名词解释 5个 汉译英 20个 英译汉 20个 翻译 5个 作文 1个
（老师说：注意看注释）
名词解释：
①Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.“环境”是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
②System, a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole.“系统”，一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物。
③Pollution, an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.“污染”，有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。
④Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a proce.“资源减量化”：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
⑤Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.“废物最少化”：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
句子：
这些句子有三处来源：上课老师强调的，课后习题的，还有课后NOTES里的。 侧重性依次是： （老师强调） > （课后习题） > （NOTES）
Unit 1: Environmental Engineering
环境工程 In an agrarian society, people lived eentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在农业社会，人们基本上能与自然和谐地相处,他们在陆地上种植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。（老师强调）
The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer.Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.动物和人类排放的废物作为肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空气污染问题产生。（老师强调） Unit 2: Historical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA
回顾美国处置危险物品的历史
As a result, industries that generated large quantities of these waste materials now had to ensure that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.结果导致产生大量废物的企业现在不得不确保这些物。（老师强调）
Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.尽管现在有足够的法规来解决有害物质的处理问题，但是在二十年或更长的时间内是不可能真正的解决的。（老师强调）
Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.只有通过工业界，科学家和政府部门的共同努力，才能最终得到解决。（老师强调+NOTES）
Unit 5: Type and Sources of Air Pollutants
空气污染物的类型和来源
The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。（NOTES）
By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。（NOTES）
Unit 6: Effects on Climate and Ecological Environment
对气候和生态环境的影响
The most sever consequence of CO2 induced global warming would be melting of the polar ice caps and the subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains.二氧化碳引起全球变暖最严重的后果是，极地冰川融化、海平面上升，沿海平原将被淹没。（习题：英译汉） Although global warming from the already elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed.虽然很多气候模型预言了大气中二氧化碳水平的升高会引起全球变暖，但是这种变暖并没有实际观察到。（习题：英译汉）
Confirmation of the effect of CO2 on climate has been confounded by the natural fluctuations in climate and average global surface temperatures.自然气候和全球平均地表温度的波动一直干扰着二氧化碳对气候影响的证实。（NOTES）
Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution.虽然这些记录表明了平均表面温度和气候的发展趋势，遗憾的是，这些记录又碰巧与工业化的增加和污染重合了。（习题：英译汉）
The uncertainties aociated with sink mechanisms considerable complicate the problem of determining the world carbon budget and prediction of future atmosphere CO2 levels.吸收机制的不确定性相当大程度地使世界碳量平衡和预计未来大气CO2水平问题复杂化。（NOTES） Unit 8: New Technologies of Air Pollution Control
大气污染控制的新技术
Moreover, while bioremediation techniques are now being applied succefully for the treatment of soil and groundwater contaminated by synthetic organics, at present there is very little practical experience with biological systems for the control of air contaminants among environmental profeionals in the U S.而且，生物除污技术在土壤和地下水得到了成功的应用，现在，在美国环保专业人员中，生物学系统在控制大气污染物方面只有很少的实践经验。（习题：英译汉）
In fact, few environmental profeionals in this country appear to be aware that “biofiltration” i.e., the biological removal of air contaminants from off-gas streams in a solid phase reactor, is now a well established air pollution control(APC) technology in several European countries, most notably The Netherlands and Germany.实际上，这个国家几乎没有环境的专家似乎意识到在好几个欧洲国家（最显著的是荷兰和德国），“生物过滤”，即从固相反应器气流中空气污染物的生物去除法，是一种充分确立的空气污染控制技术。（NOTES）
The experiences in Europe have demonstrated that biofiltration has economic and other advantages over existing APC technologies, particularly if applied to off-gas streams that contain only low concentrations (typically le than 1000 ppm as methane) of air pollutants that are easily biodegraded.欧洲的经验已经证明，生物过滤较已有的空气污染技术有着经济的和其他方面的优越性，特别是用于仅含有低浓度{典型地是加完浓雾小于1000ppm}易生物降解的空气污染物的尾气。（NOTES）
The principal reasons why biofiltration is not presently well recognized in the U.S., and has been applied in only a few cases, appear to be a lack of regulatory programs, little governmental support for research and development, and lack of descriptions written in the English language.对于那些为什么生物过滤法如今在美国还不是很好地被认识和只应用于仅仅很少的一些情况的道理，可以认为是缺少控制的计划、来自政府对此技术研究和发展支持，更是缺少用英语写成的有关这些技术的文献。（习题：英译汉）
While soil beds have been shown to control certain types of odors and VOC efficiently and fairly low and operating cost, their use in the U.S.has been limited by the low biodegradation capacity of soils and the correspondingly large space requirements for the beds.虽然已经证实土壤床可用想到低的投资和操作费用来控制某些类型的臭味和挥发性有机化合物，但是，土壤的低生物降解能力和相当大的占地要求限制了土壤床在美国的应用。（NOTES）
Unit 10: Water Pollution and Pollutants
水污染及其污染源
Tests for the few pathogens that might be present are difficult and time consuming, and standard practice is to test for other more plentiful organisms that are always present (in the billions) in the intestines of warm-blooded animals,including human.对可能存在的病菌的检测不仅有难度并且很耗时，并且标准的实施是对其他许多存在于包括人类在内的热血动物肠道内德有机体进行的检测。（老是强调）
VSS can be an indicator of the organic content of raw wastes and can also provide a measure of the active microbial population in biological procees.挥发性悬浮固体可作为原废物的有机物含量的指示指标，并为在生物过程活微生物数量提供一个测量方法。（老师强调）
TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of known TOC.总有机碳是通过测量样品中的有机碳在一种强氧化剂的氧化作用下产生的二氧化碳的量，并与已知的总有机碳的标准对比而测得的。（老师强调）
Unit 13: Water Treatment Procees
水处理过程
Coagulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too small for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized and clustered together for faster settling.混凝/絮凝法是一种化学物理过程，那些太小的用普通沉降法不能去除的颗粒具有在这个过程中失去稳定性能成团的特点，从而能较快地沉淀。（NOTES）
Unit 18: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
固体废弃物的来源和种类
Although any number of source claifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful.虽然已有许多废物来源的分类法，但以下的分类是很有价值的。（NOTES） As a basis for subsequent discuions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated.作为以下讨论的基础，定义所产生的各种固体废物是有帮助的。（NOTES） The most important characteristic of these waste is that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在温暖的天气里，会极快地腐烂。（老师强调+习题：汉译英）
In addition to the amounts of food wastes generated at residences, considerable amounts are generated at cafeterias and restaurants, large institutional facilities such as hospitals and prisons, and facilities aociated with the marketing of foods, including wholesale and retail stores and markets.除了在家庭产生饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物。（老师强调+习题：汉译英）
Unit 20: Methods of Waste Disposal
废弃物处理方法
Waste can be pretreated by pulverizing, or mechanically breaking it down into small particle sizes, which can reduce the bulk by up to 33% by volume.把废物粉碎成碎块可以使其体积减少33%左右。（习题：汉译英）
In this survey, 72% of waste was tipped on land, 16% of the intractable and dangerous waste was dumped at sea in sealed containers, and 8.6% was buried.Only about 3% of the waste was disposed of by the alternative methods of incineration or discharge into sewers.在这项调查中，72%的废弃物被倾倒在陆地上，16%棘手和危险的废弃物装在密封的容器被倾倒在海里，并且8%的废弃物被填埋。只有大约3%的废弃物被焚烧或排入下水沟的选择性方法处理。（老师强调）
专业名词：
hazardous substance disposal 危险物品处置
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)资源回收保护法 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 环境保护署 hazardous waste 有害废弃物 waste Reduction 废物减量化 waste Minimization 废物最少化 chlorofluoro carbon 含氯氟烃
primary air pollution 初级空气污染 secondary air pollution 次生空气污染 threshold levels 临界浓度 synergy 协同作用
biological magnification 生物放大效应 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 carbon oxides 碳氧化物 sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫 sulfur oxides 硫氧化物 nitric oxide 一氧化氮 nitrogen oxides 氮氧化物 methane 甲烷
hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物
photochemical oxidants 光化学氧化剂 Radioactive substances 放射性物质 foil fuels 化石燃料 ozone 臭氧
without adequate 适当的 ventilation 通风 aerosol 气溶胶
thermal energy 热能
emiivity 发射率，辐射系数
average global surface temperatures 全球平均地表温度 trace gases 痕量气体
the centrifugal force 离心力 cyclones 旋风分离器 fabric filters 布袋过滤器 wet scrubbers 湿式洗涤器
electrostatic precipitators 静电除尘器 impingement plate tower 冲击式板式塔 biodegradation 生物降解 bioremediation 生物修复
volatile organic compounds (VOC) 挥发性有机化合物 sulfur and nitrogen oxides 硫和氮氧化物 hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢 biodegradable 可生物降解的 microorganisms 微生物 solids 固体
inorganic constituents 无机成分 organic matter 有机物质 purification 净化
