Senescence：the state of being old : the proce of becoming old
Senescent erythrocyte
erythropoiesis: the production of red blood cells (as from the bone marrow)
catalase: a red crystalline enzyme that consists of a protein complex with hematin groups and catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
peroxidase: an enzyme occurring especially in plants, milk, and white blood cells and consisting of a protein complex with hematin groups that catalyzes the oxidation of various substances by peroxides
heme 血红素
salicylate水杨酸
sulfonamide 磺胺药物
glucuronic 葡萄糖醛酸
glucuronyl transferase enzyme葡糖醛酸基转移酶
An increase in plama-conjugated bilirubin occurs early in the course of hepatocellular injury.
Total plasma bilirubin concentration may not increase until later in dogs with hepatocellular injury, because dogs have a low renal threshold for conjugated bilirubin.Bilirubinuria in cats in nearly always pathologic, indicating either cholestasis胆汁郁积or hepatocellular damage.
Mesurement of serum bile acids is a reliable procedure for the detection of cholestasis and is also a sensitive test of hepatic function.Once the patient is icteric though, the bile acid mesurement yields little information regarding hepatic function since they will reach high levels simply from cholestasis.
Increased plasma unconjugated bilirubin can results from increased pigment production(hemolysis or ineffective erythropoiesis) or impaired hepatic untake or conjugation of bilirubin.
Preponderance 1.: a superiority in weight, power, importance, or strength
2a : a superiority or exce in number or quantity b :
inspiation: thick or thickened in consistency
Hepatocellular disease and biliary obstruction(intrahepatic or posthepatic) may result in an increase in plasma conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, with the former predominating.Ongoing hepatocellular disease is often aociated with marked increase in serum ALT.
With chronic cholestatic icterus (hepatic or posthepatic causes) the existence of a conjugated bilirubin fraction, which is tightly bound(covalent bonding ) to albumin results in an albumin-bound conjugated bilirubin fraction too large to be excreted in urine, its elimination from the body is determined by the half-life of albumin(12-14 days).This results in a delay in clearance of circulating bilirubin and may explain why icterus persists in some patients even after improvement in hepatic function and a disappearnce of bilirubin from the urine.The serum clearance of bilirubin and the yellow discoloration of the serum always precede the clearance of the tiue icterus
ALP is an induced enzyme, increases are usually aociated with cholestasis and biliary endothelial damage.
laparotomy 剖腹术
analgesia:insensibility to pain without lo of consciousne
deleterious: harmful often in a subtle or an unexpected way
