一、现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成：助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在
的某种情况。
We are good friends.(现在的情况） I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）
We have known each other since 1997.（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）
（1）表完成和结果：动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：-Have you had lunch yet?
在我不饿了）
（2）表持续：从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在
进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
如：He has taught here since 1981.（可能还要继续教）
（3）表经验：说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever,never, three times等时间状语。如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last
Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的
时间状语连用。
a.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven\'t finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未”等。
如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗？
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见
过。
He has been there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。
例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I haven\'t.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次？
（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时
刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven\'t seen him for two years.但是，像come, arrive, buy等
短暂性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由
短暂性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive →be herebegin(start)→be ondie →be deadcome back →be back
leave →be awayfall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep)get up →be up1-Yes, I have.I\'ve just had it.（现
go out →be outfinish →be overput on →wear 或be onopen→be openjoin→be in或 be a member of„close →be closedgo to school →be a student
borrow →keepbuy→havecatch(a cold)→have(a cold)get to know →know
begin to study →studycome to work →work等
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
4.几点注意事项
（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示去过某地（现在已经回来了）；have
gone(to)表示去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两
次。 He has gone to Beijing .他去北京了。
（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。
如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去
世已有两年了。
（3）短暂性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语
连用。
如：I haven\'t left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。
(4) 表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，用现在完成时，要加表示一段时间的时间状语时，常
用 for＋一段时间, since＋时间点，since+一段时间+ago.如：I have lived here since my childhood.
我从小就一直住在这里。
(5) 在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用 how long。如：How long have you lived here?
注意：在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间的不同，时态使用是不一样的。如：
I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。
I have lived here for a week by now.到现在为止，我已经在这里住了一周。
I will live here for a week next year.明年我会在这里住一周。
二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在
过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，与现在没有关系。
I have just been to London.I went there last month.我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。
1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调
过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2.过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，„ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间
状语
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in
past years, always,
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, work, study,
know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。
---Will somebody go and get Dr.White?---He\'s already been sent for.
句中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
三、练习题
1.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday.I _______ it on.It fits me well.
A.had made„have triedB.made„have triedC.has made„triedD.made„tried
2 “He ____to draw horses already”.“When ______ he ?” “ Last year “
A.learned„hasB.learned„didC.has learned„hasD.has learned„did
3.Tom _____up into the tree.Look, he ____ high up there !
A.has got„isB.has climbed„wasC.got „wasD.climbed„is
4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
A.Did„copy„didB.Have„copied„haveC.Have„copied„didD.Did „copy„had
5.“Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now .”
A.did„get„shoutedB.has„got„shoutedC.did„get„has shoutedD.has„got„has shouted
6.______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
A.Have „seen„did„see
C.Have„seen„have„seenB.Did „see„did„watchD.Did „see„have„seen
7.You ____ me waiting for two hours.I ____ for you since five.
A.kept„waitedB.have kept„waitedC.kept„have waitedD.have kept„have waited
8.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library.He _________ there for an hour.
A.has„been„has gone B.has„gone„has beenC.did„go„wentD.did„be„went
9.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.
A.Has„cried„has stoppedB.Is„crying„stopped
C.Did „cry„stoppedD.Is„crying„has stopped
10.I _______ the way.I ________ here for quite many years.
A.knew„have livedB.knew„liveC.know„have livedD.know„live
11._____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.
A.Have„gone toB.Have„gone inC.Have„been toD.Have „been in
12.My brother ____college for over three years.
A.has gone toB.has been toC.has been inD.has been at
13.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989.He ______ in the army since then.
A.joined„isB.has joined„has beenC.had joined„isD.had joined „has been
14.By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites.
A.came„have sentB.came„had sentC.come„have sentD.had come„sent
15.Jack ____ over five leons by seven o’clock.Then he ____ a rest.
A.went„tookB.went„had takenC.had gone„tookD.had gone„had taken
16.We ____ out by that time that he ____ a spy for a long time.
A.had found„had beenB.had found„wasC.found„had beenD.found„was
17.Before the news ____ him, he ____ to know about it.
A.reaches„has got B.reached„had gotC.reached„gotD.had reached„got
18.I _____ him a second letter before I ____ from him.
A.wrote„heardB.wrote„had heardC.had written„heardD.have written„hear
19.People ____ that the soldiers _____ fighting.
A.say„had stoppedB.said„has stoppedC.say„stoppedD.said„had stopped
20.We ____ in a good harvest because we ____ enough rain.
A.didn’t get„had hadB.got„had hadC.had got„had hadD.got„hadn’t had
21.They _______ for five hours when they ______ in New York.
A.flew„arrivedB.had flown„had arrivedC.flew„had arrivedD.had flown„arrived
22.She ____ that it _____ for two days by that day.
A.says„has rainedB.says„had rainedC.said„had rainedD.said„rained
23.John _____ there since the year before, so he _____ them.
A.had worked„knewB.had worked„had knownC.worked„knewD.worked„had known
24.He _____ angry because he ____ for a long time.
A.had got„had waitedB.got„waitedC.had got„waitedD.got„had waited
25.-I have seen the film “Titanic” already.-When __________ you __________ it？-The day before yesterday.
A.have； seenB.will； seeC.did； seeD.did； seen
26.Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago.
A.livedB.has livedC.livesD.is going to live
27.We ____________ trees last Sunday.So far we __________ over 3，000 trees there.
A.planted； plantedB.planted； have plantedC.have planted； plantedD.have planted； have planted
28.—I’m sorry, Cathy, I ______ your radio for such a long time.—Never mind.
A.have borrowedB.have lentC.have keptD.have returned
29.—Where have you ______ these days?—I have ______ to Yangzhou with my friends.
A.been, goneB.been, beenC.gone, beenD.gone, gone
30.—Where is your father? We haven’t seen each other for weeks.—______.
A.He has been to America
B.He has gone to EnglandD.He would visit my grandparentsC.He is going to Australia
31.They have ______ since the factory opened.
A.left the schoolB.joined the teamC.become workersD.worked here
32.Jim ______ the Great Wall many times.
A.went toB.goes toC.has gone toD.has been to
33.It ______ ten years since they ______ to France.
A.was, movedB.was, have movedC.is, have movedD.is, moved
34.—______ to the United States?—No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
A.Have you beenB.Have you goneC.Did you goD.Will you go
35.I won’t go to see the film tonight because I ______ my ticket.
A.didn’t loseB.have lostC.will loseD.didn’t have
36.Mi Wu has taught in this school ______.
A.for ten yearsB.ten years agoC.since ten yearsD.for ten years ago
37.I ______ today’s homework already.What about you?
A.have finishedB.finishC.to finishD.finishing
38.—Ann has gone to Shanghai.—So ______ her parents.
A.hasB.hadC.didD.have
