第八Sleep
Sleet is part of a person’s daily activity cycle.There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles.If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows.When you fist drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, you temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing well slow and become quite regular.Your brain waves slow and become quite regular.Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves 1 sleep.For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep.The lower your stage of sleep.slower your brain waves will be.Then about 40to 69 minutes after you lose consciousne you will have reached the deepest sleep of all.Your brain will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm.This is stage 4 sleep.
You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly.The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves.Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you.This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep----only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousne some 80 minutes later.睡眠
睡眠是人每天日常活动循环的一部分。人的睡眠分几个阶段，而这些阶段也是循环发生的。如果你是一个正常的睡眠者，你的睡眠循环会这样进行。
在你开始昏昏入睡时，你的眼睛会滚动几下，体温略有下降，肌肉放松，呼吸变得缓慢而有节奏。除了开始几分钟比较快的α节奏外，脑电波也稍有减缓。
这被称为第一阶段睡眠。在随后约半小时内，你进一步放松，进入第二和第三阶段睡眠。睡眠越深入，脑电波就越缓慢。大约在开始睡眠后的40到
60分钟，你将进入沉睡状态。这时的脑电波表现为巨大的缓波，被称为δ节奏。这就是第四阶段睡眠。但你并不是整夜都保持这种沉睡状态。入睡后约
80分钟左右，你的大脑运动水平会再度略有提高。δ节奏消失，并被脑电波的运动图形取代。你的眼睛会 在闭着的眼睑下迅速转动，就好象你在看着眼前发生的什么事情。这种迅速的眼球运动持续约8～15分钟，这一阶段睡眠被称之为快速眼动(REM)睡眠。
在REM睡眠阶段，你的肢体会很快再度放松，呼吸也再次放慢并变得有节奏，你会轻松地从第一阶段滑入第四阶段睡眠-直到大约80 分钟后重新接近清醒状态。
第十A Wet Sunday In A Country Inn
A wet Sunday in a country inn ! Whoever has had the luck to experience one(1) can alone judge of(2) my situation.The rain pattered against the casements; the bells tolled for church with a melancholy sound.I went to the windows in quest of something to amuse the eye; but it seemed as if I had been placed completely out of the reach of ail amusement.The windows of my bed-room looked out(3) among tiled roofs and stacks of chimneys, while those of my sitting-room commanded a full view of(4) the stable yard.I know of nothing more calculated to make a man sick of this world than a stable yard on a rainy day.The place was littered with wet straw that had been kicked about by travellers and stable-boys.In one corner was a stagnant pool of water, surrounding an island of muck; there were several half-drowned fowls crowded together under a cart, among which was a miserable, crest-fallen cock, drenched out of ail life and spirit; his drooping tail matted, as it were, into a single feather, along which the water trickled from his hack; near the cart was a half- dozing cow, chewing her cud, and standing patiently to be rained on, with wreaths of vapour(5) rising from her reeking hide; a wall-eyed(6) horse, tired of the loneline of the stable, was poking his spectral head out of a window, with the rain dripping on it from the eaves; an unhappy cur, chained to a dog-house hard by, uttered something every now and then between a bark and a yelp; a drab of a kitchen wench(7) tramped backwards and forwards through the yard in pat- tens, looking as sulky as the weather itself; everything, iq short, was comfortle and forlorn, excepting a crew of hardened ducks, aembled like boon companions round a puddle and making a riotous noise over their liquor. 乡村客栈一个阴雨的星期天
乡村客栈一个阴雨的星期天!凡有幸度过这样一天的人，都能体会我现在的处境。雨点子噼噼啪啪地打在窗子上，教堂里传来沉重的钟声，召唤人们去做礼拜．我走到窗前，想找一些赏心悦目的东西，但看来我已完全被摒于一切欢乐之外．从卧室的窗口望出去，是一片砖瓦的屋顶和林立的烟囱，而从起居室的窗口往下看，则能望见整个马厩院子。我觉得再电没有比雨天的马厩院子更令人厌舸的了．遍地是淋湿了的稻草，被 旅客和小马倌们踢得凌乱不堪。在院子的一角，一潭污水围着孤岛似的粪堆，几只几平被雨水淋透的鸡簇拥在一辆马车底下，其中一只可怜的公鸡，倒垂着鸡冠，被淋得没精打彩，毫无生气，它那耷拉着的尾巴粘结在一起，仿佛只成了一根羽毛，雨水顺着它从背脊往下直淌，高马车不远处．有一头睡跟惺忪的奶牛，嘴里嚼着反刍的食物，默默地站在那里，任凭雨水打在身上，湿淋琳的背上日出缭绕的水气；一匹眼珠小而眼白特大的马厌倦了马厩里的寂寞，把它那幽灵似的脑袋从窗口探了出来，屋檐上的雨水漓沥滴沥地落在它头上；一只不幸的杂种狗被链条拴在近旁的狗窝里，时时发出似吠似嗥的声音；一个邋遢厨娘拖着木屐，迈着沉重的步子在院子里进进出出，她那郁郁不乐的神色，就象阴沉的天气一样；总之，除了一群饱经风雨的鸭子，象饮酒作乐的朋友那样聚集在污水潭的四周呷呷嬉水而外，这儿的一切都令人感到凄凉的沮丧。
华盛顿·欧文
(1) One： 代词：这里指的是\"A wet Sunday in a country inn\"，作experience的宾语。
(2)judge of：对……作出评价。 (3)looked out： (房间等)面朝。
(4)commanded a full view of…． 俯瞰……的全景;居高临下，可以全部看见…\"。
(5) wreaths of vapour： wreath是烟、云作螺旋状的涡圈，这里的wreath of vapour指缭绕升起的水气涡圈。
(6) wall-eyed： 眼白特别大的，两醒珠向外斜视的。
(7)a drab of a kitchen wench： 一个邋遢厨娘。drab：不整洁的女人，邋遢女人。荚语中常用a … of a…这种名词结构来描写人或物，如a fool or a man(一个呆子般的男人)，a beast of a Place(一个很脏的地方)等等。 十一A little Girl
Sitting on a gray grave, beneath one of the windows of the church, was a little girl.(1) With her head bent back(2) she was gazing up at the sky and singing, while one of her little hands was pointing to a tiny cloud that hovered like a golden feather above her head.The sun, which had suddenly become very bright, shining on her gloy hair, gave it a metallic luster, and it was difficult to say what was the color, dark bronze or black.So completely absorbed was she in watching the cloud to which her strange song or incantation seemed addr0ed, that she did not observe me when I rose and went towards her.(3) Over her head, high up in the blue, a lark that was soaring towards\' the same gauzy cloud was singing, as if in rivalry(4).As I slowly approached the child, I could see by her forehead, which, in the sunshine seemed like a globe of pearl, and especially by her complexion, that she was uncommonly lovely.Her eyes, which at one moment seemed blue-gray, at another violet(5), were shaded by long black lashes, curving backward in a most peculiar way, and these matched in hue her eyebrows, and the tre- es that were toed about her tender throat and were quivering in the sunlight.All this I did not take in(6) at once; for at first I could see nothing but those quivering, glittering, changeful eyes turned up into my face.Gradually the other features, especially the sensitive full-lipped mouth, grew upon me as I stood silently gazing.Here seemed to me a more perfect beauty than had ever come to me in my loveliest dreams of beauty.Yet it was not her beauty so much as the look she gave me that fascinated me, melted me.(7) 小 女 孩
在教堂的一扇窗下长满绿草的坟堆上，坐着个小女孩。她仰着头，望着天空，唱着歌儿。她的小手指点着一朵飘浮在她头顶的金色羽毛般的小彩云。突然间，阳光显得格外灿烂，照在她光泽的头发上，给它涂上一层金属似的光彩，很难说出它突竟是什么颜色，是深褐色，还是黑色。她是那么全神贯注地望着彩云，她那奇妙的歌声，或可说是喃喃自语，似乎是对着那彩云而发的。因而她没有注意到我站起身来朝她走去。在她上空高高的蓝天里，一只展翅飞向那朵轻盈透明的彩云的云雀也在歌唱，似乎在与她赛e(。我慢步向小女孩走去，她那在阳光下如同珍珠一样圆润的前额，特别是她那肤色，使我感到她真是异常可爱。媳耶黑黑的长睫毛非常别致地朝后弯曲着，掩映着一双一会儿象是蓝灰色的，一会儿又象是紫罗兰色的眼睛。她的长睫毛同她的眉毛和头发色泽调和，披拂在她娇嫩的脖子上的发绺，在阳光里轻轻飘动。我并没有马上领略到这一切，因为我一开始只注意了那双闪闪发光、富于表情、盯着我看的眼睛。我伫立在一边默默地注视着她，才渐渐地看清了她容貌的其他部分，特别是那张灵敏而又丰满的小嘴。呈现在我眼苎的这一美的形象似乎比我在最美好的梦境中所见过的更美。然而，与其说是她的美丽，不如说是她朝我看的那种眼神，更使我着迷，更使我陶醉．
西奥多·瓦茨·邓顿
(1)Sitting on a gray grave…Was a little girl： 这是一句全倒装句，按正常语序可以写成:A little girl was sitting on a gray grave．．．．
(2)with her head bent back： with+名词或代词宾格十分词(或形容词，介词短语等)作状语，表示伴随情况。
(3)So completely absorbed was she…that．．．： 这是一个so…that…结构的主从复合句，其中主句采用全倒装语序。addre…to：对……说话。这里是指对着云彩歌唱或念念有词。that引导的是一个本身带有时间状语从句的结果状语从句。
(4)in rivalry(with)：与……比高低，争雄，斗艳，等等。
(5)at another violet：＝at another moment(seemed) violet：一会儿又象是紫罗兰色的．
(6)take in：接受，领会。
(7) Yet it was not her beauty so much as the look．．．that fascinated me, melted me：not so much．．．as作\"与其说……不如说……\"解释.It was…that…用作强调结构。melted me： 融化了我，即；使我陶醉。
十二Roll Away the Stone I enjoy life because I am endlely interested in people and their growth.My interest leads me to widen my knowledge of people, and this in turn compels me to believe in the common goodne of mankind.I believe that the normal human heart is born good.That is, it’s born sensitive and feeling, eager to be approved and to approve, hungry for simple happine and the chance to live.It neither wishes to be killed, nor to kill.If through circumstances, it is overcome by evil, it never becomes entirely evil.There remain in it elements of good, however receive, which continue to hold the poibility of restoration.
I believe in human beings, but my faith is without sentimentality.I know that in environments of uncertainty, fear, and hunger, the human being is dwarfed and shaped without his being aware of it, just as the plant struggling under a stone does not know its own condition.Only when the stone is removed can it spring up freely into the light.But the power to spring up is inherent, and only death puts an end to it.I feel no need for any other faith than my faith in human beings.
Life Confucius of old, I am absorbed in the wonder of earth, and the life upon it, and I cannot think of heaven and the angels.I have enough for this life.If there is no other life, than this one has been enough to make it worth being born, myself a human being.With so profound a faith in the human heart and its power to grow toward the light, I find here reason and cause enough for hope and confidence in the future of mankind.The common sense of people will surely prove to them someday that mutual support and cooperation are only sensible for the security and happine of all.Such faith keeps me continually ready and purposeful with energy to do what one person can towards shaping the environment in which the human being can grow with freedom.This environment, I believe, is based upon the neceity for security and friendship.
I take heart in a promising fact that the world contains food supplies sufficient for the entire earth population.Our knowledge of medical science is already sufficient to improve the health of the whole human race.Our resources and education, if administered on a world scale, can lift the intelligence of the race.All that remains is to discover how to administer upon a world scale, the benefits which some of us already have.In other words, to return to my simile, the stone must be rolled away.This too can be done, as a sufficient number of human beings come to have faith in themselves and in each other.Not all will have such faith at the same moment, but there is a growing number who have the faith.
Half a century ago, no one had thought of world food, world health, world education.Many are thinking today of these things.In the midst of poible world war, of wholesale destruction, I find my only question this: are there enough people now who believe? Is there time enough left for the wise to act? It is a contest between ignorance and death, or wisdom and life.My faith in humanity stands firm 推开石头
生活让我感到快乐，因为我对人、对人类的发展有无穷无尽的兴趣。这一兴趣使我不停地了解更多的人，而对人的深入了解则促使我相信人之初，性本善。也就是说人生来就善解人意，有同情心，热望被人认同，也认同他人，渴望单纯的幸福和生存的机会。人不希望被人杀害也不希望去杀害被人。即使邪念因境而生，人也不会完全被邪念所左右。人总有其美好的一面，无论如何退化变质，总有弃恶从善的可能。
我相信人类，但我的信念绝非是滥施情感。我知道，处于饥饿、恐惧、无法预测未来的环境中，人类没有意识到他们的发展遇到了很大的阻力，正如石头下的植物挣扎着生长却不知道自己被石头压住了一样。只有推开了石头，植物才能自由地、蓬勃地在阳光下生长。但是，蓬勃生长的力量是植物固有的，只有死亡才能夺去它们的这种力量。
如同古代的孔夫子一样，我深深地沉醉于奇妙的大地和美好的尘世生活之中，不可能再去畅想什么天堂和天使。此生我活得充实。如果没有来世，今世也足以值得我为它诞生，不枉为一世人。
对人心之善及其向往光明之力的坚定信念使我对人类的未来充满希望和信心。人类的常识一定在未来的某一天向他们证明，互相支持与合作只会对全人类的安全和幸福有实际意义。
这种信念使我精力充沛、尽我所能去营造人类能自由发展的环境且乐此不疲。营造这个环境，我相信，是以安全和友谊为必要前提的。
我对未来充满信心：世界的食物能供养人类；我们的医学知识足以改善人类的健康状况；我们的教育资源，若在世界范围内统一管理，能提高各种族的智力；我们只需去发现如何在世界范围内管理我们已经拥有的资源。换言之，用我刚提到的明喻来表示，石头必须推开。
这也是能做到的。因为我们相当多的人已逐渐树立了对自己的信念，彼此也相互信任。虽然并不是所有的人在同一时刻具备这种信念，但具备这种信念的人数在不断增加。半个世纪以前，没有人关注世界的食品问题、健康问题和教育问题。今天就有许多人想到这些了。在可能发生的世界战争中，在大规模的毁灭过程中，我发现我唯一的疑问是：有足够多的人树立了信仰吗？有足够的时间让智者采取行动吗？这是无知与死亡之间或是智慧与生命之间的较量。我对人类的这种信念坚定不移。
作者简介：赛珍珠生于美国，在中国生活了40年之久。1938年获诺贝尔文学奖后回到美国，作为人道主义者，其成就与其小说家的成就相媲美。 十三The Flight of Youth There are gains for all our loes.There are balms for all our pain:But when youth, the dream, departs(1)It takes something from our hearts,And it never comes again.We are stronger, and are better,Under manhood\'s sterner reign:(2) Still we feel that something sweet Followed youth, with flying feet(3),And will never come again.Something beautiful is vanished,And we sigh for it in vain; We behold it everywhere(4), On the earth, and in the air,But it never comes again !(5)
青春的飞逝我们失去的一切都能得到补偿，我们所有的痛苦都能得到安慰，可是梦境似的青春一旦消逝，它带走了我们心中某种美好的事物，从此一去不复返回。严峻的成年生活将我们驱使，我们变得日益刚强、更臻完美，可是依然感到某种甜美的东西，已随着青春飞逝，
永不再返回。美好的东西已经消失，我们枉自为此叹息，虽然在天地之间，我们到处能看见青春的魅力，可是它永不再返回! 理查德·亨利·斯托达德
(1)when youth, the dream，departs： 时间状语从句。句中dream是youth的同位语，诗人把\"青春\"比作\"梦\"。
(2) Under manhood\'s sterner reign： 在成年时代较严峻的治理下。意即，成年时代人们不能再象在青春时代那样陶醉在美梦之中了。
(3) with flying feet： 以飞快的脚步，飞速地。
(4) behold it everywhere： behold＝see,看到(文学用语)，it=something beautiful。下一行中的on the earth和in the air进一步说明everywhere。
(5) But it never comes again! 指的是对个人来说，青春一去不复返;与前面behold it everywhere相对照，抒发了诗人惆怅惋惜的心情。 十八Good morning.Nearly 150 years ago, in one of the darkest years of our nation\'s history, President Abraham Lincoln set aside the last Thursday in November as a day of Thanksgiving.America was split by Civil War.But Lincoln said in his first Thanksgiving decree that difficult times made it even more appropriate for our bleings to be (and I quote), \"gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American people.\" This week, the American people came together with families and friends to carry on this distinctly American tradition.We gave thanks for loved ones and for our lasting pride in our communities and our country.We took comfort in good memories while looking forward to the promise of change.But this Thanksgiving also takes place at a time of great trial for our people.Acro the country, there were empty seats at the table, as brave Americans continue to serve in harm’s way from the mountains of Afghanistan to the deserts of Iraq.We honor and give thanks for their sacrifice, and stand by the families who endure their absence with such dignity and resolve.At home, we face an economic crisis of historic proportions.More and more Americans are worried about losing a job or making their mortgage payment.Workers are wondering if next month\'s paycheck will pay next month\'s bills.Retirees are watching their savings disappear, and students are struggling with the cost of tuition.It\'s going to take bold and immediate action to confront this crisis.That\'s why I\'m committed to forging a new beginning from the moment I take office as President of the United States.Earlier this week, I announced my economic team.This talented and dedicated group is already hard at work crafting an Economic Recovery Plan that will create or save 2.5 million new jobs, while making the investments we need to fuel long-term economic growth and stability.But this Thanksgiving, we\'re reminded that the renewal of our economy won\'t come from policies and plans alone.It will take the hard work, innovation, service, and strength of the American people.I\'ve seen this strength firsthand over many months -- in workers who are ready to power new industries, and farmers and scientists who can tap new sources of energy; in teachers who stay late after school, and parents who put in that extra hour reading to their kids; in young Americans enlisting in a time of war, seniors who volunteer their time, and service programs that bring hope to the hopele.It\'s a testament to our national character that so many Americans took time out this Thanksgiving to help feed the hungry and care for the needy.On Wednesday, I visited a food bank at Saint Columbanus Parish in Chicago.And there, as in so many communities acro America, folks pitched in time and resources to give a lift to their neighbors in need.It is this spirit that binds us together as one American family -- the belief that we rise and fall as one people; that we want that American Dream not just for ourselves, but for each other.That\'s the spirit we must summon as we make a new beginning for our nation.Times are tough.There are difficult months ahead.But we can renew our nation the same way that we have in the many years since Lincoln\'s first Thanksgiving: by coming together to overcome adversity; by.
