overall environment through reduced energy consumption.

Our long-standing resolve is to provide superior service to our customers before and after the sale.From product selection and specification through product delivery and beyond, we are committed to providing the systems, tools and capabilities that deliver product and

information when you need them.Simply put, our organization strives to be easy to do busine with in everything we do.

Our people are committed to applying their unrivaled experience and lighting expertise to enhancing the overall customer experience.Combining that capability with the strength of our industry-leading agency sales force, you can count on us to support you for all your lighting needs.

第13篇：英文

account number 帐号 depositor 存户

pay-in slip 存款单

a deposit form 存款单

a banding machine 自动存取机

to deposit 存款

deposit receipt 存款收据

private deposits 私人存款

certificate of deposit 存单

deposit book, pabook 存折

credit card 信用卡

principal 本金

overdraft, overdraw 透支

to counter sign 双签

to endorse 背书

endorser 背书人

to cash 兑现

to honor a cheque 兑付

to dishonor a cheque 拒付

to suspend payment 止付

cheque,check 支票

cheque book 支票本

order cheque 记名支票

bearer cheque 不记名支票

croed cheque 横线支票

blank cheque 空白支票

rubber cheque 空头支票 cheque stub, counterfoil 票根

cash cheque 现金支票

traveler\'s cheque 旅行支票

cheque for transfer 转帐支票

outstanding cheque 未付支票

canceled cheque 已付支票

forged cheque 伪支票

Bandar\'s note 庄票，银票

banker 银行家

president 行长

savings bank 储蓄银行

Chase Bank 大通银行

Citibank 花旗银行

Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行

Banque de I\'IndoChine 东方汇理银行

central bank, national bank, banker\'s bank 中央银行

bank of iue, bank of circulation 发行币银行

commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行

member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行

discount bank 贴现银行

exchange bank 汇兑银行

requesting bank 委托开证银行

iuing bank, opening bank 开证银行

advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行

negotiation bank 议付银行

confirming bank 保兑银行

paying bank 付款银行

aociate banker of collection 代收银行

consigned banker of collection 委托银行

clearing bank 清算银行

local bank 本地银行

domestic bank 国内银行 overseas bank 国外银行

unincorporated bank 钱庄

branch bank 银行分行

trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行

trust company 信托公司

financial trust 金融信托公司

unit trust 信托投资公司

trust institution 银行的信托部

credit department 银行的信用部

commercial credit company(discount company) 商业信贷公司（贴现公司）

neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所

credit union 合作银行

credit bureau 商业兴信所

self-service bank 无人银行

land bank 土地银行

construction bank 建设银行

industrial and commercial bank 工商银行

bank of communications 交通银行

mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行

post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行

mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行

industrial bank 实业银行

home loan bank 家宅贷款银行

reserve bank 准备银行

chartered bank 特许银行

corresponding bank 往来银行

merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行

investment bank 投资银行

import and export bank (EXIMBANK) 进出口银行

joint venture bank 合资银行 money shop, native bank 钱庄

credit cooperatives 信用社

clearing house 票据交换所

public accounting 公共会计

busine accounting 商业会计

cost accounting 成本会计

depreciation accounting 折旧会计

computerized accounting 电脑化会计

general ledger 总帐

subsidiary ledger 分户帐

cash book 现金出纳帐

cash account 现金帐

journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐

bad debts 坏帐

investment 投资

surplus 结余

idle capital 游资

economic cycle 经济周期

economic boom 经济繁荣

economic receion 经济衰退

economic depreion 经济萧条

economic crisis 经济危机

economic recovery 经济复苏

inflation 通货膨胀

deflation 通货收缩

devaluation 货币贬值

revaluation 货币增值

international balance of payment 国际收支

favourable balance 顺差

adverse balance 逆差 hard currency 硬通货

soft currency 软通货

international monetary system 国际货币制度

the purchasing power of money 货币购买力

money in circulation 货币流通量

note iue 纸币发行量

national budget 国家预算

national gro product 国民生产总值

public bond 公债

stock, share 股票

debenture 债券

treasury bill 国库券

debt chain 债务链

direct exchange 直接（对角）套汇

indirect exchange 间接（三角）套汇

cro rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率

foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储备

foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动

foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机

discount 贴现

discount rate, bank rate 贴现率

gold reserve 黄金储备

money (financial) market 金融市场

stock exchange 股票交易所

broker 经纪人

commiion 佣金

bookkeeping 簿记

bookkeeper 簿记员

an application form 申请单

bank statement 对帐单 letter of credit 信用证

strong room, vault 保险库

equitable tax system 等价税则

specimen signature 签字式样

banking hours, busine hours 营业时间 银行英语口语－新开帐户

What kind of account did you have in your mind? 你想开哪种帐户? Do you like to open a current account? 你想开一个活期存款帐户吗? A deposit or current account? 定期还是活期? Please tell me how you would like to deposit your money.请告诉我你想存何种户头? There\'s a service charge for the checking account but no charge for the savings.支票户头要收服务费，现金户头不收。

Our minimum deposit for a savings account is 100 dollars.我们储蓄存款的最低存款额是100美圆。 Five yuan is the minimum original deposit.最低起存款额是5元。

You can open a savings account at any time with an initial deposit of 50 dollars.你可随时以50美圆的起存额开立储蓄帐户。 Even one yuan is all right.甚至一元也可以起存。

Here is your pasbook.Please bring it back when you deposit or withdraw money any time you like.Keep it well and inform us whenever you lose it.这是你的存折，存取款时请带来。保管好存折，遗失请告诉我们。 I should like to open a current account.我想开一个活期存款帐户。

I need a checking account so that I can pay my bill.我需开个支票帐户，这样就能付帐。

We\'d like to know how we open a checking-savings account.我们想知道如何开一个支票储蓄帐户。 I have a checking account here.我在这里有一个支票存款帐户。 I think I\'d like a deposit account.我想要开个定期存款帐户。 Can I open a current account here? 我能否在这儿开个活期存款帐户？ I want to open a deposit account with you.我要开个储蓄帐户。

I\'d like to open a deposit account with you.我想在你们这儿开个定期存款帐户。

Could you tell me the difference between a savings account and a checking account? 请告诉我储蓄存款与支票存款的区别好吗？

Please tell me the procedure for opening a savings account.请告诉我开个储蓄帐户需要什么手续。

Will 100 yuan be enough for a minimum deposit? 100元作最低存款额够吗？

I\'d like to know whether a 200 yuan deposit will be enough for opening a checking account.我想知道开一个支票帐户200元存款是否够。 Could you tell me how to operate this account? 请告诉我如何经管这个帐户好吗？ Is there any minimum for the first deposit? 第一次储蓄有最低限额吗？

How much does each account cost? 每个帐户要花多少钱？ Useful Phrases current deposit, current account 活期存款 fixed deposit, fixed account 定期存款 fixed deposit by installments 零存整取 joint account 联名存款帐户 to open an account 开户头 银行英语口语－存款

How much do you want to deposit with us? 你想在我们这存多少？

How much do you wish to pay into your account? 你希望在你的户头上存多少？

How much money do you plan to keep in your account on a regular basis? 你计划在你的户头上定期存放多少钱？

How much cash do you plan to deposit in your account? 你有多少钱要存入呢？

I think you may deposit your money with the bank, or leave it here for temporary safe-keeping.我认为你可把钱存入银行，或留在银行暂保管起来。

Would you please fill in the depositing form, giving the sum of money you\'re to deposit as well as your name, addre and profeional unit? 请填张存款单，写明要存的数额以及你的姓名，地址和工作的单位，好吗？ I want to deposit 300 yuan in my account.我想在我的户头上存300元。

I want to deposit these cheques in my account.我想把这些支票存在我的户头上。

I\'d like to pay 200 yuan into my deposit account.我想在在我的定期存款户头上存200元。 I want to deposit my paycheck.我想存入我的工资支票。

I\'d like to know whether I can cash a cheque here.我想知道我能否在这兑换支票。

Will you please cash this traveler\'s cheque? 请兑现这张旅行支票好吗？ I\'d like to cash this money order.我想兑现这张汇款单。

I want to cash the balance of a traveler\'s letter of credit.我要把旅行信用证的结余兑现。

Will you please tell me whether you charge for cheques? 请告诉我兑换支票收手续费吗？

Could you tell me how much the checks cost? 请告诉我这些支票要花多少钱？ What if I overdraw? 如果透支了怎么办？

Please sign your name on the bottom line if you want to cash the check.如果想兑支票，请在底线上签名。

Please write your account number on the back of the check.请在支票背面写上你的帐号。

We honored the check as the overdraft was only 5 yuan.我们承兑这张支票的透支额只有5元。 Please endorse the cheque.请背签这张支票。

The traveler\'s checks cost 1.5% of the total amount of purchase.旅行支票手续费是购买总额的1.5%。

Here\'s the cheque book.When you send a cheque by post be careful to cro it, but if you wish to cash a cheque yourself, you must leave it \"open\".这是一本支票簿，你邮寄支票时，注意要在支票上打叉线。但是如果你本人想开张兑现支票，就不可打叉线。

Each cheque you write will cost 2 dollars.你每开一张支票将花2美圆。 Useful Words and Phrases account number 帐目编号 depositor 存户 pay-in slip 存款单 a deposit form 存款单

a banding machine 自动存取机 to deposit 存款

deposit receipt 存款收据 private deposits 私人存款 certificate of deposit 存单 deposit book, pabook 存折 credit card 信用卡 principal 本金

overdraft, overdraw 透支 to counter sign 双签 to endorse 背书 endorser 背书人 to cash 兑现

to honor a cheque 兑付 to dishonor a cheque 拒付 to suspend payment 止付 cheque,check 支票 cheque book 支票本 order cheque 记名支票 bearer cheque 不记名支票 croed cheque 横线支票 blank cheque 空白支票 rubber cheque 空头支票 cheque stub, counterfoil 票根 cash cheque 现金支票 traveler\'s cheque 旅行支票 cheque for transfer 转帐支票 outstanding cheque 未付支票 canceled cheque 已付支票 forged cheque 伪支票 Bandar\'s note 庄票，银票

中国2010年银行校园招聘笔试试卷

PartⅠ (10minutes) 1.Executives of the company enjoyed an___B_____lifestyle of free gifts ， fine wines and high salaries.

A exquisiteB estravagantC exotic D eccentric 2.If you want to get into that tunnel，you first have to ____B__away all the rocks.

A haulB repelC disposeD snatch 3.Some crops are relatively high yielders and couble be planted in preference to others to ___A___the food supply.

A enhanseB curbC disrupt D heighten 4.Astronomers at the universities of California discovered on of the most distant_____C__ .

A paradoxesB paradisesC galaxiesD shuttles 5.Many great scientists___D___their succe to hard work.

A portrayB ascribeC impartD acknowledge

6.It is generally known that New York is a city for and a center for __D____odd bits of information.

A） veteransB） pedestriansC） victimsD） eccentrics 7.High grades are supposed to __A____ academic ability， but John｀s actual performance did not confirm this.

A） certifyB） claifyC） clarifyD） notify 8.In spite of the ___B___ ， it seemed that many of the invited guests would still show up.

A） deviationB） controversyC） distinction D） comparison 9.The relatives of those killed in the crash got together to seek ___C___ .

A） premiumB） repaymentC） compensationD） refund 10.At first everything went well with the project but recently we have had a number of ___D___ with the machinery.

A） disturbancesB） outputsC） setbacksD） distortions 11.The sign set up by the road ___A__ drivers to a sharp turn.

A） alerts

B） refreshes

C） pleads

D） diverts 12.The doctors don｀t ___C__ that the patient will live much longer.

A） monitorB） manifestC） articulateD） anticipate 13.Call your doctor for advice if the __C___ persist for more than a few days.

A） responses B） signalsC） symptomsD） reflections 14.We find it impoible to __C___ with the latest safety regulations.

A） accordB） unifyC） obeyD） comply 15.Profeor Smith and Profeor Brown will ___A__ in presenting the series of lectures on American literature.

A） alterB） alternateC） substituteD） exchange 16.Having a（n）___D___attitude towards people with different ideas is an indication that one has been well educated.

A） analyticalB） bearableC） elasticD） tolerant 17.No form of government in the world is___A___; each system reflects the history and present needs of the region or the nation.

A） dominantB） influentialC） integralD） drastic 18.In spite of the___A___economic forecast， manufacturing output has risen slightly.

A） faint B） dizzyC） gloomyD） opaque 19.Too often Dr.Johnson’s lectures__B____how to protect the doctor rather than how to cure the patient.

A） look to B） dwell on C） permeate into D） shrug off 20.Loated in Washington D.C.， the Library of Congre contains an impreive____C__of books on every conceivable subject.A） flock B） configurationC） pile D） array

第14篇：英文

预约券 reservation ticket 下午茶 high tea

微博 Microblog/ Tweets 裸婚 naked wedding 亚健康 sub-health平角裤 boxers 愤青 young cynic 灵魂伴侣 soul mate 小白脸 toy boy

精神出轨 soul infidelity 人肉搜索 flesh search

剩女 3S lady（single，seventies,stuck）/left girls 山寨 copycat

异地恋 long-distance relationship 性感妈妈 yummy mummy

钻石王老五 diamond bachelor 时尚达人 fashion icon

上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 学术界 academic circle 哈证族 certificate maniac 偶像派 idol type

住房公积金 housing funds

熟女 cougar（源自电影Cougar Club）

挑食者 picky-eater 伪球迷 fake fans 紧身服 straitjacket 团购 group buying

奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 婚前性行为 premarital sex 炫富 flaunt wealth

决堤 breaching of the dike 上市 list share

赌球 soccer gambling 桑拿天 sauna weather 自杀 Dutch act

假发票 fake invoice

金砖四国 BRIC countries 笑料 laughing stock

泰国香米 Thai fragrant rice

学历造假 fabricate academic credentials 泄洪 release flood waters

狂热的 gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him

防暑降温补贴 high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景 bleak prospects 文艺爱情片 chick flick 惊悚电影 slasher flick 房奴车奴 mortgage slave 上课开小差 zone out 万事通 know-it-all

毕业典礼 commencement 散伙饭 farewell dinner

毕业旅行 after-graduation trip 节能高效的 fuel-efficient 具有时效性的 time-efficient 死记硬背 cramming

很想赢 be hungry for succe 面子工程 face job 指甲油 nail varnish 射手榜 top-scorer list

学历门槛 academic threshold 王牌主播 mainstay TV host 招牌菜 signature dishes 非正常死亡 exce death 影视翻拍 plays reshooting

四大文学名著 the four masterpieces of literature 城市热岛效应 urban heat island effect

逃学 play hooky, 装病不上班 play hooky from work 一线城市 first-tier cities

高考 the National College Entrance Examines 录取分数线 admiion scores 小型警车 panda car 老爷车 vintage car

保障性住房 indemnificatory housing 一决高下 Duke it out

差别电价 differential power prices 囤积居奇 hoarding and profiteering 灰色市场 Grey market 反倾销 anti-dumping

经济二次探底 double dip 吃白食的人 freeloader

橙色预警 orange signal warning 公关 public relation

不幸的日子，不吉利的日子 black-letter day 吉利的日子 saints' days 人肉搜索 flesh search 廉租房 low rent housing

限价房 capped-price housing 经适房 affordable housing 替罪羔羊 whipping boy

对口支援 partner aistance 扫把星 jinx

资本货物 capital goods

最终消费品 final consumption goods 原材料 raw material

制成品 manufactured goods 重工业 heavy industry 贸易顺差 trade surplus

外汇储备 foreign exchange reserve 潮人：trendsetter 发烧友： fancier

骨感美女：boney beauty 卡奴：card slave 蹦迪：disco dancing 电脑游戏迷：gamer

家庭主男：house-husband 小白脸，吃软饭的：kept man 二奶：kept woman

麦霸：Mic king / Mic queen

型男：metrosexual man（范指那些极度重视外貌而行为gay化的直男，型男属于其中的一种）

新新人类：new-new generation 另类：offbeat 菜鸟：rookie

“色”友（摄影爱好者）：shutterbug 驴友：tour pal 娘娘腔：siy

全职妈妈：stay-at-home mom 裸奔：streaking

80后：80's generation 百搭：all-match

肚皮舞：belly dance 片前广告：cinemads 角色扮演：cosplay 情侣装：couples dre 电子书：e-book 电子杂志：e-zine 胎教：fetal education 限时抢购：flash sale 合租：flat-share

期房：forward delivery housing 荧光纹身：glow tattoo 团购：group purchase 健商：HQ

扎啤：jug beer

八卦，丑闻：ki and tell 低腰牛仔裤：low-rise jeans 泡泡袜：loose socks 裸妆：nude look

黄牛票：scalped ticket 透视装：see-through dre 扫货：shopping spree

烟熏妆：smokey-eye make-up 水货：smuggled goods 热裤：tight pants 舌钉：tongue pin

纳米技术：nanotechnology 通灵：psychic

文凭热 degree craze 反腐败 anti-corruption

联合军演 joint military drill 财政赤字 budget deficit

拜倒在某人的石榴裙下 throw oneself at sb's feet 打破记录 break a record

创造新纪录 create a new record 终生学习lifelong learning 天气保险 weather insurance 正妹 hotty

对某人念念不忘 get the hots for 希望把好运带来给自己 touch wood

婚外恋 extramarital love; extramarital affair 职场冷暴力 emotional office abuse 赞助费 sponsorship fee

抚恤金 financial compensation，compensation payment 草莓族 Strawberry generation 草根总统 graroots president 点唱机 juke box

笨手笨脚 have two left feet 演艺圈 Showbiz

试点，试运行 on a trial basis 精疲力竭 be dead on one's feet 软禁 be under house arrest 拼车 car-pooling

解除好友关系 unfriend v. 发送色情短信 sexting 暴走 go ballistic 婚检 premarital check-up 天书 mumbo-jumbo 情意绵绵的 lovey-dovey

漂亮女人 tomato（俚语）；妖娆女子 cheese cake 懦夫 quitter（俚语）

母校 alma mater 黑马 dark horse

挥金如土 spend money like water 意外怀孕 unplanned pregnancy 人流 abortion

避孕措施 contraceptives

生殖健康 reproductive health 海外代购 overseas purchasing 试镜 screen test 访谈节目 chat show 智力竞赛节目 quiz show 武侠片 martial arts film 封面报道 cover story 跳槽 jump ship

闪婚 flash marriage 闪电约会 speeddating

闪电恋爱 whirlwind romance 刻不容缓，紧要关头 crunch time 健身 bodybuilding 遮阳伞 parasol 人渣 scouring

头等舱 first-cla cabin

世界遗产名录 the world heritage list

乐活族 LOHAS（Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability）

安乐死 euthanasia

私生子 an illegitimate child; a love child 一夜情 one-night stand

Are you by yourself？你一个人来吗？ Come to the point！有话直说！

Do you accept plastic？收不收信用卡？

Does it keep long？可以保存吗？

Don't be so fuy！别挑剔了！

Don't count on me！别指望我！

Don't fall for it！不要上当！

Don't get me wrong！你搞错了！

Don't give me that！少来这套！

Don't lose your head！别乐昏了头！

Don't over do it！别做过头了！

Don't sit there daydreaming！别闲着做白日梦！

Don't stand on ceremony！别太拘束！

Drop me a line！要写信给我！

First come first served！先到先得！

Get a move on！快点吧！

Get off my back！不要嘲笑我！

Give him the works！给他点教训！

Give me a break！饶了我吧！

Great minds think alike！英雄所见略同！

In one ear，out the other ear.一耳进，一耳出！

I'm spaced-out！我开小差了！ I cro my heart！我发誓是真的！ I feel very miserable！我好沮丧！

I have no choice！我别无选择了！

I watch my money！视财如命！

I'll be in touch！保持联络！

I'll check it out！我去看看！

I'll show you around！我带你四处逛逛！

I'll see to it！我会留意的！

I'm crazy for you！我为你疯狂！

You make me jump！你下了我一跳！

Make up your mind.作个决定吧！

Make yourself at home！就当在家一样！

My mouth is watering！我要流口水了！

Never heard of it！没听说过！

Nice talking to you！很高兴和你聊天！

No doubt about it！勿庸置疑！

No pain no gain！不经一事，不长一智！

None of your busine！要你管？

There is nothing on your busine！这没你的事！

Now you are really talking！说得对！

Please don't rush me！请不要吹促我！

Please keep me informed！请一定要通知我！

She looks blue today.她今天很忧郁！

She is under the weather.她心情不好！

So far，so good.过得去。

Speaking of the devil！一说曹操，曹操就到！

Stay away from me！离我远一点！

Stay on the ball！集中注意力！

That makes no difference.不都一样吗？

That's a touchy iue！这是个辣手得问题！

That's always the case！习以为常！

That's going too far！这太离谱了！

That's more like that！这才象话嘛！

The answer is zero！白忙了！

The dice is cast！已成定局了！

The same as usual！一如既往！

The walls have ears！隔墙有耳！

There you go again！你又来了！

Time is running out！没有时间了！ We better get going！最好马上就走！

Absence makes the heart grow fonder.小别胜新婚。 December heartbeat.黄昏恋。 Don't get high hat.别摆臭架子. Don't get loaded.别喝醉了。 Get cold feet.害怕做某事。 Gild the lily.画蛇添足。

Price is soaring, if it goes on like this, we shall not be able to keep the pot boiling.

物价直线上升，这样子下去，我们锅里可没什么东西煮饭。 What is the fu？ 吵什么？

我代表北京市政府欢迎各位朋友访问北京。

On behalf of the Beijing Municipal government, I wish to extend our warm welcome to the friends who have come to visit Beijing.

我一定向他转达您的问候和邀请。

I'll surely remember you and your invitation to him.

请留步，不用送了！

女士们先生们，欢迎各位光临，演出很快就要开始了，请尽快就坐。

Ladies and gentlemen, good evening.The concert/show would start soon.Please get yourself seated.Thank you.

招待会现在开始。 The reception will now begin.

全体起立，奏国歌！

All rise please.For the P.R.C.National Anthem!

出席今天招待会的贵宾有…

The distinguished guests paarticipating the reception are …

现在请…讲话

I have the honour to call upon …

开幕式现在结束。

This concludes the opening ceremony.

热烈祝贺第一届…锦标赛

Hail the first FIFA of …

祝您工作顺利、事业成功、身体健康、家庭幸福！

Wish you the very best of luck in your job, every succe in your future endeavours, good health and a happy family!

衷心祝贺您当选…

Hearty congratulations on your recent election as …

举行会议/研讨会/大会/座谈会/学术报告会

Hold a meeting/seminar/conference/forum/symposium

赞助人/主办人/承办人/协办人 Patron/sponsor/organizer/co-organizer

举行谈判

Enter into negotiation

交涉

Make representations with sb.On sth./deal with sb.

事物性会谈

Talks at working level

对口会谈 Counterpart talks

议程项目

Items on the agenda

小组讨论 Panel discuion

同有关单位磋商

Hold consultations with the organizations concerned

一轮会谈

One round of talks

谅解备忘录

Memorandum of understanding

现在开会。

I declare the meeting open.

请…发言。

I invite the representative of …To take the floor.

下面我给各位简要介绍一下北京的经济情况

Now I would like to give you a brief overview of Beijing's economy.

我的介绍完了，谢谢！

That's all for my presentation.thank you.

我先说这么多。

So much for my remarks for now.

我要说的就是这些。

That's all for what I want to say.

您看是先谈原则问题呢，还是先谈具体问题？

I wonder if you would like to start with matters of principle or specific iues?

让我先谈一个问题。

If you agree(With your permiion), let me start with one iue

在谈那个问题之前我想对您刚才讲的话谈点看法。

Before we turn to that iue, I wish to make a few comments/remarks on your presentation.

您对此事怎么看呢？ I wish to benefit from your views on this matter./ What is your view on this matter?/ How do you see this matter?

我提议休会十分钟。

I propose a ten-minute break.

我想接着刚才的问题讲下去。

I will pick up where we left off just now.

对不起，我插一句。

Sorry for the interruption but

我方很希望 贵方能尽早给予肯定的答复。

We would greatly appreciate it if you could give us your favourable and prompt commitment as soon as poible.

请你们务必在8月1日前提出意向书。

You are kindly requested to submit the letter of intent on the date no later than 1st August.

纠缠这个问题。 Entangle this iue.

1.My time is your time.请你吩咐！ 2.My hands are tied.我很忙，无能为力。

3.To make a long story short.长话短说。 4.It's a date.一言为定。

5.That's a steal.真便宜。 6.She has no sense.她不懂事。

7.It's not big deal.没什么了不起。 8.What's the fu? 吵什么？

9.Don't push me.别逼我。 10.Have a good of it.玩得高兴。

11.Go down to busine.言归正传。 12.Does it serve your purpose.对你有用么

13.It's long story.一言难尽。 14.Don't play poum.别装蒜！

15.Make it up.不计前嫌。 16.Don't over do it.别太过分了。

17.You want a bet? 想打赌吗？ 18.Who wants? 谁稀罕？

19.December heartbeat.黄昏恋 20.Follow my nose.凭直觉

21.Cheap skate.小气鬼！ 22.Big mouth.多嘴。

23.I'm going to go.我这就去。 24.can-do 能人

25.Leave me alone.别理我。 26.Don't pa the buck.不要推卸责任

27.I can't put up with her.我受不了她。

28.She is just thick-skinned.她真是厚脸皮。

29.I see eye to eye with you.我与你的意见一致。

30.We are on good terms.我们关系很好。

31.Many people.many tastes.各有所好。

32.One man's meat is another man's poison.对一个好的事对另外的人并不是好事。

33.Many hands make light work.人多好干活。 34.I won't live on the handouts of other people.我不会靠人家的施舍过活。

35.He is on his high horse these days.他这几天有点趾高气昂。

36.You give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸进尺。

37.He is a fast talker.他是个吹牛大王。

38.I can't make two ends meet.青黄不接 月光一族

39.None of your keyhole.不准偷看。

eggache蛋疼

Smilence笑而不语 Togayther终成眷属 Democrazy痴心妄想 shitizen屁民

Innernet中国互联网

Departyment（政府）有关部门

Chinsumer 在国外疯狂购物的中国人 Emotionormal 情绪稳定 Sexretary 女秘书 Halfyuan五毛 canclensor 审查 Wall· e 防火墙 围观 Circusee

vegeteal 偷菜 yakshit 亚克西 animale 男人天性 corpspend 捞尸费 suihide 躲猫猫 niubility 牛逼

antizen蚁民

gunvernment枪杆子政权 propoorty房地产 stuck market 股市 livelihard生活 stupig笨猪 Z-turn 折腾

Don'train 动车 Foulsball 中国足球 Freedamn 自由

Gambller 干部 Goveruption 政府 Harmany 河蟹 Profartor 叫兽

sporting house 妓院（不是“体育室”）lover 情人（不是“爱人”）

busboy 餐馆勤杂工（不是“公汽售票员”） busybody 爱管闲事的人（不是“大忙人”）

dry goods （美）纺织品；（英）谷物（不是“干货”） heartman 换心人（不是“有心人”）blind date （由第三者安排的）男女初次会面（并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”）personal remark 人身攻击（不是“个人评论”）confidence man 骗子（不是“信得过的人”）service station 加油站（不是“服务站”）dreing room 化妆室（不是“试衣室”或“更衣室”）capital idea 好主意（不是“资本主义思想”）black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”）white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是“白煤”）yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”）green hand 新手（不是“绿手”）

China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”）American beauty 一种玫瑰，名为“美国丽人”（不是“美国美女”）Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年（不是“印度的夏日”）Spanish athlete 吹牛的人（不是“西班牙运动员”）- in one's birthday suit 赤身裸体（不是“穿着生日礼服”）an apple of love 西红柿（不是“爱情之果”）bring down the house 博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房子”）make one's hair stand on end 令人毛骨悚然—恐惧（不是“令人发指——气愤”）think a great deal of oneself 高看或看重自己（不是“为自己想得很多”）have the heart to do （用于否定句）忍心做……不是“有心做”或“有意做”）You don't say! 是吗！（不是“你别说”）I haven't slept better.我睡得好极了。（不是“我从未睡过好觉”）It has been 4 years since I smoked.我戒烟４年了。（不是“我抽烟4年了”）People will be long forgetting her.人们在很长时间内会记住她的。（不是“人们会永远忘记她”）

It can't be le interesting.它无聊极了。（不是“它不可能没有趣

秒杀 second kill 潮流单品 trendy items 哈伦裤 Harem trousers T台 catwalk 连体裤 jumpsuits

角斗士凉鞋 Gladiator sandals 拜金女 material girls 钟摆族 pendulum clan

暴跌 nose dive（Today the stock market took a nose dive.） 伪娘cro-dreing male 预约券 reservation ticket 下午茶 high tea

铁公鸡，小气鬼 cheapskate 宿醉 hangover 微博 Microblog

裸婚 naked wedding 亚健康 sub-health平角裤 boxers 愤青 young cynic 网络钓鱼 phishing 跑腿 run errands 恩爱夫妻 Darby and Joan 急性子 shortfuse

第二把手 play the second fiddle 恶搞 spoof 相亲 blind date

灵魂伴侣 soul mate 小白脸 toy boy

精神出轨 soul infidelity 人肉搜索 flesh search 浪女 dillydally girl 公司政治 company politics

剩女 3S lady（single，seventies,stuck）/left girls 山寨 copycat

异地恋 long-distance relationship 性感妈妈 yummy mummy 钻石王老五 diamond bachelor 时尚达人 fashion icon 御宅 otaku

上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 脑残体 leetspeak 学术界 academic circle 哈证族 certificate maniac 偶像派 idol type

住房公积金 housing funds

个税起征点 individual income tax threshold 熟女 cougar（源自电影Cougar Club） 挑食者 picky-eater 伪球迷 fake fans 紧身服 straitjacket 团购 group buying 奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 婚前性行为 premarital sex 开博 to open a blog

家庭暴力 family/domestic volience 问题家具 problem furniture 炫富 flaunt wealth

决堤 breaching of the dike 上市 list share 赌球 soccer gambling 桑拿天 sauna weather 自杀 Dutch act 假发票 fake invoice 落后产能 outdated capacity 二房东 middleman landlord 入园难 kindergarten crunch 生态补偿 ecological compensation 金砖四国 BRIC countries 笑料 laughing stock 泰国香米 Thai fragrant rice

学历造假 fabricate academic credentials 泄洪 release flood waters

狂热的 gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him

防暑降温补贴 high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景 bleak prospects 文艺爱情片 chick flick 惊悚电影 slasher flick 房奴车奴 mortgage slave 上课开小差 zone out 万事通 know-it-all 毕业典礼 commencement 散伙饭 farewell dinner 毕业旅行 after-graduation trip 节能高效的 fuel-efficient 具有时效性的 time-efficient 死记硬背 cramming

很想赢 be hungry for succe 面子工程 face job 指甲油 nail varnish 囧 embarraed 灌水 Threadjacking

菜鸟，用来比喻网络新手newbie；

射手榜 top-scorer list 学历门槛 academic threshold 女学究 blue stocking 王牌主播 mainstay TV host 招牌菜 signature dishes 非正常死亡 exce death 影视翻拍 plays reshooting

四大文学名著 the four masterpieces of literature 城市热岛效应 urban heat island effect 逃学 play hooky, 装病不上班 play hooky from work 一线城市 first-tier cities

高考 the National College Entrance Examines 录取分数线 admiion scores 小型警车 panda car 老爷车 vintage car

保障性住房 indemnificatory housing 一决高下 Duke it out

差别电价 differential power prices 囤积居奇 hoarding and profiteering 灰色市场 Grey market 反倾销 anti-dumping 经济二次探底 double dip 吃白食的人 freeloader

橙色预警 orange signal warning 公关 public relation

不幸的日子，不吉利的日子 black-letter day 吉利的日子 saints' days 人肉搜索 flesh search 廉租房 low rent housing 限价房 capped-price housing 经适房 affordable housing 替罪羔羊 whipping boy 对口支援 partner aistance 扫把星 jinx

资本货物 capital goods 初级产品 primary goods 商业服务 commercial service 最终消费品 final consumption goods 原材料 raw material 制成品 manufactured goods 重工业 heavy industry 贸易顺差 trade surplus

外汇储备 foreign exchange reserve

潮人：trendsetter 发烧友： fancier 骨感美女：boney beauty 卡奴：card slave 蹦迪：disco dancing 电脑游戏迷：gamer 家庭主男：house-husband 小白脸，吃软饭的：kept man 二奶：kept woman

麦霸：Mic king / Mic queen

型男：metrosexual man（范指那些极度重视外貌而行为gay化的直男，型男属于其中的一种）

新新人类：new-new generation 另类：offbeat 菜鸟：rookie

“色”友（摄影爱好者）：shutterbug 驴友：tour pal 娘娘腔：siy

负翁：spend-more-than-earn 全职妈妈：stay-at-home mom 裸奔：streaking 80后：80's generation 百搭：all-match 肚皮舞：belly dance 片前广告：cinemads 角色扮演：cosplay 情侣装：couples dre 电子书：e-book 电子杂志：e-zine 胎教：fetal education 限时抢购：flash sale 合租：flat-share

期房：forward delivery housing 荧光纹身：glow tattoo 团购：group purchase 健商：HQ 扎啤：jug beer

八卦，丑闻：ki and tell 低腰牛仔裤：low-rise jeans 泡泡袜：loose socks 裸妆：nude look 普拉提：Pilates 黄牛票：scalped ticket 透视装：see-through dre 扫货：shopping spree

烟熏妆：smokey-eye make-up 水货：smuggled goods 热裤：tight pants 舌钉：tongue pin 纳米技术：nanotechnology 通灵：psychic

文凭热 degree craze 反腐败 anti-corruption 联合军演 joint military drill 财政赤字 budget deficit

拜倒在某人的石榴裙下 throw oneself at sb's feet 打破记录 break a record 创造新纪录 create a new record 终生学习lifelong learning 天气保险 weather insurance 正妹 hotty

对某人念念不忘 get the hots for 希望把好运带来给自己 touch wood

婚外恋 extramarital love; extramarital affair

职场冷暴力 emotional office abuse 赞助费 sponsorship fee

抚恤金 financial compensation，compensation payment 草莓族 Strawberry generation 草根总统 graroots president 点唱机 juke box

笨手笨脚 have two left feet 演艺圈 Showbiz

核遏制力 nuclear deterrence 试点，试运行 on a trial basis 精疲力竭 be dead on one's feet 软禁 be under house arrest 拼车 car-pooling 解除好友关系 unfriend v.发送色情短信 sexting 暴走 go ballistic

婚检 premarital check-up 天书 mumbo-jumbo 情意绵绵的 lovey-dovey

漂亮女人 tomato（俚语）；妖娆女子 cheese cake 懦夫 quitter（俚语） 母校 alma mater

非难 a kick in the pants 黑马 black horse

挥金如土 spend money like water 意外怀孕 unplanned pregnancy 人流 artificial abortion operation 避孕措施 contraceptives

生殖健康 reproductive health 海外代购 overseas purchasing 试镜 screen test 访谈节目 chat show 智力竞赛节目 quiz show 武侠片 martial arts film 封面报道 cover story 跳槽 jump ship 闪婚 flash marriage 闪电约会 speeddating 闪电恋爱 whirlwind romance 刻不容缓，紧要关头 crunch time 健身 bodybuilding 遮阳伞 parasol 人渣 scouring

头等舱 first-cla cabin

世界遗产名录 the world heritage list

乐活族 LOHAS（Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability） 安乐死 euthanasia

私生子 an illegitimate child; a love child

一夜情 one-night stand 大虾 knowbie

潜水 lurk

帖子：post & thread 斑竹（论坛里的版主）：moderator

控制面板：control panel 表情：smiley 即时通讯（聊天）软件: Instant Meenger (IM)

博客圈： blogsphere 视频女：camgirl 垃圾邮件： spam

第15篇：英文

This year summer vacation, I read the American well-known writer Hemingway\'s novel \" old person and sea \".I extremely admire in the novel the senior fisherman\'s will, he let me understand one person certainly must have relentle spirit, only then could obtain succefully.

The novel description is one year near sixty years of age senior fisherman, when alone goes to sea in one fishing, fished one big fish, actually did not pull.The senior fisherman socialized several days after the fish, only then discovered this was the big marlin which one surpaed the oneself fishing boat several fold, although knew perfectly well very difficult to win, but still did not give up.Afterwards and further because in the big marlin wound fish fishy smell brought in several crowds of shark fish snatches the food, but the old person still did not hope like this to give up, finally highlighted encircles tightly, returned to the big fish belt the fishing port, lets other fishermen not admire already.

When I read \" the senior fisherman think: Here to the seacoast really was too near, perhaps could have a bigger fish in a farther place...\" When, I extremely admire this senior fisherman, because he by now already projected on some fish, but he had not settled to the present situation, but was approaches the bigger goal advance.Again has a look us, usually meets one slightly is difficult, we all complain inceantly.We will be the motherland future, will be supposed to like this old person same mind lofty aspiration, will even better pursue even better, the bigger goal.

When I read \" the big marlin start fast to gather round the young fishing boat hover, twined the cable on the mast, the old person right hand lifted up high the steel fork, leapt the water surface in it the flash, did utmost throws to its heart, one wail ended the big fish\'s life, it was static static floats on the water surface...\" When, my heart also liked together the big stone falls.I extremely admire old person that kind do not dread, the relentle spirit, although knows the match strength is very strong, but he not slightly flinches, but is welcomes difficultly above.Just because had this kind of spirit, the senior fisherman only then achieved this life and death contest succe.We also must study senior fisherman\'s spirit in life, handles the matter does not fear the difficulty, only then can obtain succefully.

Was reading the big fish\'s smell of blood is smelled by one crowd of shark fish, struggled swims snatches the food, old person\'s left hand happen to in the convulsions, he only could use the right hand, with wooden stick， the mouth and so on all was allowed to use for the weapon self-defense which attacked, and finally expelled this crowd of shark fish.But the big fish\'s meat was already eaten one most, but the old person also charmingly criticized oneself the left hand \" this work time actually was resting \" time, I also was subdued by the old person optimistic spirit.In the life, some loes are inevitable, we should treat by the optimistic manner, cannot be calculating.

Finally, the novel sees by one youth the senior fisherman fully has 18 foot long big marlin in the measure, once more described this fish\'s hugene, explained senior fisherman overcomes the difficulty was big, non- was more common than.

The novel eulogized the spirit which the senior fisherman fear hard and dangerous diligently did not struggle, we also should like his such, could not satisfy the present situation, should positively to above, do any matter all is relentle, meets difficultly must welcome difficultly above, could give up halfway in no way.Only has this, we only then can obtain a bigger succe and the victory.

4，My comments and some ideas I have already heard of this masterpiece for many years,peope love it,prise it,and respect it.But when I finished it,at the first moment,I just wonder:Actually,Our human-beings don’t know what we really want,what we dream for,and what we fight for.Many people admit and prise this belief that the man is not made for defeat,,a man can be destroyed but not defeated,but what about other creatures in the world,to some extense,in the whole universe?No matter what kind of person we are,or how small or humble we are,it doesn’t matter.What matters most is whether we know what we want to purchase through our life.At finally,what impreed me a lot is that child with great naïve and loveline!The child took the beautiful and bright days back for the old man.We human beings are really a kind of strange creature.We can accept death,but when facing the failure,it will call for all of our strenth and courage.What’s I want to say at the end of this report is that:don’t hesitate any more!Enjoy yourself and your beautiful,even gray days!

An old man sailed on sea for ages, only to bring back a large coloal marlin skeleton，a worn-out boat, and his exhausted body.In Ernest Hemingway’s novel , there is only simple plot, and characters pure as water drops.However, no battle can be more glorious , and no story can be more appealing than it.I firmly refer it to story of hero.

“A man can be destroyed, but he can never be defeated.” The strong notes came out not from the old man’s mouth, but from the bottom of his heart.

Though he doesn’t accomplish his initial goal, he is not a failure.On the contrary, he is remembered as, hero.

Yes, no one can doubt that when he defended for the skeleton of marlin in the billows; When he raised up his powerful arms, grabbing the harpoon when attacked by a troop of sharps; When his profound, sea-like eyes shines the fearle perseverance.

Though I don’t believe in fate, I believe that everything in the world has its limits.When encountering his limits, the old man doesn’t break down.He continues to sail, to fight, to push his boundaries, to challenge with fate and limits.

I realized that our own lives are just like a vast ocean, splendid and miraculous, but dangerous with reefs as well.The waves can push you to an unbelievable climax, but in a blink of eye, it can also take away all your happine without empathy.

So, when it comes to failure, most of us get cold feet conspicuously.As a matter of fact, those who fight with limits are born to be nearer to so-called “failure”.For example, those who have devoted themselves to exploring the mystery of nature invariably end up in vain.Those who are dedicated to reform the society is more likely to be the first sacrifice.Only those comfortably staying in their own limits are constantly succeeding.However, this kind of “succe” only dues to his rival has surrendered long before, or he himself has never engaged in the battle.No applause for this kind of “winning by default”.

After reading this book, I understand that during the course of life, failures only belong to the one that compromise to limits.As long as you haven’t lose heart, you still have faith, you still preserve in fighting against limits till the day your weapon is broken like the old man’s, little by little, inch by inch, you will push the boundaries of hinders forward, and one inch is sure to be a beautiful leap.And that is not how you grow up, but how you stand up on your own.And virtually, that is the way human beings evolve.

Chances are that life gives you little in rewards of your endeavors, and God may leave you with nothing but an empty marlin skeleton.But we ought to set the old man as our model; cling to his is attitude towards life through the changing era.Let’s dance on the wave of life, savor resolute in the gust of wind, and appreciate paion through the waves.For this is what life all about.

Remember, you have become a hero when you fight till the last moment!

第16篇：英文

Tom’s father has taught English here since he graduated from peking University.

汤木姆的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语

Please give this book to whoever comes first

请把这本书给最先来的人

Though it was late,they kept on working

尽管已经很晚了,他们还在继续工作

Apples here like water and sunshine

这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光

Fred was such a hardworking student that he soon came out first in the cla

弗瑞德是一个学习十分用功的学生,所以不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生

Ted and william have lived under the same roof for five years

泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了.

A lot of natural resources in the mountain area will be exploited and used.

那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用.

In Foreign languages Department,a checking machine is used to correct the students’s test papers.

在外语系,用阅卷机给学生阅卷.

The students are encouraged to do more listening,reading and writing by their teacher.

老师鼓励学生多听,多读,多写.

There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction

由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量.

This place has plentiful material resources.

这个地方的物质资源是丰富的.

Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.

各种材料的磁性有很大的不同.

Sports

1.你喜欢什么运动?

2.你如何喜欢上这种运动?

3.运动对你有什么益处(工作.学习和生活)

Sports

Just as lots of teenagers take to pop music,I love basketball because it’s part of my life.

I began to play basketball in my childhood.I still remember the good old days when I played with my clamates after school.Later on,as I grew up,almost everything changed except that the love of playing basketball remained and it even grew stronger.

I love this sport because it brings joys and health and felt refreshed.If there were worries and cares from daily life,I went to the sports ground.there everything went away except basketball.In sum, it is basketball that keeps me in good shape and mood.

Water and life

1.随着工业化(industrialization)的推进,地球上的淡水(fresh water)越来越少.

2.生命没水就要消亡(disappear),因此人类要珍惜(treasure)淡水.

3.我们如何节约用水.

Water and life

While we are enjoying the rich fruits of modern industrialization,we are losing something precious on this planet.fresh water, among others,is dwindling down day by day,owing to the large-scale industrialization everywhere in the world.

Just as sunshine is a neceity to lift,so is fresh water.without fresh water,our human society would come to a stop.

As fresh water is such an important resource to the human society that we need to treasure it as we treasure our life,but how to make it?

First of all, our government should have a good plan for the use of fresh water and develop industries that consume le water.Secondly,waste water must be recycled.last but not least,everyone of us should do his bit to save water.

A Get-together on may Day Holiday

1,了解对方近况.

2.告诉你的近况并通知他(她):五一长假有一个同学聚会.

3.邀请对方参加

A Get-together on may Day Holiday

April 15,2009

Dear wang hong:

How is everything getting along with you?It is almost one year since we graduated from university.I mied school teacher in my hometown since graduation.Teaching always keeps me busy,but I like my students and I love teaching,you know.So everything is fine here.therewill be a former clamates’ getting-together during this May Day holiday at my school.

You are my best friend.I never forget those happy days we spent together.I hope you will be free then and can come to my school attending the party.

I am looking forward to you reply.

Help Me to Buy a spoken English Book

1.介绍你的近况.

2.请他帮你买本英语口语书.

3.欢迎他方便时来访.

Help Me to Buy a spoken English Book

Oct.16,2007

Dear Li Hua,

It’s long time since we haven’t seen each other.I mi you very much.How’s everything going on with you?I am busy preparing PETS4.

I was wondering if you could help me buy PETS4 English oral textbook published by the beijing pre,because the books were sold out here.

Drop in when you are free.I often think of those happy days we spent together at university.

Please let me know as soon as poible once you get the book.

My best wishes.

Bad Manners in Public

1.列举人们在公共场所的不良现象.

2.对其中某一种现象陈述你的看法,并简单说明理由.

Bad Manners in Public

Although we consider ourselves as highly advanced beings living in a civilized society,bad manners can still be found here and there.For example,some cyclists run the red traffic lights,many paengers litter waste papers and plastic bags in public places, and some tourists scrabble in tourist attractions, let alone spit on the street.In the cinema,some audience talk loudly on cell phones in front of others.

I’m strongly against talking loudly in the cinema,for this behaviour shows no respect at all to others;what’s worse,it upsets the audience who are in the mood of having fun.

My Opinion om Call Phones

1.使用手机的好处。

2.使用手机的弊端

3.我的看法。

My Opinion om Call Phones

Cell phones do play an important role in people’s daily life,but every coin has two sides.

To start with,a wirele mobile phone is convenient for the user at any time to contact others .Secondly,it’s a helpful companuon.With a multifunctional cell phone in hand,one can easily surf the net,downloading what he needs.

However,the cell phone has many disadvantages.For one thing,the machine itself is very expensive and its local service is very costly,not to mention its global service.For another,the radiation transmitted from the mobile phones might do harm to the user’s health.

In my opinion,with its expenses being reduced sharply,its development will have a brighter future.Therefore its advantages will far outweigh its disadvantages.

My Favorite TV Program

1.你最喜欢什么电视节目？

2.你为何喜欢这种电视节目？

My Favorite TV Program

The News Broadcast is my favorite TV program.This has become a part of my life because almost everyday I turn on the TV at 7:00 p.m.,watching CCTV9news program.

Watching the daily news brings me the following benefits.Firstly,it develops my good language skills,proper pronunciation and greater knowledge and understanding of news around the world.Secondly,watching TV news as a family opens a stage for discuion between family members on a wide variety of topics.What’s more,sharing the news helps kids better understand the world they live in,helps them learn more on different views and on how to act or respond to tough situations if they face it.All in all,watching the news program is informative,communicative and instructive.

Can Money Buy Happine?

1.不同的人对金钱能买来幸福观持有不同的观点。

2.我的观点。

Can Money Buy Happine?

Can Money Buy Happine?The answer varies among people.Some believe that money is the source of happine, because money provides food for the hungry,medicine for the sick,and clothes for needly.while others hold that money is the root of evils,because it is the devil of money that drives a person to lie, cheat,steal,and,worst of all,to murder.

In my opinion,money is eential to being well-off,but not necearily to well-being.Happine is a state of mind,not something that can be bought.All in all,happine is le a matter of buying what we want than a wanting what we have.

The Digital Products

1.如今数字化产品得到广泛的使用，例如……。

2.数字化产品的使用对人们生活所带来的影响。

The Digital Products

Nowadays,digital products are enjoying growing popularity among people.Take me for example,the first thing I do after waking up is switch on my cell phone to check my texb meages and read the latest news.Then listen to music on my ipod on my way to school.At the end of the day,I enjoy watching TV programs,or surfing the net.

Why are we so fond of those digital products? These two key factors represent the trend of new inventions of modern age that brings in the wide use of digital products.

第17篇：提升党代会水平

市党代会报告中专门用一个部分论述提升党的建设科学化水平，其中提到要建设坚强有力的战斗堡垒，就必须推进服务型基层党组织建设，健全干部帮扶机制，构建城乡统筹的党建新格局。作为基层干部，结合自身工作实际，就基层党建工作规范化建设谈几点自己浅薄的看法。

基层党建工作内容十分丰富，包括发展入党积极分子，入党积极分子转预备党员，预备党员转正，党组织关系转接、党费收缴，党员档案管理，困难党员、流动党员、“两新组织”党员管理，村部建设以及整个过程中涉及的会议（支部委员会、支部大会、民主生活会、党委中心组会议、全体党员大会），会议记录，档案材料填写，支部报批材料，党委审批材料，党委发放各类通知单等等。乍一看，程序繁杂得确实让犹豫徘徊在入党与不入党路口的人望而却步。基于本人深入调查研究、工作实践及反复思考，总结目前我乡基层党建工作，主要存在以下几个问题：

一是支部发展党员只是为了完成发展党员工作任务。有句玩笑话说得好：“当初是入党人争相请客吃饭争取入党资格和入党名额，现今是寻寻觅觅求爷爷告奶奶今天请吃饭明天陪打牌后天请唱歌央求入党人接受入党资格和入党指标！”农村人对入党的淡漠，支部对发展党员工作的热情积极和卑微，不能说不是现今基层党建工作的悲哀。没有思想的入党，只有形式的入党，这样的基层党组织基础是不坚固不牢靠的，没有凝聚力没有战斗力，只有一副外表看似很威武的空架子，事实上外强中干，没有活力和竞争力。

二是各类讨论会议只做记录不开会。不论是讨论发展入党积极分子还是发展预备党员、预备党员转正等都只是村文书做个会议记录，“三会一课”模式只是墙上挂挂而已，稍稍重视发展党员工作的支部书记便 1

会电话问问其他部分村委的意见，或者在刚好要召开的其他会议上顺便提及。所以每当支部要写关于发展对象的具体情况汇报的时候，总是很难产，支部对发展对象的具体情况根本不了解！

三是党员档案杂乱失极不规范。新发展的党员档案材料基本都是乡村干部代写的，愿意写的材料就有，不愿写的就没有。或者就是东拼西凑，三行两句，不仅篇幅不够，而且内容空洞无物，对党的认识不够深，入党动机不明确。更甚的从入党申请开始所有材料都是打印的网络版本！老党员的档案很多都已经不翼而飞，下落不明。所有党员入党都知道档案一回事，却没有人把档案当回事。成为正式党员之后，基本没有人定期递交思想汇报。

四是党费上交不规范出现亏空。党员基本都是一年才交一次党费，其中有什么变动党费的收取就比较困难。特别是今年遇上乡换届，领导人走了，组织关系也跟着走了，工资跟着也不在这发了，可本来要在年底收缴的党费却没有留下，但他们都认为每个月的工资已经扣除党费。以至于出现要根据全乡党费总额，更改各党员的基本工资对应上交的基本党费，凑足党费上交上级党组织的现象。

五是对困难党员、流动党员、两新组织党员的管理不到位。支部对不涉及经济效益的党员管理工作，虎头蛇尾，上级来了检查就临时抱佛脚，检查出来的问题不管能不能解决的都是当场是问题过后是云烟。没能给予足够的重视。

六是无党员教育培训载体及组织活动形式匮乏。除了集中授课，教授农村实用技术、就业技能、党情党史、时政理论知识外，没有农民看得见的能立竿见影的实际活动。无任何活动经费。给人一种共产党不 2

务实只会务虚的虚伪、假、大、空的整体感受。这也是农人不愿入党的重要原因。

七是党建工作与其他阶段性中心工作的发生冲突，融合不到位。支部总是以阶段性中心工作为接口逃避党建工作。党建工作没有严厉的奖惩机制，做好做差一个样，无足轻重。而其他中心工作，一票否决，一荣俱荣，一损俱损，做好了有物质金钱的奖励，没做好轻则罚款重则撤职。于是，支部对党建工作缺乏责任感，缺乏动力。工作不上心，措施不到位。

备注：本文不是应上级要求写的一片汇报材料，而是真真正正深有体会，确实憋不住了，想拿出来与大家一同探讨，寻求工作的最优做法。恳请各位高手指点迷津！

摘要]：本文结合公路工作实际，提出新时期做好公路党建工作必须坚持理念、内容、机制、形式、制度、品牌创新，努力在工作思路上谋新，党建方法上求新，在活动载体上换新，在工作效果上出新，充分发挥党建工作的保驾护航作用。

[关键词]：党建

创新

发展

随着公路养护体制改革的实施，基层公路管理部门的人员构成、单位职责等都发生了巨大而深刻的变化，新时期公路部门党建工作面临许多新情况、新问题，如何永葆党组织和党员的先进性，这就要求我们始终把新理念、新思路、新举措贯穿于党建工作的始终，坚持理念、内容、机制、形式、制度、品牌创新，努力在工作思路上谋新，党建方法上求新，在活动载体上换新，在工作效果上出新，促进党支部战斗堡 3

垒和党员先锋模范作用的发挥，为公路事业又好又快发展提供坚强有力的思想保证和组织保证。

一、理念创新，拓展党建工作的适用范围

俗话说：“思路决定出路”。思想观念是行为的先导，党建工作创新首先就是要不断解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、开拓创新。基层公路管理部门加强和改进党建工作的过程就是不断创新的过程，创新将为党建工作增添无限的生机和活力，将激发广大党员干部的积极性和能动性。因此，我们必须树立发展意识，跳出“为党建而抓党建”的思维定式，在创新中找出路，在创新中求发展，紧紧围绕公路事业又好又快发展上做文章、想招数，通过党建工作与中心工作的有机结合拓展党建工作的适用范围。在未进行公路养护体制改革前，如东公路站拥有职工250多人，面对有限的养护经费，有着“养人与养路”如何抉择的痛苦。选择“养路”，如何面对为着公路事业奉献了青春与热血的养护工人？选择“养人”，如何面对依靠公路出行的全县百万人民？此时，该站党总支开拓思路，创新理念，及时抓住全县建设黑色工程、全省实施路网改造的有利契机，组建了工程公司、三产公司、租赁公司，实施了“用人、用工、分配”制度三项改革，通过竞争上岗，实现人员的重组，并将富余的养护人员向新建公司转移，实行以工程带养护，以三产养人员，以人员促发展，既保证了职工的利益，又确保了道路的畅通。1998年的内部改革被省厅公路局誉为“如东模式”，很好地解决了“养人”与“养路”的矛盾，使该站管养公路的好路率连续多年 4

在全市名列前矛。2002年养护体制改革后，针对公路系统党员尤其是退休党员人多线长面广且年龄偏大不利于组织活动的特点，该站支部在如何抓好党员管理方面没有因循守旧，而是开动脑筋，观念创新，通过寻求县委组织部、各镇党委的支持，通过对老党员的耐心细致的说服，实施了党员属地管理，将离退休党员下放到所在的村、镇、居委会。同时公路站党支部并没有忘记他们，在逢年过节都表示慰问，生病困难均要上门看望，既关心了老党员，又方便了他们过组织生活，取得了良好的效果。

二、内容创新，注重党建工作的实际效用。

我站党建工作的创新，不是形式上的花样翻新，也不是口号上的推陈出新，而是将党建工作创新的落脚点定位在为如东公路事业又好又快发展提供推动力上，在实际工作中坚决抵制、摒弃那些不切实际“花架子”，把创新之根深深扎在促进公路事业发展的实践土地上，通过围绕养护监管、规费征收、路政执法等中心工作确立思路，选准结合点，找准切入点，抓准着力点，实现了党建工作与中心工作的最佳结合、相互促进。该站在县组织部的支持下，建立了“党员干部现代远程教育”如东公路管理站终端接受点，投入资金购买了投影仪、笔记本电脑、音响等硬件设备，开通宽带上网，依托远程教育网络，建立了远程教育学习室，开辟网上党课、网上辅导，将远程教育网络作为宣传党的方针政策的新阵地，作为党员干部学习知识、接受信息的新渠道，为全站职工开展经常性教育、学习党的知识搭建平台。同时在业务工 5

作中，该站也善于创新，如针对各类建材抛洒滴漏情况，灵活多变地制定查处方案，采取教育与处罚相结合的方式，首次利用摄相机、照相机等取证工具对车辆在行驶过程中污染路面的违法行为进行跟踪拍摄，进行动态取证取，然后对驾驶员进行教育及处罚，要求其立即纠正违法行为，取得明显效果，有效的扼制了污染路面违法行为的蔓延。在养路费征收大厅、路政受理中心等窗口部门，我们实施了党员挂牌上岗、满意度测试仪等举措，不断提升党员同志的服务技能、工作效率，充分发挥其先锋模范作用。我们还采取以点带线、以线带面的方法，树立方方面面的典型，着力构建党建工作的先进群体，促进了我站党建工作的不断创新、不断发展、整体推进，也为中心工作的顺利完成奠定了坚实的思想基础。

三、机制创新，提升党建工作的制度规范

党建工作要创新，必须以高效的工作机制为保证，要防止和克服工作中的随意性和盲目性，促进党建工作的制度化、程序化、规范化。为此，我站结合实际，探索创新，在全省基层党组织中率先引入党建工作质量管理体系，将制度建设贯穿于思想组织、作风建设全过程，为党建各项工作的圆满完成提供了坚实的保证。

㈠、确立目标，防止理念“错位”

该站党支部在实际工作中认识到，党建工作缺的不是规章制度，而是落实制度的推动力和执行力，因此迫切需要一种新的管理手段。分析原因，一定程度上是理念错位：认为 6

党建工作是“虚功”，做人的工作，弹性大，不好硬性规范。如何解决这一问题？该站党支部把眼光转向国际公认的质量管理模式——ISO9000质量管理理念。党建工作也存在一系列“过程”，目的都是为了提高工作质量与水平。这些均与体系规定相符，说明将其引入党建工作中，建立党建工作质量管理体系是可行的，有助于实现“靠制度管人，按程序办事”。通过咨询、考察、调研，2006年底，党建工作质量管理体系正式引入我站。

㈡、完善程序，工作精确“归位”

“凡是必有纪录”，目前已成为我站党员的习惯。然而在开始引入“标准”时，许多人并不是一下子就接受这一管理创新成果的。不少人对ISO9001标准知之不多，不知从何下手；有的怕麻烦，担心增加工作量；有的干脆持否定态度，不相信搞了多年的党建工作还会翻出什么新花样。我们通过请专家授课、专题培训、定向宣传，先让大家与新的管理理念“亲密接触”，统一认识。与此同时，我们抽调精兵强将，对站上所有的党建工作制度、规定、流程等，重新梳理整合优化，形成了党建工作质量管理体系的《质量手则》、《程序文件》以及《作业指导书》。质量手册是沟通意图、统一行动；程序文件规定实现党建工作目标的20个基本程序；作业指导书具体列出党建工作有关自身建设、决策以及特色工作、临时性工作等63个质量纪录样表和作业规范。这样不仅让党建工作精确“归位”，更重要体现出的“规范运作、过程控制、检查考核、持续改进”的运作要求。每项工作都 7

须按照“PDCA”即“策划—实施—检查—改进”的闭合方法管理，把上级的各项要求都能扎扎实实的落到实处。

㈢、紧扣中心，党建不再“缺位”。“顾客满意度”法，让我们的党建工作与单位的中心工作结合得更紧密。按体系中的“顾客满意度”法的要求，党建工作的目标，反映出“顾客”即：上级党组织、本级行政、全站职工以及服务对象的要求和需要。通过将党建工作对象的期望和满意度作为开展工作的出发点。在每项党建活动开展前，都要按照“5W1H”的要求策划：干什么、为什么干、谁来干、何时干、如何干、干到什么程度，一项一项都详细清楚。尤其是“过程控制法”，每个过程必须有充分的记录，避免了党建工作的“偷工减料”，这无疑促进了党建工作质量的提高，使求真务实在党建工作中得到了制度的保证。机制的创新和党建体系的运行，促进了单位的和谐发展。今年来，我站各项任务指标完成情况均创历史最好水平，并再次被南通市公路处党委评为“五星级党支部”。

四、形式创新，营造党建工作的亲民氛围

工作载体是工作目标实现的途径，任何一项工作都需要有有效的载体，形式多样的载体是焕发党建工作生机和活力的重要手段。新形势新任务呼唤新的工作方式，该站党支部结合公路养护体制改革后的实际情况和单位年轻人多、思维活跃的特点，积极探索新时期开展党建工作的新形式，努力寻求贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众的工作方式，不断提供党组织的凝聚力、向心力和亲和力。今年，我们结合南通市 8

公路处开展的“五星级支部”创建活动，推出“五星级党员”评比活动，要求全体党员挂牌上岗，微笑服务，自觉接受群众的监督测评，并根据其德、能、勤、绩及测评结果进行评比考核，考核结果与奖惩挂钩，提高全站党员的工作责任心与责任感。开展党员“一帮一”、党群结队等活动，将以往侧重工作上的传、帮、带转化为思想上靠拢，工作上提高，生活上互助，从而化解了矛盾，密切了党群联系。今年，该站还组织了以“不忘烈士前辈，党在我心中”为主题的扫墓教育活动，组织学习了《中纪委关于严禁利用职务之便谋取不正当利益的若干规定》，使全站干部职工真正理解和掌握这些行为规范，通过主题教育，全站党员干部都能坚持权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋，真诚倾听群众呼声，真实反映群众愿望，真情关心群众疾苦，多为群众办好事、办实事。我们还积极开展各类有利于培养干部职工的拼搏精神、竞争意识的文体活动，不断丰富干部职工的业余生活，培养健康的生活情趣。通过每年开展的各类文体活动和参观考察，既丰富了职工文化生活，提高了情操，又增强了职工的竞争意识和团队精神。

五、品牌创新，扩大党建工作的社会影响

品牌是一个单位精、气、神的外在体现，是一个单位文化底蕴、行业形象的综合表现，是人们认识、了解一个单位的最直接最有效的途径。因此，实施品牌战略、进行品牌创新是提升单位知名度、扩大社会影响力的最佳选择。该站近期开展了“申创品牌”征集大讨论，向42名职工（包括协 9

管员）发放了申创品牌征求表，要求其积极开动脑筋，深入思考，推荐出生动形象、言简意赅能体现公路行业特点、时代特征的如东公路品牌，通过征求已获得“阳光路政”、“与您同路”、“幸福大道”等推荐名称，下一步我们将慎重选择一名称，重点宣传，努力打造成如拼中“平民教育”如皋“爱心邮路”般的品牌。强烈的品牌意识，创优的争先精神，该站收获了省级文明单位标兵、全省思想政治工作优秀单位、全县十佳文明示范窗口、南通市五星级党支部等沉甸甸的荣誉，展示了该站在三个文明建设中的丰硕成果，树立了良好的部门形象。路政大队秉承“以人为本、依法治路”的理念，突出“严格执法、热情服务”的作风，发扬“特别能吃苦、特别能战斗、特别能奉献”的精神，热忱为地方经济发展服务。马塘镇自来水厂位于苏334线路面下的主水管爆裂，影响了全镇数千名居民的饮水、用水，我站特事特办，深夜帮助他们维持交通秩序，协助他们修好水管，为此，该镇居民代表给我站送来锦旗，给南通市交通局送去了感谢信。由于工作成绩突出，该站路政大队在2007年初被评为省级青年文明号，如东路政的品牌在如东大地逐渐叫响。在养路费征收窗口，该站推行“温馨、微笑、延时、提醒”四项特色服务，推出“电话预约”服务，实施党员挂牌上岗、满意度测试仪等亲情化的服务举措，时时为车主着想，处处以服务为先，我站养路费征收窗口已连续三届被如东百万人民评为“全县十佳文明示范窗口”。此外我站高度狠抓行风作风建设，在全县民主评议中名列前茅；重视思想政治工作， 10

被评为全省思想政治工作优秀单位；特别奉献爱心，成立“公路爱心团队”，开展“爱心一日捐”、慰问聋哑儿童、接对帮扶等各种活动，公路部门的形象明显提高，连续四年被评为全省文明单位标兵，成为南通交通系统乃至如东地区获此殊荣的唯一一家单位。由于该站坚持以党建创新为抓手，充分调动各方面的积极因素，激发党员和职工队伍新活力，提高了党组织的凝聚力和战斗力，极大地推动了建养管征中心工作的开展，三个文明建设均取得累累硕果，“文明执法、热情服务、无私奉献、拼搏创新”的文明公路形象在全县确立，社会影响力和知名度不断提升，成为全县文明创建、党建创新中的一道靓丽风景。

第18篇：我国城镇化水平

国家统计局数据显示2013年中国城镇化率为53.7% 2014-01-20 10:20:00 来源: 中国经济网(北京) 有20人参与

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中国经济网北京1月20日讯 国家统计局今天上午2013年数据，2013年末，中国大陆总人口为136072万人，城镇常住人口73111万人，乡村常住人口62961万人，中国城镇化率达到了53.7%，比上年提高了1.1个百分点。数据同时显示，2013年中国“人户分离人口”达到了2.89亿人，其中流动人口为2.45亿人，“户籍城镇化率”仅为35.7%左右。

数据显示，2013年末，中国大陆总人口（包括31个省、自治区、直辖市和中国人民解放军现役军人，不包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省以及海外华侨人数）136072万人，比上年末增加668万人。出生人口1640万人，人口出生率为12.08‰，死亡人口972万人，人口死亡率为7.16‰，人口自然增长率为

4.92‰。从性别结构看，男性人口69728万人，女性人口66344万人，总人口性别比为105.10（以女性为100），出生人口性别比为117.60。从年龄构成看，16周岁以上至60周岁以下（不含60周岁）的劳动年龄人口91954万人，比上年末减少244万人，占总人口的比重为67.6%，60周岁及以上人口20243万人，占总人口的14.9%，65周岁及以上人口13161万人，占总人口的9.7%。从城乡结构看，城镇常住人口73111万人，比上年末增加1929万人，乡村常住人口62961万人，减少1261万人，城镇人口占总人口比重为53.73%。全国居住地和户口登记地不在同一个乡镇街道且离开户口登记地半年以上的人口（即人户分离人口）

2.89亿人，比上年末增加959万人，其中流动人口为2.45亿人，比上年末增加812万人。年末全国就业人员76977万人，比上年末增加273万人，其中城镇就业人员38240万人，比上年末增加1138万人。

第19篇：水平定向钻

水平定向钻进施工技术方案

本工程在穿越河道管段W19~W20采用水平定向钻进施工，长30米，管道采用高密度聚乙烯管（HDPE管），热收缩套接口。

一、施工准备

选派有经验的施工队伍进行施工，根据地质勘察报告提供的地质情况，合理选用施工机械及扩孔器。了解施工区域的地下管线情况，防止钻进过程中发生危险。合理布置泥浆池和泥浆排放，避免环境污染。

管材进场必须根据设计要求进行复检。

HDPE管应满足下列要求：密度0.95~0.98g/cm3；抗拉强度≥21Mpa；断裂伸长率≥250%；简支梁冲击强度≥15KN/m2；20℃液压试验≥22Mpa；线膨胀系数≤15×10-5m/m℃；耐环境应力（F50）≥300h，环刚度≥12KN/m2。

管材运输至现场露天存放。管道安装施工前，建设单位、监理单位、施工单位应对施工管材和管材连接件的产品资料进行检查验收。其产品质量应满足本工程的质量要求。其管材资料验收项目如下：

（1）管材的检验报告和产品质量保证书。

（2）要求厂商提供与产品有关的技术文件，其中包括管壁设计厚度及所用原材料的牌号。

（3）检验管材的产品合格标志。

（4）连接管件的检验报告和产品保证文件。

（5）要求厂商提供与产品有关的技术文件，其中包括连接管件的设计长度、厚度、截面尺寸、连接要求等。

（6）检验管材的产品合格标志。

二、水平定向钻进施工

水平定向钻是在不开挖路面或其他形式的情况下，从一个起点钻一个与设计轨迹尽量吻合的导向孔，其垂直度及平面误差控制在1.5%以内，依据铺设管材大小，用会扩器分级逐渐扩大，扩孔完毕，将管线同回扩器连接，采用前拉的方法将管线拉入孔内，通过回拖从孔中拉出管线，完成管线铺设。

水平定向管线铺设施工工序：

现场勘察-导向孔轨迹的选用-导向孔钻进-扩孔-拉管

1、钻导向孔

要根据穿越的地质情况，选择合适的钻头和导向板或地下泥浆马达，开动泥浆泵对准入土点进行钻进，钻头在钻机的推力作用下由钻机驱动旋转（或使用泥浆马达带动钻头旋转）切削地层，不断前进，每钻完一根钻杆要测量一次钻头的实际位置，以便及时调整钻头的钻进方向，保证所完成的导向孔曲线符合设计要求，如此反复，直到钻头在预定位置出土，完成整个导向孔的钻孔作业。

钻机安装在入土点一侧，从入土点开始，沿着设计好的线路，钻一条从入土点到出土点的曲线，作为预扩孔和回拖管线的引导曲线

2、预扩孔和回拖HDPE管线

一般情况下，使用小型钻机时，直经大于200毫米时，就要进行予扩孔，使用大型钻机时，当产品管线直径大于D350mm时，就需进行预扩孔，预扩孔的直径和次数，视具体的钻机型号和地质情况而定。

回拖管线时，先将扩孔工具和管线连接好，然后，开始回拖作业，并由钻机转盘带动钻杆旋转后退，进行扩孔回拖，产品管线在回拖过程中是不旋转的，由于扩好的孔中充满泥浆，所以产品管线在扩好的孔中是处于悬浮状态，管壁四周与孔洞之间由泥浆润滑，这样即减少了回拖阻力，又保护了管线防腐层，经过钻机多次预扩孔，最终成孔直径一般比管子直径大200mm，所以不会损伤防腐层。

在钻导向孔阶段，钻出的孔往往小于回拖管线的直径，为了使钻出的孔径达到回拖管线直径的1.3～1.5倍，需要用扩孔器从出土点开始向入土点将导向孔扩大至要求的直径。地下孔经过预扩孔，达到了回拖要求之后，将钻杆、扩孔器、回拖活节和被安装管线依次连接好，从出土点开始，一边扩孔一边将管线回拖至入土点为止。

3、管道与检查井的接口处理

检查井与管道的连接采用中介层作法，施工前在管道与检查井相接部位预先采用与管材相同的塑料胶粘剂和中粗砂做成中介层，然后用C20水泥砼砌入检查井的井壁内，

中介层作法，先用毛刷或棉纱将管壁的外表面清理干净，然后均匀的涂一层聚氯乙烯粘接剂，紧接着在上面撒一层干糙的粗沙，固化10-20分钟，即形成表面粗糙中介层，中介层长度为0.37m。

三、窨井砌筑

本工程所采用的窨井均为砖砌窨井。

1、施工准备：清扫冲洗基础表面，无积水无污泥；替换窨井部位的支撑；砖材浇水湿润；水泥砂浆根据水泥品种进行配合比搅拌。

2、施工要求：在砌筑的基础上先铺底浆，砌砖必须做到墙面平直，边角整齐，宽度一致，井体不得走样；砌砖时应夹角对齐，并留错缝，内外搭接；砖缝中砂浆饱满，不得通缝，缝宽10MM，误差≤±2MM；砌砖时应将挤出的砂浆刮平，并将砖墙表面残余砂浆及时清理干净。。

3、在管材周圈现浇12.5cm厚砼。

4、用1:2水泥砂浆抹面：洒水湿润墙体，抹面分两次进行，先刮糙打底，后用直尺刮平，再用木槎搓平，表面粗糙有纹路，此粗糙厚度为10MM，在粗糙的水泥砂浆初凝后及时粉刷第二道水泥砂浆，并压实抹光。抹面工序应先外墙后内墙，在必要时内墙直一次抹光完成。

四、闭水试验

根据设计要求，本工程范围内所有污水管道，包括各支管和预留管都必须做闭水试验。

试验可利用管节两端窨井作为闭水水头，要求水头在上游管道内顶2.0M以上，闭水试验前应先灌水24小时，使管道充分浸透。加水至标准高度，观察水位下降值，若在30min内水位下降在规范规定值以内，则闭水试验合格。闭水试验合格后，应及时抽干管内水，拆除管内封堵。

水平定 向 钻

施

工

方

案

第20篇：网球水平评定

1.0网球初学者。

1.5经验有限；仍在努力使球维持在场内

2.0有很明显的打球弱点，但是已熟悉了基本单打和双打的位置。

2.5仍在学习判断球的去向，球场的防守很弱。可以和同程度的球员做短暂的慢速对打。 3.0可以相当稳定地打出中等速度的球，但对各式的击球仍无法自在地运用，并且在方向、深度与力量上都缺乏控制性。

3.5击球的稳定性已提升，对于中速度的球能有方向的控制，但击球仍然缺乏深度与变化。

4.0拥有可靠的击球动作，包括在打出中速度的正、反拍时皆能有方向的控制与深度，加上有使用高吊球、高压扣杀球、上网近网球和截击的能力并且皆能有些许的成功。

4.5开始能够驾驭力量与旋转的运用，并开始能够应付球速，有良好的步法、可以控制击球的深度，并且在面对不同的对手时，开始有改变作战策略的能力。可以打出具有力量与准确性的第一发球，并且第二发球能够打在所要的位置。

5.0拥有良好的预测力，并且可以经常打出很精准的好球，或有极佳的稳定性可以经常打出致胜球，或在处理对手打来的短球时能经常让对手犯下受迫性失误，并且能截杀对手的截击，成功地打出高吊球、小球、半截和高压扣杀，并且大部分的第二发球具有良好的深度与旋转。

5.5已经将力量和/或耐力培养成主要的武器。能在正式的比赛中改变战略或打球风格并在备受压力的情况下打出可靠的球。

6.0-6.5一般而言已经不需要NTRP的评分等级。6.0的球员已具有地区和/或全国的排名。

6.5的球员有广泛的卫星赛经验。

7.0的球员能以比赛的奖金谋生。

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