一. 动词的分类
动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一)行为动词
行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。 如:help (vt), see(vt),go (vi),fly(vi) Eg: She has some bananas.
They often come back early.I’m reading an English book now.
I live in Beijing with my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。) It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有
行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)。及物动词后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整。
Eg: Give me some apple, please.(请给我一些墨水。)
不及物动词后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。 Eg: He works hard.(他工作努力。)
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.(请看黑板,听我说。)
(二)连系动词
连系动词是表示主语―是什么‖或―怎么样‖的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,Eg:
We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年级。)are,是 连系动词可具体分为三类:
1、表示―是‖的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have/has been等要特别予以注意。 Eg: He is a teacher.(他是个教师。)
He was a soldier two years ago.(两年前他是个士兵。) We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。)
2、表示―感觉‖的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等,
Eg: She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。)I feel ill.
They look the same.Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起来很软。)
The story sounds interesting.(这个故事听起来很有趣。) The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。) The mixture tasted horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)
3、表示―变‖、―变成‖的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为―变‖、―变得‖, Eg: She became a college student.(她成了一名大学生。)
He feels sick.His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的脸色变苍白了。) The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,白天也变得较长些了。)
[难点解释] 注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词。
1、look看;看起来
He is looking at the picture.(他正在看这图片。)行为动词 It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美丽。)连系动词
2、fell摸;感觉
I felt someone touch my arm.(我感到有人碰我的手臂。)行为动词
Are you felling better today than before?(你今天比以前感到好些了吗?)连系动词
3、smell嗅;闻起来
My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.(我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。)行为动词
Great! The flowers smell nice.(这些花闻起来多香啊!)连系动词
4、sound弄响,发音;听起来
The letter ―h‖ in hour is not sounded.(在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。)行为动词 The gun sounded much closer.(枪声听起来更近了。)连系动词
5、taste辨味;尝起来
Please taste the soup.(请尝一口汤。)行为动词 The soup tastes terrible.(这汤尝起来味道太差了。)连系动词
6、get得到,获得;变
There are some bananas on the table.Each of you can get one.(桌上有些香蕉,你们每个人可以拿一个。)行为动词
7、grow生长,种植;变
Do you grow rice in your country?(你们的国家种水稻吗?)行为动词 It’s too late.It’s growing dark.(太迟了,天渐渐变暗了。)连系动词
8、turn转动,翻动,使变得;变
The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)行为动词
When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.(春天来了,树叶变经绿了,花儿开了。)连系动词
上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等,既可以作连系动词,又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢?有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。
Eg: The trees turn/are green when spring comes.(春天来临,树叶变绿。)
The earth rurns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)
(三)助动词
这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示句子的否定和疑问、时态、语态和语气。[be, have ,do/does/did, will,shall ] Eg: He does not speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)(否定) A dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只猫。)(时态) Do you have a brother?(疑问) Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗?)
(四)情态动词
这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整,只能和行为动词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如―可能‖、―应当‖等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might,will,shall等。Eg: I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, 能, 会
He can’t walk because he is a baby.(因为他是个婴儿,不会走路。)
She can speak a little English.(她会说一点英语)
We must go now.二. 动词的基本形式(动词原形,动词的三单形式, 动词的现在分词, 动词的过去式,过去分词,)
(一)第三人称单数形式
1.在动词原形后加—s 如:run—runs
like—likes 2.以[s][ ] [ ]音素结尾或以字母O结尾的动词,加—es 如:teach—teaches wash—washes, go—goes ,pa—paes 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先将y变为i,再加-es 如:try—tries study—studies 4.以元音字母+y结尾的动词后加—s 如:stay—stays
play—plays (二)动词的现在分词
1.在动词原形的后面加—ing
如:read—reading, go—going, ask—asking, look—looking 2.以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e 再加-ing 如:write—writing, have—having, make—making, take—taking 3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写字母后再加-ing如:get—getting, sit—sitting, put—putting, run—running, begin—beginning, swim—swimming dig—digging (三)动词的过去式与过去分词 规则变化
1.一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed。 look→looked play→played start→started visit→visited pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2.以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d。 live→lived use→used taste-tasted hope→hoped
3.以―辅音字母+ y‖结尾的动词,先将 y 改为i ,再加 –ed。 study→studied try→tried fly→flied carry→carried worry→worried
4.以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)结尾的动词,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这个辅音字母,再加 –ed。 stop→stopped plan→planned stop-stopped 不规则变化
1.A—A—A行,动词原形、过去式和过去分词字形与读音完全相同
cut(切) hit(打)cast(扔)hurt(伤害)put(放)let(让)shut(关)cost(花费) set(放) rid(清除)
2.A—B—A型,动词原形,过去分词字形和读音完全相同。 Become/became/become (变得,成为)
come/came/come(来、到) overcome/overcame/overcome(克服)
run/ran/run(跑步) 3.A—B—B型,动词的过去式、过去分词的字形与读音完全相同。 Bend/bent/bent(弯曲、专心于、屈服) build/built/built(建筑、建造) Bleed/bled/bled(流血)
lend/lent/lent(借出) Breed/bred/bred(繁殖,教养)
lose/lost/lost( 丢失) Bring/brought/brought(带来)
make/made/made( 制作、制造) Meet/met/met( 遇到、会见)
pay/paid/paid(付钱) 4.A—B—B或A—A-ed—A-ed型:动词的过去式、过去分词大多完全相同同时每一个动词原形分别有两种形式的过去式和过去分词
burn/burnt/burnt (烧)
burn/burned/burned dream/dreamt/dreamt(做梦)
dream/dreamed/dreamed knit/knit/knit( 编织)
knit/knitted/knitted dwell/dwelt/dwelt(居住)
dwell/dwelled/dwelled lean/leant/leant(倚靠、倾斜) lean/leaned/leaned learn/learnt/learnt(学习,了解)
learn/learned/learned 5.A—B—C:动词的原形,过去式和过去分词三者完全不同 am/is/are——was/were——been
see——saw——seen grow——grew——grown