北 京 四 中
定语从句
阎婕
一、什么是定语从句
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。定语从句是由一个句子作定语，修饰主句中的名词，代词（不管他们是句中的主语，宾语还是表语）或整个主句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出，放在被修饰词后。
二、关系词有哪些
关系词的作用：
1）连接主从句；
2）代表先行词；
3）在定语从句中充当一个成分（主语，宾语，介词宾语，定语，状语或表语）
1.关系代词：which（指sth.），that（指sb.或sth.），who（指sb.作主语或宾语），whom（指sb.作宾语），whose（指sb.或sth.，作定语）
2.关系副词：when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）
关系词的使用：
关系代词：
Who：修饰人，在从句中作主语
Those who are against the plan please put up their hands.
The boy who is reading newspapers to us is our monitor.
Whom：修饰人，在句中作宾语, 在口语和非正式文体中可省略
The student who (whom) the teacher is talking to is my brother.
The student to whom the teacher is talking is my brother.
Do you still remember the person whom I introduced to you when I was in Beijing last year? Whose：修饰人，也可修饰物，表示所属关系，在从句中作定语，在修饰物时可以与of which搭配
The girl whose composition was read just now studies very well.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
I live in a room whose window faces south.
Please pa me the book whose cover is blue.
Please pa me the book the cover of which / of which the cover is blue.
Which：修饰物, 有时也可修饰整个主句, 在从句中作主语或宾语, 还可作介词宾语Last week, we visited a factory which produces very good bicycles.
I once worked in the factory which my students are going to visit next week.
We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.
The scientist discovered a new element, which made him famous.
That：可修饰人也可修饰物, 在句中作主语或宾语, 因此修饰人时可代替who 或whom, 修饰物时可代替which, 但that 不能直接作介词宾语
Who is the person that is speaking now?
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.
This is the very book that I’ve been longing for.
关系副词：
When: 修饰表时间的名词, 如time, hour, day, month, date, year等, 在从句中作时间状语Do you still remember the day when you first came to school?
The first time that I came to school was in 1982.
I can’t remember the exact time when (that) I went to visit the Great Hall of the People.是不是所有表示时间的名词作先行词就用when作关系副词呢？
不是的！要具体分析该名词在从句中的成分，如：
The day which / that I can’t forget was my first day at school.
I can’t forget the day when I first met him.
Where: 修饰表示地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语
It’s the room where I used to live in my childhood.
The factory where we worked last year is now being rebuilt.
是不是所有表示地点的名词作先行词就用where作关系副词呢？
不是的！要具体分析该名词在从句中的成分，如：
You father once worked in the factory which we visited yesterday, didn’t he?
I often think of the days which I spent together with my clamates.
Why: 表原因, 在句中作原因状语从句, 只修饰先行词reason
Do you know the reason why he is absent today?
三、关系代词和关系副词有何区别
主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。分清楚这一关系并在做题时想着这个原则，就不会出原则性的错误了。
四、定语从句解题步骤——重点
1.找对先行词。
2.确定先行词在定语从句中的位置，也就是在定语从句中担任何成份。这一点可以帮助我们划分使用关系代词还是关系副词。
eg：This is the place that/which I visited years ago.
This is the place where I lived years ago.
分析：这两句的先行词都是the place，由于第一句中的先行词在定语从句中作visit的宾语，所以选择关系代词，如果作宾语时关系代词可省略。而第二句的先行词则在定语从句中作状语，因为live是不及物动词，因此选择关系副词where。
3.区别各关系代词的使用。
五、关系代词中的which和that如何区分
在先行词为物情况下，一般情况两者可通用，但也有不可互换的情况。
以下几种情况只用that：
1.先行词all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词
He did all that he can to help me.
There is nothing that can be done in this situation.
Everything (that) we saw was of great interest to us.
I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me.
2.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, 等修饰。
3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The Summer Palace is the most beautiful park that I’ve been to.
The first thing that I should do after returning to China is to see my old parents.
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
This is the first composition (that) he has written in English.
4.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, the next 修饰时。
That white flower is the only one that I really like.
This is the very book that I want to have.
The last place that we visited was the chemical works.
Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn?
Is this the same tool that you used yesterday?
That white flower is the only one (that) I really like.
This is the very book (that) I want to find.
The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.
5.有两个或两个以上的分别表示人和物的先行词，从句应用that,而不是其他。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited in Germany.
They talked for about half an hour of persons and things that they remembered at school.
6.当主句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句多用that,而不用who(whom),which。Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
Who is the man that called on you just now?
Which of the subjects that you are studying is the most difficult.?
只用which 不用that 的情况：
1.在非限定性定语从句中
The bus, which was full, was surrounded by an angry crowd.
2.在介词后
This is the room in which planned our future life.
Soon we go to a hill at the top of which was a temple.
如果介词不前置可用that
The room which / that we live in is very clean and tidy.
3.在修饰整个句子时
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
He tried to make some excuses, which made his teacher very angry.
He tried to catch the moon in the water, which was impoible.
定语从句练习
单项填空：
从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。
1.This is the only one of the students _____ the truth.
A.that knowsB.who knows
C.who knowD.which knows
2.Do you know the girl _____?
A.whom he often talk toB.to who he often talks
C.to that he often talksD.he often talks to
3.The world _____ we live is made up of matter.
A.on whichB.of which
C.at whichD.in which
4.There are no children _____ love their parents.
A.that do notB.who does not
C.thatD.who
5.I’m one of the boys _____ never late for school.
A.that isB.who are
C.who amD.who is
6.Abraham Lincoln, _____ led the United States _____ these years, was _____ of the greatest presidents.
A.he; for; aB.whom; in; one
C.who; at; oneD.who; through; one
7.Who is the girl _____ wearing a red dre?
A.whoseB.that
C.whomD.that’s
8.The old man _____ yesterday is a scientist.
A.I spokeB.I spoke to
C.whom I spokeD.that I spoke to him
9.The young man _____ is an engineer of our factory.
A.that you just talkedB.whom you just talked to
C.which you just talked toD.who you just talked
10.The dictionary _____ is sold out in the bookshop.
A.you needB.what you need
C.which you need itD.that you need it
11.Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?
A.whichB.where
C.in whichD.what
12.Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _____ we’re going to visit.
A.whichB.where
C.thatD.in which
13.The magazine _____ Betty paid one dollar was very good.
A.thatB.which
C.for whichD.to which
14.The two things _____ they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A.about whichB.of which
C.in whichD.for which
15.He was the man _____ Master of Game was translated.
A.by whomB.by who
C.by whoseD.by him
16.This is the museum _____ we visited last week.
A.whichB.where
C.whoD.in which
17.Is this museum _____ we are going to visit tomorrow?
A.whichB.that
C.whereD.the one
18.Ahead of me I saw a woman _____ I thought was my aunt.
A.whoB.whom
C.of whomD.whose
19.This is the key _____.
A.which you are looking forB.for which you are looking
C.for that you are lookingD.you are looking for which
20.The woman _____ is his mother.
A.of whom he takes careB.of that he takes care
C.he takes care ofD.whom he takes care
答案：
1—5 ADDAB6—10 DDBBA11—15 ACCBA16—20 ADAAC
难题解析：
17题，要把一般疑问句还原成陈述句，
This is museum…由于museum前少了冠词不合英语语法，所以要补充完整就是：This museum is the one we are going to visit tomorrow.
因此，得出一般疑问句应该是
Is this museum the one we are going to visit tomorrow?
