安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察
近些年来，随着我国经济的持续稳定发展，工程建设的规模也越来越大，高层建筑大量涌现，建筑施工中投入的建筑起重设备日趋增多，尤其是塔式起重机和施工升降机使用较多，机电方面安全管理的工作量及难度也随之增加。但由于当前建筑市场还不够完全规范，部分施工单位对安全管理的形势和风险认识不足，在资金和人员投入上明显不足，故监理单位对起重机械安全使用方面的安全监理工作要更加积极主动。下面以本人监理的一个项目为例，和大家一起探讨如何做好建筑机电设备安全监理工作。
In recent years, along with our country economy sustained and stable development, the scale of the project construction is becoming more and more big, high-rise buildings springing up, the investment in the construction of construction lifting equipment increasing, especially the tower crane and construction hoist use is more, mechanical and electrical aspects of safety management of the workload and difficulty also will increase.But due to the current construction market is not enough completely specification,
part
construction
units
insufficient understanding of the situation of safety management and risk, in money and personnel, so the supervision company for safe use of lifting machinery safety supervision work to be more proactive.Here in my supervision of a project, for example, to discu with you how to do a www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com good job of building mechanical and electrical equipment safety supervision.
一、工程安全评估及目标
A, engineering safety aement and goal
本项目由中建系统某下属公司总承包，虽然总承包单位的资质等级为特级，但报建的项目经理不到位，现场技术及管理人员较少，安全管理人员仅3名，且无专业机电方面人员，施工方的机电管理力量明显薄弱。本项目总工期较短，投入使用的建筑起重设备多，存在的交叉作业也较多，时有加班抢工现象，很容易出现安全监管漏洞。而建筑起重设备的使用事关公众安全，近几年来高层建筑由塔吊、施工升降机不当使用及违规安装、拆除引发的安全事故不在少数，所以塔吊、人货电梯的安全监管工作必须扎实、严密，来不得半点疏忽。本项目的安全管理目标是自始至终不发生重大安全事故和人身伤亡事故，塔吊、施工升降机的安全监管是不可忽视的一个重要环节。监理机构应充分认识到本项目起重设备安全监管任务的复杂性，对塔吊及升降机等起重设备在安装、拆除、使用、维护等关健环节要采取积极主动的安全监理，确保本项目所用的塔吊（升降机）等安装、拆除及使用过程自始至终不出现安全事故及未遂安全事故。 www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com Some subordinate company general contracting this project by the build system, while the overall contractor qualification level as special, but to establish the project manager does not reach the designated position, on-site technical and management personnel is le, only 3 safety management personnel, and no profeional mechanical and electrical aspects, construction of mechanical and electrical power management is obvious weak.This total project duration is shorter, put into use of construction lifting equipment, existing cro homework more, also often work overtime to rob workers phenomenon, it is easy to appear safety regulatory loopholes.And the use of construction lifting equipment is a matter of public safety, high-rise buildings in recent years by the tower crane, construction elevator misuse and illegal installation, dismantle safety accident caused by not a few, therefore, tower crane, one cargo lift safety supervision must be solid, closely, which permits no neglect.The safety management objectives of this project is not a major safety accident and casualty accidents, tower crane, construction elevator safety regulation is an important link of cannot be ignored.Supervision agency should fully realize the project hoisting equipment safety supervision of the complexity of the task, for tower crane and hoist and other lifting equipment during the installation, dismantling, operation and maintenance and so on key link to take active safety supervision, to ensure that the tower crane used in this project (elevator) and other www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com installation, removal and use proce from beginning to end not attempted safety accident and safety accidents.
二、安全监理工作措施几点概述
Second, some overview of work safety supervision and management measures
1.总监理工程师亲自布置与检查安全方面的有关工作
1.The general supervision engineer personally arrangement related to check the safety work
通过安全方面的评估，本项目的安全生产形势不容乐观，稍有懈怠，可能会发生安全事故，尤其是起重机械使用方面。总监本人对本项目施工始终紧绷着一根时刻要安全的弦，时刻保持与业主、总包单位的沟通交流，提倡三方每周对施工现场进行一次安全专项检查。每次周检查监理人员都积极参加，尤其重视对塔吊、施工升降机的检查，监理组安排机电专业监理工程师负责塔吊、施工升降机及临时用电方面的安全监理工作，总监经常对监理组的安全监管工作进行检查。
Through safety evaluation, the objective of the production safety situation www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com is not optimistic, fact, safety accident may occur, especially the use of hoisting machinery.Director himself to this project construction always tight string with a moment to safety, keep communication with owner, the contractor unit, advocates the three parties to the construction site safety special inspection once a week.Took an active part in each week inspection supervision personnel, especially the value of tower crane, construction elevator inspection and supervision group of mechanical and electrical profeional supervision engineer is responsible for the tower crane, construction elevator and temporary electricity utilization in terms of work safety supervision, director of group supervision often inspect safety supervision work.
2.定期组织学习，提高监理人员安全监管水平
2.Organize regular learning, improve the level of supervision personnel safety regulation
监理组通常每半月进行一次安全学习，通过学习，监理人员熟悉了塔吊、施工升降机等的建筑机械的工作原理，另一方面也提高了安全风险意识和法律责任意识，从而提高了对建筑机械设备安全监理的能力和力度。就以通联QTZ63B塔吊为例， 该塔吊额定起重力矩72t.m，最大工作幅度55m，最大起重量为6t，，最大起重力矩为84tm，www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 最大附着起升高度为140m。为了保证塔机工作的稳定性和整机刚性，减少上部塔身的自由长度，在塔身全高设置四套附着架，四套附着相对位置h1=31.5m，h2=27.5m，h3=25m，h4=25m。每节标准节长度为2.5m。监理学习后就很清楚地知道塔吊安装附着的具体要求，也就是不超过12个标准节必须安装首道附着，其后是不得超过
11、
10、10个标准节应安装第
二、
三、四道附着。
Supervision group usually once every half month to safety study, through the study, supervision personnel familiar with the tower crane, construction elevator construction machinery works, on the other hand also improves the security risk consciousne and legal responsibility consciousne, to improve the ability of safety supervision of construction machinery equipment and strength.As tonly QTZ63B tower crane as an example, the crane rated lifting moment 72 t.m, the maximum working range 55 m, maximum weight of 6 t, the largest lifting torque of 84 tm, biggest adherent lifting height is 140 m.In order to ensure the stability of tower crane and the rigidity, reduce the free length of the upper tower, four sets of attachment is set in the towers are all high, four sets of attached relative position h1 = 31.5 m, h2 = 27.5 m, h3 = 25 m, h4 = 25 m.Each section length is 2.5 m.Supervising learning know very well that after the tower crane installation to the specific requirements of the attachment, which is not more than 12 standard attached section must be www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com installed first, followed by shall not exceed 11, 10, 10 standard section should be installed the second, three, four attachment.
3.定期检查安全漏洞，分析安全形势，制定安全监理措施。
3.Regularly check the security vulnerabilities, analyze the security situation, make the safety supervision measures.
项目监理组通常每月召开一次安全形势的评估分析会议，重点进行安全形势分析。对塔吊、人货电梯的初安装、加节、附着安装、拆除施工等关键环节可能出现的问题或隐患进行分析，制定安全监理措施。监理人员定期对现场使用的塔吊、人货电梯的操作使用、运行、维护、保养、人员上岗等情况进行监督检查，查找施工方在安全监管上漏洞，督促施工完善监管措施，及时消除安全隐患。
Project supervision group are usually held once a month security aement of the situation analysis meeting, focus on analysis the security situation.For tower crane, cargo elevator installation, add section, at the beginning of such key links as attached installation, demolition of construction poible problems or hidden dangers were analyzed, and the safety supervision measures.Supervisory staff on a regular basis for field use of tower crane and one cargo lift operation, operation, maintenance, www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com maintenance, staff, and so on and so forth, conducting supervision and inspection to find loopholes in safety supervision, quality supervise construction perfect regulatory measures, timely eliminate safe hidden trouble.
4.重点审查塔吊、施工升降机、物料提升机的安装（拆卸）专项施工方案，在巡视中检查方案落实情况
4.Focus on review the installation of the tower crane, construction elevator, material hoist (remove) special construction plan, during a tour of inspection scheme to carry out the situation
项目监理机构从安全角度应重点审查以下几方面内容：1）选用的设备是否满足项目施工需要2）设备基础方案、平台方案是否满足安装需要，主要查看计算书；3）安装（拆卸）单位资质、人员是否符合要求；4）安装（拆卸）作业对周边环境设施是否有影响，实施前是否履行告知义务；5）设备安全管理协议、安全交底、应急救援预案等是否齐全，这些方案审查通过后，组织监理人员进行学习、交底，使监理人员掌握设备的关键技术指标及有关参数，以便监理人员在巡视时能够检查发现问题。
Project supervision mechanism from a security perspective review should www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com focus on the following aspects: 1) selection of equipment whether meet the needs of the project construction scheme, 2) equipment foundation platform solutions whether meet the requirements of installation, mainly to check the calculations; 3) install (remove) unit qualification, personnel is in line with the requirements; 4) installation (remove) homework, does this have any impact on surrounding environment facilities, whether before the implementation performance of the inform obligation; 5) equipment safety management, safety disclosure agreement, such as contingency plan is complete, these solutions, after the aement, disclosure supervision personnel for organizational learning, the key technical indicators of supervisory staff to grasp equipment and related parameters, so that when a supervisory staff on patrol inspection found the problem.
5.在巡视检查中注重检查是否存在安全隐患
5.Pay attention to check whether there is potential safety hazard in the patrol inspection
项目监理机构的每一个成员在巡视检查时均要关注机电设备的安全情况，在监理工作初期未进行专门的安全隐患巡视记录，后来总监认为不进行专项的安全记录（平行检查），监理人员在巡视中容易www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 忽视安全情况，尤其是机电方面的安全。因此在后期实行了专门的安全巡视记录，专门记录安全隐患的发现及处理情况，并将有关情况告知业主和施工单位。
Project supervision institutions of every member in the patrol inspection when all attention to the security situation, the mechanical and electrical equipment at the beginning of the supervision work without special security patrol record, then director think without special safety record (parallel) examination, supervision of staff in the tour is easy to ignore the security situation, especially mechanical and electrical safety.So in the later has a dedicated security patrol record, record the safety problems found and proceing conditions, and shall inform owner and the construction of the relevant units.
三、起重机械设备安全监理监控要点
Three, lifting machinery safety supervision control points
1.监理要点：
1.The supervision key points: www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com
1.审核塔机（升降机）的特种设备制造许可证、产品合格证、制造监督检验证明、备案证明等文件。关键点：有下列情况之一的塔机（升降机）严禁使用：1）国家明令淘汰的产品；2）超过规定使用年限经评估不合格的产品；3）不符合国家现行相关标准的产品；4）没有完整安全技术档案的产品。
1.Review the tower crane (elevator) special equipment manufacturing license, product certification, manufacture supervision and inspection certificate, and other filing documents.Key point: one of the following situations of tower crane (elevator) is strictly prohibited: 1) the product declared obsolete by formal decree of the state; 2) in exce of the prescribed use fixed number of year with the unqualified products; 3) do not conform to the current national related standards of products; 4) no complete safety technical files of product.
2.审核塔吊（升降机）安装单位、使用单位的资质证书、安全生产许可证和特种作业人员的特种作业操作资格证书。关键点：拆卸单位必须具有从事5年起重机（升降机）安装、拆卸业务的资质；塔机（升降机）安装、拆卸作业应配备下列人员：1）持有安全生产考核合格证书的项目负责人和安全负责人、机械管理人员2）具有建筑施工特种作业操作资格证书的塔机（升降机）安装拆卸工、起重司机、电工、起重信号工、司索工等特种作业操作人员。 www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com
2.Review the tower crane (elevator) unit installation, use the unit qualification certificate, safety production license of special operations and special operations personnel qualification certificate.Key point: remove the unit must have engaged in 5 years hoist (elevator) installation, remove the busine qualifications; Tower crane (elevator) installation, remove operation shall be provided with the following persons: 1) to hold production safety inspection certificate of quality and safety director, project manager of mechanical construction special operations management 2) has the operation qualification certificates of the tower crane (elevator) installation disaembly work, lifting the driver, electrician, lifting bell man, special operations personnel division line engineering, etc.
3.审核塔吊（升降机）安装、拆卸工程专项施工方案；
3.Review the tower crane (elevator) installation, remove engineering special construction plan;
4.监督安装单位执行塔吊（升降机）安装、拆卸工程专项施工方案情况； www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 4.Supervise installation company executive tower crane (elevator) installation, remove the special engineering construction scheme;
5.监督检查塔吊（升降机）的使用情况，督促使用单位经常对塔机（升降机）进行保养、维护。
5.Supervise and inspect the tower crane (lift) the usage of supervision unit using often to tower crane (lift) for maintenance, maintenance.
6.发现存在生产安全事故隐患的，要求安装单位、使用单位限期整改，对安装单位、使用单位拒不整改的，及时向建设单位报告。
6.Production safety accidents are found out, and asks to install unit, the use of rectification within a time limit, the unit installation, use the unit refuses to rectification, report to the construction unit.
2.监理人员应了解的塔吊、升降机（井架）安装（拆除）安全使用注意事项
2.Supervisory personnel should be aware of tower crane, elevator, derrick) installation safety considerations (removed) www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com
1.安装前，安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察，掌握现场的实际情况。.组织安装人员学习塔机、升降机（井架）安装技术、规范，对塔机的结构、技术性能做进一步了解。
1.Before installation, the installation unit shall organize technical personnel on-site investigation, grasp the actual situation.Tower crane, elevator installation personnel organizational learning (derrick) installation technology, standard, the structure of tower crane, technical performance for further understanding.
2.塔机、升降机（井架）装拆工作属于高空作业，危险性较大，装拆人员必须具有较高的安全意识和较好的技术水平。安装拆除作业施工前，安装单位应对现场作业人员进行安全教育和安全技术交底。
2.The tower crane, elevator, derrick) belongs to the work high above the installation work, risk bigger, installation personnel must have a higher level of security awarene and better technology.Removed before operation, installation unit to on-site staff for safety education and safety technical disclosure.
3.总包单位应把塔吊和升降机纳入重大危险源管理体系，在安装及拆除和使用过程中落实以下安全技术措施： www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com
3.The total package units shall incorporate cranes and elevators in major hazards management system, in the proce of installation and removal and use to implement the following safety technical measures:
施工作业人员进入施工现场均需戴好安全帽并系好帽带。
Construction work personnel to enter the construction site must wear safety helmet and fasten good place.
高空作业人员要使用安全带。
Aerial work personnel to use seat belts.
高空作业严禁穿硬底鞋、易滑鞋。
Aerial work hard are strictly prohibited to wear shoes, sliding shoes easily.
严禁酒后作业及高空抛物。
No drunken aignments and high altitude parabolic. www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com
作业人员要相互配合、团结协作。
Homework personnel should cooperate with each other, solidarity and collaboration.
施工现场闲人免进，划定作业区域，专人监督。
No admittance to the construction site, the designated work areas, personnel supervision.
雨天、雾天及四级以上大风禁止作业。
Rainy day, fog and wind more than four ban on homework.
塔吊、汽车吊吊臂及吊物下方禁止站人。
Tower crane, mobile crane boom and hanging below the standing people is prohibited.
在顶升（降落）作业中必须有专人指挥，专人照管电源，专人操作液压系统和专人紧固螺栓，非有关操作人员，不得登上爬升架的操作平www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 台，更不能擅自启动操作阀开关或其他电器设备。
On top of (land) is required in working personnel command, specialist care power, personnel operating hydraulic systems and personnel fastening bolts, the relevant operating personnel, shall not be mounted climbing frame operating platform, cannot do STH without authorization launch more operating valve switch or other electrical equipment.
顶升（降落）作业应在白天进行，如遇特殊情况，需在夜间作业时，必须有充足的照明设备。
Jack-up (land) operations shall be carried out during the day, in case of special circumstances, when working in the night, there must be sufficient lighting.
至允许在四级风以下进行作业，如在作业中遇到风力加大，必须停止工作，并紧固螺栓使上下塔身连结一体。
To allow to operate under moderate breeze, such as wind more, encountered in the work must be stop working, and fastening bolt to link up and down the tower. www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 塔式起重机的力矩限制器、重量限制器、变幅限位器、行走限位器、高度限位器等安全保护装置不得随意调整和拆除，严禁用限位装置代替操纵机构。
Tower crane torque limiter, weight limiter, amplitude limiter, stop walking, height limiter and other safety protection devices shall not be arbitrarily adjusted and removal, it is forbidden to use limit device instead of operating mechanism.
施工升降机必须安装防坠安全器。防坠安全器应在一年有效标定期内使用。为确保施工升降机的安全使用，施工升降机应每三个月做一次坠落试验，并形成记录。
Construction lifter for safety device must be installed.For safety device should be used during the one year valid calibration period.In order to ensure the safe use of construction hoist, construction hoist shall be once every three months to do drop test, and form a record.
施工升降机应安装超载保护装置，超载保护装置在载荷达到额定重量的110%前应能中止吊笼启动。
Construction lifter overload protective device should be installed, and the www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com overload protection device before reach 110% of the rated weight load should be suspended crane cage started.
施工升降机安装作业时必须将按钮盒或操作盒移到吊笼顶部操作。当导轨架或附墙架上有人作业时，严禁开动施工升降机。
Construction elevator installation operations button box or operation box must be moved to the hanging basket at the top of the operation.When the guide rail frame or attached to the wall frame on some homework, it is strictly prohibited to start the construction lifter.
塔机和施工升降机的安装作业范围应设置警戒线及明显的警示标志。非作业人员不得进入警戒范围。任何人不得在悬吊物下方行走或停留。
The installation of the tower crane and construction hoist operation scope shall set the stage and the obvious warning signs.The homework personnel must not enter the alert.No one may walk or stay at the bottom of the suspended objects.
塔机和升降机在安装、顶升加节、附墙、拆除等关键环节，安装单位的专业技术人员、专职安全生产管理人员应进行现场监督。总包和各www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 标段的安全管理人员也应在现场监督。
Tower crane and hoist in installation, jack-up, such key links as attached, dismantle, installation unit of profeional and technical personnel, full-time safety management personnel should be on-site supervision.Total bid packages and the safety management personnel should be on site supervision.
塔吊、施工升降机、物料提升机（井架）安装后须经有资质的检测机构检测，取得检测合格证后方可使用。
Tower crane, construction elevator, material hoist (derrick) after installation shall be certified by a qualified testing agency, have test certificates rear can use.
四、结束语
Four, the conclusion
随着社会的发展，建筑起重机械安全管理存在的新问题将不断出现，各地建设行政主管部门及安全监督机构、各参建单位要根据相关法律法规，认真落实对施工现场建筑施工起重机械的管理责任，切实www.daodoc.com安装单位应组织安装技术人员进行现场勘察www.daodoc.com 提高安全生产水平。
Along with the development of the society, new problems of safety management in construction hoisting machinery will appear constantly, around the construction administrative department and safety supervision agencies, the contractors should according to relevant laws and regulations and earnestly implement the responsibility for the management of the construction site construction hoisting machinery, improve the level of safety in production earnestly.
