专业英语词汇总结
Section 1生药部分
中药研究现状及中药现代化
一、加强中国药用植物基础研究及其与中药现代化的联系/Strengthening basic researches on Chinese Medicinal Plants and its relations to realizing the modernization of CMM
记载be recorded来源derived from中医药Traditional Chinese Medicine,short for TCM
卫生事业health care,health undertakings中草药Chinese traditional medicinal herbs
疗效reliable therapeutical effectstherapeutic[,θer?\'pju:t?k]adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的副作用side-effects
l中医药的健康理念和临床医疗模式体现了现代医学的发展趋势。
The health concept and clinical practice reflect the trend of modern science
新的科学技术潮流（the new tide of science and technology）
二、中药资源及其研究成果/Chinese Medicinal Plant resources and achievement of its scientific research
中药资源(medicinal plant resources)普查(surveys)专项研究(special projects)药用植物资源(the Chinese medicinal resources)科学鉴定(scientific identification)化学成分(chemical constituents)
药理实验(pharmacological experiments临床适应症(clinical applications)研究(projects)新著作(new works)各论(monographs)手册(manuals)
《中国药典》The pharmacopoeia of the people’s Republic of China
药典Pharmacopoeia药用植物学Pharmaceutical Botany本草学Herbology中药学The Chinese Materia Medica药用植物分类学Pharmaceutical Plant Taxonomy植物化学Phytochemistry植物化学分类学Plant Chemotaxonomy药用植物志Flora of Medicinal Plant中药药剂学traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics中药炮制学Science of proceing Chinese Crude Drugs中药鉴定学Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine中药药理学Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicines青蒿素artemisin奎宁quinine、氯奎宁chloroquine衍生物derivatives氯奎宁耐受性疟疾chloroquine resistant malaria急性疟疾pernicious malaria脑部疟疾cerebral malaria
显著疗效marked effect chloroquine resistant malaria/抗氯喹啉疟疾Pernicious（有害的）malaria/急性疟疾cerebral malaria/脑疟疾derivatives/衍生物quinine/喹啉含有氮原子的化合物，在英文命名中多以-ine结尾Mono-/一Di-/二Tri-/三Tetra-/四Petan-/五Hexa-/六Hepta-/七Octa-/八Nona-/九Deca-/十
三尖杉酯碱harringtonine、高三尖杉酯碱homoharringtonine白血病leukemia和恶性淋巴瘤malignant lymphoma银杏黄酮ginkgetin丹参酮tanshinon IIA治疗冠心病coronary heart diseasesNew drug developments/新药开发Health products/保健品质量控制Quality control修订revise常用中药common-used Chinese materia medica国家标准the national standards
三、中药所面临的挑战/Chinese Medicinal Herbs Facing a Challenge
中成药及其制剂traditional Chinese patent medicines and preparations
基础研究basic researches生产production、流通marketing研究researchIdentification of species/品种鉴定鉴定和鉴别identifying and clarifying变种varieties伪品false matters。
益胃benefit the stomach、生津promote the production of body fluid、清热remove the exceive heat不同属different genera种species伪品fakes假货adulterationsQuality control and evaluation/质量的控制和评价大量的努力intensive effort重金属heavy metal content
农药残留pesticide residueThe China Pharmacopoeia/中国药典qualitative and quantitative analysis/定性定量分析TLC/Thin Layer ChromatographyHPLC/High Performance Liquid Chromatographyquality specification and evaluation/质量规范与评价
3.The methods of research/研究手段
Botany/植物学Biology/生物学biotechnology/生物技术molecular biology/分子生物学
四、中药现代化的规划/Programs on Modernization of CMM
seed quality standards/种子质量标准cultivation technique rules/栽培技术规范production of pollution-free and green medicinal materials/无污染，绿色proceing rules and regulations
质量标准criteria草案protocol
Apply modern comprehensive multidisciplinary studies on Chinese medicinal plants/将先进应用型多学科技术应用到药用植物研究中。
DNA fingerprinting and sequencing/DNA指纹谱及其基因序列
advanced analyzers/先进的分析仪器
exploit a sigle-item active component/单一活性成分
the integrated and harmonizing effects of many different components in a plant/同一植物中多个成分的综合协调作用
complex prescription/复杂的处方
Establish information systems in modern research of Chinese medicinal herbs/建立现代药用植物的全息系统
To modernizae CMM needs modern information technology/中药现代化需要现代信息技术
active ingredients/活性物质
pharmacological action/药理功效
traditional and modern therapeutical indication/古老和现代的适应症
TERMINOLOGY
细胞壁cell wall初生壁primary wall次生壁secondary wall细胞核nucleus质体plastid叶绿体chloroplast染色体chromoplast纹孔pit结晶体crystal淀粉粒starch granule脐点hilum
层纹striation单粒single starch granule复粒compound starch granule半复粒semi-compound starch granule蛋白质protein类脂化合物lipid挥发油volatile oil精油eential oil苷glycoside生物碱alkaloid皂苷saponin萜terpene三萜皂苷triterpenoid黄酮flavonoid醌quinone蒽醌anthraquinone酚phenol香豆素coumarin木脂素lignan鞣质tannin肽peptide酶enzyme
内酯lectone有机酸organic acid单糖monosaccharide低聚糖oligosaccharide多糖polysaccharide菊糖inulin树脂resin甾醇sterol维生素vitamin抗菌素antibiotic草酸钙结晶calcium oxalate crystal簇晶cluster crystal针晶needle组织tiue基本组织ground tiue
薄壁组织parenchyma薄壁细胞parenchymatous cell表皮组织epidermal tiue表皮细胞epidermal cell气孔stoma保卫细胞guard cell副卫细胞subsidiary cell非腺毛non-glandular hai腺毛glandular hair腺鳞glandular scale周皮periderm木栓层cork木栓形成层cork cambium(phellogen)栓内层phelloderm皮层cortex皮孔lentical油管vitta油室oil cavity纤维fibre韧皮纤维phloem fibre木纤维xylem fibre晶鞘纤维crystal fibre石细胞stone cell纹孔pit纹孔道pit canal层纹striation木化lignified导管veel环纹导管annular veel螺纹导管spiral veel梯纹导管scalariform veel网纹导管reticulated veel孔纹导管pitted veel具缘纹孔导管bordered pitted veel维管束vascular bundle外韧维管束collateral bundle形成层cambium ring主根main root须根fibrous root细根rootlet块根tuberous root中柱stele初生木质primary xylem初生韧皮部primary phloem髓部pith射线ray木栓形成层cork combium次生木质secondary xylem Radix Polygoni Multiflori(何首乌)Fleeceflower Root
perennial twining herb多年生的缠绕草本herbaceous草质的Leaves alternate叶互生petiole：叶柄blade叶片cordate心形的ocrea托叶鞘membranous膜质的terminal:顶生axillary：腋生panicles：圆锥花序perianth：花被achene：瘦果persisting宿存的fusiform纺锥形的横断面transverse elongated section横切面：transverse section纵切面：longitudinal sectionlenticel-like protrusions：皮孔样凸起starchy：粉性的viscous：粘性的horny：角质样fracture使折断；破碎abnormal vascular bundles异形维管束brocaded patterns云锦样花纹subrounded ring类圆形的环scattered with散在collateral type外韧型clusters of calcium oxalate草酸钙簇晶starch granules淀粉粒ammonia TS氨试液saturated solution of antimony trichloride in chloroform三氯化锑的氯仿饱和溶液黄芪Astragali Radix[English Name]Milkvetch Root
odd-pinnately compound：奇数羽状复叶pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数stipule：托叶lanceolate：披针形的racemes：总状花序calyx：花萼campanulate：钟状的corolla：花冠
standard：旗瓣wing：翼瓣keel：龙骨瓣diadelphous：二体雄蕊stalked：柄furrow:皱纹cork：木栓层exfoliate：脱落cortex：皮部reticulate：网状的tenacious：粘性的striation：纹理
fiure:裂隙tenacious：粘性的striation：纹理fiure:裂隙phelloderm栓内层collenchymatous cells厚角细胞sieve tube groups筛管群parenchymatous cells薄壁细胞lignified木质化
primary walls：初生壁tael:穗bordered pitted veels：具缘纹孔导管reference solution对照品溶液10%sulfuric acid in ethanol 10%的硫酸乙醇溶液Correspond vi.相符合,相一致；相当,相类似；通信sodium hydroxide:NaOHhydrochloric acid:HClanhydrous:无水的甘草Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma[English Name]Liquorice Rootharmonize：调和mollify：缓和pubescences:软毛，绒毛，到达青春期；glandular:腺体的racemes:总状花序stamens:雄蕊calyx:花萼ovary：子房corolla:花冠style：花柱legume：荚果prickly:多刺的calcareous glalands：钙质草原
ventilated:通风的bales：大包，捆furrows：沟纹sparse：稀疏的cleft：裂隙;bud scars：芽痕;
pith：髓stout[staut]adj.粗壮的;结实的;坚固的；坚定的;勇敢的；(指人)肥胖的lignified fibres:木化纤维glycyrrhizic acid甘草酸glycyamarin甘草苦苷
丹参Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Danshen root
vermillion：朱红色serrate：锯齿状的verticillate：轮生angled：棱pseudo-：假的retuse:浅凹形falcate:钩状的filament:花丝style：花柱anther：花粉囊gynobasic:着生于基部的
racemes总状花絮apex顶端fragile:脆的astringent:收敛性的diolved on mounting in chloral hydrate solutionferric chloride:三氯化铁TS：test solutiondull:暗的a stoppered test tube:具塞试管stand for：静置residue:残渣reference drug:对照药材
CRS：Chemical Reference Standard using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of benzene-ethyl acetate(19:1)as the mobile phase用硅胶G作为固定相，苯-乙酸乙酯的混合溶液（19：1）作为展开剂
甲苯（toluene）clear heart-fire and remove restlene.养心安神
using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of benzene-ethyl acetate(19:1)as the mobile phase
用硅胶G作为固定相，苯-乙酸乙酯的混合溶液（19：1）作为展开剂
六味地黄丸Liuweidihuangwan
pulverize:研磨sift：评审，过筛make pills:泛丸cleft：裂缝hyphae：菌丝epidermal:表皮的
pericarp:果皮beaded anticlinal walls:垂周壁连珠状增厚kieselguhr:硅藻土triturate:研匀paeonol:丹皮酚cyclohexane:环己烷ferric chloride：三氯化铁hydrochloric acid：盐酸distil:蒸馏volumetric flask:容量瓶spectrophotometry:分光光度法disintegrate/溶解；grind/成粉末；
Soxhelt’s extractor/索氏提取器macerate：浸软decant：倒出absolute ethanol：无水乙醇ursolic acid:熊果酸formic acid:甲酸integration values:吸光度值
The bluish-brown spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，日光下显相同的棕褐色斑点
using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of cyclohexane-chloroform-ethyl acetate-formic acid(20:5:8:0.1)as the mobile phase
分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以溶液为展开剂
10%solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol.Heat at 105℃for 5～7 minutes to the spots clear
10%的硫酸乙醇溶液，在105℃加热5~7分钟至斑点显色清晰。
thin layer chromatographic scanning method
Section2天然药化部分
Paper Chromatography(PC)chromatography n.色谱法，层析法chromatographic adj.色谱法的，色谱仪的chromatogram n.色谱，色谱图（谱）chromatograph n.色谱仪v.用色谱法分析partition coefficient n.分配系数retardation factor:Rf value n.比移值fluorescence n.荧光diociation n.离解parameter（n)(限定性的)因素,特性,界限；〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数separation：分离、分析
filter paper：滤纸medium：介质、媒介；培养基、媒介物reproducibility：可重现性，再生性Rf value:比移值retardation factor(Rf)compound:化合物constituent成分、构成component成分、组成的、构成的anthocyanins：花色素苷，花青苷pigments：色素、颜料、染料partition:n.分割，分配v.分割，分裂，划分partition chromatography分配色谱adsorption chromatography吸附色谱water-immiscible水不溶性的alcoholic醇的，乙醇的，酒精的alcohol n.酒精，乙醇
solvent n.溶剂n-butanol n.正丁醇n:normal正（链）的iso:isotropic异,各向同性的,同
t:tertiary特,叔,第三isopropanol n.异丙醇t-butanol叔丁醇BAW：n-butanol-acetic acid-water 4:1:5(上层)正丁醇-醋酸-水aqueous:水的，水溶性的versatile：通用的,万能的,多用途的,多方面的purines：嘌呤pyrimidines：嘧啶phenolic：酚性的glycoside：苷，配糖物[\'glaik?said]glycose单糖glycosidase糖苷酶[\'glaik?usideis]glycosidation糖苷化glycosyl糖基[\'glaik?sil]horizontal PC：水平纸色谱circular PC：环形纸色谱TLC：Thin Layer Chromatography薄层色谱resolution：分辨率carotenoids：类胡萝卜素，类叶红素descending PC:下行纸色谱法descending development下行展开法ascending development上行法two-dimensional development二维分离
over-run：过度展开cellulose：纤维素silicic acid：硅酸silica gel:硅胶silicon:硅silicone oil：硅油alumina：[?\'lju:min?]氧化铝，矾土lipids：脂，类脂paraffin：石蜡油，煤油[\'p?r?fin]
reversed-phase chromatography：反相色谱milligram：毫deci(分)dm,centi(厘)cm,milli(毫)mm,mg,mlmicro(微)μm,μg,μlnano(纳)nm,ngUV-fluorescent：紫外荧光UV:ultraviolet紫外fluorescent:荧光chromogenic reagent:显色剂chromogenic发色的发色体的diffusion：扩散develop the colors：显色developing agent(solvent)/tank/time展开溶剂/缸/时间development agent/rate/system/solution展开溶剂/速度/系统/液solvent front：溶剂前沿origin：原点fraction：分数；部分，馏份structurally related:结构相关性的
1.2薄层色谱
Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC)TLC：thin layer chromatography薄层色谱sensitivity：n.灵敏度adsorbent：吸附剂（物质）a.能吸附的adsorption：n.吸附（作用）silica gel：硅胶celite：n.硅藻土ion exchange resin：离子交换树脂polyamide：聚酰胺
Sephadex：葡聚糖凝胶polyvinylpyrrolidone：聚乙烯吡咯烷酮polyvinyl：n.a.聚乙烯基化合物（的）pyrrolidone：吡咯烷酮aluminium铝calcium钙
calcium hydroxide:氢氧化钙calcium chloride：氯化钙calcium oxide:氧化钙calcium phosphate：磷酸钙calcium sulphate：硫酸钙magnesium镁sodium钠spreading gla plates:铺板automatic spreading devices：自动铺板器acetone：丙酮petroleum ether：石油醚ether：乙醚chloroform：氯仿ethyl acetate:乙酸乙酯methanol：甲醇ethanol：乙醇butanol：正丁醇grease：n.油脂（状物）slurry：n.浆，泥浆hemihydrate：半水合物air dried：a.风干的，晾干的activated：a.活化的，活性的，激活的inorganic salt：无机盐inorganic：a.无机的，无生物的organic:a.有机的，有机体的inorganic acid/chemistry无机酸/无机化学organic acid/solvent/chemistry有机酸/有机溶剂/有机化学silver nitrate硝酸银nitrate硝酸根precoated plates：预制板aluminium sheets：铝片fluorescent indicator:荧光指示剂quench the fluorescence：荧光淬灭wavelength：波长microparticles of silica：硅胶微粒HPLC：high performance liquid chromatography高效液相色谱HPTLC：high performance thin layer chromatography高效薄层色谱solvent system：溶剂系统reference compounds：参照（对照）化合物paper-lined：衬上滤纸saturated：a.饱和的Horizontal TLC：水平薄层色谱over-run：过度展开electrophoresis：电泳by spraying:喷雾，喷洗conc.H2SO4：浓硫酸sulphuric acid:硫酸nitric acid：硝酸hydrochloric acid：盐酸detection reagent：检测试剂steroids：甾体，甾族类化合物steroidal:a.甾族的sterol:n.甾醇，固醇preparative TLC:制备薄层色谱adsorbent：n.吸附剂eluting：洗脱elute:v.洗脱（提），流出
elution:n.洗脱，流出，淋洗buffer elution缓冲洗脱gradient elution梯度洗脱isocratic elution等度(无梯度)洗脱eluant:n.洗脱（提）液，展开剂eluate:n.洗脱液，提取液（物）centrifuging：离心(centrifuge)
1.3高效液相色谱
High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC)GLC：气相色谱Gas liquid chromatography
sensitivity:灵敏度、灵敏性quantitative:定量的qualitative:定性的linearity and limit of detection(LOD)线性和检测限precision（精密度）reproducibility（重复性）recovery（加样回收率）stability（稳定性）bond:键，结合bonded：键合的，化合的stationary phase:固定相
C18 or ODS;C8;silica gel;Sephadex;ion exchange resin;octadecylsilyl silica gel
mobile phase：流动相miscible solvent mixture:可互溶的混合溶剂methanol,acetonitrile(乙腈)distilled wateracetic acidphosphoric acid(磷酸)buffer salt(缓冲盐)polymer：聚合物
polymerase聚合酶hydrolase水解酶polymerization聚合作用decomposition分解作用
isocratic elution:等度洗脱gradient elution:梯度洗脱elute:洗脱,流出,流出物eluting:洗脱,流出
elution:洗脱,流出elution time/volume/program/systemdetector：检测器
UVD:ultraviolet-visible detector(紫外可见吸收检测器)PDAD:photodiode array detector(光电二极管阵列检测器)RID:refractive index detector(示差折光检测器）FD:fluorescence detector(荧光检测器)ECD:electrochemical detector(电化学检测器)ELSD:evaporative light-scattering detector(蒸发光散射检测器）at ambient temperature常温，室温，环境温度be subjected to:使遭受，使属于，可能
thermal re-arrangement：热重排thermostatically controlled jacket：温度控制护套
coated:被包裹的，覆盖的precoated:预制的poisoning：污染，毒害impurities:杂质，不纯物
purify：纯化，精练putification:精制,纯化plant extracts:植物提取物extract:v.提取，萃取，抽提n.提取液，萃取液，浸膏extractant：提取剂，萃取剂extraction：提取(法)，萃取(法)
extractive：n.提取物,浸出物,浸出制剂a.抽提的,浸出的non-volatile：非挥发性的
spectrum：n.光谱，波谱，谱refractive index detector：示差折光检测器terpenoids：萜类化合物terpene:萜，萜烯terpane：萜烷alkaloids：生物碱carbohydrates：碳水化合物
flavonoids：黄酮类化合物coumarins:香豆素quinone:醌-----benzoquinone苯醌naphthoquinone萘醌anthraquinone蒽醌steroids:甾体类化合物lignanoid：木脂素prepacked columns：预填充柱-----prepacked：预先装入的silica microporous particle column：硅胶微孔粒柱
non-polar compounds：非极性化合物polar compounds：极性化合物ultrapure：超纯------ultra：超，过，越，极端，异常degas：脱气chromatographic technique:色谱技术
phytochemist’s：植物化学家的;phytochemistry:植物化学armoury：装备，武器库，军械库
quantitative:定量的separations on a preparative scale：制备分离
Spectral identification光谱鉴定
1，Ultraviolet-Visible(UV-VIS)spectroscopy紫外-可见吸收光谱
Electromagnetic spectrum电磁波Infrared红外Visible light可见光
Wave number波数Proportional to energy与能量成正比Violet light紫外线
Conjugated diene共轭二烯Absorption maxima最大吸收峰Absorption peak吸收峰
Absorbance A吸收值AIts concentration in solution溶液浓度Molar absorptivity摩尔吸收系数Literature reference参考文献The structural information结构信息
2，infrared spectroscopy红外光谱
Nmr spectroscopy核磁共振光谱Spectroscopic methods光谱（仪器）方法Functional group官能团Electromagnetic spectrum电磁波光谱Microwaves微波Reciprocal centimeters厘米的倒数Be inversely proportional to与。。。。。。成反比Electromagnetic radiation电磁波辐射Vibrational energy states振动能级状态Photon光子Methylene亚甲基Fingerprints指纹
Hexane己烷Carbon-hydrogen stretching vibrations碳-氢伸缩振动Sodium chloride氯化钠
Vibrationc characteristic振动特征Pattern of peaks峰形Frequencies频率
3，ma spectroscopy质谱
Molecule分子Bombarded with high-energy electrons高能电子轰击Electron-volts电子伏特
Collide with与。。。。。碰撞Dislodge转移；电离Ionized使离子化Electron impact电子轰击
Positively charged带正电Odd number of electrons奇数电子Cation radica正离子lImpart传递
Diipate消耗Neutral fragment中性碎片Fragmentation分裂Ionization and fragmentation电离和裂解Electron-impact ma spectrometer电子轰击质谱分光仪Schematic示意图
Molecular ion分子离子Magnet磁铁Original trajectory起始轨道
Ma/charge质/荷比Magnetic field strength磁场强度Be interfaced with连用，连接Bar graph棒图Relative intensity相对丰度Benzene苯
4，proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H-NMR)1H核磁共振谱
Coincide with与。。。。。。。相一致Downfield低场The signal due to the proton氢信号Chemical shifts化学位移Chemical shift for the proton in chloroform氯仿中氢的化学位移Nuclear spin核自旋Irrespective of不考虑
5，常见有机化合物结构类型
Acetaldehyde乙醛Acetic acid乙酸Acetic anhydride乙酸酐Acetone丙酮
Acetonitrile乙腈Acetyl chloride乙酰氯Acid anhydrides酸酐Acyl halides酰卤化合物Alcohols醇类Aldehydes醛类Alkanes烷烃Alkenes烯烃Alkenyl halides卤代烯烃
Alkyl halides卤代烷Alkynes炔烃Amides酰胺类Amines胺类Arenes芳香烃Aryl halides卤代炔烃Benzene苯Carboxylic acids羧酸类Chlorobenzene氯苯Chloroethane氯乙烷
Chloroethene氯乙烯Dienes二烯烃Diethyl ether乙醚Epoxides环氧化合物
Epoxyethane环氧乙烷Ester酯类Ethane乙烯Ethers醚类Ethyne乙炔
Ketones酮类Nitriles腈类Nitro compounds硝基化合物Nitrobenzene硝基苯Phenol苯酚
Phenols酚类
6，Appendix 3.4
Alkaloids from Oriciopsis glaberrima Engl.(Rutaceae)stem茎干bark树皮
room temperature室温agar琼脂chromatographic色谱法的methyl甲基methylene亚甲基methine次甲基carbonyls羰基vibration振动，摆动hydroxyl羟基methine次甲基carbonyl羰基alkaloid生物碱skeleton骨架trisubstituted三取代的benzene ring苯环
hydroxyl羟基hydroxyl，dimethyl，chroman色原酮units骨架，片段
lowfield低场deshielded by去屏蔽phenolic hydroxyl酚羟基chromatographic结晶，晶体
reacted起反应phenolic酚的hydroxyl羟基acridone吖啶酮skeleton骨架chelated螯合的
hydroxyl羟基protons质子resonances共振aromatic芬芳的substituted取代的，代替的
pyran ring吡喃环cro-peaks相关峰（此词易错翻译成交叉峰）Angular角的
acridone吖啶酮hydroxyl signal羟基信号correlations相关性dihydro二氢的
Nitrogen氮medicinal plant药用植物Infections传染病Hypotension血压过低Dermatitis皮炎Phytochemical植物化学的Furoquinoline呋喃喹啉Alkaloid生物碱Elucidation说明，阐明Antimicrobial抗菌的optical光学的rotations旋转polarimeter旋光计偏振器spectrometer分光计HRMS高分辨质谱仪fraction部分eluted洗脱silica gel column硅胶柱hexane–EtOAc正己烷-乙酸乙酯Bacteria细菌Fungi真菌fungi培养皿algae藻类，海藻
room temperature室温diameter直径
Section3药典相关内容
一、药材来源
1.植(动)物来源的药材的来源部分的一般译法为:
药材英文名称is the药用部位(名词单数)of植(动)物拉丁学名[属名和种(变种)加词为斜体字](科名).
例：Pummelo Peel is the dried unripe or almost ripe exocarp of Citrus grandis“Tomentosa”or Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck(Fam.Rutaceae).
本品为芸香科植物化州柚Citrus grandi“Tomentosa”或柚Citrus grandis(L.)Osbeck的未成熟或近成熟的干燥外层果皮。
2.药材的采收与产地加工部分的一般译法为:
用The drug作主语，单数。用被动语态，不用主动语态。“采收”用“to be collected”(不用“to be picked”，“to be dug up”等)。“除去杂质”等(名词单数)用“removed from foreign matter”,“洗净”用“washed clean”,“干燥”用“dried”，“晒干”为“dried in the sun”，“阴干”为“dried in the shade”“,低温干燥”为“dried at a lower temperature”。“栽培变种”为“cultivar”。“泥砂”为“soil”。“须根.细根”：“fibrous root”用于单子叶植物、根茎上的不定根，“rootlet”用于双子叶植物主根上的细小侧根、支根。
例1 The drug is collected in autumn,removed from foreign matter,washed clean,and dried in the sun.
例2 The drug is collected at flowering to fruiting stage,removed from thick stem,cut into section,and dried.
(注:中国药典2005年版一部英文版药用部位采用名词单数,如stem,leaf,fibrous root,rootlet等).
二、理化鉴别
1.化学鉴别
Shake 0.5 g of the powder with 5 ml of ethanol for 5 minutes and filter.Evaporate the filtrate to dryne,add dropwise antimony trichloride saturation solution in chloroform and evaporate again to dryne.A violet-red colour is produced.
取本品粉末0.5g，加乙醇5ml，振摇5分钟，滤过，滤液蒸干，滴加三氯化锑饱和的三氯甲烷溶液，再蒸干，即显紫红色。
2.薄层鉴别
（1）经常用到需统一的词汇和短语：
a.超声处理用ultrasonicate
b.提取用extract
c.温浸用warm macerate
d.水浴加热用heat on a water bath
e.对照品（对照品溶液）用“对照品名”加“CRS”表示（reference solution）;对照药材（对照药材溶液）用reference drug（reference drug solution）;供试品溶液用test solution
f.薄层板:
硅胶G薄层板...
using silica gel G as the coating substance
用1%氢氧化钠溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板...
using silica gel G mixed with 1%solution of sodium hydroxide as the coating substance
含4%醋酸钠的羧甲基纤维素钠溶液为黏合剂的硅胶G薄层板上...
using silica gel G mixed with sodium carboxymethylcellulose containing 4%solution of sodium acetate as the coating substance.
g.斑点用spot(s)，条斑用band(s)
h.分别置日光及紫外光灯(365nm)下检视，日光下显„色的斑点；紫外光灯下显„色的斑点用„spot in daylight and„spot under ultraviolet light at 365 nm respectively.
(2)薄层鉴别基本的四个步骤，即供试品溶液制备；对照品溶液制备；点样、展开、显色；结果判断。
a.供试品溶液制备常见以下几种情况：
超声处理提取
To 9g,cut into pieces,add 20ml of ether,ultrasonicate for 20 minutes,and filter.Evaporate the filtrate to dryne,and diolve the residue in 0.5ml of n-hexane as the test solution.取本品9g，切碎，加乙醚20ml，超声处理20分钟，滤过，滤液挥干，残渣加0.5ml正己烷溶解，作为供试品溶液。（艾附暖宫丸）
加热回流提取
Heat under reflux 2g,cut into pieces,with 20ml of ethanol for 1 hour,cool and filter,use the filtrate as the test solution.取本品2g，剪碎，加乙醇20ml，加热回流1小时，放冷，滤过，滤液作为供试品溶液。
萃取、过柱纯化
Extract the filtrate with two 15-ml quantities of n-butanol saturated with water,combine the n-butanol extracts,and evaporate to dryne.Diolve the residue in 1 ml of dehydrated ethanol,add a quantity of alumina,stir well on a water bath,dry,and apply to a small(10-15mm in diameter)或Sepack C18 column packed with neutral alumina(200 mesh,1g,10~15mm in diameter),pre-elute with 30ml of a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol(3:1).Elute with 30 ml of a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol(1:1),and collect the eluate.Evaporate to dryne and diolve the residue in 0.5 ml of ethanol as the test solution.
滤液用水饱和的正丁醇提取二次，合并正丁醇提取液，蒸干，残渣加无水乙醇1ml使溶解，加适量氧化铝在水浴上拌匀，干燥，装入一预先装填好的中性氧化铝小柱（200目，1g，内径10-15mm）或C18小柱上，用乙酸乙酯-甲醇（3：1）30ml预洗，再用乙酸乙酯-甲醇（1：1）30ml洗脱，收集洗脱液，残渣加乙醇0.5ml使溶解，作为供试品溶液。
浸渍、水解
Macerate 0.5 g of the pills in 20 ml of methanol for 1 hour,and filter.Evaporate 5 ml of the filtrate to dryne,diolve the residue in 10 ml of water,add 1 ml of hydrochloric acid,heat on a water bath for 30 minutes,and cool immediately.
取本品0.5 g，加甲醇20ml浸泡1小时，滤过。取5ml滤液蒸干，残渣加10ml水溶解，加1ml盐酸，水浴加热30分钟，立即冷却。
b.对照品（对照药材）溶液的制备
化学对照品作对照
Diolve chlorogenic acid CRS in methanol to produce a solution containing 1 mg per ml as the reference solution.取绿原酸对照品，加甲醇溶解制成每1ml含1mg的溶液，作为对照品溶液。
多个化学对照品混合对照
Diolve ginsenosides Rb1,Re and Rg1 CRS in methanol to produce a mixture containing 2 mg of each per ml as the reference solution.
对照药材作对照
Prepare a solution of 0.5 g of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma reference drug and 20 ml of methanol in the same manner as the reference drug solution.另取大黄对照药材0.5g，加甲醇20ml，同法制成对照药材溶液。
c.点样、展开、显色、检视
点样、展开
Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography（Appendix VI B），using silica gel G as the coating substance and the upper layer of a mixture of butyl acetate,formic acid and water(7:2.5:2.5)as the mobile phase.Apply separately 10μl of the test solution and 2μl of the reference solution to the plate.照薄层色谱法（附录ⅥB）试验，吸取供试品溶液10μl，对照品溶液2μl，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以醋酸丁酯-甲酸-水(7:2.5:2.5)为展开剂，展开，.......。
显色、检视
Spray with 5%sulfuric acid in ethanol and heat to the spot clear.Examine under ultraviolet light at 365 nm.以5%硫酸乙醇溶液显色，热风加热至斑点显色清晰。置紫外光灯(365nm)下检视。
d.结果判断
The fluorescent spots in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution correspond in position and colour to the spots obtained with the reference drug solution;and an orange fluorescent spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution corresponds in position and colour to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.供试品色谱中，在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点；在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的橙黄色荧光斑点。
三、Aay(含量测定)（1）分光光度法
标准曲线法
Reference solution Sulfonate 20 mg of indigo CRS,accurately weighed,in a flask by adding 15 ml of sulfuric acid slowly and with constant stirring gently on a water bath at 80℃for 1 hour.Allow to cool,transfer the solution slowly to a 200 ml volumetric flask containing a quality of water.Wash the flask and the residue with water.Combine the washing to the volumetric flask,add water to volume and mix well.Filter and discard the initial filtrate.Measure accurately 5 ml of the succeive filtrate to a 50 ml volumetric flask,add water to volume and mix well(containing 10μg of indigo per ml).
(青黛)对照品溶液的制备取靛蓝对照品20mg，精密称定，置锥形瓶中，缓缓加入硫酸15ml，用玻棒轻轻搅匀，置80℃水浴中磺化1小时，随时搅拌，取出，冷却。将溶液缓缓移入盛有适量水的200ml量瓶中，用水洗涤容器及残渣，洗液并入量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，滤过，精密量取续滤液5ml，置50ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀，即得(每1 ml中含靛蓝10μg)。
Calibration standard Measure accurately 1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0 and 5.0 ml of the reference solution respectively into 10 ml volumetric flask,add water to volume and mix well.Carry out the method for ultraviolet spectrophotometry and colourimetry(Appendix V A),measure the absorbance at 610 nm and plot the standard curve,using absorbance as ordinate and concentration as abscia.
标准曲线的制备精密量取对照品溶液1.0 ml、2.0 ml、3.0 ml、4.0 ml和5.0 ml，分别置10 ml量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀。照紫外－可见分光光度法(附录ⅤA)，在610 nm的波长处测定吸光度，以吸光度为纵坐标，浓度为横坐标，绘制标准曲线。
Procedure Weigh accurately 0.4 g of the fine powder,carry out the procedure as described under the reference solusion,beginning at the words“in a flask…”to“Measure accurately 5 ml of the succeive filtrate”.Transfer the filtrate to a 50 ml or 100 ml volumetric flask(adjust the absorbance to be within 0.20-0.45),dilute with water to volume and mix well.Measure the absorbance at 610 nm and read out the weight of indigo(μg)in the test solution from the standard curve,and calculate the content of C16H10N2O2. 测定法取本品细粉约0.4 g，精密称定，照对照品溶液的制备项下的方法，自“置锥形瓶中”起，至“精密吸取续滤液5 ml”，置50 ml或100 ml量瓶(使吸光度在0.20-0.45之间)中，加水至刻度，摇匀，在610 nm的波长处测定吸光度，从标准曲线上读出供试品溶液中靛蓝的重量(μg)，计算，即得。
