Environment is the physicsl and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see.hear, touch, smell, and taste.
System.according to Wehster’ s dictionaryD , is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, supply system, the world or universe”.
•环境：是指我们周围的物理和生物生境，我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和感到这些事物。 •系统：根据韦氏字典，系统为相关和相联的一组或一系列事情形成一个单元或有机体
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological
characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.
•污染：可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生存或活性造成了危害
When the goal of improving environmental quality is taken to be improving human
well-being.Theword“environment” broadens to include all kinds of social, economic, and cultural aspects.Such broadne is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a textbook designed for a one-semester course.Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”.
当改善环境质量的目的是用来改善人体健康时，环境这个词的含义就拓宽到包括各种社会、经济和文化方面，但这样的拓宽对许多实际情况不可行的，对为一学期时间设计的课程而言是不现实的。从而我们对环境问题调查时把环境的定义做了限制。
A number of different environmental problems are aociated with water, air, or land systems.Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories.Such a claification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.Moreover, it is sensible because, for managerial and administrative reasons® , such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater diaposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.与水、大气或土地系统来说有一些不同的相关环境问题。而许多问题只是适用于其中的一个系统，正因为此这也说明了上述分类的合理性。如此的分类还有利于更容易对一个系统内相关问题的理解。并且从行政管理方面看也是合理的，因为政府机构经常把环境问题分为空气污染、供水、污水处理和固体废物处置几个方面来处理。
Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.
但有许多重要的环境问题并不局限于大气、水或土地系统中的某个单一系统，而是包含各系统之间的相互作用。
A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emiion of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations®, smelters, and automobile exhausts.
一个典型的例子是由于从许多发电站、冶炼厂和汽车排气向大气释放的二氧化硫和氮氧化物造成的酸雨问题。
These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions, Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops.Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem.and the acid rain problem.normally of regional nature.
这些气体被气流输送到更广的区域，然后经降雨的冲刷后形成了酸雨，这对水生生物、森林和农作物有危害。对各系统间的相互作用造成了较大的环境破坏这里给出了两个例子，一个是全球性问题即大气中二氧化碳的逐渐增加，另一个是酸雨问题，通常是区域性问题。
Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.A few examples are noted here.Can you think of others?
• The production of more and better quality food
• The creation of housing as protection from extrcmcs from climates and as living apace
• The building of fast and reliable means of transportation
• The invention of various systems of communication*
*我们生活水平的许多大的改善可以归公于科学技术的应用这里给出几个例子。你能再举出其它的例子? ﹡更多并且质量更好食物的生产﹡快速并可靠的运输方式的创建﹡创造了可以保护我们免受极端气候并作为生活空间的房子﹡多种通信体系的发明
• The invention of machines to replace human or animal power• The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes
• The elimination of many infectious diseases
﹡可以代替人力和动物的机器的发明﹡安全水的供给与废物的处置﹡传染病的消除
• The elimination of most water-borne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology
• The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities
• The protection from the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
﹡在发达国家通过改进水工艺消除了大多数水传染病﹡通过更大的生产力使我们有空闲时间，增加了可以参加提供的文化活动及娱乐活动机会﹡保护我们不受例如洪水、干旱、地震和火山喷发等自然灾害的恶劣影响
With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arabic land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to
controls.尽管有这些改进，但这些改进有困扰我们的副作用，例如可耕地的丧失，森林的消失，环境污染和难以控制的新有机体。Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threata to nature and to humana.这些作用中有许多一开始只被认为是公害，但现在已经被认识到对自然和人类有潜在的威胁。
In an agrarian society, people lived eentially in harmony with mature, raising food, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer.Few, if any, problems of water, land, or sir pollution occurred.
在农业社会，人们基本上与自然和谐相处，在土地中种植粮食，收集木柴，并制作衣服和工具。人类和动物产生的废物以肥料的形式返回土壤中。即使产生了水体、土壤和大气污染，也很少。
The cities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire® had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes.The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxims©, the best known and one of the earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems.古代大城市，特别是罗马帝国时的那些城市，有供水和废物处置的体系。该体系一个例子如下：从古罗马的大排泄沟输水管道为有百万人口的罗马城市供应干净的水，这是最著名也是最早建造的排水管。 The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.Water supply and waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of dysentery, cholera, typhoid.and other waterborne diseases.
许多世纪以来，整个欧洲城市的建筑者们忘记了古代城市的市政工程。供水和废物处置的忽略造成了许多疾病的发作，例如痢疾、霍乱、伤寒和其它水传染疾病。Until the middle of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.直到19世纪中叶以前，人们没有意识到废物的不当处置会使给水受到带病有机体的污染。
The industrial revolution in nineteenth- century Britain, Europe, and North Americs aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization with the industrialization.英国、欧洲和北美国家在19世纪的工业革命恶化了环境问题，这是因为随着工业化发展城市化加速造成的。 Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.
所有城市化和工业化现象，无论在过去还是现在都是造成在该时代不能处理的水体和大气污染的原因。 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partisl treatment of wastewster took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.This led to a drsmstic decrease in the incidence of waterborne diseases®.Note that all wastes discharge into the environment, and thus pollute our water, air, and land systems.
接下来的几十年里，在发达国家对给水的处理和废水的部分处理方面的技术得到了快速发展。这样就大大减少了水传染病的发生率。我们应注意到排放到环境的所有废物污染了我们的水、大气和土壤系统。 1排水工程sewerage engineering，wastewater engineering2排水系统sewer system3排水体制sewerage system4排水设施wastewater facilities5合流制combined system6分流制separate system 7城镇污水urban wastewater8城镇污水系统urban wastewater system9城镇污水污泥urban wastewater sludge10旱流污水dry weather flow，DWF11生活污水domestic sewage; sewage12综合生活污水comprehensive sewage13工业废水industrial wastewater 14入渗地下水infiltrated ground water15总变化系数peaking variation factor16径流系数runoff coefficient17暴雨强度： rainfallintensity18重现期recurrence interval19降雨历时duration of rainfall20汇水面积catchment area 21 地面集水时间inlet time，concentration time22截流倍数
interception ratio23排水泵站 drainagepumpingstation24污水泵站sewage pumping station25雨水泵站storm water pumping station 26合流污水泵站combinedsewage pumping station27一级处理
primary treatment28二级处理secondary treatment29活性污泥法activated sludge proce，suspendedgrowth proce30生物反应池biological reaction tank31活性污泥activated sludge32回流污泥returned sludge33格栅 bar screen34格栅除污机 bar screen machine35固定式格栅除污机 fixed raking machine36移动式格栅除污机mobile raking machine37 沉砂池 grit chamber38平流沉砂池 horizontal flow grit chamber39 曝气沉砂池 aerated grit chamber 40旋流沉砂池 vortex-type grit chamber41 沉淀 sedimentation, settling42 初次沉淀池 primary sedimentation tank43二次沉淀池secondary sedimentation tank
44平流沉淀池 horizontal sedimentation tank45 竖流沉淀池 vertical flow sedimentation tank46辐流沉淀池radial vertical flow sedimentation tank 47 斜管(板)沉淀池 inclined tube(plate) sedimentation tank48 好氧 oxic,aerobic49 厌氧 anaerobic50 缺氧 anoxic51 生物硝化 bio-nitrification52 生物反硝化 bio-denitrification53 混合液回流 mixed liquid recycle54 生物除磷 biological phosphorus removal55缺氧/好氧脱氮工艺 anoxic/oxicproce（ANO) 56厌氧/好氧脱氮工anaerobic /oxic proce（APO）57厌氧/缺氧/好氧脱氮除磷工艺 anaerobic/anoxic/oxicproce（AAO,又称A2/O)58序批式活性污泥法sequencing batch reactor（SBR）59 充水比 fill ratio60 总凯氏氮 total Kjeldahl nitrogen61总氮totalnitrogen62 总磷 total phosphorus63 好氧泥龄 oxic sludge age64泥龄sludge ag65氧化沟oxidation ditch66 好氧区 oxic zone67 缺
氧区 anoxic zone68 厌氧区 anaerobic zone69 生物膜法 biofilm proce，attached growth proce70 生物接触氧化 bio-contact oxidation 71 曝气生物滤池 biological aerated filter (BAF)72 生物转盘rotating biological contactor (RBC)73 塔式生物滤池 biotower74 低负荷生物滤池 low-rate trickling filters75 高负荷生物滤池 high-rate biological filters76 五日生化需氧量容积负荷 BOD5-volumetric loading rate77 表面负荷 hydraulic loading rate78 固定布水器 fixed distributor79 旋转布水器 rotating distributor80 石料滤料 rock filtering media81 塑料填料 pastic media82 污水自然处理 natural treatment of wastewater83 土地处理 land treatment84 稳定塘 stabilization pond85 灌溉田 sewage farming86 人工湿地artifical wetland ,constructed wetland87 污水再生利用 wastewater reuse88 深度处理 advanced treatment89 再生水 renovated water ，reclaimed water90 膜过滤 membrane filtration91 颗粒活性炭吸附池 granular activated carbon adsorption tank92 紫外线ultraviolet 93 紫外线剂量 ultraviolet dose94污泥处理sludge treatment95污泥处置sludge disposal96污泥浓缩sludge thickening 97污泥脱水sludged dewatering98污泥干化sludge drying 99污泥消化sludge digestion 100厌氧消化anaerobic digestion好氧消化aerobic digestion102中温消化mesophilic digestion 103高温消化thermophilic digestion104原污泥raw sludge 105 初沉污泥primary sludge 106二沉污泥secondary sludge 107 剩余污泥exce activated sludge108 消化污泥digested sludge109 消化池digester110 消化时间digest time111 挥发性固体volatile solids112 挥发性固体去除率removal percentage of volatile solid113 挥发性固体容积负荷cubage load of volatile solids114污泥气sludge gas污泥气燃烧器sludge gas burner116 回火防止器backfire preventer污泥热干化sludge heat drying118污泥焚烧sludge incineration污泥综合利用 sludge integrated application污泥土地利用 sludge land application污泥农用sludge farm application
