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发布时间:2020-03-01 20:26:14 来源:范文大全 收藏本文 下载本文 手机版

Hello, everyone.Welcome to the English grammar lecture series.欢迎大家参加英语语法系列讲座。

First, I’d like to ask you a question: “What is the most difficult thing for you in learning English?”

对你来说,学习英语最大的困难是什么? 对于这个问题,许多同学的回答是“语法”。中国学生为什么容易犯英语语法错误,从而觉得英语语法难学,甚至对之产生某种恐惧心理呢?这主要有两个原因: 一是汉语的语法相对简单,而中国学生在学习英语时习惯用汉语进行思维,在运用英语时套用汉语的语法;

二是对于英语语言的接触和分析不够:学习英语要多阅读、多听,对于一个英语句子,要分析其所以然,这样就能找到英语语言的规律。 每种语言都有它的难点。汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。希望大家对英语语法充满信心,对学好英语充满信心。

下面我们从英语语法的难点和核心?动词?开始英语语法的学习。 英语动词的时态

(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:

英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形变化。英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。

动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。

例如:在“中国是个伟大的国家。”和“中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。”这两句话当中,汉语的“是”没有变化,而是用“曾经”这个词来表达时间的不同。 China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。

China was the greatest country in the world.中国曾经是世界上最伟大的国家。 在这几句中,动词be的形态变了,表示的时间变了,但意义没有变化。 再如,“他经常帮助我。”“他昨天帮助我了。”和“他一直在帮助我。”这三句话当中,汉语的“帮助”没有任何变化,而是用“经常”、“一直”和“昨天”分别表达出时间的区别。英语就不同,它必须用动词本身的形态变化来完成任务。 He often helps me.他经常帮助我。

He helped me yesterday.他昨天帮助我了。 He has been helping me.他一直在帮助我。

在这几句中,动词help的形态变了,表示的时间变了,但意义没有变化。

(二)英语动词的形式:

英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式: (1) 动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。

(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。

这里提到的“语法规定的其他情况”我们在以后的讲座中会详细介绍。 下面把这些动词形式的构成说明一下。

动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:

词尾变化(规律与名词变复数相同,读音也与名词复数相同) 举例 一般加-s Help---helps; read---reads 在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pa, push, teach ---does, fixes, paes, pushes, teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es Try, study --- tries, stuides 与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。

动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成,这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:

词尾变化 举例 词尾读音

动词后面加 Help---helped Work---worked Watch---watched 清辅音之后读[t] Want---wanted need---needed [t] ,[d]之后读[t] Turn---turned play--played 元音和浊辅音(除外)之后读 以不发音的“e”结尾的词,加-d Love---loved Serve---served 结尾是辅音字母+y时,y变i,再加-ed Study---studied Try---tried 结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写辅音字母再加-ed Stop---stopped Drop---dropped 清辅音之后读[t] 不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept

现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成,规则如下表:

词尾变化 举例

一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying 以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉e,再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing 以一个辅音字母(x除外)词尾的重读闭音节词,先双写词尾的辅音字母,再加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming, Run---running, sit---sitting 以-ie结尾的词,变ie为y,再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying 为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。

不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例,列表如下: 时态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行

现在时 Does; do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing 过去时 Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing 将来时 Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done Shall/will+have been doing 过去将来时 Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would + have done Would/should + have been doing “时态”就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)及所处的状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。

比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;

在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do 变成have done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时;

在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do 的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。

在这三句话中,动词do 虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。

16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面我们把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。

1、一般现在时

(1)构成:通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。 动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:

第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 Have Have Have Has Be Am Are is 一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:

动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:

否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not (I’m not)„ I have not (haven’t)„ Am i„? Have i„? You are not (aren’t)„ You have not (haven’t)„ Are you„? Have you„?

He is not (isn’t)„ He has not (hasn’t)„ Is he „? Has he „? 动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答:

否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答

Am I not (aren’t i)„? Yes, you are.No, you aren’t Are you not (aren’t you)„? Yes, I am.No, I’m not. Is he not (isn’t he)„? Yes, he is.No, he isn’t

动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:

否定式 疑问式 Be Have Be Have I am not (I’m not)„ I have not (haven’t)„ Am i„? Have I „? You are not (aren’t)„ You have not (haven’t)„ Are you „? Have you„?

He is not (isn’t)„ He has not (hasn’t)„ Is he „? Has he „? 动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答:

否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答

Have I not (haven’t i)„? Yes, you have.No, you haven’t. Have you not (haven’t you)„? Yes, I have.No, I haven’t. Has he not (hasn’t he)„? Yes, he has.No, he hasn’t. 注意:have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。

行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does)

否定式 疑问式

I do not (don’t) study Do I study You do not (don’t) study Do you study He does not (doesn’t) study Does he study

否定疑问句式 简单回答(肯定/否定)

Do I not (Don’t I) study„? Yes, I do.No, I don’t.

Do you not (Don’t you) study„? Yes, you do.No, you don’t.

Does he not (Doesn’t he) study„? Yes, he does.No, he doesn’t. (2)用法:

1)一般现在时表示现状、性质、状态和经常的或习惯性的动作。 He has an uncle.他有个叔叔。

Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。 It is fine today.今天天气好。 You look pale.你脸色苍白。

He is good at music.他擅长音乐。

He knows a lot of English.他英语懂的很多。

这些动词可与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示经常性或习惯性的时间状语连用。例如: Do you often go to the cinema? 你经常去看电影吗? He always helps others.他总是帮助别人。

Tom does not study as hard as Jane.汤姆在学习方面不如简努力。

My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父亲从来不坐公共汽车,他走着去上班。

2)一般现在时表示客观现实或普遍真理。 Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中国的东边。 The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。

A horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。 Water boils at 100℃.水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。

October 1st is our National Day.十月一日是我们的国庆节。

When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。)

Beauty is truth, truth beauty.美即真理,真理即美。(英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。)

3)少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的事情。

The plane takes off at six past five.飞机将于六点零五分起飞。 Tomorrow is Sunday.明天是星期天。

Our summer vacation begins in early July.我们的暑假七月初开始。 4)在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.我一接到他的信就告诉你。

He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天气好,他就去。 I shall be away when he arrives.等他到了我就不在了。

We shall not begin the discuion until he arrives.等他来了,我们再开始讨论。

5)在某些以here, there 开头的句子中用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作。 Here comes the bus.汽车来了。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 Here they come.他们来了。

6)在进行体育比赛过程中解说员叙述迅速、短暂动作时,可用一般现在时表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作。例如:

Bater paes the ball to Yao Ming.Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特尔把球传给姚明,姚明投篮,好球!

7)在戏剧、电影等的剧本或图片的说明文字中,可用一般现在时表示动作。例如:

When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk.The phone rings.She picks it up and listens quietly.幕启,朱丽叶坐在桌旁。电话铃响,她拿起听筒,静静地听着。

Now please translate the following sentences into English: 1)见到你我很高兴。

I am very glad to see/meet you.2)李华只懂一点英语。

Li Hua only knows a little English.3)他们每天晚上看电视。

They watch TV every evening.4)我坐飞机走,明天早晨六点到那里。

I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.5)你多久给你的母亲写一封信? How often do you write to your mother? 6)你的朋友看起来很年轻。 Your friend looks very young.7)汤姆经常在床上看书。 Tom often reads in bed.8)你在发音方面有困难吗?

Do you have any trouble with pronunciation?

2、现在进行时

(1)构成:由助动词be + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。

现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例:

否定式 疑问式

I am not studying Am I studying? You are not studying, Are you studying? He is not studying.Is he studying? (2)用法:

1)现在进行时表示说话时正在发生或进行着的动作。例如: I am writing a letter.我正在写信。

They are learning English.他们正在学习英语。 Is it raining now? 现在下雨吗?

有时表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作。例如: More and more people are paying attention to their health.越来越多的人在关注健康。

He is translating a novel.他在翻译一本小说。

2)有些动词,如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等,它们的现在进行时可表示不远的将来要发生的事情。例如:

Flight 1095 is landing soon.第1095号航班马上要着陆了。 I know the end is coming.我知道马上就要结束了。

Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai.玛丽很快就要从上海访问回来了。

3)现在进行时常与always, continually, constantly 等副词连用,表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作。这种用法常表示说话人的某种感情,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:

He is always asking questions.他老爱提问题。

You are always saying that sort of thing.你老爱说那样的话。 She is always complaining.她总是喜欢抱怨。

4)在一定的上下文中,后一句的动词谓语用现在进行时与前一句的一般现在时相配合,可用以体现原因、结果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般现在时动词谓语表述现在发生的事实,而后一句用现在进行时动词谓语来阐明这一事实的原因、结果、目的等。例如:

He frowns.He is worrying about his boy.他皱着眉头,因为他在为他的孩子担心。 She criticizes him.She is trying to correct his bad habits.她批评他,想纠正他的坏习惯。

She lets her child have his own way.She is spoiling him.她不管她的孩子。这是在把他惯坏了。(结果) 翻译练习:

1)新生下星期到。

The new students are arriving next week.2)那边出了什么事?

What is happening over there? 3)那辆汽车怎么停在门外?

Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate? 4)他们正在看电视里的足球赛。

They are watching a football match on television.5)他老爱开玩笑。 He is always joking.6)我们从国外进口机器,我们在学习新的科学技术。

We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.

3、现在完成时

(1)构成:现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成,助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has,其余用have.现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:

否定式 疑问式

I have not (haven’t) studied„.Have I studied„? You have not (haven’t) studied„.Have you studied„? He has not (hasn’t) studied„.Has he studied„?

否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)

Have I not (Haven’t i) studied„? Yes, you have.No, you haven’t. Have you not (Haven’t you) studied„? Yes, I have.No, I haven’t. Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied„? Yes, he has.No, he hasn’t. (2)用法:

1)现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成,但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。有的同学觉得这种说法比较难以理解,因为任何过去的动作对现在都有影响,很难判断用一般过去时或现在完成时。事实上,这种说法没有把现在完成时与一般过去时的根本区别说清楚。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间,则一般用现在完成时;如果说明了动作发生的具体时间,带有表示过去的时间状语,则用一般过去时。例如: My daughter has just gone out.我女儿刚出去。

I’m sure we’ve met before.我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived.她到了。 2)表示持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for„, since„, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如:

I haven’t heard from her these days.这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently.最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years.他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday.她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。 注意:

1)表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等,在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此,不能说: ×He has come here for 2 weeks.

×The old man has died for 4 months.×They have left only for 5 minutes.以上三句话可以改为:

It’s two weeks since he came here.He has been here for 2 weeks.It’s 4 months since the old man died.They have been away only for 5 minutes 2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别:表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较:

Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了) Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了?(人不在)

They have been to Canada.他们到过加拿大。(现在已经不在加拿大) They have gone to Canada.他们到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已经到加拿大).3)现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语,如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用, 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语,如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如: She has already come.她已经来了。

I haven’t read it yet.我还没读过这个。 I have met him before.我从前曾见过他。

Ma Hong has always been a good student.马红一直是个好学生。 I have often seen him in the street.我经常在街上看见他。 They have never been to Yan’an.他们从未去过延安。 I haven\'t seen him lately.我近来没看到他。 翻译练习:

1)他们已经答复了我们的信。

They have already answered our letter.2)自去年以来我就未遇见过王英。

I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.3)他刚把他的名字告诉我。 He has just told me his name.4)你到过杭州吗? 到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。

Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have.I went there a month ago.I have been there two or three times.5)他在海外住了很长时间了。

He has lived abroad for a very long time.

4、现在完成进行时

(1)构成:第三人称单数由has been + 动词的现在分词;其他人称和数由have been + 动词的现在分词。 (2)用法:

1)表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,可能刚刚终止,也可能仍然在进行。 I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning.我从早上8点钟一直在等你。

It has been raining for three hours.雨一直下了三个小时了。

What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在读什么书?

2)有些动词不能用于现在进行时,如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等,这些词同样也不能用于现在完成进行时。如: I haven’t seen you for ages.我好久没见到你了。 I have loved her for a long time.我一直爱她。

I have known him for a long time.我认识他很久了。

3)现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,强调结果;而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性,强调“一直”,往往表示动作仍未结束。如:

I have been reading this novel.我一直在读这本小说。(我仍然在读) I have read two novels.我已读过两本小说。(可能刚读过,也可能很久以前读的)

I have been writing letters.我一直都在写信。

I have written three letters.我已经写完三封信了。

Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in.既然我们已经打扫完房间,我们可以把东西搬进来了。 We’ve been cleaning the claroom, but we haven’t finished yet.我们一直在打扫教室,但还没干完。 翻译练习:

1)你整个早晨在学习什么?

What have you been studying all the morning? 2)你已经参加过期末考试了吗?

Have you taken your final examination? 3)学生们一直在为高考准备功课。

The students have been preparing their leons for the college entrance examination.4)我们从小就认识。

We have known each other since childhood.5)1949年以来,王先生一直在这所学校教物理。

Mr.Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.6)雨一直下了一个星期。

It has been raining for a week.

5、一般过去时

(1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:

否定式 疑问式

I did not (didn’t) study„.Did I study„?

You did not (didn’t) study„.Did you study„? He did not (didn’t) study„.Did he study„?

否定疑问式 简单回答 (肯定/否定)

Did I not (Didn’t I) study„? Yes, you did.No, you didn’t. Di you not (Didn’t you) study„? Yes, I did.No, I didn’t. Did he not (Didn’t he) study„? Yes, he did.No, he didn’t.(2)用法:一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。 The train arrived ten minutes ago.火车十分钟前就到了。

What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的?

I used to go to school early.我过去总是很早去学校。 He always went to work by bus.他过去老乘车去上班。

Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young.李红小时候在上海住过十年。(有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语,就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时)

注意:在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。 翻译练习:

1)他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。

He left for Shanghai yesterday evening.2)你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的? 我六点钟醒的,可是到七点才起床。 What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ?I woke up at six o’clock, but did not get up until 7.3)星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。

A foreign friend visited our school on Monday.4)我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。

I used to get up at six when I was at middle school.5)周总理曾经常在这里办公。

Premier Zhou used to work here.

6、过去进行时

(1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第

一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:

This time yesterday, we were having an English leon.昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。

The teacher was giving us a leon when Tom walked into the room.老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。

While we were having supper, all the lights went out.我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。

He was reading while she was setting the table.她摆桌子时,他在读书。 It was getting dark.The wind was rising.天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。 2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:

The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young.两兄弟小时候常吵架。

In Qing Dynasty, China was always making conceions to western powers.清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。 翻译练习:

1)我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。

I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in cla when he was at primary school.2)我母亲做饭的时候,我父亲在抽烟。

While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.3)我正在写东西,小明把灯关了。

When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.4)夕阳西下,天渐渐黑下来了。

The sun was setting.It was getting dark.5)你走进他们的房间时,他们正在听广播吗?

Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room? 6)她给你打电话的时候,你在干什么?

What were you doing when she called you on the phone?

7、过去完成时

(1)构成:一律用had + 过去分词构成。 (2)用法:

1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:

She told me she had been there three times before.她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)

How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)

When we arrived, the football match had already begun.我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。

She had visited China twice before she came this year.她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。 2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:

By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。

By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours.到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。

When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time.我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。

3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。

4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no sooner„than„ 和 hardly(scarcely) „when„ 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如: No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.= He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。

Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured.= Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured.萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。 翻译练习:

1)很幸运,下雨前我们已经到家了。

Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.2)张华说他的笔记本丢了。

Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.3)他曾告诉过我,会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后,我还得等到两点半。 He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.4)他在这里住了两三天,才觉得没有什么拘束(feel at home)。

When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.

8、过去完成进行时

(1)形式:had been + 动词的现在分词。

(2)用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如: When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours.他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了

The roads were dangerous.It had been raining for two whole days.道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。

They were tired because they had been digging since dawn.他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。

The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike.He had been hoping for one for a long time.那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。

9、一般将来时

一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式: (1)shall/will + 动词原形 表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will,其余用will.其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:

否定式 疑问式

I shall/will not study„.Shall I study„? You will not study„.Will you study„? He will not study„.Will he study„?

否定疑问式 简单回答(肯定/否定)

Shall I not (shan’t i) study„? Yes, you will.No, you won’t. Will you not (Won’t you) study„? Yes, I shall/will.No, I shan’t/won’t.

Will he not (Won’t he) study„.? Yes, he will.No, he won’t. 例如:

I shall be twenty years old next year.我明年二十岁。

The sky is black.I think it will rain.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。 You will meet him at the station this afternoon.你下午会在车站碰到他。

The train will arrive soon.火车快要到了。

When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢? He probably won’t go with us.?他大概不能和我们一起去。 注意:

1)shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。

2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第

二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:

I will give you a new pen for your birthday.我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺)

I will take the college entrance examination.我将参加大学入学考试。(决心)

Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)

You shall have the book as soon as I get it.我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)

The enemy shall not pa.决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证) I will do my best to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿) Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令)

(2)be going + 动词不定式

1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:

My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。 I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。

She is not going to be there.她不会到那儿去的。 When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完? He is going to stay a week.他准备呆一星期。

We are going to call a meeting to discu it.我们准备开个会来讨论一下。

2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:

Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain.看这些乌云?要下雨了。

I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。

I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.?恐怕我要得重感冒。 注意:

1)will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如: I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age.我不(愿意)告诉你我的年龄。 be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will多表示意愿,决心。有时不能互换。例如:

I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我买了些砖,我要用它们盖个厨房。(不能用will替换)

Can somebody help me? ?I will.谁能帮我一些吗?―?我来。(不能用be going to替换)

2)be going to 可用于条件从句,表示单纯的将来;will则不能。例如: If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you.你若今晚去看电影,最好带着雨伞。

(3)be to + 动词原形,表示安排、命令或肯定将会发生的事情;在问句中表示征求意见。如:

You are not to smoke in this room.你不许在这个房间里抽烟。 In future you are not to go out alone.将来你不许一个人出去。 The worst is still to come.最糟糕的还在后面呢。 Tomorrow is still to come.明天过了还有明天。

(4)be about + 动词不定式。这种结构表示正要、即将发生的事情。例如: Let’s go in.The cla is about to begin.咱们进去吧。马上开始上课了。 They are about to get married.他们即将结婚。

My book is about to be published.我的书即将出版。 一般将来时的关键是记住表示将来的几种句型及其用法。 练习:

用be going to 或will.填空:

1)What are you doing with that spade? ?I ___ (plant) some trees.(am going to plant) 2)This is a terribly heavy box.?I ___ (help) you carry it.(will help) 3) I’ve left my watch upstairs.?I ___ (go) and get it for you.(will go) 4) Who will post this letter for me? ?I ____.?? (will) 5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dre.(is going to make)

10、将来进行时

(1)构成:shall/will be + 现在分词

(2)用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。 This time next week we shall be working in that factory.下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。

When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me.当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。 I will be seeing him next month.我下个月将要见他。

Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。 We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我们要去海边度假。

一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调事实或意愿。 翻译下列句子:

1)下月这个时候,我们将呆在南京了。

This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.2)在今天下午的会议上,你们讨论这个计划吗?

Will you be discuing the plan at the meeting this afternoon? 3)你会见到我的兄弟吗?

Will you be seeing my brother? 4)下学期你教我们吗?

Will you be teaching us next term? 5)你来的时候,我们将在开会。

When you come we shall be having a meeting.6)下周这个时候,我们将在考试。

This time next week we shall be taking our exams.

11、过去将来时

(1) 由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第

二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would.should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.

(2)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:

They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他们问我是否很快要去广州。

She told me she would come again next week.她和我说她下周还来。 I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t.我告诉他马上离开,但他不。 He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits.他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。

When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition.我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。

(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:

1)were/was going to + 动词原形,表示过去的安排、打算或确信某事会发生,多用于口语。如:

I told her I was going to see her that afternoon.我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。

I was sure (that) they were going to do that.我确信他们要做那件事。 2)were/was to + 动词原形,表示安排,命令或后来将要发生的事。如: He didn’t know he was to become famous later on.他不知道以后他会出名。

They were to receive salaries from the government.他们将接受政府的工资。

She and I were to meet at an agreed place.她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。

3)were/was about to + 动词原形,表示正要、即将发生的事。如:

Mrs.Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.布朗夫人刚要开始,但是珍妮先说话了。

He was about to say something more, but then checked himself.他正要再说点什么,却又打住了。

He waited until she was about to leave.他一直等到她即将离开。

12、将来完成时

(1)构成:shall/will + have + 过去分词

(2)用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如: By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line.如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。 Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work.到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。

By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。

By Sept.2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.?到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。 翻译练习:

1)七月份你们再来时,他们就搬进新房子里去了。

When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.2)到下一个五一节,我们在一起的时间就很长了。

By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.3)我相信,在你到那儿之前,这些困难他已经解决了。

I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.4)到明年七月,我就大学毕业了。

By July next year, I will have graduated from college.

二、关于动词时态的几点说明

1、一般不用进行时的动词,它们用一般现在时表示现在进行时

(1)表示心理状态的词:accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。还有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。 I accept what you say.我接受你说的话。

I don\'t agree to this proposal.我不同意这个建议。

(2)感官动词和表示状态的动词一般不用进行时。系动词:如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等词。表示状态的词:be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等词。例如: I see him now; he’s talking to a girl.我看见他了,他正在和一个女孩说话。

The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army.军舰属于海军,坦克属于陆军。

The tea tastes fresh.这茶味道很新鲜。

It sounds strange, but it is true.听起来很奇怪,但这是真的。

2、下列句型常用一般现在时表示现在进行时 Here/There+动词+名词主语:

Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了。 There goes the bell.铃声响了。 Here/There+代词主语+动词: Here he comes! 他来了! There he goes! 他走了!

在make sure (certain) 后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时:

There aren’t many seats left for the concert; you’d better make sure that you get one today.这场音乐会剩下的座位不多了,你最好今天订妥一个位子。

I’m leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window.我现在走了。 你务必把窗户关上。

3、将来时常用的表达方式

(1)单纯将来时用shall/will+动词原形表示。如:

I shall be twenty years old next year.明年我就二十岁了。 Tomorrow will be September 10th.明天是九月十号。

(2)“be going to +动词原型 ”这种形式用于人时表示打算,意图,也表示说话者确信无疑;用于物时表示可能或必然性。

They are going to get married in July.他们打算七月份结婚。

Mr.Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year.Brown 先生说他们打算明年买辆新车。

His wife is going to have a baby.他妻子要生小孩子了。 There is going to be a storm.将有一场暴风雨。 Look!It’s going to snow.看,要下雪了。

(3)“be to +动词原形 ”表示命令,安排,疑问句中表示征求意见。例如: You are to clean the window.你要擦窗。

The President is to arrive in Rome at three o’clock this afternoon.总统今天下午三点到达罗马。

Am I to set to work? 要着手工作吗? Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/来吗?

(4)“be about to +动词原形 ”表示即刻就要发生的动作。例如:

They are about to go out when it begins to snow.他们正出去的时候开始下雪了.The ship is about to sail。 船要扬帆起航了。

(5)现在进行时可表示将来。主要是表示“来,去,留,住,开始,结束 ”等意义的动词,如:come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。

We are going to Paris on Friday.We are leaving from London Airport.我们星期五离开巴黎,我们从伦敦机场出发。

The poor dog is dying.那条可怜的狗快要死了。

The tragedy is ending/beginning.悲剧就要结束了/开始了。

4、现在完成时的用法

现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响,是个现在时态,不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用;常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词,in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前为止),up till now (直到现在), up to the present (直到现在) 等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如:

Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。

Up to the present, great changes have taken place.到现在已经发生了巨大变化。

Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.

5、过去完成时的用法

过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时:

It is five years since I left middle school.(以现在为依据) 我离开中学到现在已经有五年了。

It was five years since I had left middle school.(以过去为依据) 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。

By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars.到上月底他们已经挣了两千五百万美元了。

The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema.电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。

注意:动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如:

They had hoped to be able to come and see me.他们本希望能来看我的。 I had thought to meet her there.我想过(或我本想)在那里见她。

6、时态的呼应

时态的呼应也叫时态的一致,是指在复合句中,某些从句(主要是宾语从句等名词性从句)的时态常受主句时态的影响,因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。 (1)主句是现在时态或将来时时,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。

He says his father is/was/will be a teacher.他说他父亲是(过去是,将来要做)一个教师。

They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai.他们会告诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。

(2)主句是过去时态时,从句的时态要注意下列几点:

A.从句与主句动作同时发生,从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。 I thought he studied hard.我认为他学习努力。

He told me his son was watching TV.他告诉我他儿子在看电视。 B.从句动作发生在主句动作之后,从句须用过去将来时。例如: He said he would post the letter.他说他将要寄这封信。

They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall.他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。

C.从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句须用过去完成时。例如: He said he had posted the letter。 他说已经把信发了。

They asked me whether I had been there before.他们问我以前去没去过那里。

但是,如果从句有具体的过去时间状语,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。例如:

She told me her brother died in 1960.她告诉我她哥哥1960年去世的。 They said they checked everything yesterday.他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。

另外,从句说的是一般真理或客观事实,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。例如:

The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。

Somebody told me you are a writer.有人告诉我你是个作家。

除了宾语从句外,其他名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)一般也要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选用适当的时态。例如:

He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher.他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。

It was not so hot yesterday as it is today.昨天没有今天这样热。

三、几个常用时态的比较

1、一般现在时与现在进行时

(1)一般现在时用以说明客观事实,或用于强调动作的永久性、经常或反复性。而现在进行时强调动作正在进行,因此它表示动作含有暂时性(即动作的持续时间是有限的)和未完成性。

The writer writes children’s stories.那位作家是写儿童小说的。(说明客观事实)

The writer is now writing a story.那位作家现在正在编写一个故事。 She is kind.她很善良。(指她一贯心地善良)

She is being kind.她现在显得很善良。(表示暂时性,平时她并不善良) Tom types his own letters.汤姆自己用打印机打信。(说明经常性)

Tom is typing his own letters today.汤姆今天自己正在用打印机打信(表示暂时性、未完成)

(2)有些动词,如:like, hate, believe, gue, know, mean, remember, hear, see, sound, seem等,不能用于进行时,即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时。如:

I know him.我认识他。(不说:I am knowing him.)

Jenny likes this green coat.珍妮喜欢这件绿大衣。(不说:Jenny is liking„)

某些动词既可用于一般现在时,又可用于现在进行时,但意义有所不同。试比较: I feel (=think, believe) you are right/there’s something wrong.我觉得(=认为、相信)你是对的/有点不对头。(这个意思不用进行时 ) I’m feeling cold.我觉得冷。

What are you thinking about? 你在想些什么。

What do you think of the idea? 你认为这个主意怎样? I think you’re right.我认为你是正确的。 He is smelling the meat.他正在闻肉。 The meat smells bad.这肉有臭味了。

I see (=understand) what you mean.我明白你的意思。 I see the fish now.我看见那条鱼了。

I’m seeing (=consulting ) a doctor.我正在看医生(即看病)。 I’m seeing (=visiting) a friend of mine.我正在看一个朋友。

某些表示身体感觉的词(如 hurt, ache, feel等),用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别,只是进行时更生动、更有感情色彩。例如:

How do you feel today? (or: How are you feeling today?) 你今天的感觉怎样。

My head is aching.(or: My head aches.) 我头疼。 I feel cold.=I’m feeling cold.我觉得冷。

(3)一般现在时说明事实,一般不带感情色彩;现在进行时与always, often, frequently等词连用时带有感情色彩。例如:

He always asks questions.他总是提问题。(无感情色彩)

He is always asking questions.他老爱提问题。(表示强烈的感情色彩) Don’t be complaining all the time.别老是抱怨个不停。 She’s always blaming others.她总是在埋怨别人。

2、一般过去时与现在完成时

(1)一般过去时只是单纯说明过去的情况,和现在不发生联系,它可以确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能和具体的表示过去的时间状语连用。如:

We have visited a power station.我们参观了发电站。(现在对电站有所了解)

We visited a power station last week.上周我们参观了发电站。(只说明事实)

I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。(还没有找到) She lost her pen yesterday.她昨天把钢笔丢了。(现在找到与否,没有说明) (2)有些时间状语,如 this morning, tonight, this month等,既可以用于一般过去时,也可以用于完成时,但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括“现在 ”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如: I have read this book this April.我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时仍是四月)

I read this book this April.我今年四月份看过这本书。(讲话时四月已过) I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时仍是上午)

I wrote two letters this morning.今天上午我写了两封信。(讲话时是下午或晚上)

3、一般过去时与过去进行时

一般过去时表示过去发生的事情,往往表示动作已结束;而过去进行时侧重动作正在进行、未完成。试比较:

Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(信写完了)

Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚在给她的朋友写信。(信不一定写完)

I read a novel last night.昨天晚上我看了一本小说。(指已经看完了) I was reading a novel last night.昨天晚上我在看小说。(指看了一些) I often went swimming while I was living in Qingdao.我住在青岛的时候经常去游泳。

I was running downstairs when I saw her.我正往楼下跑的时候看见了她。 I ran downstairs and found her gone.我跑下楼梯,发现她走了。

4、一般过去时和过去完成时

(1)一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,而过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生在另一动作之前。试比较:

The cla had already begun when I came to school.我来到学校时,已经开始上课。

He had gone home before I got to his office.我到他办公室以前,他已回家了。 (2)有after或before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,由于从句动作和主句动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时: He called on me soon after he had returned.他回来不久便拜访我。也可以说:He called on me soon after he returned.The train had left before I got to the station.我到车站时,火车已经开走了。也可以说:The train left before I got to the station。 (3)描述一连串的过去动作,无需用过去完成时,例如:

He stood up, took his bag, put on his hat, left the room and went away.他站起来,拿起书包,戴上帽子,离开房间走了。

She looked around but saw nothing.她环顾四周,但是什么也没有看见。 He came in and said hello to everyone.他进来向每一个人问好。 由于汉语与英语表达时态的方式不同,中国人在学习和应用英语时经常犯时态错误,尤其是在写信、写电子邮件、写记叙文时。常见的时态错误类型有:时态不对应;通篇须用几种时态时用一种时态;时态混用或串用(如在描写过去的经历时,有时用现在时);不用进行时。我们如果在日常口头交际中犯点时态错误,这在所难免,也可以理解。但是,在正式场合,如正式写作中,就不能允许出现时态错误,因为这是英语语法的基础。我们学习时态的目的,主要在于应用。因此,在使用英语,尤其是在写作时,一定要有时态意识,长此以往就能养成正确使用时态的习惯。

四.、助动词和情态动词 第一部分 助动词

汉语中只有助词,而没有助动词。这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。英语的助动词,就是起辅助作用的动词,本身没有独立的词义,不能单独做谓语,在句子中只起语法作用,和实意动词一起构成谓语(叫复合谓语),表达否定,疑问,时态,语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表:

原形 现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 作用

Be Am, is, are Was, were Been Being 构成各种进行时态和被动语态 Have Has, have Had —— —— 构成各种完成时态 do Does, do Did —— —— 构成疑问句和否定句、加强语气,代替前面相同的动词

Shall —— Should —— —— 构成各种将来时态 Will —— would —— ——

(一)助动词be的用法

1、跟现在分词构成各种进行时态:

They are playing war games with toy guns and toy tanks.他们正在用玩具枪和玩具坦克玩战争游戏。

We were playing video games on TV last night.昨晚我们在电视上玩电子游戏。

2、跟过去分词构成被动语态:

He’s not respected by the pre.他们不受报界的尊重。

We were taught how to use a computer last year.去年教过我们怎样用计算机。

(二)助动词have的用法

have后面跟过去分词构成各种完成时态: We’ve known each other since three years ago.我们从三年前就认识了。 He’s been to Shanghai.他去过上海。

(三)助动词do的用法

1、帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否定式: Do you know John? 你认识约翰吗?

Mary didn’t come to see me yesterday.玛丽昨天没来看我。 You like this picture, don’t you? 你喜欢这张画,不是吗?

2、代替前面已经提到过的动词,避免重复:

Do you smoke? ?Yes, I do.你抽烟吗?-是的,我抽。 I smoke.So does he.我抽烟。他也抽。

He doesn’t like it.Neither do I.他不喜欢,我也不。

They went swimming yesterday.So did we.他们昨天去游泳了。我们也去了。

3、帮助加强谓语动词的语气: I do like you.我真的喜欢你。

She/He does like you.她/他确实喜欢你。

She/They/We did go swimming yesterday.她/他们/我们昨天确实去游泳了。 If you do know, answer me in a loud voice so that all may hear.如果你的确知道,就大声回答我,以便大家都能听见。 be, have, do 都能做实意动词用: These are computers.这些是计算机。

We’re having breakfast.我们正在吃早饭。

I did some washing last night.我昨晚洗了衣服。

(四)助动词shall和will的用法

1、助动词shall/will构成一般将来时;should/would构成过去将来时

We shall/will be rich, if we succeed.我们将很富有,如果我们成功的话。 They will be rich, if they succeed.他们将很富有,如果他们成功的话。 They said they would be rich, if they succeeded.他们说他们将很富有,如果他们成功的话。

2、shall 用在第

一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,来征求意见,表示“要不要„„” Shall I go now? 要我现在就走吗?

Shall we invite her, too? 我们也邀请她吗?

Shall the house be insured against fire? 要给房子保火险吗?

Shall the reporters wait outside or what? 要记者们在外面等还是怎样?

3、shall 用于所有人称,表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈的感情。例如:

You shall have an answer by tomorrow.到了明天,你会得到答复的。

If he’s good, he shall have a new watch for Christmas.如果他表现好,在圣诞节就会得到一块新表。

You shall suffer for this.你会为这事吃苦头/付出代价的!

I don’t want to be hard on them; they shan’t be preed.我不想难为他们;不会过于*迫他们的。

They hope to undermine our unity; they shall fail.他们希望破坏我们的团结:他们不会成功的。 If you children don’t do as I tell you, you shan’t go to the party.你们小孩要是不听话,就不让你们参加晚会。

As a man sows, so he shall reap.善有善报,恶有恶报。(谚语)

Then you shall come; and you will come too, Ruth, won’t you? 那你得来;Ruth,你也来好吗?

4、would 可以表示过去的习惯,类似used t He would come to see me on Sunday when he was here.他在这里的时候,星期天就来看我。

The dog would lie there in the sun all afternoon.那只狗常常整个下午躺在那里的太阳底下。

When we were children, we would go skating every winter.小的时候,每年冬天我们都去滑冰。

5、will可以表示“愿意、肯、会、固执”等意义,而非将来: I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason.我打算和你讲理,但是你就是不讲理。

I will pay you for it.我会付给你钱买下它的。 Go where you will.到你愿意去的地方。

She won’t so much as look at David.她连看都不看一眼大卫。

We’re going on a climbing trip.Come if you will.我们要去爬山。你愿意的话就跟我们一起来。

6、will可以表示倾向、习惯(总是会,老是等意思),在否定句中可以表示“不肯、不能”等意思: Boys will be boys.男孩子总归是男孩子。

A wise man changes his mind; a fool never will.聪明人会改变自己的思想,而傻子却不会。

Sometimes the cat will lie there all morning.有时候猫会整个下午躺在那里。

Oil and water will not mix.油和水是不会混合在一起的。

She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come back.她总是在那里坐上好几个小时,等她儿子回来。

This machine won’t work.这台机器不工作了/坏了。 These things will happen.这样的事情总是会发生的。 第二部分 情态动词

情态动词有一定的意义,表示人的看法和态度,不表示动作或状态,因而不能单独做谓语,必须和实意动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语,没有人称和数的变化。把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句;在其后加上not或never等否定词就构成否定句。如:

My mother can drive.我妈会开车。

My mother can’t drive.我妈不会开车。 Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗?

Can’t your mother drive? 你妈不会开车吗?

You needn’t look at me like that.你不必那样瞧着我。

常用的情态动词有can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。

四、使用非谓语动词应注意的问题

1、不定式作状语时常用的句型。动词不定式在句中可用来作目的、结果、原因状语,常用于下列句型中: (1) in order to和so as to do(以便,为了): She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others.她决心加紧学习,好赶上别人。

(2)too„„to do„„(非常„„ 以至于不能„„)

The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。 (3) „„enough to do„„(足以做„„)

The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people.这厅大得足以容纳一千人.(4)only to do„„(不料却„„)

They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头却砸自己的脚。

(5)\"be+情绪形容词+to do\"这个结构,不定式说明产生这一情绪的原因。 We are proud to be trained here in China.在中国受训我们感到自豪。

2、动名词和不定式作主语和表语时的区别动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说,在表示抽象的、一般的行为时,多用动名词;在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。但在It’s no use(good),it’s Usele后面常用动名词作主语。 例如

Her present job is teaching music.= Teaching music is her„ (泛指) To teach music to Grade One is her present job.=Her present job is to teach „ (特指) It’s difficult for him to finish the了ob in a week.Tom’s being late again made me angry.汤姆又来晚了使我很生气。 It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收

3、动名词和不定式作定语时的区别。

作定语时:现在分词和它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系(现在分词可以改为定语从句),可以置于于被修饰词之前或之后,动名词做定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途(可以改为for短语),而者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,它一般只能置于被修饰词之前。 请看几个词组: 现在分词作定语: a sleeping dog=a dog that is sleeping a flying bird=a bird that is flying a crying baby=a baby that is crying boiling water=water that is boiling 动名词作定语: a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping a swimming pool=a pool for swimming a flying suit=a suit for flying drinking water=water for drinking

4、动名词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别。在look at,listen to, feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语,意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式只是陈述事实。 例如: Did you hear someone knocking at the door?你刚才听到有人敲门吗? Yes I did.I heard him knock three times.是的,我听到他敲了三下.I saw your father working in your garden yesterday.昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。

I saw your father work in your garden yesterday.昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。

〔注意〕find后面可用分词(现在分词和过去分词)作宾补,不用不定式。 如:

正:I found him lying on the ground.误:I found him lie on the ground.下列动词常跟分词作宾补: catch抓住,have让、{吏,keep使处十某状态,get使得,see看见,hear听见,find发现,feel感觉到,leave使处于某状态,make使(只接过去分词),want想要,start引起,notice注意到,observe观察,watch观看、注视,set使处于某状态,等等

5.allow, permit, forbid,encourage,advise的用法相似,具体如下: (1) 后面无宾语时,接doing,.例如: Sorry we don\' t allow smoking in the lecture room.对不起,本教室里不许抽烟。

The school doesn\' t permit smoking in cla.学校不许在课上抽烟。 Mrs.Green forbade smoking in her house.格林夫人禁止在她家抽烟。 The teacher encouraged speaking more English in cla.老师鼓励在课堂上多说英语。

(2)后面有宾语时,接to do.例如: Tom\' s mother will not allow him to watch the film on TV.汤姆的母亲不会允许他在电视上看那个电影。

The school doesn\' t permit its students to smoke in cla.学校不允许它的学生们在上课时抽烟。

Mrs.Green forbade us to smoke in her house.格林夫人不许我们在她家抽烟。

The teacher encouraged everybody to speak more English in cla.老师鼓励每个人在课堂上多说英语。

The doctor advised me to take more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。

(3)接doing时,doing前面可以带自己的形式主语(意思上的主语,也叫逻辑主语) 例如: That teacher doesn\' t permit our smoking in his cla.老师不允许我们在他讲课时抽烟。(our是smoking的主语) Paul\' s mother will forbid his going with you.保罗的妈妈不会允许他跟你去。

The doctor advised my taking more exercises.大夫建议我多锻炼。

6、非谓语动词的正误辨析: (1 )正在粉刷的房子将是一家书店。

误: The house painted will be a bookstore 正: The house being painted will be a bookstore.正: The house that/which is being painted will be a bookstore.析:现在分词的被动式和过去分词都表示被动意义,但是过去分词表示动作已经完成,而现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行、还未完成。 (2)他竟然会缺席,这使我感到惊讶。

误:It is astonished to me that he should be absent.正:It is astonishing to me that he should be absent.正:I am astonished that he is absent.析:一般来说,由现在分词转化而来的形容词,有主动意味,说明事物的性质或特征,多可译为令人感到„„的;而由过去分词转化而来的形容词,有被动意味或表示已完成的动作,长译为“感到„„、觉得„„”。 (3)这本书我读起来太难了。

误:The book is too difficult far me to read it 正:The book is too difficult far me to read 析:句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,所以应去掉,否则就犯了重复的毛病。 (4) 打开抽屉,他拿出词典。

误:Opening the drawer, and he took out a dictionary.正:Opening the drawer, he took out a dictionary.析:并列连词等是用来连接两个或更多个语法作用相同的词、短语、或句子。分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词。

(5) 他别无选择,只有躺下来睡觉。

误:He has no choice but lying dawn and sleeping.正:He has no choice but to lie dawn and sleep.正:He can do noting but lie dawn and sleep.正:He has nothing to do but lie dawn and sleep.析:在这种句型中,but和except后用不定式,不用动名词。并且若句中含有动词do时,but,except后跟省掉to的不定式。 (6) 革命意味着解放生产力。

误:Revolution means to liberate the productive farces.正:Revolution means liberating the productive farces.析:mean后跟动词不定式表示“意欲/打算”,后面跟动名词表示“意味着” (7))他在看通知时有了一个主意。

误:When reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.正:When he was reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.正:Reading (When reading) the notice, he had an idea.析:分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致 (8)依据他的说法,这个答案是对的。

误:Judge from what he said, the answer is right.正:Judging from what he said, the answer is right.析:“Judging” 在这里是插入语,作独立成分。类似的用法还有to tell, the truth, considering, generally speaking等。

(9)我们尽快地走,希望及时赶到

误:We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time.正:We walked as fast as we could, hoping to get there in time.析:根据句意,希望hope不表示目的,而表示伴随状况,所以用hoping.(10)这封需要马上回复。

误:The letter demanded answering immediately.正:The letter demanded an immediate answer.正:The letter required (needed) answering immediately.析:require,need,want作“需要”解时,可跟动名词做宾语。demand作此义解时,不能跟动名词作宾语,要跟名词。

(11)这是80年代建造的工厂之一。

误:This is one of the factories having been built in the 1980s.正:This is one of the factories built in the 1980s.析:现在分词的完成式主要用做状语,不做定语。 (12)给我一张纸写东西。

误:Give me a sheet of paper to write 正:Give me a sheet of paper to write on 析:不定式做定语时,如果它所修饰的名词在意义上是不定式的宾语而不是主语的时候,这个不定式的后面应根据意义加上适当的介词。 独立主格结构

独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。

独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语,分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语,有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用,主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词,非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式,这样就成为从句了。 例如: Today being Sunday, the library isn\' t open.今天星期天,图书馆不开放。 (原因)改为从句: As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn\' t open.例如: There being no buses,we had to take a taxi.没有汽车了,我们只好坐出租车了。 Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.

The signal given,the bus started.信号发出后,公共汽车就启动了。 (时间)改为从句: After the signal was given, the bus started.The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。

The boy followed that man here,and climbed in,and had a sword in his hand.The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考试结束了,两个月之后进行期末考试.The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.Weather permitting, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天气允许的话,我们就去参观长城。 If weather permits, we\' 11 visit the Great Wall.The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。(伴随状语) 上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词+介词短语”构成,表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构,有时可以用with引出,二者的意思是一样的,with结构更加口语话,更加常用。

She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪水,离开了办公室。

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