Stylistic Characteristics of Busine English and Its Translation
一．实用文体翻译是当前翻译 市场的实际需求
当前本市翻译市场的实际需求主要是实用文体的三个方面:
1.科技、生产类；
2.经济贸易类;
3.出国文件类。
其中以科技生产类与经济贸易类需求量为最大。以英语为主, 以笔译为主。
二、英语实用文体的特征
1.什么是英语实用文体？
所有语类的语篇可以归结为两大类：
①实用文体，（2）文学文体。文学语篇的职能是利用语言给人以乐趣和美的享受。而实用文体是“直接以传递信息或服务的语篇类型”（张德禄，1998：297）。
2.英语语体的分类
美国语言学家马丁·朱斯 (Martin Joos) ，提出了以下著名的五种语体:
庄重体(frozen style)、正式体（formal style）、商洽体（consultative style）、随意体（casual style）、亲密体（intimate style）的理论。
3、英语实用文体的正式性表现
①频繁使用术语（技术词）、半术语 （半技术词）;
②普遍使用正式程度高的普通词;
③大量使用名词与名词化结构;
④大量使用长句与扩展的简单句;⑤使用被动语态; (6)靠结构进行语篇的谋篇布局与衔接等。
1)．术语与半术语的严肃性与翻译
(1).术语的重要性
例： “方箱机”，英文是platen pre。“泡罩包装机”,英文采用 blister packingmachine，如果用foam来代替其中的blister就不妥。
(2).术语的权威性与严肃性
中国国务院有“全国科学技术名词审定委员会”，负责审定有关术语。国外由相关专业协会审定。国内外均以标准文件的形式公布审定的术语。正规出版社出版的英-汉或汉-英词典是对术语标准文件的补充。不是来自纸张型正规词典的电子版与网络词典质量不如纸张型,其中部分可靠性存疑。
(3).专业性与半专业性术语与翻译
①.专业性术语
只有部分术语没有同形异义与同义异形现象，同义或近义的术语不少。
例：Roentgen rays或X-rays。
例：expreway或freeway，milestone,
kilometer stone 或land stone。
②半专业性术语
英语半专业性术语的特点是：
a).同样的术语在不同行业，不同专业里或不同情况下具有不同含义。如esthetics，negotiation (negotiable)
b).不同的术语在不同 “变体”中表示同样含义。如cell---tank；electrode---welding rod 。c).在不同行业里同样术语表示同样的含义，但有不同译法。如：roller
2)． 普通词的正式性与翻译
(1)、英语普通词汇的正式性与非正式性拉丁语与古法语派生词，高雅而正式。它们一般较同义的、盎格鲁撒克逊语的单（Anglo-Saxon words）为长。人们称之为big words。①.正式文体中，常用用拉丁语与古法语派生词；用书面语单个动词代替短语动词②.合同与国际招投标文件中的用词正式性举例
③.工业产品说明书中的用词正式性举例
(2)、英语庄重文体中的庄重性词汇与翻译
例：While the principle of this invention has been described with particularity, it should be understood that various alternations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.
（以上专门阐述了本发明的原理。应该理解的是：只要不背离本发明精神，可以对本发明实施方案进行各种改变与修正；本发明的范围是由以下所附的专利权项所限定的。）
3).英语正式语体中的正式性词汇与翻译
a).波音公司简介 (加下划线的为正式性词汇)
Boeing has been the premier manufacturer of commercial jetliners for more than 40 years.With the merger of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas in 1997, Boeing\'s legacy of leadership in commercial jets, joined with the lineage of Douglas airplanes, gives the combined company a 70-year heritage of leadership in commercial aviation....Through Boeing Commercial Aviation Services, the company provides unsurpaed, around-the-clock technical support to help operators maintain their airplanes in peak operating condition.
b).美国ARCON焊接设备公司的产品说明书
译文1:
Now,taking over land and taking away buildings are being carried out.The pre-qualification for land taking over and the evaluation of geological hazard, water and soil keeping, and earthquake have been approved.The feasibility study report of the project and the earliest design has been officially agreed by the Development and Reform Commiion of Zhejinag Province.译文2:
… At present, the requisition of land and the removal for constructions are underway.The prequalification for requisiting land and the evaluation of geological hazard,, water and soil conservation, and earthquake have been approved.The feasibility study report of the project and the initial design has been ratified by the Development and Reform Commiion of Zhejinag Province.
3)、庄重体与正式语体的句子结构特征
(1)．名词与名词化结构的大量使用
①、名词的文体特征
科技英语中名词可达35%以上。在某些科技变体中更多。实际上在经贸等其他常用文体中，这个比例也很高。
②、名词化结构的文体特征
A).什么是名词化
名词化主要是指动词的名词词性转化，可以有以下四种形式：
①动作名词：examine→examination；②动词性名词：examine→the examining；③动名词：examine→examining；④不定式：examine→to examine。它们的名词性从①→④逐渐减弱。
C).名词化结构的特征
(a) 语篇简洁
例l a．Her father died when we were fighting against the invaders．She has since carried on the work by herself．
例l b．Since the death of her father when we were fighting against the invaders, she has carried on the work by herself．
(c).客 观
例3 a．We must survey the underground rock
structure geologically．
例3 b．A geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out．
③.名词化结构的优点与局限性
名词化也有局限性。 其一，造成抽象化,不适合用于具体、生动的描绘或说明。例：make maintenance/maintain。其二，施事与受事关系不明朗，例：complete degradation vegetable fiber- foamed tableware / fully-degradable vegetable fiber- foamed tableware。
④．名词化结构与翻译：
A).对外招商引资项目介绍翻译中的
名词化结构分析
例1：Project Background and Construction Conditions
As a vital paage between the south of Zhejiang Province and north of Fujian Province, the Feiyunjiang River Bridge is burdened with increasingly heavy traffic flow in recent years as the economy develops rapidly in spite of the Ningbo-Taizhou-Wenzhou Expreway that shunts traffic to some extent.The project plays a significant role in effectively bypaing the traffic acro the Feiyunjiang River Bridge, relieving the traffic congestion of the city and improving the traffic paing ability.According to the Zhejiang Provincial Government Document No.130[2000],the Feiyunjiang River Third Bridge is approved.B).对外招商引资项目介绍翻译中运用名词化结构的文体学比较：
例1：原文：飞云江大桥是浙南闽北的交通咽喉，随着经济的快速发展，近几年的交通量剧增，虽然甬台温高速公路分流了部分车流，但飞云江大桥交通仍然非常拥挤。
例2：原文：在无线和宽带通讯方面，摩托罗拉开拓创新、引领潮流，举世闻名。 摩托罗拉是世界财富百强企业之一，其业务和影响力遍布全球，2005年的销售额为368亿美元。译文1: Motorola is innovative and takes a lead in wirele and broadband communications, for which it is known around the world.… As the company is one of the 100 enterprises selected by the Fortune magazine and has busine and impact globally, Motorola had sales of $36.8 billion in 2005.(49词)
译文2: Motorola is known around the world for innovation and leadership in wirele and broadband communications… A Fortune 100 company with global presence and impact,Motorola had sales of $36.8 billion in 2005.(33词)
例2： In a device such as a refrigerant compreor provided with a reciprocating piston having a
stroke length which can be changed from one value to another in accordance with the direction of rotation of the crankshaft driving a connecting rod, there is provided an arrangement in which the top dead center position of the piston can be maintained irrespective of the changes in stroke length by an eccentric ring which has limited rotation on the crankshaft crankpin; and a second eccentric ring encompaing the first eccentric ring and which has limited rotation relative to the end of the connecting rod.…
译文：往复式活塞安装在诸如制冷压缩机之类的装置中。该活塞的行程长度值可以根据驱动连杆的曲轴的旋转方向而改变。在此压缩机类装置中，装有一机构，可在行程长度发生变化时，使活塞的上止点位置保持不变。这是因为第一偏心环在曲轴柄销上转动幅度有限，而第二偏心环包含着第一偏心环，并相对于连杆端部，作限定转动……
三.科技经贸英语类实用文体的
英译要点与难点
1.中国特色词汇的英译:
原 文: 重合同, 守信用企业
参考译文:Contract Observation Enterprise
错误与不妥的译文:
Strictly Obey Contract and Credible Enterprise
Excellent Enterprises Who Adhering to the Contractand the Credit
keeping the contract heavy credit unit
“promise the contract, keep the honor\" enterprise
“guard contract and heaviest credit ”enterprise
Stick-to Contract and Keep-Its- Word Unit
contract-abiding and creditworthy company
Following Contract and Observing Credit ”Enterprise
keeping contract and credit enterprises
\"contract-streing and promise-keeping enterprises
unit of keeping the contract with good credit
Contract & Creditability Observing Enterprise
contract-abiding and creditworthy company…
C).用同义词替代
原文：另一种方法是化学方法。
译文：Another method is the chemical proce。
原文：电子管通常用来放大，而真空管则是电子管的另一名称。
译文：An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another +name for this device。
D).以局部代替整体(复合词组)
原文：YG611S型日晒气候色牢度测试仪的工作原理为……。该色牢度测试仪符合试验方法要求……。本测试仪适用于染色中的耐光色牢度试验及光老化试验。
译文：The Xenon Arc Light & Weather Fastne Tester works on the follwing principles:… The Model YG611S complies with the requirements for the test methods:…The tester is suitable for the colour fastne-to-light test in dyeing…
