Circuit电路converter转换器matrix矩阵diode二极管 thyristor晶闸管triac 三端双向晶闸管rectification.整流feedback 反馈conduction 导电，传导thyratron 闸流管breakover导通holding current保持电流phase controlled相控的saturation饱和rectifier整流器chopper斩波器inverter逆变器electrochemical 电化学的harmonics谐波lagging滞后，迟滞power factor功率因数stiff voltage source 恒压源filter滤波器buck chopper降压式变压器quadrant象限duty ratio占空比，功率比regulate调整damp阻尼,衰减dynamic response动态响应disturbance扰动parameter参数modification修正，修改transfer function 传递函数domain域，领域state variable状态变量open-loop开环closed-loop闭环differential equation微分方程difference equation差分方程interval间隔sampled-data采样数据nonlinear非线性的time-invariant时不变的coefficient系数distributed parameter分散参数spatial空间的lead导线resistance阻抗probability theory概率论multivariable多变量property性质model模型linearization线性化hardware硬件rationale理论，原理的阐述initial condition初始条件lag延迟order阶integrate积分differentiate微分magnitude幅值signn.符号steady-state稳态step阶跃（信号）inverse transform反（逆）变换improper superposition叠加initial value初值final value终值piecewise分段的integro-differential equation微积分方程phase状态，相位exponential 指数oscillation振荡 amplitude振幅criteria判据complex复数decay衰减origin原点settling time调节时间derivation导数rise time上升时间numerical数字的matrix矩阵continuum连续theme题目，主题，论文culmination顶点，极点philosophy原理，原则protocol协议deviation偏差throttle调节（阀门）offset静差reset time复位时间reset rate复位速率transfer传递
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