复合句
例如：
中文：古巴比伦王颁布了汉莫拉比法典，刻在黑色的玄武岩之上3700多年。 英语句子的个数必须和它谓语动词的个数保持一致。
按照英语语法来看，这个句子产生了谓语重叠的现象。因此在两句中要加连接词。 在连接词后面的句子被称为从句，在连接词前面的句子被称为主句。
推理：任何一个复杂的句子，其谓语动词的个数减去从句连接词的个数，必然为1。 连接词的种类：
1.并列连词——并列复合句
2.从属连词——主从复合句
例如：I don't know why I love you.
从句的特点
1.从句整体必须是完整的句子
2.从句的整体充当主句的某个成分，充当什么成份就叫什么从句
3.跟在连接词后面的是从句，并且从句必须包括连接词在内
从句的学习方法
1.弄清句子成份
2.弄清连接词
句子成份
主——谓——宾——表——定——状——补
注意：从句不能充当谓语
补语是补充说明的，因此从句也不充当补语。
主（n.）——谓——宾（n.）——表（n.）——定（adj.）——状（adv.）——补 名词性从句：主语从句 / 宾语从句 / 表语从句
形容词性从句：定于从句
副词性从句：状语从句
定语从句的结构特点
定语从句的连接词
1.关系代词：that, as, which, who, whom, whose
2.关系副词：when, where, why
我喜欢这个城市。
I like the city.
这是我喜欢的城市。
This is the city which I like.
1.如何写出这些句子？
句子主干是：这是城市英文主句：This is the city
结论：中文的主干就是英文的主句。
当翻译任何一个中文句子的时候，第一步要找到中文句子的主干，写成主句。
2.写从句。
a.把疑问词当作已知事物，把整个句子写成陈述句
b.把疑问词提到句首，其他完全不变
例如：When will you go?
——写成陈述句You will go when / You when will go
——把疑问词提到句首when you will go
3.which属于关系代词，充当从句的宾语，宾语是名词词性，因此 which 代替名词存在，简称为代名词，省略称之为代词
4.the city 被叫做先行词。先行词是主句中被定语从句所修饰的词，它在结构上充当定于关系代词的内容
我住在这个城市。
I live in the city.
这是我所住的城市。
This is the city in which I live.
This is the city where I live.
where I live的特点：
在句子中做定语
正确的语序是 I live where (地点状语)
对比：
This is the city where I live.
This is the city which I like.
共同点：which 和 where 在从句中做成份，翻译成中文都相当于“......的”
注意：关系代词在从句中的意义是由先行词决定；关系副词在从句中的意义也是由先行词决定，但是必须先把关系副词拆成 介词+关系代词
此处翻译成“......的”表明不具有实际意义，仅仅是起定语标志的作用。它们作为“......的”的意思时，在整个句子的翻译中存在，在从句中分别有其他意思。
that 既可以充当 which，也可以充当 who。
who、whom、whose、as
Z is a woman who loves you.who 做主语
S is a woman who you love.who 做宾语
S is a woman whom you love.whom 做宾语 who 的格应该由从句中的成份来定，而与先行词在主句中的成份没有关系。
Z is such a woman as loves you.
注意：先行词前如果有 such 的话，who 要改成 as。
whose 和先行词之间存在归属关系
when、why
This is the minute in which we live together.
This is the minute when we live together.
Romance is the reason for which she loves him.
Romance is the reason why she loves him.
做题方法
Romance is the reason why she loves him.
I hate the woman who loves him.
对比出题特点：
对于复合句的题目而言，一般空出的是连接词
结论：所有含有定语从句的主句都是完整的
结论：所有的定语从句的从句部分，如果从句剩余部分完整则加上关系副词，如果不完整就要加上关系代词。
总结：定语从句的主句总是完整的句子；而从句部分，关系代词引导不完整从句，关系副词引导完整从句。
定语从句的特殊点
一、在有些情况下只能用 that 作关系代词
1.当先行词被不定代词修饰或本身就是不定代词时
不定代词是指没有明确的指代，如 someone, anyone, some, any
2.当先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时
3.当先行词本身是数词或被序数词修饰时
4.当先行词中既包括人也包括物时
5.当先行词在主句中做表语或关系代词在从句中做表语时
This is the city that I like.
用 which 的原因：
1.第5点的原则在平时的行文中是不需要注意的
2.which 是大家最熟悉的关系代词
3.只有 which 前加介词，这样才引出关系副词
二、不能用 that 的情况
1.当在从句中关系代词前有介词时
2.当关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时
I like the city which I live in.----> I like the city that I live in.
The plan is going on which I presented.--> The plan is going on that I presented.
非限定性定语从句：对先行词没有性质上的限定，仅仅是补充说明而已。
三、as 的用法
1.as 引导限定性定语从句，只能指代主句中的某个先行词，必须与 such as / as many as / as much as / the same as 搭配使用。
2.as 引导非限定性定语从句，只能指代整个主句，引导的从句可以放在主句之前、之中、或者之后。
注意：以上各点中，逗号之间的部分必须同时成立
Z is such a woman as loves you.
As is known to all, the earth is round.
--> The earth is round, as is known to all.
--> The earth, as is known to all, is round.
3.which 引导非限定性定语从句的时候，可能指代整个主句，也可能指代主句中的某个先行词，which 引导非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。
习题讲解
1.Ms Nancy didn't mind at all ______ to the ceremony.
A.being not invitedB.not being invited
C.not invitingD.not to be invited
2."_____ your meeting is!" he offered them his sincere congratulations.
A.How a great succeB.What a great succe
C.How great succeD.What great succe
3.We must remember that _____fashion is not the most important thing in _______ life.
A./; theB./; /C.the; /D.the; the
4.It _____ quite a few years _____ the accused was declared innocent and set free.
A.was; sinceB.is; thatC.will be; whenD.was; before
5.The profeor said he could talk on _____ interested the audience.
A.any topicB.which topic
C.whichever topicD.the topic he thought it
6.Under no circumstance _____ to tell lies to parents.
A.children are allowedB.are children allowed
C.children will allowD.will children allow
7.Modern science and technology has _____ communication between people far apart.
A.made convenientB.made it convenient
C.made it convenient forD.made it convenient to
8.I heard that you really had a wonderful time at John's birthday party, _____?
A.didn't IB.didn't youC.hadn't youD.will you
9.The great use of school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the
art of learning.
A.asB.thatC.thanD.but
10.No matter how frequently _____ the works of Beethoven always attract a large number of
people.
A.performingB.performed
C.to be performedD.being performed
11._____ their real economic situations, they got some relief fund from the government.
A.ConsideringB.Considered
C.Having been consideredD.Being considered
12.Tina _____ have known the truth, or she would have told us.
A.mustn'tB.shouldn'tC.can'tD.needn't
13.There are some police cars in front.What do you suppose _____?
A.is the matterB.is happened
C.is the wrongD.the trouble is
14._____ of water makes Death Valley a desert, but it is by no means devoid.
A.LackingB.Being lack
C.Because of lackD.Lack
15.In recent years much more emphasis has been put______ developing the students productive skills.
A.ontoB.inC.over D.on
16.A survey was carried out on the death rate of those who were infected by SARS,________were surprising.
A.as resultsB.which results
C.the results of itD.the results of which
17.The organization broke no rules, but ______had it acted responsibly.
A.neither B.soC.eitherD.both
18.Many workers were organized to clear awayremained of the World Trade Center.
A.thoseB.thatC.whatD.where
19.My train arrive in New York at eight o'clock tonight.The plane I would like to take from there ______by then.
A.would leaveB.will have left C.has leftD.had left
20.The profeor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____his arguments in favor of the new theory.
A.to be based onB.to base on
C.which to base onD.on which to base
答案：
1.B
2.B succe 名词，保留远动词含义"成功"是不可数名词；如用来代替具体的人（成功者）或具体的事（成功的事情（东西））是可数名词。故排除C,D；A中how是副词，如改成how great a succe就是正确的。
3.B 抽象名词不特指时，前不用冠词。
4.D 如将A项中was, since改成is, since是正确的；即从句中谓语先发生。如用B项，是强调句，而强调句前后两个谓语动词在时间上必须一致（a）；被强调部分能还回原句中（b），即因为句中was declared是过去时, B项中is改成
因为句中was declared是非延续性动词，在years后加上ago将"一段" 时was；
间变成"一点"就是正确的。C 项前后时间不一致。
等于 anything that，表示强调；5.C whichever已失去疑问含义， 而 which topic
中 which保留疑问含义，译成"哪一个题目"，不符合句义。而A和D中缺少连词。
6.B.含有否定意义的副词及介词短语放在句首时，句子中主语和谓语用部分倒装。
7.A 题目中has made是谓语，communication between people far apart短语是宾语，convenient是宾语的补语，被前置。如用B项,it是形式宾语代替不定式或从句。
但是在含有宾8.B含宾语从句和定语从句的主从复合句，反意疑问句随主句变；
语从句的住句中主语是第一人称时反意疑问句随从句一致。
9.A
10.B 在让步，时间等状语从句中，如果主从句中主语一致，从句中谓语含 be动词，可以将从句中的主语和 be 省略，即在how 后加they(the works) are，再分别与选择项搭配后，就会发现正确答案是B。
11.A considering "考虑到"，而 considered "被认为"，根据全句含义，句中主语they和considering是主动关系，因此选择项。
12.C
13.A
14.Dlack 作名词，后加of短语。如用A项,lacking是及物动词的动名词，后面不用介词of或作不及物动词,后面加介词in…。
15.D put/ place/ lay emphasis on 是固定搭配，表示"强调，注重。"
16.D the results of which 等于whose results，是非限制性定语从句。
17.A
18.C 该题空格处缺少的是连词，且在从句中作主语，所以排除A,D; that在名词性从句中只起连接作用。
19.B
20.D on which to base his arguments in favor of the new theory = The profeor will base his arguments in favor of the new theory on sufficient grounds.
