句子成分
一、词类
实词：N.Pron.Num.Adj.Adv.V.可以在句子中单独作一定成分
虚词：Art.Prep.Conj.Int.不能在句子中单独作一定成分，只起辅助和连接作用。
二、句子成分
定义：句子成分由作用不同的各部分组成，这些部分就叫做句子成分。 句子成分可以是单词，也可以是词组或从句。
在句中起主要作用的句子成分有主语和谓语，成为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语，宾语补语，定语，状语，表语等，称为次要成分。
三、词类和句子成分的关系
（一） 词类相互间的关系
1、形容词，数词，名词常修饰名词
It’s a They are women doctors.
2、形容词可以修饰代词
不定代词＋形容词)
3、副词常修饰动词，形容词和副词
（二） 词类和句子成分之间的关系
1、主语：是句子要说明的人或物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。
作主语的词类有：名词，代词，数词。（动名词，动词不定式和主语从句也可做主语。） He reads newspaper every day.
2、谓语动词可以是行为动词，系动词，助动词和情态动词。He
3、宾语：及物动词涉及到的人或物成为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词成为介词宾语。名词，代词，数词在句中常用作动词宾语或介词宾语。
4、形容词，副词，介词短语以及动词不定式，分词等可作宾语补语。
We elected him monitor.She found the child sound asleep.
5、表语：在系动词后用来说明主语的身份，状态或特征的成分。可以作表语的有名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语以及动词不定式，动名词，分词和表语从句等。(表语又叫主语补语) Who is it?---It’s
6、定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分。单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的
名词之前；但在修饰符合不定代词（something,nothing,anything,everything,
等）是，放在不定代词之后；短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。形容词，名词，代词，数词，副词，介词短语以及动词不定式，分词和定语从句等都可以做定语。
7、状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语
通常放在它所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在动词之后。但有些
副词（often,always, usually）等作状语时，则放在行为动词之前。副词，介词短语，名词词组，动词不定式短语，分词短语和状语从句都可作状语。 He walks very quickly.He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.练习题：分析句子成分
1.My father was a worker.
2.Time flies fast.
3.The milk tastes fresh.
4.Can you get him to help me?
5.I found your shoes under the bed.
6.I heard him cry.
7.You answer the question in English.
8.She gave him a book.
9.They welcomed him to their home.
10.He bought some sweets for his son.
句子的种类
（一） 句子按其结构可以分为以下两类：
1） 简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：
2） 并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如： 根据句子的基本结构，简单句分成以下五种基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：
1）主 + 动（SV）（主语＋不及物动词）
例如：I work.我工作。
She is sitting in the next room.Evening comes.
The plane is landing.
The train leaves at 10.
He lives in Harbin.
She never smokes.
2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）(主语＋连系动词＋表语)
例如：John is busy.约翰忙。
The film is very interesting.
My father is a doctor.
The students are in the claroom.
She looks old./the water tastes sour./the dish smells delicious./the cloth feels soft./the music sounds terrible./ please keep quiet.(感官系动词)
3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）
例如：She studies English.她学英语。
I like the movie very much.
The students clean the claroom every day.
He can drive a car.
We know the English answers.
4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）(主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补语) 例如：Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的。
I don’t believe the story true.
We elected him our monitor.
We found the baby safe and sound.
5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）(主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语) 例如：My mother made me a new dre.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳
She bought me a dictionary.
His mother often tells him a story.
Please show me your picture.
Could you lend me your English book?
（二）按使用目的，简单句可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1） 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
a.肯定式：主语＋谓语
Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）
The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）
I came here last night.She is always happy and gay.
b.否定式：如果句子的谓语动词是be, have或情态动词时，在它们之后加not
如果句子的谓语动词是行为动词，在谓语动词前加do/does/did在加notHe is not a teacher.I have not any money on me.You mustn’t smoke here.
I don’t know English.He doesn’t like her.She didn’t do her homework yesterday.
2） 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：
a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：以动词be,have或助动词，情态动词开头，以yes和no 回答
Are you cold? No, I’m not.Yes, I am.
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？
Does your father work in Beijing?
Did you read English book yesterday?
b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：以疑问代词what,who(m),whose,which
或疑问副词when,where,how,why放在句首提问的句子，不用yes,no来回答。 特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句（疑问词作宾语，表语，状语或定语）
What do you want?
Who(m) are you looking for?
What time does your father get up every day?
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？
How many students are there in the room?
When will the train leave tomorrow?
How long did you study English?
疑问代词作主语或作主语的定语时，词序与陈述句相同：
疑问代词（＋名词）＋谓语
Who teaches you English?
Whose book is this?Whose sister is she?
Which one is better? The red one or the black one.
Where is your father? He is at home.
Which cla is your brother in? he is in Cla One.
Why is she crying?
c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn\'t know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？
3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：
祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。
Sit down, please.请坐。 Don\'t be nervous! 别紧张！Take this seat.
Say it in English.Don’t come in.Do be careful.
否定结构： Don\'t move.Don\'t be late.
第二种祈使句以let开头。Let 的反意疑问句
a.Let\'s 包括说话者
Let\'s have another try，shall we / shan\'t we? = Shall we have another try?
b.Let us 不包括说话者
Let us have another try，will you / won\'t you? = Will you please let us have another try? 否定结构： Let\'s not talk of that matter.Let us not talk of that matter.
4） 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，
（1） How + 形容词（副词）＋主语＋谓语
How beautiful the girl is!
How hard he works!
How lovely the weather is!
How well she speaks English!
How happy I am!
（2） What +(a) +形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！
What a fine day it is!
What a clever boy he is!
What a wonderful film it is!
What a pity (it is)!
练习：将以下句子变成疑问句和否定句
1.I like swimming.
2.he did his homework yesterday evening.
3.My sister watches TV every night.
4.The boy like his teacher very much.
5.I went to the theatre yesterday.
练习：对以下句子的黑体字提问
1.The plane takes off
2.3.4.5.
