中国海员之家网站船员面试资料系列 大副面试问题及参考答案
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大副面试问题及参考答案
大副是甲板上仅次于船长的“第二把手”。大副的好坏直接关系到船舶、货物和人身安全。 经验表明，船东在面试大副时也是相当严格和认真的。主要集中在货物的配载、装卸货、货物的 保管、货物单据、管理能力、协调能力等方面。而对于特种船来说，对有关货物装卸货的有关规 定等也要熟知。此外，有关ISM/SMS及其他公约、PSC检查以及船东内外审时的提问也是一个 非常重要的部分。
下面整理了一部分面试试题，供参考。我们建议，大副不但要准备下面的一些问题，也应该 看看有关船长及二副和三副的有关问题，这样才能 达到融会贯通的目的。
1.Can you tell me about your educational background and working experience? A reference answer:
I graduated from Jimei Navigation College in 1992.I studied there for three years.I have worked as a seamen on eight ships for nearly ten years.I have the experience of Chief Officer for two ships.I have worked both Chinese and foreign shipowners in the past ten years.
2.Can you tell me the responsibilities of the Chief Officer?
Under the leadership of the Master, the Chief Officer shall carry out the daily management of the deck department, and he is also responsible for cargo handling.The specific duties include:
(1) watch-keeping from 0400-0800 hours and 1600-2000 hours;
(2) safety of the ship and work place, safety equipment;
(3) daily safety and sanitary inspection;
(4) store and spare parts inventory management;
(5) maintenance on deck;
(6) stowage plan making;
(7) supervision of the loading and unloading proce;
(8) cargo caring on board;
(9) some other work and duties designated by the master of the veel. 3.Can you talk about the previous veels (last veel) you worked on board? It was an ocean-going ship, but it mainly loaded cargoes in Asia and discharged in Europe. It was an old ship about 14 years old.But the general condition of the ship was quite good because we did very good maintenance work on board.
4.What types of cargoes have ever been carried on board your last veel?
I have worked on bulk carriers and general cargo veels and I have experienced a lot of cargo handling.
这是一个很重要的问题，因为大副的一个很重要职务便是货物管理。大副应该对不同货物的 装卸、配载、保管、单据、保险等相关问题有所了解。
5.Where was your last veel\'s trading (plying, sailing) area?
It was an ocean-going ship, but it mainly loaded cargoes in Asia and discharged in Europe.She has ever been to New Orleans, Long Beach, New York, Rotterdam, Hamburg and so on.
6.Did you have the experience of working with foreign crews? What were their nationalities?
The last two veels I worked on had crew from several countries.The masters were from Indian, the Chief Engineers were from Hong Kong and Philippine and other seamen were from China, Indian Burma and Vietnam.
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7.Can you tell me how to make a stowage plan?
Based on the capacity of the hold, the stowage factors, types of cargo, loading and discharging ports rotation, I shall calculate the volume of the cargo that is to be loaded into different holds.Then I shall calculate the draft of the veel and trimming, shear force, bending moment to meet the requirements of the ship.At last, stowage plan is made based on these factors.
8.What does a stowage factor of mean?
A stowage factor of any cargo is the figure that exprees the number of cubic units of measure needed to accommodate one unit of weight- how many cubic meters is needed to stow one metric ton of certain goods.Stowage factors should include allowance for dunnage，
irregular size of certain goods, pallets and something else.Even the most carefully determined stowage factor is not absolute and it should be used only as a guide while planning cargo disposition.
9.If there happens stevedore damage to cargo, equipment or ship\' s structure in the loading or discharging ports, what should you do?
If damage happens, I must record it first and then report it in an appropriate written form to the master and other parties concerned.The report must be signed by the liable parties admitting they have (or have not) responsibility for the damage.The damage report shall be carefully worded and shall be supported with photos and other evidence, if any.The damage report should also include the following contents: ship’s name, voyage number, date, geographical location, name of the person who took the photos and his signature, location where the photo was taken, and what is intended to show.
10.What precautions do you have to take before cargo operation is carried out? I shall check the pre-cargo operation check lists to make sure that no item is miing.The following procedures are to be adopted:
(1) the Chief Officer shall make a cargo operation plan, in which the following factors shall be considered: the cargo must be stowed in such way that the stability, trim, shearing forces and bending moments are within the limits as laid down by the stability manual; exceive weight on tank tops, tween decks and hatch covers must be avoided; and cargo must be stowed and secured in such way as to avoid damage- which can result in poible lo of life or property.
(2)Pre-operation conference with all ship\'s personnel to be involved in the cargo operation should be held to discu such matters as cargo disposition, numbers of gangs and working hours, usual and special safety requirements, ballasting and de-ballasting information, special requirements regarding cargo operation, damage prevention and control, personnel organization, cargo watch etc.The Chief Officer must ensure that all relevant personnel have fully understood the intended cargo and all usual and special safety and operational requirements.
11.What will you do if cargo damage is found or suspected before loading or during loading?
I shall report to the master first and foremost.The master should decide whether to replace the damaged cargo.For the full-set machines and high-valued products I must ask for the replacement in the loading port if damages are found.If the damaged cargoes cannot be replaced, the Chief Mate shall make remarks on the Mate’s Receipt.
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If disputes happen on the quantity and quality of the cargoes, I shall, at the discretion of the master, ask the cargo surveyor to do the survey.If neceary, under the endorsement of the ship owner, I shall write a Letter of Protest (based on the format provided by the company) to prove the innocence of the seamen on board.
During the voyage, if a very small amount of cargo is damaged, with the permiion of the master, I shall throw it away into the sea to avoid any disputes with any third party.
12.What are the differences between the Bill of Lading and the Mate\'s Receipt? A Tally Sheet is the basis of the Mate’s Receipt.The Mate’s Receipt is the basis of the B/L. The condition of the cargo is clearly shown on the Mate’s Receipt.It is very important to make sure that the cargo condition on the bill of lading is the same as that on the Mate’s Receipt. The Mate’s Receipt is the legal evidence of the cargo received and the B/L is the legal evidence of the cargo ownership.If the consigner wants the master to iue a clean B/L on the basis of unclean Mate’s Receipt, the master firstly must ask for permiion from the company. K the company agrees, the consigner must iue reliable Letter of Indemnity or Letter of Guarantee.
13.If the draft survey proves a shortage of cargo after loading is completed, what will you do apart from reporting to the Master? Will you make any remarks on the Mate\'s Receipt?
In this case, I shall report the problem to the master first.With the permiion of the master, I shall ask the third party surveyor to do the survey.K the survey shows there is shortage or damage of the cargo, I shall write remarks on the Mate’s Receipt showing the lo or damage or shortage.
The third party is to be invited to make the objective report on the real quantity of the volume of the cargo.K the cargo is proved to be in shortage, I shall write remarks on the Mate’s Receipt.
14.What do you know about the ISM code and SMS? How many chapters are there in the ISM Code (as amended)? What are these chapters?
The ISM code is the International Safety Management Code.The purpose of this Code is to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention.The objectives of the Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or lo of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.
The 16 chapters of ISM Code are: general, safety and environment protection policy, company responsibilities and authority, designated person (s) , master\'s responsibilities and authority, resources and personnel, development of plans for shipboard operation, emergency preparedne, reports and analysis of non-conformity, accidents and hazardous occurrences , maintenance of the ship and equipment, documentation, company verification, review and evaluation, certification and verifications and control, certification and periodical verification, verification, interim certification, and forms of certificates.The last four chapters are newly added in the new version of ISM Code.
SMS means safety management system, and this system is mad based on the 16 elements of ISM Code, which is a compulsory part SOLAS74.The shipowner or manager cannot get Document of Compliance (DOC) and SMC without audited Safety Management Certificate (SMC) by Cla designated by the flag registry country administration.Every
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company should develop, implement and maintain a safety management system (SMS).
15.What do Observation, Non-conformity and Major non-conformity mean respectively?
Observation means a statement of fact made during a safety management audit and substantiated by objective evidence.Non-conformity means an observed situation where objective evidence indicates the non-fulfillment of a specified requirement.Major non-conformity means an identifiable deviation that poses a serious threat to the safety of personnel or the ship or a serious risk to the environment that requires immediate corrective action and includes the lack of effective and systematic implementation of a requirement of this Code.(摘自新ISM Code原文)
以上内容不一定要非常准确详细地背诵，但至少要知道大致的内容，尤其要知道，ISM规则 是变化的、开放的国际公约，其内容经过修改和增加。此外，随着ISM规则的改变，各船东和管 理公司对SMS也要进行相应的修改和补充。
16.Have you experienced any on-board internal audit before?
The onboard internal audit is carried out at the discretion of the Designated Person of the owner.When the auditors come on board, the seamen should give full support to them.If observation or non-conformity items are found in the audit, these items should be treated with due diligence and rectified on time.
As the Chief Officer, I should be very familiar with the operation and calibration of the gas detector and the loading computer.
17.What is Garbage Management Plan?
The MARPOL 73/78 requires that a Garbage Management Plan should be developed in accordance with the IMO guidelines on board almost all ships.The Plan includes the procedures for garbage collection, separation, proceing and disposal, as well as the management and requirements of garbage proceing equipment, implementation of the Plan and crew responsibilities.All proceing work should be recorded in the Garbage Record Book.
18.How do you carry out the deck machinery maintenance?
On board the last veel, I often ordered my Bosun to organize the deck crew to maintain such equipment as windla, steering engine, derrick, crane, wires, meters and winch. Chipping and greasing are also among their daily routines as per the PMS (Planned Maintenance System).All maintenance plans for the machines in the deck department shall be made by the Chief Officer.
19.As the Chief Officer, what precautions do you have to take to prepare for the PSC inspection?
The Chief Officer should arrange for the checks of the following items: LSA .APPLIANCE equipment, garbage disposal records, gangway safety, ballasting system, sanitary condition, especially in the accommodation area, the galley, provisions stores, cargo operation safety and documents.Besides, the Chief Officer should follow the Master\'s instructions in organizing the emergency drills.
20.What precautions do you have to take before entering an enclosed space? I shall nominate the standby personnel and prepare the ventilation, breathing tool, connecting signals, oxygen, air and poisonous gases testing equipment, and other neceary equipment according to the checklist.I shall then get the Master\'s signature on the checklist.
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21.What checks do you have make before any hot work is permitted? I must make sure of the following:
There is no gas leakage on cargo deck or pump room area;
The nearby places shall be free of inflammable materials or gases and portable extinguishers are available;
The area where the hot work is done is not piled with solvents of any kind, including diesel oil, kerosene, paint, cleaners and thinners;
Gas testing is also important to make sure no flammable or toxic gas is present at the work site and that the oxygen content is 21% by volume;
Ventilation condition should also be checked before any hot work is done;
The Master\'s approval must be obtained under all circumstances.While in port, you must also get the port authority approval.
22.On board your previous veels, how often did you conduct a fire-fighting drill? I carried out a fire fighting drill at least once every month.
23.What are the Chief Officer\'s responsibilities with regards to cargo operation? The Chief Officer is in charge of safe handling of all cargo operation.He must submit all cargo plans to the master for approval and discu any critical stage of cargo operation with the Master.He is responsible for making cargo records, time sheets, port logs and other paperwork related to cargo operation.He must also prepare cargo operation order and get all duty officers to read and understand it.
24.What are the Chief Officer\'s responsibilities with regard to deck maintenance? The Chief Officer should prepare the deck maintenance schedule -both the long-term and short-term onesa promise to carry and deliver the cargo.It constitutes the apparent order, condition, and quantity or weight of goods at the time of shipment.It is also a document of tide (property) of the cargo.
A clean B/L is one on which there is not any remark of cargo lo, shortage or damage.An unclean B/L is also called claused B/L, which carries some remarks of cargo damage, quantity shortage and so on.
41.What is back dated or anti-dated B/L? What is advanced B/L?
A back dated B/L is a B/L whose iuing date is earlier than the virtual loading completion date.An advanced B/L means a B/L that is signed and iued by the carrier before the completion of loading.Both backdated and advanced B/Ls will bring some dangers and liabilities to the shipowner and charterer.
42.What anti-stowaway precautions should you take before the veel sails from a port?
Before departure from any port, stowaway search has to be carried out.The following spaces shall be searched thoroughly: void space, chain lockers, funnel, and other places where the stowaways can hide themselves.
If stowaways are discovered before the ship sails, arrangement has to be made for his immediate disembarkation.Records have to be made in the Ship\'s Logs and the company should be notified.Neceary steps should be taken to prevent any further re occurrence.
43.Who should not be allowed to have the shore leave at the same time?
In view of the jobs on board, the following positions and ranks can not be allowed to have shore leave at the same time: the Master and the Chief Officer; the Chief Engineer and First Engineer; the Chief Engineer and Electrician; the Bosun and Pumpman (in tankers) ; the Chief Cook and Second Cook (or me boy); The Chief Officer and Pumpman (in tankers).
Any crew who wants to have shore leave must check with the department head for permiion and return to the veel on time.
44.What is me maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rate on board? According to the STCW95, the BAC shall not be more than 0.08% by weight any time when being tested, but the CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) requires the BAC to be no more than 0.04% .Watch-keepers are not allowed to drink any alcoholic beverage 4 hours before their watch.
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45.What hand of garbage cannot be thrown into incinerator?
The following garbage can not be thrown into the incinerator: • Any containers that once contained gases under preure, or aerosol cans;
• The materials that may produce harmful gases or ashes;
• The materials that may produce high temperature and prolonged incineration of such materials that may cause damage to the incinerator.
46.What should a Muster List include? What kind of Muster Lists did you have on the last veel?
A Muster List should include the following points: (1) Details of emergency alarm signal;
How ship-abandon order According to the STCW95, the BAG shall not be more than 0.08% by weight any time when being tested, but the CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) requires the BAG to be no more than 0.04% .Watch-keepers are not allowed to drink any alcoholic beverage 4 hours before their watch.
(2)will be given;
(3 ) Substitutes for the key personnel who may become disabled;
(4) The boat to which each person belongs and duties to be performed in an abandon ship situation;
(5) The specific group to which a person belongs and general duties during various emergencies;
(6) Any additional or specific duties;
(7) Specific aembly point of each group.The Muster Lists must be ready before a ship sails.We had the following Muster lists on board the last veel: General emergency, fire fighting, fire in the engine, emergency steering, abandon-ship, man overboard, oil pollution prevention station.
47.What is heavy weather condition? Under heavy weather conditions, what preparations should you make before sailing?
I think heavy weather means weather conditions of wind force of 8 or above on the Beaufort scale and wave height of greater than 5 meters.
During heavy weather conditions, the following preparations should be made: (1)If poible, select a route that can avoid the heavy weather area;
(2) Inform the crew of the predicted heavy weather and iue a warning.Make sure that the warning is known to all crew on board;
(3) Check the hull strength based on stowage calculations, cargo loading and stability documents.Ballast the ship to increase the draught and take action to prevent propeller racing, reduce oscillations and slamming of the ship if the ship is in ballasting condition;
(4) Make sure the following holes are closed: hatches, cargo hold, bosun\'s store, manhole;
accees to accommodation spaces and steering gear room; tank air pipes, sounding caps; all water-tight doors and water-tight openings on the ship;
(5) Ensure that measures are taken to prevent movement of cargo and other objects on various parts of the ship;
(6) Ensure that cargo gears such as derricks, cranes and life boat are securely lashed;
(7) Ensure that the conditions of the stowage of anchors and anchor chains are checked;
(8) Keep critical checklists on the bridge for reference.
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48.Under heavy weather conditions, what preparations should you make before sailing?
If navigating in heavy weather, the following should be paid attention to:
Adopt measures to prevent slamming and pounding of the ship, considering the frequency of encounters with swells and change speed or course if neceary?
a) The watch keeping officer shall change over to parallel operation of the steering gear, if poible;
b) If poible, change the auto pilot to \"rough sea mode\" or change over to manual mode;
c) Master shall frequently check the weather and sea conditions, observe future changes and judge if there is a problem with the present course and speed;
d) Report the weather to the nearest port authority or the ships in the vicinity on the bad weather and ask them to be careful and warn them;
e) The master shall check the abnormalities whenever poible to make the ship in good condition.
49.If the stevedores damage the crane, derrick or any other equipment on board, what should you do?
Firstly, I shall ask the duty officer have a careful supervision when the stevedores are loading and unloading cargo and ask the duty officers to report to me any incident or any damage the workers have done to the veel equipment.
If equipment damages occur, usually, I will see how serious the damage is.If the damage is serious, I shall report to the master immediately.If the damage is not very serious, I shall ask the stevedore company to make repair.At least, I shall ask the stevedores to acknowledge their liabilities.But anyway, I shall not allow the stevedore workers to leave the veel until the damage is settled properly.
50.Before and during dry-docking for the veel, what should a Chief Officer do? The Chief Officer shall prepare a detailed repair list for the approval of the master and the company; adjust the proper trim as per the dock\'s requirements and make out a safety procedure before drydocking.The Chief Officer should also make an aignment plan for the deck officers and crew during drydocking.When the repair work is being done, the Chief Officer should have a good supervision on the jobs and ensure safety of the workers and the seamen.
51.How do you balance the interests between the ship owner and the charterer? Sometimes, the crew are heavily preured in the circumstances: the charterer just pushes the master to catch time, but there will be no time for the maintenance and repairs for the veel.But I know that the charterer is very important to the ship owner, so good relation with the charterer is very important to both the master and the ship owner.
船东希望大副既能和租家建立良好的关系，又能维护船东的利益。因为大副挣的是船东的工 资，但船东挣的是客户（租家）的钱。
52.What do you know about BC Code?
The BC code refers to the IMO Bulk Cargo Code.In this code, bulk cargo operation procedures are stated.This is a very important manual and the Chief Officer must study it with care and follow the instructions in the Code at work, especially when he makes the stowage plan.
53.How should you deal with the garbage on board the ship?
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MARPOL 73/78 provides for detailed regulations on garbage disposal.Usually, any shipping company should have its own Garbage Management Plan in its SMS manuals. Usually, the Chief Engineer or the Chief Officer is the designated person in charge of carrying out the garbage disposal , but all crew on board should follow the garbage management plan.
Garbage is disposed in four steps, i.e.collection, separation, proceing and disposal. The Chief Engineer or the Chief Officer should make clear records in the Garbage Record Book.The Master has to make sure the Garbage Record Book is available for checks at any time.
The garbage can roughly be divided into two types: the biodegradable and persistent garbage.The former refer to those that can be rotten by themselves, such as food paper, and wood; the latter refers to those that can not rotten themselves, such as plastic, mental etc.The persistent garbage can never be thrown into the sea.
54.When should a turnover/handover of watch be deferred or postponed?
Usually, under the following situations, the turnover can be deferred or even postponed: (1) If the officer on watch has reason to believe that the relieving officer is obviously not able to carry out his duties effectively; (2) when bridge maneuver is taking place, turnover of watch must be deferred until the action is completed and the ship is in a safe condition for the relief of the watch to take place.
55.Under what situations should you as the officer on watch reduce the ship\'s speed? Can you give some examples?
The OOW should not hesitate to use engine to reduce the speed for safety.Some examples are: (1) when the ship meets restricted visibility;
(2) when the ship is in heavy traffic area; (3) when the ship is in a close quarter situation. 56.What actions should be taken when restricted visibility is encountered or expected?
The following actions should be taken.(1) Call or notify the master; (2) Stand by engine and sail at safe speed; (3) Switch on the navigational lights; (4) Switch on and sound fog signals; (5) Switch on ARPA and Radar; (6) Shift to manual steering for maneuver; (7) Post additional lockout.
57.What precautions should be taken 12 hours before arrival at or departure from any port?
Tests on the following should be made before entering or getting underway:
(1) Primary and secondary steering gear.(2) Internal control communications and control alarm.(3) Standby and emergency generator.(4) Storage batteries for emergency lighting.(5) Main propulsion ahead and astern.
58.What should you do in case of steering failure?
When steering failure occurs, I shall immediately inform the engine room to change to the emergency steering gear.In the meantime I shall report to the master.K no further incidents occur, I will get the signals hoisted for a veel not under command.
59.Do you know something about the internal and the external audit?
Internal audit is a systematic check of the management and operation situation of the veel.The internal audit, as I remember, is carried out at least once a year.The external audit is carried out the Claification of the veel.The surveyor of the Cla usually comes on board the check.
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60.What is safety speed during sailing? What factors should you consider in deciding the speed of a veel during sailing in the sea?
The safe speed is the speed at which the veel can take proper and effective actions to be stopped in a safe distance.The following factors should be taken into account to achieve safe speed: visibility, number of ships in the area, the ship s maneuverability, wind force, sea tide and current, background lights, draught and available depth of water, proximity of navigational hazards, standard and operation of technical equipment on board, ice condition and so on.
61.When navigating in a croing situation, as a duty officer, what anti-collision measures should be taken?
When the veels are proceed on head-on condition, what anti-collision rule should be observed? When a power-driven ship and sailing meet in the sea, what anti-collision rule should be observed?
When two power-driven ships are croing, the ship which has the other ship on her own starboard side shall keep out of way.To do this, this ship can either alter course to starboard side or slow down her speed in order to avoid collision.
When two power-driven ships are meeting head-on situation or near head-on situation, each ship shall alter course to starboard so that they can pa on the port side of each other at a safe distance.
When a ship sails at a higher speed overtakes another ship, the ship shall sails at higher speed or shall alter its course to avoid collision.
A power-driven ship shall keep out of the way of a sailing ship.This can be done by either altering its course or speed up to avoid collision.
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