Translation StudiesThe Institute of Foreign StudiesChang’an University
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I have been asked many times, what is the role of an outside advisor? How should Presidents use them? My answer is simple: even if he ignores the advice, every President should ensure that he gets a third opinion from selected and seasoned private citizens he trusts, (the second opinion should come from congreional
leaders).
Though
Cabinet
我曾经多次遇到这样的问题，外部进谏者的作用是什么？总统们应当如何利用这些进谏者？我的回答很简单：总统可以不纳谏，但每位总统都应当确保他能从精挑细选、经验丰富，自己信任的第三方那里得到建议（第二方的建议应有国会的领导者提供）。尽管内阁成员和白宫的高层助手们通常都讨厌外部进谏者，但是，一位总统如果只依赖于其（身边的）员工和联邦政府成员（提供）意见的话，那么他将会冒很大的风险。每个人都有自己个人或机构的优先权需要得以保护。而当政府官员面对一种抉择或者政府内部出现了纷争而帮助总统作出判断的时候，外部进谏者可发挥怀疑一切的作用。他们可以根据自己的情形而为总统提供一个全然不同的观点；在白宫官员无法坦诚地提出见解之际，他们却能坦诚地进谏。
Seasoned: adj.apprec having much experience in the stated activity（对所述活动）很有经验的；训练有素的 a seasoned traveller / journalist 有经验的巡回推销员、新闻记者
克利福德认为，如何利用进见者的建议取决于领导的（执政）风格及个性。
members and senior White House aides often resent outside advisors, a President takes too many risks when he relies solely on his staff and the Federal bureaucracy for advice.Each has its own personal or institutional priorities to protect.An outside advisor can serve the role of a Doubting Thomas when the burearucracies line up behind a single position, or help the President reach a judgment where there is a dispute within the government.They can give the President a different perspective on his own situation; they can be frank with him when those in the White House are not.
Clifford points out that the manner in which a counselor’s help is utilized depends on the leader’s style and personality.
For years I resisted any and all suggestions that I join the Johnson administration, just as I had
多年来，我拒绝了所有要我加入约翰逊政府的提议，就像我不加入肯尼迪政府一样。然
Translation StudiesThe Institute of Foreign StudiesChang’an University
with President Kennedy.However, the relationship I had with each man was quite different.When Kenney called on me, it was usually to play a clearly-defined role on a specific problem ---- from the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs to the Steel crisis.Johnson, on the other hand, wanted my advice or observations on almost anything that might confront him.Johnson also asked me to participate in important national security meetings which otherwise involved only government officials, something Kennedy never did.In these meetings, I would say little unle asked to comment by the President ---- and even then, I shared my views with later, only in private.
而，我和他们两个人的关系却大不相同。肯尼迪总统需要我的时候，通常是在特殊问题出现的时刻，让我去充当确定的角色——比如说，从猪湾事件的善后处理到（1962年）钢铁业危机。而约翰逊总统在他可能面对的几乎任何事情上都想听听我的建议或者评论。约翰逊经常请我参加重要的国家安全会议，而那种会议往往只有政府官员参加，而肯尼迪却从来不那么做。在那些回忆上，我几乎从不发言，除非总统钦点让我发言，即使那样，我也是事后私下跟他谈及我个人的观点。
A doubting Thomas 不听劝告的人，多疑的人
史上有多位姓或名为Thomas 的先生，这位是谁呢？
原来这个习语出自于《圣经》。这位Thomas 是耶稣的一位门徒（Apostle，共有十二位）。耶稣复活（Resurrection）之后出现在自己的门徒面前，但Thomas那天碰巧不在，所以他就不信耶稣的复活。几天后，耶稣出现在Thomas 面前时，Thomas要亲手触摸耶稣身上的钉痕，才肯相信主真是复活了。后来人们就用doubting Thomas来指那些怀疑一切的人，多疑的人。
Several of the country’s most respected doctors have stated that smoking cigarettes harm one’s health, but there are still many doubting Thomases who are not yet persuaded.虽然这个国家的几位最有名望的医生都说吸烟有害健康，但还是没有说服许多顽固的怀疑者。
