总经理岗位职责中英文对照（精选多篇）

发布时间：2020-04-19 02:07:54 来源：岗位职责收藏本文下载本文手机版

推荐第1篇：中英文对照

共轨技术

随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。

共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。

②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。

电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。

所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。

(1) 压力产生。

燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。

由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。

高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。 (2) 压力控制

所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。

一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。

在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。

另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。

发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。

在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。

双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。

(3) 燃油喷射

喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。

喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。

(4) 液压辅助动力

与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。

共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。

(5) 控制和调节

发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：

① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；

④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。

电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。

喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。

根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。

其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：

① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 电子防盗控制系统等。 (6) 控制单元结构。

由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emiion, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher preures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection preure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection preure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating preure generation (in the high-preure pump) from the fuel-injection system (injection).The rail here acts as a preure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-preure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components; ② The high-preure system, comprising components such as the high-preure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-preure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control (EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve (solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator) which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection proce for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of preure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection preure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control (EDC) controls each of the components.(1) Preure Generation.Preure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under preure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-preure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection preure.Preure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-preure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-preure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2) Preure Control The preure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail preure is to control the high-preure side by a preure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-preure circuit via the preure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail preure to react rapidly to changes in operating point ( e.g.in the event of load changes ) .Control on the high-preure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The preure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-preure pump.Another way of controlling rail preure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-preure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection preure required by the system.In a fault situation, the preure-relief valve prevents rail preure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high preure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-preure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail preure, which combines preure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-preure side via the preure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-preure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3) Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-preure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system preure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant preure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed( time-based fuel injection ).(4) Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of preure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion proce compared with conventional fuel-injection systems; the injection preure at preure at present is 160 MPa; in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emiions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically aisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5) Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle; ② Fuel-rail preure; ③ Charge-air preure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-ma intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the preure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators ( e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-preure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state ( time control ).The electronic diesel control (EDC) permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference preure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emiions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation; ② Boost-preure control; ③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6) Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller proceing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit ( e.g.fuel-balancing control ).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand ( e.g.to detect sensor signals ).

推荐第2篇：中英文对照

Text5_EN

I don\'t know why I overlooked that problem.

I haven\'t overlooked Chinese achievements in science.Sometimes you are too frank.

High birthrates cannot be changed overnight.

That book only told a pack of lies.

They searched my room and found nothing.

When it rained people in that small town had to stay in the house.

推荐第3篇：中英文对照

中英文对照

金融危机下企业财务风险产生的原因及防范分析

财务风险管理

财会研究金融危机下企业财务风险产生的原因及防范分析上

海理工大学管理学院叶建波

[ 摘要 ]08 年金融危机的爆发给我国企业带来了严重的影响，许多企业由于没有做好充分的防御准备而导致企业财务风险的发生，面对危机，怎么样做好企业财务风险防范，是当前企业面临的首要问题，也是以后企业管理的重点。

[ 关键词 ] 信用风险内部监控激励机制 08 年金融危机给全球经济带来了严重的影响，我国企业在金融危机下，也普遍产生了程度不一的财务风险，这与我国企业历来欠缺财务风险意识，缺乏有效的内部管理控制体系密切相关。我国企业产生财务风险主要有以下几个原因：财务监控制度对企业财务管理的成功起着关键的作用。在我国，内部财务监控制度的不健全和财务关系的混乱是产生企业财务风险的重要因素之一。与国外发达国家相比，我国内部财务监控制度的普及率还较低。即使有的企业有，也不能严格执行，由于管理体制的不完善和缺乏有效的约束机制，导致企业的财务风险极易发生。 1．企业财务管理系统不能适应外部复杂多边的宏观环境随着全球经济一体化的深入发展，我国企业的财务活动也处在了全球的行业经济链之中，企业的财务管理的环境由此变得更加复杂多变，外部环境变化在为企业带来机会和利益的同时，也导致企业面临着各种风险，甚至是威胁，如全球的宏观经济形势变化、我国国民经济整体形势变化、所在行业的政策变化、行业景气度、国家信贷以及外汇政策的调整、银行利率的变化、外汇汇率的波动、通货膨胀程度等等。这些因素存在于企业之外，其变化也是企业难以预见和难以改变的，这就势必影响到企业的财务活动，如利率的变动必然会产生利率风险，包括支付的利息过多的风险、产生利息的投资发生亏损的风险和不能履行偿债义务的风险等；汇率的变动则会直接影响到我国进出口产品的成本，人民币升值会提高我国出口产品的成本，对出口企业不利，因而会影响我国外贸出口，从而会减少外贸顺差。反之，则会提高进口产品成本，对进口企业不利。而通货膨胀，将使企业资金供给持续发生短缺，货币性资金持续贬值，实物性资金相对升值，垫付成本持续升高。宏观环境的不利变化给企业带来财务风险是实实在在的，轻者不能实现预期收益，重者血本无归。 4．信用风险薄弱，应收账款拖欠严重企业客户包括供应方和购买方，企业的信用风险因客户性质的不同也体现在两个方面。在现代社会，市场的竞争机制发挥着重要的作用，要想扩大市场占有率，企业不仅要生产出合格的产品，还要控制好产品的成本和价格，同时必须巧妙合理的运用好信用促销。但是，一些企业为了扩大销售量和销售额，盲目的运用赊销策略，忽视了对客户的还款能力和资信水平的调查，最终导致企业的应收账款增加，收款风险增大情况的出现，最后蒙受风险和损失的还是企业自己。所以，企业需要根据客户的情况，制定一套信用判定标准，根据判定的客户信用情况来判别是否该赊销产品。加强对财务风险的防范，企业须做好以下几点： 1．建立财务风险预警系统（1 ）加强信息管理首先建立财务预警管理组织机构，并遵循 “专人负责、职责独立 ” 的原则，确保财务预警分析的工作能够有专人落实，且不受其他组织机构的干扰和影响。而且财务风险预警系统应该是开放性的，不仅包括内部财务信息，还包括外部相关信息。最为关键的是，系统信息要不断更新，资料系统要不断升级，确保财务信息的及时性、准确性和有效性。（2 ）健

全财务风险缝隙与处理机制财务预警系统的关键和核心是高效率的财务风险分析方法。处理财务风险的方法主要包括应急措施、补救方法和改进方案这三点。（3 ）建立财务风险预警的计算机辅助管理系统由于工作量大与繁杂以及要求严格的原因，财务风险预警系统的构建和运行应实施微机化管理，并与会计核算软件衔接，进行动态监督，减少数据采集、输入过程中的错误，保证信息质量。（4 ）加强人才培训，注重人才更新人才的培养是企业发展的核心，企业一定要培养一批高素质的财 2．资本结构不合理，资产流动性差企业资金结构主要是指企业权益资金与负债资金以及固定资本与流动资本的比例关系。企业如果出现投资与筹资决策的失误，就会导致企业的资本结构不合理，会出现负债比例过高，而流动资金少、资金链断裂的现象。企业债务比例高的直接后果就是使得企业不能到期及时清还债务，陷入财务困境之中。高负债率当然还给企业带来高的清还利息的压力，即债务成本，如果企业经营不善，就会导致企业出现资不抵债，面临破产的危险。因此，企业在融资时必须考虑到后续的还债能力，否则，会因为流动资金不足和变现能力不强而导致财务风险的发生，最终导致企业破产的悲剧。 3．企业财务内部监控制度不健全内部财务监控制度作为企业财务活动中自我调节、自我约束的内在机制，在企业管理系统中具有举足轻重的作用。及时建立企业内部财会研究注册会计师的审计质量，能够保证公司合理、有效的运用会计政策的选择。同时，在法律上增强注册会计师的审计效力，更加确保公司的外部约束机制。 1、健全相关法律法规完善资本市场法制建设，通过政策法制方面来减少会计利润的操纵，我国颁布的《证券法》标志着我国市场步入依法治市进入的崭新阶段，但是资本市场的法制建设还有待完善，应出台更加具体的法律约束力的法律法规，规范我国的资本市场的行为。完善会计制度和会计准则，我国颁布的《公司会计准则》是一个更加完善的会计法规，但仍存在一定的局限性，会计政策选择的主体仍然可以利用机会谋求自身利益。会计政策的制定机构应不断完善会计政策，尽可能减少会计政策选择的空间。 6、加强经理人自身素质的培养经理人是会计利润的操纵者，经常安排他们参见与公司经营相关的学习、培训等，能够提高经理人自身素质和修养，培养管理者的战略眼光和全局意识。在实际的经营管理过程中，更加自觉的按照会计准则等规定进行管理，更多考虑公司整体的利益。 2、完善公司绩效考评体系公司内部对管理人员的绩效考评主要以财务报表报出的数据为依据，这种考评体系存在一定的局限性。公司内部应改善对经理人的绩效考评体系，建立一套科学、规范的、以公司价值为导向的考核与评价体系，全方位考察管理人员的经营效率。该体系应该具有较强的综合性和操作性，能够灵活的、准确的对经理人的绩效进行考评。

四、结语综上所述，文章首先探讨了公司会计政策选择的定义及必要性，接着分析影响公司价值的会计政策选择的重要因素，最后探讨了规范会计政策选择的相关对策。在现实生活中，相信随着我国市场经济的发展和市场经济制度的健全，随着法律监督能力不断增强，公司的会计政策选择将越来越规范。 3、健全的激励机制经理人是会计利润操纵的实施者，公司对经理人从物质和精神两方面进行合适的奖励，有利于经理人更加自觉的按照会计准则进行经营管理，采取符合股东最大利益的行为。同时，通过各种途径引导投资者由追求会计利润最大化转移到追求公司价值最大化的轨道上来。

Analysis of the causes and prevention of corporate financial risk in the financial crisis Financial Risk Management Accounting research on corporate financial risk analysis of the causes and prevention of financial crisis Sea University School of Management Ye Jianbo

[Abstract] 2008 financial crisis, China's enterprises to bring a serious impact on many companies did not make enough defensive preparations lead to the risk of corporate finance, in the face of the crisis, Zenmeyangzuo corporate financial risk enterprises are facing the most important iue, but also the future of enterprise management focus.

[Key words] credit risk internal control incentives in 2008 financial crisis has serious implications to the global economy, China's enterprises in the financial crisis, are generally produced with varying degrees of financial risk, China's enterprises has always been the lack of financial risk awarene, lack of effective internal management control system are closely related.China's enterprises generate financial risk for several reasons: the succe of the financial control system of financial management plays a key role.In China, the internal financial control system is not perfect and the chaos of the financial relationship is an important factor in a corporate financial risk.Compared with developed countries, the penetration rate of China's internal financial control system is still relatively low.Some companies can not be strictly enforced, due to the imperfections of the management system and the lack of effective restraint mechanism, leading to financial risk can easily occur.A.Enterprise financial management system can not adapt to the external complex multilateral macro-environment in-depth development of the global economic integration, the financial activities of our enterprise in the economic chain of the global industry, the financial management of the environment thus become more complex and volatile external environment, changes in busine opportunities and benefits at the same time, also led to the enterprises are faced with various risks, or even a threat, such as the global macroeconomic situation changes, changes in the situation of China's national economy as a whole, the industry's policy changes in the industry boom, the adjustment of the national credit and foreign exchange policy, changes in bank interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, the degree and so on.These factors exist outside the firm, the change is also difficult to predict and difficult to change, which is bound to affect the financial activities of enterprises, such as changes in interest rates would have interest rate risk, including the risk of exceive interest payments, resulting in interest the risk of lo and can not meet their debt obligations, risks of the investment; movements in exchange rates will directly affect the cost of China's import and export products, the appreciation of the renminbi will increase the cost of China's export products, export enterprises, which will affect ourexports, which will reduce the trade surplus.On the contrary, it will increase the cost of imported products, unfavorable import busine.Inflation, will enable the enterprise money supply, the continuing shortage of monetary funds continued to depreciate relative appreciation of the in-kind funds, to advance the cost continues to rise.Adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment to the enterprise financial risk is real, the light can not achieve the expected benefits and weight who lose everything.4.Weak credit risk in accounts receivable owed

to a serious enterprise customers, including supply-side and buy side, the credit risk of customers to the different nature is also reflected in two aspects.In modern society, the competition in the market mechanism to play an important role, in order to increase their market share, enterprises not only to produce qualified products, but also to control the cost and price of a good product, at the same time need to be smart and reasonable use of a good credit promotions.However, some companies in order to expand sales volume and sales, the blind use of credit strategy, ignoring the investigation of the customer's repayment ability and creditworthine, eventually leading to an increase in the receivables, receivables increased risk of happening Finally, at risk and the lo of the enterprise.Therefore, companies need customers to develop a set of credit criteria, to determine the customer credit situation to determine whether the credit products.Strengthen the prevention of financial risks, companies should take the following points: 1.Financial risk early warning system (1) first establish financial early warning management organizations to strengthen information management, and follow the principles of the person responsible, responsibility and independence, "to ensure that the analysis of the financial early warning to staff in implementing, and not subject to interference from other organizationsand impact.And financial risk early warning system should be open, including not only the internal financial information, including external information.The most critical system information to continuously update information systems to constantly upgrade, to ensure the timeline, accuracy and effectivene of the financial information.(2) the key and core of the gap of a sound financial risk and the mechanism for handling financial early warning system of efficient financial risk analysis.The handling of financial risks including emergency measures to remedy and improve the programs these three points.(3) the establishment of computer-aided management of financial risk early warning system due to heavy workload and complicated and demanding of reasons, financial risk early warning system construction and operation should implement a computerized management, and convergence with the accounting software, dynamic supervision, to reduce data collection, errors in the input proce, to ensure the quality of the information.(4) To strengthen personnel training, and focus on talent and update personnel training is the core of enterprise development, companies must develop a number of high-quality fiscal.The capital structure is irrational, the liquidity difference between corporate capital structure refers to the proportion of corporate equity capital and debt capital and fixed capital and working capital relations.If the investment and financing decision-making mistakes, will lead to capital structure is unreasonable, the debt ratio is too high, le liquidity, funding strand breaks phenomenon.A high proportion of corporate debt is a direct consequence makes the companies can not due to the timely discharge of debts, being in financial trouble.The high debt ratio, of course, returned to the enterprise to bring the preure of the high clear interest, namely, the cost of debt, if busine is poor, it will lead to enterprises insolvent and facing the risk of bankruptcy.Therefore, the financing must take into account the subsequent ability to repay debt, otherwise, because of the lack of liquidity and liquidity is not strong, which led to the occurrence of financial risk, and eventually led to the tragedy of corporate bankruptcies.3.Corporate financial internal control system is not perfect, self-regulation of internal financial control systems as a corporate finance activities, the

internal mechanism of self-restraint, has a pivotal role in the enterprise management system.The timely establishment of the internal accounting of Certified Public Accountants of audit quality, to ensure that the company is reasonable, effective use of the accounting policy choices.At the same time in the law to enhance the effectivene of the Certified Public Accountant audit, and more to ensure that the external constraint mechanism., Improve relevant laws and regulations to improve the capital market and legal system, through the policy of the rule of law to reduce the manipulation of accounting profits, China promulgated the "Securities Act" indicates that China market entered a new stage of their law to enter, but the legal construction of the capital market should be improved, the introduction of more specific legally binding laws and regulations to regulate the behavior of China's capital market.Improve the accounting system and accounting standards, China promulgated the "Accounting Standards" is a more complete accounting regulations, but there are still some limitations, the main body of accounting policy choices can still take advantage of opportunities to pursue their own interests.Accounting policy-making institutions should continue to improve the accounting policies, to minimize the space of accounting policy choice.Train managers to strengthen the quality of the manager is the accounting profit of the manipulator, often arranged they see related to the company's learning, training, etc., can improve the quality of managers and self-cultivation, and to train the managers of the strategic vision and global awarene .The actual management proce more consciously in accordance with the provisions of the Accounting Standards and other management to give more consideration to the interests of the company as a whole.2, and improve company performance appraisal system within the company management performance evaluation based on the financial statements reported data, this evaluation system has some limitations.Within the company should improve its performance appraisal system for managers, to establish a scientific, standardized to the value of the company-oriented aement and evaluation system, a full range of inspection management of operational efficiency.The system should have a strong and operational flexibility, accurate evaluation of the performance of the manager.Conclusion In summary, the article first discues the definition and neceity of the company's accounting policy choices, and then analyze the important factors affect the value of the company's accounting policy choices, and finally discues the related countermeasures to standardize the accounting policy choices.In real life, I believe that with the development of China's market economy and the integrity of the system of market economy, as the legal supervision and increased the capacity, the company's accounting policy choices will be more and more standardized.3, a sound incentive manager is the manipulation of accounting profits implementers, managers from both material and spiritual appropriate incentives, managers more conscious management, in accordance with the accounting standards to take the best interests of the Shareholders behaviors.At the same time, to guide investors through various means and transferred to the pursuit of accounting profits to maximize the pursuit of the company to maximize the value of the track up.

推荐第4篇：中英文对照

AEROFLEX “亚罗弗”保温 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利顿空调 Alfa laval阿法拉伐换热器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壮”保温 AUX 奥克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力谋”阀门 BERONOR西班牙“北诺尔”电加热器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃烧器 BOSIC “柏诚”自控 BROAD 远大

Burnham美国“博恩汉”锅炉 CALPEDA意大利“科沛达”水泵 CARLY 法国“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 开利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普莱力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克莱门特” Copeland“谷轮”压缩机 CYRUS意大利”赛诺思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空调

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”压缩机

DUNHAM-BUSH 顿汉布什空调制冷 DuPont美国“杜邦”制冷剂 Dwyer 美国德威尔 EBM “依必安”风机

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英国“英菲尼兰“阀门 EVAPCO美国“益美高”冷却设备 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”压缩机 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空气幕 FUJI “富士”变频器

FULTON 美国“富尔顿”锅炉 GENUIN “正野”风机 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯尔 GRUNDFOS “格兰富”水泵 Haier 海尔 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韦尔自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龙

KRUGER瑞士“科禄格”风机 KU BA德国“库宝”冷风机 Liang Chi 良机冷却塔 LIEBERT 力博特空调 MARLEY “马利”冷却塔 Maneurop法国“美优乐”压缩机 McQuary 麦克维尔 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除湿机 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“莱富康”压缩机 RIDGID 美国“里奇”工具 RUUD美国“路德”空调 RYODEN “菱电”冷却塔 SanKen “三垦”变频器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英国森威尔自控 Schneider 施耐德电气 SenseAir 瑞典“森尔”传感器 SIEMENS 西门子

SINKO \",28商机网;新晃“空调 SINRO “新菱”冷却塔 STAND “思探得”加湿器 SWEP 舒瑞普换热器 TECKA “台佳”空调 Tecumseh“泰康”压缩机 TRANE 特灵

TROX德国“妥思”风阀 VASALA芬兰“维萨拉”传感器 WILO德国“威乐”水泵 WITTLER 德国”威特”阀门 YORK 约克

ZENNER德国“真兰”计量

推荐第5篇：中英文对照

医院中英文对照

发热门诊Have Fever主治医师Doctor-in-charge 供应室Supply Room谢绝入内No entering 红灯亮时谢绝入内No entering when red light

彩超、心电图Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院楼Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.护士Nueser康复理疗科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.

中药计价China medical price account肛肠科Ano-proctology

皮肤、肛肠、男性科、泌尿科候诊Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮肤科、肛肠科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中医科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

预防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、药库Logistic Room、Seore入院登记In-patient Admion 高压氧治疗Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center挂号收费Registration

中心药房Cenreral Pharmacy内科门诊Internal Medicine Clinic会议室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 产科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神经、烧伤外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.

麻醉科Anaesthesiology手术室Operation Room 泌尿、肿瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.妇科Gynecology Dept.内二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2产房及爱婴中心Delivery Room内一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手间Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮肤科Dermatology Dept.中医骨伤科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐厅Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.电工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 内、儿科候诊 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能检查候诊Function Exam 中医科候诊TCM Clinic放射科候诊Radiology Clinic 妇科门诊Gynecology Dept.产科候诊Obstentrics Clinic 肛肠科候诊Ano-proctology妇科候诊Gynecology Clinic 产科门诊Obstentrics Dept.五官科候诊ENT.Clinic 外科候诊Surgery Clinic输液中心Transfusion Center 皮肤、泌尿科候诊 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic检验候诊Clinical Laborotories 家属休息Relation Rest Room口腔科门诊Stomatology Clinic 内儿科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics镜检科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.检验中心Laboratory Center 功能检查Function Exam Dept.登记处Registration 预防保健门诊Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收费处Cashier 美容科、镜检科门诊 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收费健康发证Gharge lue Bill of Health试敏观察室Scratch Espial Room

推荐第6篇：中英文对照A

《美国口语惯用法例句集粹》Ａ

A (Page 1-4)

1.about

7) I\'d like to know what this is all about.我想知道这到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 来一块鱼肉三明治怎么样？What about me? 我怎么样？I\'m not about to go in that old house.我是不会进那幢旧房子的！ Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我记得那个晚上，那又怎样？What\'s this all about? 这到底是怎么回事？It\'s about time you showed up! 差不多是你该露面的时候了。

2.above

2) Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he\'s above hard work.汤姆认为自己没必要努力工作。

3.act

6) Would you please act out what happened? 你能把发生的事演示一下吗？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in cla.注意里基，他又是喜欢在课堂上捣蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那个爱说粗言秽语的喜剧演员应该净化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我们需要统一意见后来见你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.报纸上称那次地震为天灾。 Masa is a cla act.玛莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

4) We\'re going to bring action against our debtors.我们打算控告我们的债务人。 Did you see any action in yesterday\'s ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比赛中你看到有什么有趣的精彩场面吗？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地区要采取行动反对那项垃圾处理场的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

2) Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我们的对手在身高上比我们占有优势。 Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.没有人喜欢被捉弄（或：被欺骗、利用）

6.after

4) I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。 It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起来事情终会解决的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.这软饮料有种让人难受的余味。I see your point, but don\'t you think it\'s way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不觉

得这已是“事后诸葛亮”了吗？

7.again

1) I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不会感到

厌倦）

8.age

2) Would you please act your age! 请你做事要有一个与自己年龄相称的样子。 This is a \"coming of age\" movie.这是一部成人影片。

9.air

9) I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸点新鲜空气。I don\'t know what\'s wrong, but can feel it in the air.虽然我不知道到底是出了什么差错，但我能隐隐约约感觉到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.当迈克喜欢的节目被取消时，他感到很伤心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我们的房子出勤率售一事还没有最后定下来。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.获得冠军后，我飘飘欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是来个没有头脑的人。Janet Jackson\'s new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克逊的新歌到处都在不断地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飞机时晕机了。I hope there\'s no bad air between us.我希望我们之间的关系不要很别扭。

10.all

10)

11)

12)

13) It\'s looks like we won\'t be going after all.看起来最后我们还是不能去。We\'ve all but finished the project.我们已几乎完成了那个项目。All in all I\'d say it\'s been a very productive day.总的来说，我认为这一天过得很充实。Let\'s go all-out and win this game! 让我们尽全力来打赢这场比赛。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.当我们看见那座建筑突然起火时，我们知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我们大家祝福你一切如意。If it\'s all the same to you, I\'d just as soon not go.如果这对你都是一回事的话，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他们以极快的速度逃脱警察的追赶。I didn\'t see them come in at all.我根本高没有发现他们的进来。Let\'s settle this matter once and for all.让我们来把这个问题一次性地彻底解决掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.马克是一个全能运动员。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入选全明星队的比赛了吗？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的学校

100米跑的历史最高记录。

11.alley

1) Working on cars isn\'t up my alley.修理汽车不是我拿手的活儿。

12.alone

2) I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一个人呆会儿。Can\'t you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些闲事吗？

13.along

2) You knew all along what was going on.你从一开始就知道所发生的事。 Debbie doesn\'t get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相处得不好。

5) Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生来到这儿寻求他的“美国梦”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外国人在美国居住时被美国化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.没有选择职业的自由是完全违背美国精神传统的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比尔是全美（橄榄球）明星赛的四分卫队员。I just can\'t go on the American way.我无法适应美国方式。

15.animal

2) Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水运动真正激发出了汤姆的活力与激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那个年轻演员在荧幕

上充分显示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1) I called Emi but there was no answer.我给埃米打了电话，但是没人接。

17.apple

5) Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去过纽约吗？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你问我有没有感觉出你们两人之间的不和，是吗？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.丽塔喜欢把一切都弄得井井有条。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一个马屁精。

18.arm

4) You don\'t have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不着你强迫我跟你走。My father is a hopele armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一个没救了的纸上谈兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯带有武器，十分危险。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公园里到处都是

手挽手散步的恋人。

19.around

2) Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.约翰逊教练已有三十年的经验了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在这里昼夜值班。

20.as

6) It looks as if someone has already been here.看起来在人来过这里了。As for me, I\'m going home.至于我，我准备回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.马蒂表现得像什么也没发生过一样。I want this room left as is.我希望这间房子保持原样。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.变动从明天开始实施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜寻绑架者的工作受

挫。

4) Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我们每个月的煤气费平均50美元。On the average, I\'d say we eat chicken once a week.我们平均每周吃一次鸡肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特视自己为一名普通的美国人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美国平常日

子里，有100,000个孩子带手枪去上学。

22.away

5) What makes you think you\'re gonna get away with this? 是什么使你认为你可以免受处罚？I wish they\'d do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他们能费除掉这些复杂的税务表格。We\'re planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我们正在为庆祝我们的纪念日而安排一次周末的外出活动。Tom wants to run away from home.汤姆想从家里出逃。 Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凯茜计划在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

推荐第7篇：欢迎词(中英文对照)

欢迎辞

金秋十月，丹桂飘香。蓉城日丽风和，柳林秋高气爽，欣逢2012全球化进程国际学术大会召开之际，我谨代表西南财经大学向远道而来的各位嘉宾致以最热烈的欢迎！

本次全球化进程国际学术大会，以著名经济学家尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫诞生120周年、及其著作“The World Economy and its Conjunctures during and after the War”发表90周年为契机，由西南财经大学与莫斯科罗诺萦夫国立大学共同主办，中国世界经济学会和中国留美经济学会协办，同时，我们十分荣幸地邀请到了来自美国、俄罗斯、英国、德国、乌克兰、澳大利亚、新加坡、南非、瑞士等十多个国家的多名经济学者共聚西南财经大学，参加此次全球化进程国际学术大会。通过为国际范围内的学术对话与讨论搭建平台，全球化进程国际学术大会将成为一次影响范围广、学术水平高、社会意义大的经济学盛会。

全球化是本次会议的讨论主题，也是当今世界格局发展的必然趋势。经济全球化是全球化进程的主要方面，包括了金融全球化、生产全球化、贸易全球化、技术全球化等不同领域的经济现象。借助于经济全球化，世界经济活动超越国界，以对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务的方式形成相互依存、相互联系的覆盖全球范围的有机经济整体。经济全球化发展的同时，也将伴随着政治、文化等诸多方面的全球化发展。因此，全球化的时代，是竞争与合作并存、机遇与挑战相倚的时代。对于正处在改革发展关键时期的中国，和其它世界各国，思考如何适应全球化大背景下的多元化发展趋势、如何应对全球化发展衍生出的经济与社会危机、如何在良性竞争的同时实现互利共赢等问题，有着巨大的现实意义。

本次全球化进程国际学术大会将从理论与实际的不同视角，探讨全球化——特别是经济全球化进程中的重点与热点问题，展示当前经济学界在相关领域的最新研究成果。通过对于热点学术问题的相互交流，以及对于当前经济现象的共同思考，必将推动全球化问题研究的进步，为中国改革开放、世界经济的复苏和进一步发展提供丰富的建议。

衷心祝愿各位领导、同僚，各位专家、学者，各位新老朋友们蓉城之行愉快！

西南财经大学党委书记：赵德武

西南财经大学校长：张宗益

二零一二年十月十三日

Welcome Addre Dear Delegates,

On behalf of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, it is our pleasure to welcome economists from all over the world to “2012 conference on Trends and Cycles in Global Dynamics and Perspectives of World Development” jointly organized by School of Economics of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics (China), Faculty of Global Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Ruia), Institute of Economics Ruian Academy of Sciences (Ruia), The Chinese Economist Society (CES) and China Society of World Economics (CSWE).This year’s conference marks the 120th anniversary of economist Nikolai Kondratieff\'s birth, as well as the 90th anniversary of the publication of his Mirovoye khozyaistvo i ego conyunktury vo vremya i posle voiny [The World Economy and its Conjunctures during and after the War] (Vologda, 1922), where he first spelled out the idea of long cycles, which is known as Kondratieff cycles or Kondratieff waves (or K-waves for short) later.

The global trend is one of the major challenges nowadays, which brings about both advantages and disadvantages to economies all over the world.We will seek to addre iues of globalization with both national and supranational, group and world interests, and identify how countries prepare well for the global trends in an open international economy.Since the world financial crisis has revealed weaknees in some aspects of globalization, the discuion of the current proce and of the multiple economic dimensions is very important to the recovery of the world economy.This conference will provide an opportunity for profeional researchers to present and share the latest perspectives about global dynamics and world development.We have received paper submiions from 18 countries and areas, 85 of which will be presented and discued in 24 seions in this year’s conference.The organizers are grateful to the authors for their enthusiasm and to all the reviewers for their work and time given to evaluate the volunteered submiions in detail.The 2012 conference on Trends and Cycles in Global Dynamics and Perspectives of World Development will offer you up to date studies and researches on globalization and world economy in your field.We specially thank all members of the committee for their contributions to the organization of this conference.

Kind Regards

Dewu Zhao, Zongyi Zhang Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

推荐第8篇：Ghost 中英文对照

Ghost 中英文对照

local 本地机

LPT 网络端口

1.Disk硬盘功能选项

2.Partition 分区功能选项

3.Check 检查功能选项

1.Disk硬盘功能选项:

1>to disk (硬盘复制)

2>to image (硬盘备份)

3>disk from inage (备份还原)

1>to disk (硬盘复制):

(1)选择源盘

(2)选择目标盘

2>to image (硬盘备份)

(1)选择源盘的位置.

(2)选择备份档案储存的位置

3>disk from inage (备份还原)

(1)选择还原档案

(2)选择要还原的硬盘

2.Partition 分区功能选项

1>to Partition (分区复制)

2>to image (分区备份)

3>to from image (还原分区)

1>to Partition (分区复制)

(1)选择来源分区

(2)选择目的分区

2>to image (分区备份)

选择要备份硬盘

选择备份硬盘分区

选择备份档案存放路径与文件名

三种选择: NO 备份时,不压缩.Fast少量压缩.Hight:高比例压缩.3>to from image (还原分区)

(1)选择要还原的备份档案

(2)选择要还原的硬盘

(3)选择要还原的硬盘分区

3.Check 检查功能选项

progre Indicator(步进指示)

statistics (统计)

percent complete(百分比完成)

speed cmb/min(速度)

MB copied (复制了)

MB remaining (剩余了)

time elapsed(时间逝去)

time remaining (时间剩余)

推荐第9篇：GPS中英文对照

Acquisition Time: 初始定位时间 Active Leg: 激活航线

Adapter: 转接器、拾音器、接合器

Airborne: 空运的、空降的、机载的、通过无线电传播的 Alkaline: 碱性的、碱性 Almanac: 历书、概略星历 Anti-Spoofing: 反电子欺骗

Artwork: 工艺、工艺图、原图 Atomic Clock: 原子钟

Auto-controlling: 自动控制

Avionics: 航空电子工学;电子设备

Azimuth: 方位角、方位(从当前位置到目的地的方向) Beacon: 信标

Bearing: 方向，方位(从当前位置到目的地的方向) Bug: 故障、缺陷、干扰、雷达位置测定器、窃听器 Built-in: 内置的、嵌入的

Cellular: 单元的、格网的、蜂窝的、网眼的 Cinderella: 水晶鞋、灰姑娘

Coarse Acquisition Code(C/A): 粗捕获码 Cold Start: 冷启动

Connector: 接头、插头、转接器 Constellation: 星座

Control Segment: 控制部分

Converter: 转换器、交换器、换能器、变频管、变频器、转换反应堆 Coordinate: 坐标 Co-pilot: 飞机副驾驶

Cost-effective: 成本低，收效大的 Course: 路线、路程、航线

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI): 航线偏航指示

Course Made Good (CMG): 从起点到当前位置的方位 Course Over Ground (COG): 对地航向

Course To Steer(CTS): 到目的地的最佳行驶方向 Crotrack Error (XTE/XTK): 偏航 De-emphasis: 去矫、去加重 Definition: 清晰度

Diagonal: 对角线、斜的、对角线的 Distinguishability: 分辨率

Dropping resistors: 减压电阻器、将压电阻器 Datum: 基准

Desired Track (DTK): 期望航线(从起点到终点的路线) Differential GPS (DGPS): 差分GPS Dilution of Precision (DOP): 精度衰减因子

Elevation: 海拔、标高、高度、仰角、垂直切面、正观图 Enroute: 在航线上、航线飞行 Ephemeris: 星历

Estimated Position Error (EPE): 估计位置误差

Estimated Time Enroute (ETE): 估计在途时间(已当前速度计算) Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA): 估计到达时间 Front-loading data cartridges: 前载数据卡 Geodesy: 大地测量学

Global Positioning System(GPS): 全球定位系统 GLONASS: 俄国全球定位系统

GOTO: 从当前位置到另一航路点的航线 Greenwich Mean Time: 格林威治时间 Grid: 格网坐标 Heading: 航向

Headphone: 戴在头上的收话器、双耳式耳机 Headset amplifier: 头戴式放大器 High-contrast: 高对比度

Intercom: 内部通信联络系统、联络用对讲电话装置 Intersection: 空域交界

Interface Option (I/O): 界面接口选项 Initialization: 初始化 Invert Route: 航线反转 Jack: 插座、插孔 Keypad: 键盘、按键 Kinematic: 动态的

L1 Frequency: GPS信号频率之一(1575.42 MHz) L2 Frequency: GPS信号频率之一(1227.6 MHz) Latitude: 纬度、纬线

Leg (route): 航段，航线的一段

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): 液晶显示器

Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS): 局域增强系统 Localizer: 定位器、定位发射机、定位信标 Longitude: 经度、经线

Long Range Radio Direction Finding System (LORAN): 罗兰导航系统 Magnetic North: 磁北

Magnetic Variation: 磁偏角 Map Display: 地图显示 Meter: 米

Mount: 安装、支架、装配、管脚、固定件 Multiplexing Receiver: 多路复用接收机 Multipath: 多路径

Nautical Mile: 海里 (1海里=1.852米).Navigation: 导航

Navigation Meage: 导航电文

NAVigation Satellite Timing and Ranging(NAVSTAR) Global Positioning System: GPS系统的全称 National Marine Electronics Aociation (NMEA): (美国)国家航海电子协会 NMEA 0183: GPS接收机和其他航海电子产品的导航数据输出格式 North-Up Display: GPS屏幕显示真北向上 Observatory: 观象台、天文台 Offset: 偏移量

Omnidirectional: 全向的、无定向的

Orientation: 方位、方向、定位、倾向性、向东性 Panel: 仪表盘、面板

Panel-mount: 配电盘装配

Parallel Channel Receiver: 并行通道接收机 P-Code: P码

Photocell: 光电管、光电池、光电元件

Pinpoint: 极精确的、准确定位、准确测定、针尖 Pixel: 象素 Position: 位置 Position Fix: 定位

Position Format: 位置格式

Power-on: 接通电源

Pre-amplifier: 前置放大器 Prime Meridian: 本初子午线

Pseudo-Random Noise Code: 伪随机噪声码 Pseudorange: 伪距

Rack: 齿条、支架、座、导轨 Resolution: 分辨率 Route: 航线

RS-232: 数据通信串口协议

Radio Technical Commiion for Maritime Services (RTCM): 航海无线电技术委员会，差分信号格式

Selective Availability (SA): 选择可用性 Sidetone: 侧音

Source: 信号源、辐射体 Space Segment: 空间部分

Speed Over Ground (SOG): 对地航速

Specifcation: 详述、说明书、规格、规范、特性 Split Comm: 分瓣通信

Squelch:静噪音、静噪电路、静噪抑制电路 Statute Mile: 英里(1英里=1,609米) Straight Line Navigation: 直线导航

Strobe: 闸门、起滤波作用、选通脉冲、读取脉冲 TracBack航向向上显示 Track (TRK): 航向

Transceiver:步话机、收发两用机

Transponder: 雷达应答机、（卫星通讯的）转发器、脉冲转发机 Transducer: 渔探用探头、传感器 Triangulation: 三角测量 True North: 真北

Turn (TRN): 现时航向和目的地之间的夹角 Two-way: 双向的、双路的、双通的

Universal Time Coordinated (UTC): 世界协调时间

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM): 通用横轴墨卡托投影 U.S.C.G.: 美国海岸警卫队

User Interface: 用户自定义界面 User Segment: 用户部分

Velocity Made Good (VMG): 沿计划航线上的航速 Viewing angles: 视角 Waypoint: 航路点

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS): 广域差分系统

World Geodetic System - 1984(WGS-84): 1984年世界大地坐标系 Windshield: 防风玻璃、防风罩 Y-Code: 加密的P码

Yoke: 架、座、轭、磁轭、磁头组、偏转线圈

推荐第10篇：器件中英文对照

器件中英文对照

一、元器件类

RESISTOR电阻

CAPACITOR电容

DIODE二极管

LED发光二极管 TRAFFIC LIGHTS交通灯

LAMP白炽灯

LAMP—FIL电灯泡

DIVIDERN分频器件 PULLDOWN下拉电阻

HDG12864_x128x64 LCD液晶屏

二、仪表类

VSOURCE电压表

DCAMMETER电流表

METER毫安表

三、芯片类

89C52单片机

74LS SERIESTTL74 系列 Operational AmplifiersOP系列运放

四、电源类

BATTERY电池组

CELL干电池

AVCVS电压控制的电压源

ACCVS电流控制的电压源

ACCCS电流控制的电流源

AVCCS电压控制的电流源

五、信号源类

CRYSTAL晶振

六、辅助类

FUSE保险管

AERIAL发射天线

七、逻辑类

AND_xx输入的与非门

第11篇：中英文对照文章⑥

If如果

If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;

If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too;

If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

Or, being lied about,don\'t deal in lies,

Or, being hated, don\'t give way to hating,

And yet don\'t look too good, nor talk too wise;

If you can dreamand not make thoughts your aim; If you can meet with triumph and disaster

And treat those two impostors just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth you\'ve spoken Twiseted by knaves to make a trap for fools,

Or watch the things you gave your life to broken, And stoop and build \'em up with wornout tools;

If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-to,

And lose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your lo;

If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothin in you

Except the Will which says to them:\"Hold on!\";

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings -nor lose the common touch; If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you; If all men count with you, but none too much; If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty second\' worth of distance run -

Yours is the Earth and everything that\'s in it, Andyou\'ll be a Man my son!

如果所有人都失去理智，咒骂你，

你仍能保持头脑情形；

如果所有人都怀疑你，

你仍能坚信自己，让所有的怀疑动摇；

如果你要等待，不要因此厌烦，

为人所骗，不要因此骗人，为人所恨，不要因此抱恨，不要太乐观，不要自以为是；

如果你是个追梦人——不要被梦主宰；

如果你是个爱思考的人——光想会达不到目标；如果你遇到骄傲和挫折

把两者当骗子看待；

如果你能忍受，你曾讲过的事实

被恶棍扭曲，用于蒙骗傻子；

看着你用毕生去看护的东西被破坏，然后俯身，用破烂的工具把它修补；

如果在你赢得无数桂冠之后„

突遇颠峰下跌之险，

失败过后，东山再起，

不要抱怨你的失败；

如果你能迫使自己，

在别人走后，长久坚守阵地，在你心中已空荡荡无一物‟

只有意志告诉你“坚持！”；

如果你与人交谈，能保持风度，

伴王行走，能保持距离；

如果仇敌和好友都不害你；

如果所有人都指望你，却无人全心全意；如果你花六十秒进行短程跑，

填满那不可饶恕的一分钟—— 你就可以拥有一个世界，

这个世界的一切都是你的，

更重要的是，孩子，你是个顶天立地的人。

第12篇：会计科目中英文对照

100101 人民币(￥) 100102 美元（dollar）

100103 港币（Hongkong dollar）

100201 活期存款（currrent deposit）

10020101

10020102 银存－活期－农行

10020103 银存－活期－中行

10020104 银存－活期－兴业

10020105 银存－活期－交通

10020106 银存－活期－深发

10020107 银存－活期－浦发

100202 定期存款（fixed deposit）

10020201 银存－定期－工行

10020202 银存－定期－农行

10020203 银存－定期－中行

10020204 银存－定期－兴业

10020205 银存－定期－交通

10020206 银存－定期－深发

10020207 银存－定期－浦发

1009 其他货币资金 other cash 100901 外埠存款

100902 银行汇票 bank draft

100903 信用卡存款 credit card deposit 100904 银行本票 cashier\'s cheque 100905 信用证保证金

100906 委托存款 consigned deposit

1101 短期投资（short－term investment）

110101 股票（stock）

110102 债券（bond）

110103 基金（funds）

110104 其他（others）

1102 短投跌价准备（short－term investment impairment provision）

110201 股票（stock）

110202 债券（bond）

110203 基金（funds）

110204 其他（others）

1111 应收票据（Notes receivable）

11101 银行承兑（bank acceptance）

11102 商业承兑（trade acceptance）

1121 应收股利（dividends receivable）

1122 应收利息（interest receivable）

1131 应收账款

1 集团内部单位 inside group 2 集团外部 outside group 9 其他 others

1133 其他应收款 other receivables

1 集团内部单位 other receivables－inside 2 集团外部 other receivables－outside 8 员工 other receivables－employee 9 其他 other receivables－others 1141 坏账准备 provision for bad debt 114101 应收帐款 account receivable 114102 其他应收款 other receivables 2131 预付账款 Advanced to suppliers 1 集团内部单位 inside group 2 集团外部 outside group 9 其他 others

1161 应收补贴款 Subsidy receivable 1192 备用金

1201 物资采购 materials purchasing 1205 在途物资 materials in transit 1211 原材料 raw materials

121101 （4）修理备用件 Spare parts for repair and maintenance 121102 （5）燃料 Fuel 1221 包装物 Containers

1231 低值易耗品 low value articles

123101 办公用低耗品 low value articles for office 123102 工具类低耗品

1232 材料成本差异 variance of material cost 1235 产品成本差异 variance of product cost 1241 自制半成品 semi-manufactured goods 1243 库存商品 Goods sold in stock

1251 委托加工物资 goods in outside proceing 1261 委托代销商品 consigned finished goods 1271 受托代销商品 good commiioned

1281 存货跌价准备 Provision for Inventory impairment 01 原材料 raw materials 02 包装物 Containers

03 低值易耗品 low value articles 04 库存商品 Goods sold in stock 05 自制半成品 Semi-finished goods

06 委托加工 Stores in outside proceing 07 委托代销 good commiioned 08 发出商品 Goods sold

09 分期收款发出商品 Goods sold on installment 1291 分期收款发出商品 Goods sold on installment 1292 发出商品 Goods sold

1301 待摊费用 Prepaid expense 01 低值易耗品 low value articles 02 预付保险 prepaid insurance 03 预付租金 prepaid rent

1401 长期股权投资 Long-term equity investments 01 股票投资 stock investment 01 投资成本 cost of investment 02 损益调整 adjustment for income

03 股权投资差额 variance of investment 04 股权投资准备 provision for investment 02 其他股权投资 others

01 投资成本 cost of investment 02 损益调整 adjustment for income

03 股权投资差额 variance of investment 04 股权投资准备 provision for investment

1402 长期债权投资 Long-term debt investments 01 债券投资 bond investment 01 面值 book value

02 溢价 in exce of par 03 折价 discout 04 利息 interest

02 其他债券投资 other bond investent 01 面值 book value

02 溢价 in exce of par 03 折价 discout 04 利息 interest

1421 长期投资减值准备 Provision for long term investment impairment 01 长期股权投资 Long-term equity investments 01 股票投资 stock investment

02 其他股权投资 other equity investments 02 长期债权投资 Long-term debt investments 01 债券投资 bond investment

02 其他债券投资 other bond investent 1431 委托贷款 consigned loan 1501 固定资产 fixed aet 01 房屋及建筑物 Buildings 02 存储设施 storage

03 运输设备 Transportion vehicles

04 机器设备 Machinery and equipment 05 办公设备 office equipment

06 电子设备 Electronics equipment 07 仪器/仪表

1502 累计折旧 accumulated depreciation 01 房屋及建筑物 Buildings

02 存储设备 storage equipment 03 运输设备 Transportion vehicles

04 机器设备 Machinery and equipment 05 办公设备 office equipment

06 电子设备 Electronics equipment 07 仪器/仪表

1505 固定资产减值准备 provision for fixed aet impairment 1601 工程物资 Coostruction supplies 01 专用材料 special materials 02 专用设备 specialequipment

03 为生产准备的工具及器具 facility prepared for production 1603 在建工程 construction work in proce 01 建筑工程 Expenditure on construction work 02 安装工程 Expenditure on installations work 03 在安装设备 Payment to contractor in advance

1605 在建工程减值准备 Provision forconstruction work in proce impairment 01 建筑工程 Expenditure on construction work 02 安装工程 Expenditure on installations work 03 在安装设备 Payment to contractor in advance

1701 固定资产清理 clearance of fixed aet（Fixed aets pending disposal）

1801 无形资产 intangible aet

01 土地使用权 Land occupancy right 02 sap系统 sap system

03 计算机软件 computer software

1805 无形资产减值准备 allowance for intangibel aets 01 土地使用权 usefruct for land 02 sap系统 sap system

03 计算机软件 computer software 99 其他 oterhs

1815 未确认融资费用 Uncertained finance expense 1901 长期待摊费用 Long-term prepaid aets 1911 待处理财产损溢

01 待处理流动资产损溢

02 待处理固定资产损溢

2101 短期借款 short term load 01 抵押借款 loan in maotagae 02 担保借款 loan in aurance 03 信用借款 loan in credt

2105 应付短期债券 short term bond 01 面值 book value 02 利息 intrest

1218 内部应付款 internal accouts receivable 2111 应付票据 n0te payable

211101 银行承兑 bank acceptance 211102 商业承兑 trade acceptance 2120 专项应付帐款 special account payable

2121 应付账款 account payable 1 集团内部单位 inside 2 集团外部 outside

2131 预收账款 Accounts advanced from customers 1 集团内部单位 inside 2 集团外部 outside 2141 代销商品款

2151 应付工资 Accrued payroll 01 基本工资 basic salary 02 奖金 bonuse 03 补贴 allowance

04 加班费 call-back pay 99 其他 others

2153 应付福利费 Welfare benefits payable 01 提取部分

02 福利人员及医药费

03 职工困难

99 其他

2155 应付利息 interest apybale 2161 应付股利 Dividends payable 2171 应交税金 Taxes payable

217101 应交增值税 value added tax payable 21710101 进项税额 VAT on purchase 2171010101 税率17％

2171010102 税率13％

2171010103 税率7％

21710102

21710103 已交税金 VAT paid

21710104 减免税款 VATreduced and exempted

21710105 出口抵减内销产品应纳税额 VAT payable on domestic sales offset against VAT on purchase for export sales

21710106 转出未交增值税 Transfer out overpaid VAT 21710107 转出多交增值税 Transfer out unpaid VAT 21710108 出口退税 VAT refund for exported goods 21710109 进项税额转出 Transfer out unpaid VAT 21710110 销项税额 VAT on sales 01 非保税

02 保税

217102 未交增值税 unpayed value added tax 217103 应交营业税 sale tax payable 217104 应交所得税 income tax payable 217105 应交房产税 Urbanrealestatetax payable 217106 应交土地使用税

217107 应交城建税

217108 应交车船使用税 Vehiclandveelusagelicencepaltetax payable 217109 应交个人所得税 personale income tax payable 217110 应交印花税 Stamp tax payable

217111 进口关税 Import customs duty payable 2176 其他应交款

01 教育经费 education expense 02 提围费

2181 其他应付款 other payables

218101 工会经费 trad union expense 218102 代扣代缴

01 代扣代缴公积金

02 代扣代缴社保费

03 代扣代缴个人所得税

2191 预提费用 Accrued expenses 01 修理费 repairment expense 2201 待转资产价值

2205 递延收益 deferred income

2211 预计负债 Provisions for foreseeable liabilities 2301 长期借款 long term loan

230101 抵押借款 loan in maotagae 23010101 本金 book value 23010102 利息 interest

230102 信用借款 loan in credt 23010201 本金 book value 23010202 利息 interest

230103 担保借款 loan in aurance 23010301 本金 book value 23010302 利息 interest 230104 其他 others

2311 应付债券 bond payable

2321 长期应付款 Payables due after one year 2331 专项应付款 Govermment grants payable 2341 递延税款 Deferred tax 2351 其他负债 oterh debt

3101 股本(实收资本） Registered capital 01 中方投资 Chinese investment 01 小虎岛公司 xiaohudao company 02 外方投资 Foreign investment 01 泰山集团 TITAN Group

3103 已归还投资 xiaohudao company 01 中方投资 Chinese investment 01 XX公司 Investments returned 02 外方投资 Foreign investment 01 XX集团 XX Group

3111 资本公积 Capital surplus

01 资本（或股本）溢价 capital in exce of par

02 接受捐赠非现金资产准备 donated non－cash aent 03 接受现金捐赠 donated cash

04 股权投资准备 provision for quity investment 05 拨款转入 transfer in 99 其他资本公积 others

3121 盈余公积 Surplus reserve

01 法定盈余公积 Statutory surplus reserve 02 任意盈余公积 Discretionary surplus reserve

03 员工奖励及福利基金 Staff and workers\'bonus and salfare 04 储备基金 Reserve fund

05 企业发展基金 Enterprise expansion fund

3131 本年利润 current year profit（annual profit）

3141 利润分配 distributed profit 01 未分配利润 Undistributed profit

02 计提法定盈余公积 Statutory surplus reserve 03 计提任意盈余公积 Discretionary surplus reserve

04 计提员工奖励及福利基金 Staff and workers\'bonus and salfare 05 计提储备基金 Reserve fund

06 计提企业发展基金 Enterprise expansion fund

07 利润归还投资 Profits capitalised on return of investment 99 应付利润 profit payable

第13篇：中英文对照呼吸机

呼吸机常用专业术语英汉对照关于呼吸机应用中的常见E文如SIMV、CMV、IPPV、PEEP、CPAP等等大家都知道，呵呵，下面的您都知道吗？？让我们来学习一下吧。accumulator 贮气箱(装置)adapter 接合器，接口adjusting tap 调节柄air inlet filter 空气输入滤过器airway preure 气道压alarm indicator 报警显示alveolar preure 肺泡内压amplifier ．增幅唇apnea 呼吸暂停apnea indicator 呼吸暂停显示装置aembly 装置、组合back-up ventilation 备用通气bacterial filter 细菌滤过器bag 囊ballon valve 球囊式活瓣bellows 风箱bleed regulator 排气调节器blower 鼓风机calibration 校准、定标chamber 腔check valve 单向阀compensator 代偿装置compreor 压缩器、压缩装置continuous flow 持续气流control knob 调节炳cooling fan 冷却扇corrugated hose 螺纹管，呼吸管道croover soleniod 交通电磁阀delay dial 廷迟设定demand flow 按需气流demand valve 按需供气阀diaphragm 隔膜digital amplifer 数字型增幅器drive system 驱动系统electrical switch 电子开关electrodynamic valve 电动阀exhaled gas 呼出气exhalation time 呼出时间exhalation valve 呼出阀exhaust valve 气体排出活瓣(阀)expired minute volume呼气分钟通气量feed back servocontrol反馈伺服控制filling solenoid 充气电磁阀(气流开关：filter 滤过器flap valve平行阀flow control valve 流量控制(调节)阀flowrate 流速flow transducer 流量传感器flow trigger 流量触发(器)flush knob 冲洗按键gas outlet 气体出口gas samping pump 气体采样泵gas supply 气体供应generated preure 驱动压generator 发生器，产生装置heat exchanger 热交换器heat(heated)humidifier加热(温)湿化器humidifier 加湿气infant ventilator 婴儿呼吸机mjector 喷射器，射流装置inlet 输入(口)lnspiratory effort 自主吸气努力(指示)respiratory time 吸入时间jet 喷射，喷射式joint 连接器(装置)leak test 漏气检查low inspiratory preure sensor吸气低压传感器low preure alert 低压报警限magnetic valve 电磁阀main compreor 主压缩装置(泵)main power 总电源manifold 多歧管manometer 压力计(表)master solenoid 主电磁阀manual 手动membrane 膜，隔膜microproceor 微处理器microswitch 微开关minute volume 分钟通气量mixer 混合器mode 模式moisture trap 湿气(水分)清除装置nebulizer 雾化器(装置)needle valve 针型阀one-way valve 单向阀orifice

13、孔、开口overflow valve 满溢阀(活瓣)over-preure relif valve过压释放阀oxygen percent control 氧浓度调节(控制)oxygen sensor 氧传感器parameter 参数pat~nt wye Y型接头peak hold switch 峰压保持键peak flow dial 峰流设定plateau平台plunger 插塞pneumotachometer 气流速度计piston 活塞pop off valve 过压释放阀preset volume(preure)预置的容量(压力)power supply 电源preure gauge 压力计、压力测量装置preure manometer 压力计(表)preure-reducing valve 减压阀preure regulator 压力调节器preure relief valve 压力释放阀preure support 压力支持preure transducer 压力传感器proportional solenoid 比例电磁阀valveproximal airway line 气道压测量联接管ratio 率、比值regulator 调节器(装置)reservoir hag 贮气囊resetkey 复原键、恢复键respiratory hag 呼吸囊respiratory rate 呼吸频率restrictor 气流限制装置reverse flow 逆流sensitivity 敏感度sensor 传感器、测量器sigh preure 息时压力silicone rubber tube 硅橡胶管slipjoint 滑动关节solenoid 电磁阀、电控气流阀(开关)source gas 气源spirometer 肺活量计spontaneous bag 自主呼吸囊spring 弹簧stepping(stepper，step)motor 步进电机stopcock 气流开关suction 吸引support arm 支持臂temperature sensor 度传感器test lung 模拟肺thermister 半导体温度计thermometer 度计tidal volume 潮气量time preset key 时间预调键tranducer 传感器trigger level 触发水平tubingcompliance 管道顺应性variable orifice 可变口valve 阀，活瓣vent 出口ventilator 呼吸机、通气机ventilator settings 呼吸机设置Venturi 文丘里装置water trap 除水装置waveform 波形wick 加湿器的芯子

第14篇：中英文对照辞职信

英语辞职信（中英对照版） dear hr leadership: but i need to resign for personal reasons.in regularization with my salary after the nature of work and measure my ability to work, i feel the salary is not with my expectations.so, i decided to resign. i hope my applications can be approved before june 20, i wish you good health . applicant: jack date: june 22, 2010 尊敬的人力资源部领导：

我很遗憾自己在这个时候向公司正式提出辞职。

我来公司刚好三个月了，也很荣幸自己能够成为医院的一员。在医院工作的三个月中，我学到了很多东西，公司的经营状况也处于良好的态势。非常感激公司给予了我在这样的良好环境中，工作和学习的机会。

但是我因为个人原因需要辞职。在对转正后的薪资与我的工作性质和自己工作能力的衡量后，我觉得与自己的预期不相符合，出于对医院制度的尊重及个人发展的考虑，我决定了辞职。

我希望在2010年7月20日之前完成工作交接，请领导安排工作交接人选。在未离开岗位之前，我一定会站好最后一班岗，我所在岗位的工作请领导尽管分配，我一定会尽自己的职，做好应该做的事。

望领导批准我的申请，并请协助办理相关离职手续。

祝您身体健康，事业顺心。并祝医院以后事业蓬勃发展。

申请人：杰克

日期： 2010年6月22日篇2：中英文辞职信范本(全) 辞职函

xxxxx有限公司总经理室：

各位领导，我带着复杂的心情写这封次致信。由于您对我的能力的信任，使我得以

加入公司，并且在短短的两年间获得了许多的机遇和挑战。经过这两年在公司从事的 xx开发和xx管理工作，使我在xx开发，xx管理等领域学到了很多知识、积累了一定的经验。对此我深怀感激！

由于薪金的原因，我不得不向公司提出申请，并希望能与今年x月xx日正式离职。

对于由此为公司造成的不便，我深感抱歉。但同时也希望公司能体恤我的个人实际，

对我的申请予以考虑并批准为盼。

此致

敬礼

申请人：

年月日

再来：

－－－－－－－－－－－－－

亲爱的××领导：

我可能会在×月份某个你觉得方便的时候离开公司。

自从××××年入职以来，我一直都很享受这份工作。转眼快×年过去了，我要重

新确定我未来的方向。诚然，论工作环境、团队、压力，甚至个人喜好，我都很满意。

但，因为某些个人的理由

，我最终选择了开始新的工作。希望你能早日业胶鲜实娜耸纸犹嫖业墓ぷ鳌? 当然，若你容许的话，我愿意，并且渴望在工余时间，为我们这个团队继续出力，

最后，我也不知道可以说什么，只能忠心对你说对不起与谢谢你，并祝愿您和大家能开

创出更美好的未来。

×× 敬上 it is with both regret and anticipation that i submit this letter of resignation, to resign from the position of 职位 effective february xx, 2004.i have decided to take this time to evaluate my current goals and investigate new opportunities. it has been my genuine pleasure to work for edward keller and 公司名group during these last xx years. thank you for allowing me to 公司名. yours sincerely 辞职报告

从2002年初至今，进入公司工作两年的时间里，得到了公司各位同事的多方帮助，

我非常感谢公司各位同事。

在过去的两年里，我在公司里工作的很开心，感觉公司的气氛就和一个大家庭一样，大家相处的融洽和睦，同时在公司里也学会了如何与同事相处，如何与客户建立良好关

系等方面的东西。并在公司的过去两年里，利用公司给予良好学习时间，学习了一些新

的东西来充实了自己，并增加自己的一些知识和实践经验。我对于公司两年多的照顾表

示真心的感谢！！

在经过2003年下半年的时间里，公司给予了很好的机会，让自己学习做市场方面的运做，但由于自己缺乏市场等方面的经验，自己没有能很好的为公司做好新的市场开

发，自己身感有愧公司的两年的培养。

由于我个人感觉，我在过去的一段时间里的表现不能让自己感觉满意，感觉有些愧

对公司这两年的照顾，自己也感觉自己在过去两年没有给公司做过点贡献，也由于自己

感觉自己的能力还差的很多，在公司的各方面需求上自己能力不够。所以，经过自己慎

重考虑，为了自己和公司考虑，自己现向公司提出辞职，望公司给予批准。

签名：

年月日

辞职书范文真诚版、简易版

辞职书范文一(真诚版) 尊敬的z主任：

您好！

工作近四年来，发现自己在工作、生活中，所学知识还有很多欠缺，已经不能适应

社会发展的需要，因此渴望回到校园，继续深造。经过慎重考虑之后，特此提出申请：

我自愿申请辞去在xxx的一切职务，敬请批准。

在xxx近四年的时间里，我有幸得到了单位历届领导及同事们的倾心指导及热情帮助。工作上，我学到了许多宝贵的科研经验和实践技能，对科研工作有了大致的了解。

生活上，得到各级领导与同事们的关照与帮助；思想上，得到领导与同事们的指导与帮

助，有了更成熟与深刻的人生观。这近四年多的工作经验将是我今后学习工作中的第一

笔宝贵的财富。

在这里，特别感谢yyy(xxx的上级单位)a主任、b主任、c主任在过去的工作、

生活中给予的大力扶持与帮助。尤其感谢xxxz主任在xxx近二年来的关照、指导以及对我的信任和在人生道路上对我的指引。感谢所有给予过我帮助的同事们。

望领导批准我的申请，并请协助办理相关离职手续，在正式离开之前我将认真继续

做好目前的每一项工作。

祝您身体健康，事业顺心。并祝yyy、xxx事业蓬勃发展。 *** **年**月**日

辞职书（公司职员）范文二

尊敬的主管、副理：

您好！

在公司工作一年中，学到了很多知识，公司的营业状态也是一直表现良好态势。非常感激公司给予了我这样的机会在良好的环境工作和学习。虽然在公司里基础的业务知识及专业知识已经基本掌握，但俗话说“学无止境”，有很多方面还是需不断学习。提出辞职我想了很久，公司的环境对于业务员很照顾很保护（至少对于业务风险来说），鉴于我的个性，要在公司自我提升及成长为独挡一面的能手，处于保护的环境下可能很难。我自己也意识到了自己个性倾于内向，你们也有经常提醒我这一点，其实，这不管是对于公司培育人才或是我自身完善都是突破的难点。

虽然我的观念是：人需要不断的发展、进步、完善。我也一直在努力改变，变得适应环境，以便更好的发挥自己的作用。但是我觉得自己一直没什么突破，考虑了很久，确定了需要变换环境来磨砺。

公司业务部近期人员变动较大，因此交接工作可能需要一个时期。我希望在10/24左右完成工作交接。这个时间也许比较紧，如果实施上有太多困难，我同意适当延迟一周。但是我还是希望副理理解，现临近年底，如果能给予我支配更多的时间来找工作我将感激不尽！

我希望在我提交这份辞程的时候，在未离开岗位之前，是我的工作请主管尽管分配，我一定会尽自己的职，做好应该做的事。另外，希望主管不要挽留我，其实，离开是很舍不得，原因自不用说明。但是既已决定，挽留会让我最终离开的时候更为难。谢谢∽詈螅ｍ镜囊导ㄒ蝗缂韧宦缝≈鞴芗案魑煌使ぷ魉忱?nbsp; 辞职申请书范文三

公司人事部：

我因为要去美国留学，故需辞去现在的工作，请上级领导批准。

公司的企业文化感化了我，我对公司是深有感情的。我留学归来之后，仍愿意回公司就职。

感谢公司领导和同事在工作中对我的关心和支持，并祝公司兴隆。

辞职信模板（推荐）

尊敬的领导：

我很遗憾自己在这个时候向公司正式提出辞职。

来到**公司也快两年了，正是在这里我开始踏上了社会，完成了自己从一个学生到社会人的转变。有过欢笑，有过收获，也有过泪水和痛苦。公司平等的人际关系和开明的工作作风，一度让我有

着找到了依靠的感觉，在这里我能开心的工作，开心的学习。然而工作上的毫无成熟感总让自己彷徨。记得胡总曾说过，工作上如果两年没起色就该往自己身上找原因了。或许这真是对的，由此

我开始了思索，认真的思考。尽管我一思考，上帝便会发笑，但这笑带着一丝苦涩，思考的结果连自己都感到惊讶――或许自己并不适合软件开发这项工作。否定自己让自己很痛苦，然而人总是要面对现实的，自己的兴趣是什么，自己喜欢什么，自己适合做什么，这一连串的问号一直让我沮丧，也让我萌发了辞职的念头，并且让我确定了这个念头。或许只有重新再跑到社会上去遭遇挫

折，在不断打拼中去寻找属于自己的定位，才是我人生的下一步选择。从小到大一直过得很顺，这曾让我骄傲，如今却让自己深深得痛苦，不能自拔，也许人真的要学会慢慢长大。

我也很清楚这时候向公司辞职于公司于自己都是一个考验，公司正值用人之际，sun ltd.erp 2004项目启动，所有的前续工作在公司上下极力重视下一步步推进。也正是考虑到公司今后在这个项

目安排的合理性，本着对公司负责的态度，为了不让公司因我而造成的决策失误，我郑重向公司提出辞职。我想在项目还未正式启动开始之前，公司在项目安排上能做得更加合理和妥当。长痛不

如短痛，或许这对公司对我都是一种解脱吧。

能为公司效力的日子不多了，我一定会把好自己最后一班岗，做好项目开始前的属于自己的所有工作，尽力让项目做到平衡过渡。

离开这个公司，离开这些曾经同甘共苦的同事，很舍不得，舍不得领导们的譐譐教诲，舍不得同事之间的那片真诚和友善。

也愿公司在今后的工作中发挥优势，扬长避短，祝愿公司兴旺发达！

辞职人：*** 年月日 2008最新英文辞职信模板下载 sample 1 addre city, state zip date addreee addre city, state zip dear as i go to the new position, i’ll do so with the utmost respect for the management examples and philosophies learned here and with gratitude for the personal attention to my career growth. thank you for the rewarding experience i痸e enjoyed during my seven-year aociation with the organization. 最新辞职申请书辞职报告范文

尊敬的徐总及公司领导：

我很遗憾自己在这个时候向公司正式提出辞职。

来到公司大约半年了，公司里的人对我都很好。我衷心感谢徐总以及各位同事对我的照顾与错爱，在这半年里，我学到了很多以前从未接触过的知识，开阔了视野，锻炼了能力。而今，我决定离开，也许这样会好一些。

因为诸多原因，我决定参加2007.1的研究生考试，以为工作两年再去读研是一个好的决定。如果我现在不辞职，我就是在公司里尸位素餐两年，因为在两年时间里，我不可能为公司做多少贡献。我也许能大致经历、学习这个工程建设的某些方面，可这只是对我有好处，只会使我欠公司更多的情。考虑到公司在人员安排上的合理性，本着对公司负责的态度，为了不让公司因我而造成决策的失误，我郑重向公司提出辞职。因为有想考中山大学的研究生，前几天一位老乡告诉我中大招一名热工的本科生做实验助理。这对我而言是一个很好的机会，学校的氛围肯定更加适合准备考研，我在1.4已经把我的相关资料寄过去了。我希望尽快解除与公司的劳动关系，可以安心地轻轻离开。也许我该提前一个月给您递呈辞职报告，好在我手头的工作不多，一个星期足以交接干净。我原本打算1.16开始我的二十余天的探亲假，现在我希望所有该处理的事情都在 1.13（周五）前处理妥当。马上就要离开公司了，在这最后的一段时间里，我会做好所有的交接工作，正常上班，静心等待您的答复、处理。

离开这个公司，我满含着愧疚、遗憾。我愧对公司上下对我的期望，愧对各位对我的关心和爱护。遗憾我不能经历工业园的发展与以后的辉煌，不能分享你们的甘苦，不能聆听各位的教诲，也遗憾我什么都没能留下来。我将就这样悄悄地离开，结束我的这第一份工作。

最后，衷心祝愿公司健康成长，事业蒸蒸日上！祝愿各位领导与同事：健康快乐，平安幸福！篇3：辞职信_中英文

辞职申请书

尊敬的领导：

由于我的一些个人原因，经过一段时间的慎重考虑后，我决定向公司提出辞职。

在短短一年的时间里，公司给予了我多次机会，使我在这个工作岗位上积累了一定的技术技能和工程经验。我在公司里工作的很开心，感觉公司的气氛就和一个大家庭一样，大家相处的融洽和睦，同时在公司里也学会了许多工作以外的处世为人等做人的道理。所有的这些我很珍惜也很感谢公司，因为这些都为我在将来的工作和生活中带来帮助和方便。另外，在和各位同事的朝夕相处的时间里，也使我对过去的、现在的同事建立了由浅到深的友谊，我从内心希望这份友谊，这份感情能继续并永久保持下去。

今后，无论我将怎样生活，我都会永远感激公司对我的培养，各级领导和同事给我的支持和帮助。在我困难的时候，犯错的时候给我的帮助和宽容。公司是一棵参天大树，而我，只不过是树上的一片叶子。每当风起时，都有些树叶会掉落，但是，大树总是那么挺拔和伟岸。

离开这个公司，离开这些曾经同甘共苦的同事，很舍不得，舍不得领导们的谆谆教诲，舍不得同事之间的那片真诚和友善。

对于由此为公司造成的不便，我深感抱歉。但同时也希望公司能体恤我的个人实际，批准我的申请。

第15篇：防疫针中英文对照

儿童常用疫苗可以预防的疾病给中英文对照表

疫苗名称英文简称可预防的传染病

卡介苗 Bacillus Calmette Guerin ＝B.C.G 结核病

脊髓灰质炎活疫苗 Poliomyelitis ＝POLIO 脊髓灰质炎（小儿麻痹症）

百白破混合制剂 DTP 百日咳白喉破伤风

麻疹疫苗 Measles (rubeola) 麻疹

乙脑疫苗 Japanese encephalitis 流行性乙型脑炎

乙肝疫苗 Hepatitis B 乙型病毒性肝炎

风疹疫苗 Rubeola (German measles) 风疹

流脑疫苗 Meningitis 流行性脑脊髓膜炎

腮腺炎疫苗 mumps 流行性腮腺炎

麻腮风疫苗 MMR 麻疹风疹流行性腮腺炎

流感疫苗 haemophilus influenza B 流行性感冒

甲肝疫苗 Hepatitis A 甲型病毒性肝炎

水痘疫苗 Varicella 水痘带状疱疹

Hib（乙型流感）疫苗 Hib Hib引起的小儿脑膜炎肺炎等

伤寒疫苗 Typhoid 伤寒

肺炎疫苗 Pneumococcal 肺炎

白喉破伤风疫苗 Td 白喉破伤风

DTP 包括百日咳Pertuis(whooping cough) 白喉diphtheria 破伤风tetanus

防疫针的中英文对照

这是北京出入境检验检疫局给的“国际预防接种证书”上的防疫针的中英文对照。希望可以

帮到有需要的妈妈们。

卡介苗:BCG

脊髓灰质炎：Poliomyelitis

百白破：DTP

麻疹：Measles

流脑：Meningitis

乙脑：Japanese encephalitis

乙肝：Hepatitis B

风疹：Rubella

腮腺炎：Mumps

甲肝：Hepatitis A

伤寒：Typhoid

白喉破伤风：Td 水痘：Varicella 肺炎：Pneumococeal 流行性感冒：Influenza

乙脑流感：Hib 麻风腮：MMR

第16篇：zemax 中英文对照

近轴光线（Paraxial Rays）; 镜头数据(Lens Data); 插入或删除面数据 (Inserting and deleting surfaces); 输入面注释(Entering surface comments); 输入半径数据(Entering radii data); 输入厚度(Entering thickne data); 输入玻璃数据(Entering gla data); 输入半口径数据(Entering semi-diameter); 输入二次曲面数据(Entering conic data); 输入参数数据 (Entering parameter data); 确定光栏面(Defining the stop surface); 选择面型(Selecting surface types); 各面通光口径的确定(Specifying surface apertures); 用户自定义口径和挡光(User defined apertures and obscurations); 到达表面和从表面射出的光线的隐(Hiding rays to and from surfaces); 设置和撤销求解(Setting and removing solves); 光圈类型（Aperture Type); 入瞳直径（Entrance Pupil Diameter）; 像空间F/# （Image Space F/#）; 物空间数值孔径（Object Space Numerical Aperture）物空间边缘光线的数值孔径（nsinθm）;

藏通过光栏尺寸浮动（Float by Stop Size）;近轴工作F/#（Paraxial Working F/#）; 物方锥形角（Object Cone Angle）; 光圈值（Aperture Value); 镜头单位（Lens Units）; 玻璃库（Gla Catalogs）; 光线定位（Ray Aiming）; 使用光线定位贮藏器（Use Ray Aiming Cache）; 加强型光线定位（慢）（Robust Ray Aiming （slow）; 光瞳漂移：X，Y，Z （Pupil Shift：X，Y，and Z）; “视场光瞳偏移比例因子” （Scale pupil shift factors by field）; 变迹法（Apodization Type）; 变迹因子（Apodization Factor）; 光程差参数（Referece OPD）;近轴光线（Paraxial Rays）; 快速非球面追迹（Fast Asphere Trace）; 检查梯度折射率元件的口径（Check GRIN Apertures）; 半口径余量% （Semi Diameter Margin in %）; 半口径的快速计算法(Fast Semi-Diameters); 全局坐标参考面（Global Coordinate Reference Surface）; 视场（Fields）; 偏振状态（Polarization State）; 外形图(Layout); 二维外形图(2D Layout); 3D外形图(3D Layout); 立体模型(Solid Model);光线像差(Ray Aberration); 光程(Optical Path); 光瞳像差(Pupil Abberation); 离焦(Through Focus); 全视场(Full Field); 矩阵(Matrix); 球差（W040），彗差（W131），像散（W222），匹兹凡场曲（W220P），畸变（W311），轴向色离焦项（W020），轴向色倾斜（W111），弧矢场曲（W220S），平均场曲（W220M），子午场曲（W220T）; 优化 (Optimization); 全局优化(Global Search); 锤形优化(Hammer Optimization); 消除所有的变量(Remove All Variable); 评价函数列表(Merit Function Listing); 公差(Tolerancing); 公差列表(Tolerance Listing); 公差汇总表(Tolerance Summary); 镀膜列表(Coating Listing); 变换半口径为环形口径(Convert Semi-Diameter to Circular Apertures); 镜头缩放(Scale Lens); 生成焦距(Make Focal); 快速调焦(Quick Focus) 添加折叠反射镜（Add Fold Mirror）; 幻像发生器(Ghost Focus generator); 系统复杂性测试(Performance Test); 表面数据（Surface Data）; 系统数据（System Data）; 规格数据（Prescription Data）;

solve type是zemax中用于设定光学系统结构（Curvature、Thinkne、Cla、Semi-Diameter、Conic、Parameter）的操作参数，设定正确的solve type是优化光学系统结构的前提。

Curvature的solve type设定：

Fixed：（无参数）表示Curvature是固定的值，在优化时不能改变 Variable：（无参数）表示Curvature是可变化值，在优化时可以改变 Marginal ray angle：（角度）通过设定近轴边缘光线角度设定Curvature Chief ray angle：（角度）通过设定近轴主光线角度设定Curvature Pick up：（面数，倍率）通过设定与相应面数Curvature的倍率关系设

定Curvature Marginal ray normal：（无参数）通过设定面与近轴边缘光线垂直设定Curvature Chief ray normal：（无参数）通过设定面与近轴主光线垂直设定Curvature Aplanatic：（无参数）通过设定相对于近轴边缘光线的等光程面设定Curvature Element power：（公式参数）根据公式设定Curvature，具体公式参考zemax手册

Concentric with surface：（面数）通过设定曲率中心在相应面数上设定Curvature Concentric with radius：（面数）通过设定Curvature与相应面数Curvature同心设定Curvature F/#：（近轴F数）通过设定近轴边缘光线满足F/#条件设定Curvature

Thickne的solve type设定：

Fixed：（无参数）表示Thickne是固定的值，在优化时不能改变 Variable：（无参数）表示Thickne是可变化值，在优化时可以改变

Marginal ray height：（高度，瞳区）通过设定过瞳区的近轴边缘光线到下一面上的高度设定Thickne Chief ray height：（高度）通过设定近轴主光线到下一面上的高度设定Thickne Pick up：（面数，倍率，偏移量）通过设定与相应面数Thinkne的倍率关系和偏移量设定Thickne Optical path difference：（光程差，瞳区）通过设定瞳区内的近轴边缘光线与近轴主光线的光程差设定Thickne Position：（面数，距离）通过设定到相应面数的距离设定Thickne Compensator：（面数，距离）通过设定与相应面数的Thickne和设定Thickne Center of curvature：（面数）通过设定下一面位于相应面数曲率中心设定Thickne Gla的solve type设定：

Fixed：（无参数）表示Gla是固定的值，在优化时不能改变 Model：（折射率，色散系数，中部色散）通过设定折射率，色散系数，中部色散设定Gla Pick up：（面数）通过设定与相应面数Gla相同设定Gla Substitute：（目录名）通过让zemax在设定的目录名中寻找适合的Gla Offset：（折射率偏移量，色散系数偏移量）通过设定折射率偏移量和色散系数偏移量设定Cla Semi-Diameter的solve type设定： Automatic：（无参数）表示Semi-Diameter由系统自动确定，在优化时可以改变

Fixed：（无参数）表示Semi-Diameter是固定的值，在优化时不能改变

Pick up：（面数）通过设定与相应面数Semi-Diameter相同设定Semi-Diameter Maximum：（无参数）表示由系统自动确定统一的Semi-Diameter（取最大的Semi-Diameter），在优化时可以改变 Conic的solve type设定： Fixed：（无参数）表示Conic是固定的值，在优化时不能改变 Variable：（无参数）表示Conic是可变化值，在优化时可以改变 Pick up：（面数，倍率）通过设定与相应面数Conic的倍率关系设定Conic Parameter的solve type设定：

Fixed：（无参数）表示Parameter是固定的值，在优化时不能改变 Variable：（无参数）表示Parameter是可变化值，在优化时可以改变

Pick up：（面数，倍率，偏移量）通过设定与相应面数Parameter的倍率关系和偏移量设定Parameter

第17篇：VRay中英文对照

VRay 材质

VRay渲染器提供了一种特殊的材质－VrayMtl－VRay材质。在场景中使用该材质能够获得更加准确的物理照明（光能分布），更快的渲染，发射和折射参数调节更方便。使用VrayMtl，你可以应用不同的纹理贴图，控制其反射和折射，增加凹凸贴图和置换贴图，强制直接全局照明计算，选择用于材质的BRDF。该材质的参数都列入以下部分。 Basic parameters Diffuse – 这是该材质的漫射颜色。你可以在texture maps部分中的折射贴图栏中，使用一种贴图来覆盖它。

Reflect – 漫反射颜色的倍增器。你可以在texture maps部分中的反射贴图栏中，使用一种贴图来覆盖它。

Gloine – 该值表示该材质的光泽度。当该值为0.0时表示特别模糊的反射。当该值为1.0时将关闭材质的光泽（VRay将产生一种特别尖锐的反射）。注意，提高光泽度将增加渲染时间。

Subdivs – 控制发射的光线数量来估计光滑面的反射。当该材质的Gloine (光泽度)值为1.0时,本选项无效。（VRay不会发出任何用于估计光滑度的光线） Fresnel reflection – 当该选项选中时，光线的反射就象真实世界的玻璃反射一样。这意味着当光线和表面法线的夹角接近0o时，反射光线将减少至消失。（当光线与表面几乎平行时，反射将是可见的，当光线垂直于表面时将几乎没有反射。）

Max depth – 贴图的最大光线发射深度。大于该值时贴图将反射回黑色。 Refract – 折射倍增器。你可以在texture maps部分中的折射贴图栏中，使用一种贴图来覆盖它。

Gloine -该值表示该材质的光泽度。当该值为0.0时表示特别模糊的折射。当该值为1.0时将关闭材质的光泽（VRay将产生一种特别尖锐的折射）。注意，提高光泽度将增加渲染时间。

Subdivs -控制发射的光线数量来估计光滑面的折射。当该材质的Gloine (光泽度)值为1.0时,本选项无效。（VRay不会发出任何用于估计光滑度的光线）

IOR – 该值决定材质的折射率。假如你选择了合适的值，你可以制造出类似于水，钻石，玻璃的折射效果。在本手册的术语部分有一个有用的材质折射率表。 Max depth -贴图的最大光线发射深度。大于该值时贴图将反射回黑色。 Translucent – 打开透明功能。注意此时你的灯光必须使用VRay阴影才能使用该功能。材质的表面光泽Gloy也要打开。VRay将使用Fog color来决定通过该材质里面的光线的数量。

Thickne – 该值决定透明层的厚度。当光线进入材质的深度达到该值时，VRay将不会进一步追踪在该材质内部更深处的光线。

Light multiplier – 光线亮度倍增器。它描述该材质在物体内部所反射的光线的数量。 Scatter coeff – 该值控制透明物体内部散射光线的方向。当该值为0.0时表示物体内部的光线将向所有方向散射。当该值为1.0时表示散射光线的方向与原进入该物体的初始光线的方向相同。

Fwd/bck coeff – 该值控制在透明物体内部有多少散射光线沿着原进入该物体内部的光线的方向继续向前传播或向后反射。当该值为1.0时表示所有散射光线将继续向前传播。当该值为0.0时表示所有散射光线将向后传播。当该值为0.5时表示向前和向后传播的散射光线的数量相同。

Fog color(see Gloine in Reflection params section) Subdivs(see Low subdivs in Reflection params section) Translucent – 打开透明功能。注意，你的灯光必须使用VRay阴影该功能才起作用。同时，Gloy也必须打开。VRay将使用Fog color 来决定通过材质内部光线的数量。

Thickne – 该值决定透明体的厚度。当光线深度达到该值时，VRay将不再对物体内的光线进行追踪。

Light multiplier – 灯光作用倍增器。它描述了实际上反射的灯光的数量。

Scatter coeff – 该值控制透明物体内部散射光线的方向。当该值为0.0时表示物体表面的光线将沿所有方向散射。当该值为1.0时，表示光线的散射方向与原光线进入物体的方向相同。

Fwd/bck coeff – 该值决定在原来进入物体的光线中，有多少散射光线会进一步向前或向后传播。当该值为1.0时，表示所有光线都将继续向前传播。当该值为0.0时，表示所有光线都向后传播。当该值为0.5时，表示向前和向后传播的光线数量相同。

Fog color – VRay允许你使用体积雾来填充透明物体。这里是体积雾的颜色。 Fog multiplier –体积雾倍增器，较小的值会产生更透明的雾。

Max depth – 折射光线的最大追踪深度。(see Max depth in Reflection params section) Degrade depth(see Cutoff thresh in Reflection params section) Exit color - (see Exit color in Reflection params section) Ray 阴影

VRay支持面阴影，在使用VRay透明折射贴图时，VRay阴影是必须使用的。同时用VRay阴影产生的模糊阴影的计算速度要比其它类型的阴影速度快。

Transparent shadows – 当物体的阴影是由一个透明物体产生的时，该选项十分有用。当打开该选项时，VRay会忽略MAX的物体阴影参数 (Col or, Dens., Map, etc.)。当你需要使用MAX的物体阴影参数时，关闭该选项。 Area shadow – 打开或关闭面阴影。

Box – VRay计算阴影时，假定光线是由一个立方体发出的。 Sphere – VRay计算阴影时，假定光线是由一个球体发出的。 U size – 当计算面阴影时，光源的U尺寸。（如果光源是球形的话，该尺寸等于该球形的半径）

V size -当计算面阴影时，光源的V尺寸。(如果选择球形光源的话，该选项无效) W size -当计算面阴影时，光源的W尺寸。(如果选择球形光源的话，该选项无效) Subdivs – 该值用于控制VRay在计算某一点的阴影时，采样点的数量。

Low subdivs –当采用低精度计算时，该值用于控制VRay在计算某一点的阴影时，采样点的数量。

Degrade depth – 该值描述VRay在该光线追踪深度时，转换为低精度计算。 Bias – 某一给定点的光线追踪阴影偏移。

第18篇：沙发中英文对照

沙发常用英语

wood frame木架arm chair单人沙发 loveseat双人沙发sharp edge棱角 open scars开口伤healed scars愈合伤

untidy乱/不整齐slant歪斜 T \\ E9d h back cushion 靠背cushion垫子 foam海棉welt cord嵌条

skite panel裙边frame wrok结构/组成 fire brand烙印protrude突出 rise up鼓起

wrong dimensio 尺寸错误

pleat打褶

tael流苏

preing熨平

4 leg not in level4脚不平

factory工厂

back后

liming 去毛(浸灰,石灰处理)

splitting分层

shaving削匀

drying干燥

finishing喷浆(整饰,涂装)

trimming清理(修边)

semi-aniline半苯胺

suede split起绒二层

neck wrinkles颈纹

belly腹部

carf小牛

crocking掉色,磨擦脱色

full-grain全粒面

luster铜绿光泽

pigment颜料

two-tone双色革

shrink缩水,收缩

wax leather蜡变革

light corrected grain轻修皮

sammiering挤水

Velcro魔术贴

Cushion border 座垫四周

Out arm扶手外侧

Outside back后下

Healed scar愈合疤痕

Stitch缝针

We嵌条ticking内套to jion or stick with glue用胶粘贴zipper拉链fringe排须/须边bra nail铜钉余额front前side侧fleshing去肉tanning鞣制dyeing染色staking振荡(拉软)printing压花pure-aniline全苯胺corrected grain修面革veins纹理scars疤痕nu-buck磨沙革hide兽皮,皮革, 压花(饰以图案)hand-rub手擦patina光泽pull-up油变革backbone脊椎top grain头层皮)wet blue蓝湿皮milling 干滚(在转鼓中)cut\\sew裁剪缝纫Cushion座垫In arm扶手内侧Front arm panel 扶手前板Open scar开裂疤痕Seam缝边双针打结,扭曲balanceemboingDouble needle stitchKink

Denim里布Flammability可燃

Compreion压力Drop in coil连体簧

8-way hand tied 人工绑(宝塔簧)zigzag springS簧

notch刀眼PVC仿皮

Decking material 里布,衬布Logo material 里布,衬布:

Liner material里布,衬布Incandescent白炽灯

Fluorescent荧光灯Suede小山羊皮

Micro fiber麂皮绒Jacpuard提花

Plaid格子花呢Fireproof防火

Daylight日光Tapestry织锦

Damask缎子Latex浮胶

Backing背胶Yarn dye色织

Piece dye披染Chenille雪尼尔

Polyester涤纶Rayon人造纤维织物

Warp经线woof\\weft纬线

fringe排须tael流苏,缨,坠子

skirt裙边webbing松紧带,绷带

elastic webbing 弹性绷带plygrip反包条,反包扣

plump饱满的needle work缝纫

saddle stitch双针crown patch加胖海棉

non-woven fabric 无纺布throw pillow 抱枕,抛枕

bolster长枕kidney pillow腰枕

stripe条纹,斑纹down绒毛(水禽)

duck鸭绒

dtp(down proof ticking)防雨布notch risistance 撕破强度

wearing test 耐磨测试blocking 高温粘着测试

printed emboed grain压花粘面preesing 熨平

wearing capacity 耐磨性wearing property 耐磨性

water repellency拒水性water resistance抗水性

water proof防水性lumpy块状不平的

plaid格子花呢bias斜纹,斜的

fireproof防火left side face 对面左侧

right side face 对面右侧raw edge未锁的边中

Vocabulary about sofa

木架相关：

木架Wood(en) frame硬木、实木Hard wood\\Solid wood夹板, 胶合板Plywood木材Lumber

干燥的Dried树瘤Tree tumor(Burls)

虫孔Wormhole霉斑Visible mold

蛇形簧Serpentine spring/Zigzag spring绷带Elastic

Bandage

海绵相关：

海绵Foam密度Density回性Elasticity软硬度Flex硬的Hard软的Soft

海绵包Sponge bag弹簧包Spring Package防火的Fireproof

防火绵Fireproof(ing) foam

英标防火绵UK Standard Fireproofing Foam

美标防火绵CA Standard Fireproofing Foam

皮料相关：

真皮Genuine leather人造皮（合成革）Synthetic leather

进口皮Imported leather再生皮Bounded leather

头层皮Top (leather)二层皮Split (leather)

全粒面皮Full grain leather水牛皮Buffalo leather

（黄）牛皮Cattle hidePU、PVC两种做配皮的人造皮色差Color difference色深Color depth

颜色太深（浅）The color is dark(light).

尺寸相关：（1英寸=2.54里面1 Inch=2.54CM）

尺寸Dimension长length宽width高height

坐垫高Seat height扶手高Arm height沙发脚高度Sofa leg height

沙发相关描述：

沙发床Sofa bed功能沙发Functional sofa

转角沙发Corner sofa组合沙发Sectional sofa

功能椅Function(al) chair转椅Swivel chair

单人位Single chair、One seater sofa两人位Love seat、Two seater sofa三人位Sofa、Three seater Sofa转角Corner躺位Chaise loungue

坐垫Seat Cushion靠背backrest扶手armrest

坐前front沙发背部back沙发侧面Side

沙发脚sofa leg沙发皮套leather coat车缝sewing车缝线sewing line针脚Stitch

针脚很均匀/宽松/紧凑。The stitches are neat/loose/tight.

包装相关：

包装packing包装方式Packing method

无纺布Non-woven(fabric)气泡袋Bubble Bag

毛毯Woolen blanket塑料编织袋Plastic bag

纸箱Carton五层瓦楞纸5 ply corrugated board天地盒Cover and tray carton纸箱强度Carton strength

散装in bulk

装运相关：

装柜Load the container装柜量Loading quantity

第19篇：求职信中英文对照

SONY中国

人力资源部 X先生

尊敬的X先生：您好！

我是某大学某专业的应届本科生。我有幸在XX处得知了有关贵公司招聘销售专员的信息，我非常希望能够应聘该职位。为此，我整理了我在大学四年的学习情况和成长经历，并带上对该项工作的热情，向贵公司投递简历，申请“销售专员”一职。除了在某大学的4年学习经历外，我还努力争取在各种社会实践和学生工作中提升自己各方面的能力，不仅有优秀的XX能力，而且还有XX能力（应聘职位所需能力），同时XXXX的经历（能够体现所需能力和具备与应聘职位相关的经历），都为我应聘贵公司的XX职位做好了充分的准备。我相信我的到来，将能够给贵公司的市场营销团队带来我应有的贡献。理由如下：     

非常感谢您能在百忙之中抽出时间来阅读我的求职信，同时我也万分期待能够在您方便的时候与您见上一面，给我一个机会向您展示更多的我。

顺颂商祺！

签名：某某（手写签名）某大学某专业工科学士

联系地址：某大学某宿舍1栋308室邮编：510642 手机：86-135-70382536 固定电话：86-020-85288150 E-mail：yuchen553@gmail.com

SONY“营销专员”所需求的素质重点大学本科以及学历具有相关研究工作经验者优先考虑

我所具备的素质

某大学某专业本科，

具有较好的学术背景和学历

曾在IBM实习，熟知软件开发的整体流程，

同时具备独立项目研发能力

对软件开发工程有深刻的理解，良好优秀的专业知识水平，在本科阶段既已参加导的专业技术水平流利的英语听说能力

师课题组的研究

在多家跨国企业实习中，锻炼了良好的听说能力；四六级成绩优异

熟练掌握与人沟通的技巧，同时具有较好的团队协作精神

在高压力环境下工作的能力强

吃苦耐劳，责任心强，耐心细致，具备团队合作精神能够在工作中承受一定的压力

Yu CHEN

1-308 Dormitory, Wushan Rd #483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou，510642 86-135-7038253686-20-85288150

Dec,9th 2008

Dear Mi Zhang,

In searching for employment opportunities on the Internet, I learned of a job vacancy in the Sales Representative of your company.I believe that my qualifications match the requirements you have listed for the position.

I am very organized, I am a self-motivated worker, and enjoy working in GE, especially trough the past three intern experience in this pleasant workplace.With a sound educational background demonstrated and a keen desire to be part of a profeional firm, I am submitting my resume and wish to apply for the position referred above.I hold the belief that I will make positive contribution to GE. 

You require

I offer

Fresh graduate with degree preferred In BusineOutstanding leadership skills withgood record of extra-curriculumactivitiesExcellent analytical skills and team SpiritExcellent interpersonal skills, able to communicate with different people Quick learner, energetic, willing to work under preure and toughenvironment

Bachelor in Busine with competitiveacademic performance

Internship experience in differentindustries as well as aociationleader

Succeed in bringing order out of chaos and cooperate with team colleagues Coordinate wide range

cro-department aociates with different background and opinion Familiarize analytical software intwo weeks and complete presentationwithin right agenda as a newcomer CET-4 paed, Micros Windows 2000 Proficient User Certificate

 



Fluent oral and written English, skilled PC operator

Thank you for your time and consideration and I anticipate the opportunity to meet with you to further discu my qualification and your needs.

Sincerely, Yu CHEN

第20篇：政府工作报告中英文对照

2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT

政府工作报告

Delivered at the Second Seion of the Eleventh National People\'s Congre on March 5, 2009

——２００９年３月５日在第十一届全国人民代表大会第二次会议上

Wen Jiabao

温家宝

Premier of the State Council

国务院总理

Fellow Deputies,

各位代表：

On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you my report on the work of the government for your deliberation and approval.I also solicit comments and suggestions on the report from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People\'s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

现在，我代表国务院，向大会作政府工作报告，请予审议，并请全国政协各位委员提出意见。

I.Review of the Work in 2008

一、２００８年工作回顾

The year 2008 was truly eventful.Our country\'s economic and social development withstood severe challenges and tests that were rarely seen before.Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people of all our ethnic groups faced difficulties squarely, worked with courage and determination, surmounted all difficulties and obstacles, and made new achievements in reform, opening up and socialist modernization.

２００８年是极不平凡的一年。我国经济社会发展经受住了历史罕见的重大挑战和考验。在中国共产党领导下，全国各族人民迎难而上，奋力拼搏，战胜各种艰难险阻，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得新的重大成就。

- The national economy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth.GDP

1 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) topped 30 trillion yuan, an increase of 9% over the previous year.Overall price rises were held in check.Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 19.5%.Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 528.5 million tons, a record high.

——国民经济继续保持平稳较快增长。国内生产总值超过３０万亿元，比上年增长９％；物价总水平涨幅得到控制；财政收入６．１３万亿元，增长１９．５％；粮食连续五年增产，总产量５２８５０万吨，创历史最高水平。

- Reform and opening up were further deepened.New breakthroughs were made in reforms in key areas and crucial links, such as the fiscal, taxation, financial and pricing systems and administration.Imports and exports totaled US$ 2.56 trillion, an increase of 17.8%.Paid-in foreign direct investment reached $92.4billion.

——改革开放深入推进。财税、金融、价格、行政管理等重点领域和关键环节的改革取得新突破。进出口贸易总额２．５６万亿美元，增长１７．８％。实际利用外商直接投资９２４亿美元。

- Development of social programs was accelerated, and the living standards of the people continued to rise.A total of 11.13 million more urban residents entered the workforce.Urban per capita annual disposable income reached 15,781 yuan, an increase of 8.4% in real terms, and rural per capita net income reached 4,761 yuan, up by 8% in real terms.

——社会事业加快发展，人民生活进一步改善。城镇新增就业１１１３万人；城镇居民人均可支配收入１５７８１元，农村居民人均纯收入４７６１元，实际增长８．４％和８％。

- Great victories were won in the fight against maive natural disasters.The Beijing Olympics and Paralympics were held succefully, and the Shenzhou VII manned space miion was a complete succe.

——全面夺取抗击特大自然灾害的重大胜利。成功举办北京奥运会、残奥会。圆满完成神舟七号载人航天飞行。

These achievements signify that we have taken new and solid steps along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.They have greatly fortified the courage and strength of the people of all our ethnic groups to surmount difficulties and will definitely encourage us to bravely forge ahead on the new historical course.

这些成就，标志着我们在中国特色社会主义道路上迈出新的坚实步伐，极大地增强了全国各族人民战胜困难的勇气和力量，必将激励我们在新的历史征程上继续奋勇前进。

2 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) Last year, we accomplished the following important work: 一年来，我们做了以下主要工作：

1.Making timely and resolute adjustments to macroeconomic policies and doing everything poible to maintain steady and rapid economic development

（一）及时果断调整宏观经济政策，全力保持经济平稳较快发展

We maintained the right direction, focus, intensity and pace of macro control, and adopted a series of policies and measures to promote steady and rapid economic development.In a complex and volatile situation, we actively responded to the severe impact of the global financial crisis and worked hard to make our macro control more proactive, targeted and effective.In the middle of the year, when energy and grain prices on the international market were high, world economic growth slowed, and exports from and economic growth in China\'s coastal regions began to decline, we promptly shifted the priority of macro control to maintaining steady and rapid economic development and controlling price hikes, and adopted relevant fiscal, taxation and financial measures.In September, the international economic situation started to deteriorate sharply and its negative impact became increasingly felt in China.We again resolutely shifted the focus of macro control to preventing economic growth from slowing down too quickly.We implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy.We raised export rebate rates three times, lowered the benchmark interest rates on savings and loans for financial institutions on five occasions, reduced required reserve ratios four times, suspended the individual income tax on interest earnings from savings, reduced securities transaction stamp tax rates, cut taxes and fees on housing transactions, and increased credit support to small and medium-sized enterprises.In accordance with the requirement that we act fast, be forceful, take targeted measures and stre implementation, we promptly introduced ten measures to further boost domestic demand and promote economic growth, and implemented them without delay.We adopted a succeion of policies and measures to encourage financial institutions to support economic development, promote sound development of the textile and other light industries and the real estate market, expand consumption by improving distribution, maintain steady growth in foreign trade, and keep the employment situation stable.At the same time, we stepped up efforts to formulate plans for restructuring and revitalizing key industries.Together, these measures have played a crucial role in alleviating serious problems affecting economic performance, enhancing confidence, stabilizing expectations and maintaining steady and rapid economic development.

我们正确把握宏观调控的方向、重点、力度和节奏，采取一系列促进经济平稳较快发展的政策措施，在复杂多变的形势下，积极应对国际金融危机的严重冲击，努力增强调控的预见性、针对性和有效性。年中，在国际能源和粮食价格处于高位、世界经济增长放缓的情况下，针对沿海地区出现出口和经济增速下滑苗头，及时把宏观调控的首要任务调整为“保持经济平稳较快发展，控制物价过快上

3 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 涨”，并采取了一些有针对性的财税金融措施。９月份后，国际经济形势急转直下，对我国的不利影响明显加重，我们又果断地把宏观调控的着力点转到防止经济增速过快下滑上来，实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，三次提高出口退税率，五次下调金融机构存贷款基准利率，四次下调存款准备金率，暂免储蓄存款利息个人所得税，下调证券交易印花税，降低住房交易税费，加大对中小企业信贷支持。按照出手要快、出拳要重、措施要准、工作要实的要求，迅速推出进一步扩大内需、促进经济增长的十项措施，争分夺秒地加以落实；接连出台金融支持经济发展、促进轻纺工业健康发展、促进房地产市场健康发展、搞活流通扩大消费和保持对外贸易稳定增长、稳定就业等政策措施，加快制定重点产业调整振兴规划。这些措施对缓解经济运行中的突出矛盾、增强信心、稳定预期、保持经济平稳较快发展，发挥了至关重要的作用。

We continued to strengthen our work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers without any letup.Central government budgetary spending on agriculture, rural areas and farmers was 595.5 billion yuan for the whole year, a year-on-year increase of 163.7 billion yuan or 37.9%.This included 103 billion yuan, twice the figure for the previous year, in direct subsidies to grain producers, general subsidies for agricultural production supplies, and subsidies for superior crop varieties and the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools.We significantly raised minimum grain purchase prices three times, with the total increase exceeding 20%.We implemented a temporary policy for purchasing and stockpiling major agricultural products.We intensified the protection of arable land and the construction of agricultural water conservancy projects, and increased overall agricultural production capacity.We supported the production of hogs, oilseeds and dairy products.These policies and measures played an important role in maintaining and stimulating the enthusiasm of farmers, ensuring the supply of major farm products and increasing rural incomes, and provided strong support for maintaining overall stability in economic and social development.

毫不放松地加强“三农”工作。全年中央财政用于“三农”的投入５９５５亿元，比上年增加１６３７亿元，增长３７．９％，其中粮食直补、农资综合补贴、良种补贴、农机具购置补贴资金达１０３０亿元，比上年增长一倍。三次较大幅度提高粮食最低收购价，提价幅度超过２０％。实施主要农产品临时收储政策。加强耕地保护和农田水利建设，提高农业综合生产能力。扶持生猪、油料、奶业发展。这些政策措施在保护和调动农民积极性、保障重要农产品供给、增加农民收入方面发挥了重要作用，为稳定经济社会发展全局提供了有力支撑。

We unswervingly promoted independent innovation and economic restructuring.We launched 16 major national science and technology projects, and established a number of new national engineering centers, key laboratories and enterprise technology centers in such fields as information technology, biotechnology and environmental protection.We succefully developed a number of key technologies and major equipment in the areas of regional aircraft, automobiles powered by new energy sources and high-speed railways.The central government invested 116.3

4 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) billion yuan in science and technology, an increase of 16.4%.Significant steps were taken in reorganization of the telecommunications and civil aviation industries.We continued to eliminate backward production facilities.Last year, we shut down small thermal power plants with a total capacity of 16.69 million kilowatts and closed 1,054 small coalmines.Investment in infrastructure and basic industries was increased, and a number of major projects in energy, transportation and water conservancy were completed or launched.Steady progre was made in implementing the master strategy for regional development, and economic development in different regions became better coordinated.

坚定不移地推进自主创新和经济结构调整。实施１６个国家重大科技专项。在信息、生物、环保等领域新建一批国家工程中心、重点实验室和企业技术中心。成功研发支线飞机、新能源汽车、高速铁路等一批关键技术和重大装备。中央财政科技投入１１６３亿元，增长１６．４％。电信、航空等行业重组迈出重要步伐。继续淘汰落后产能，全年关停小火电１６６９万千瓦，关闭小煤矿１０５４处。加大基础设施和基础产业投资力度，在能源、交通、水利等方面建成和开工一批重大项目。扎实推进区域发展总体战略，区域经济发展协调性增强。

We steadfastly promoted energy conservation, emiions reduction and ecological and environmental protection.The central government allocated 42.3 billion yuan to support development of ten key energy conservation projects and environmental protection facilities.The daily sewage treatment capacity rose by an additional 11.49 million tons in urban areas, and desulfurization equipment was installed in coal-fired power plants with a total capacity of 97.12 million kilowatts.Energy consumption per unit of GDP fell by 4.59% from the previous year; chemical oxygen demand fell by 4.42%; and sulfur dioxide emiions fell by 5.95%.For the past three years combined, total energy consumption per unit of GDP dropped by 10.08%; chemical oxygen demand dropped by 6.61%; and sulfur dioxide emiions dropped by 8.95%.We built on the achievements in returning farmland to forests and restoring livestock pastures to gralands, and carried out ecological conservation projects such as protecting virgin forests and developing the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province.We implemented the plan to prevent and control water pollution in major river valleys and regions and iued the white paper China\'s Policies and Actions for Addreing Climate Change.

坚持不懈地推动节能减排和生态环境保护。中央财政安排４２３亿元资金，支持十大重点节能工程和环保设施等项目建设。全国新增城市污水日处理能力１１４９万吨，新增燃煤脱硫机组容量９７１２万千瓦。单位国内生产总值能耗比上年下降４．５９％，化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放量分别减少４．４２％和５．９５％。近三年累计，单位国内生产总值能耗下降１０．０８％，化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放量分别减少６．６１％和８．９５％。巩固退耕还林还草成果，推进天然林、青海三江源等生态保护和建设工程。实施重点流域、区域水污染防治规划。发布了《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书。

5 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

2.Balancing economic and social development and strengthening all aspects of social development with the focus on improving people\'s lives

（二）统筹经济社会发展，全面加强以改善民生为重点的社会建设

Efforts were intensified to increase employment and improve the social safety net.We improved our policy to stimulate and expand employment by encouraging busine startups, and enforced the minimum wage system.The coverage of all social security schemes continued to expand, with 17.53 million more urban workers subscribing to basic old-age insurance, 20.28 million more subscribing to basic medical insurance, and the unemployment, workers\' compensation and maternity insurance steadily expanding to cover more workers.Pensions of enterprise retirees rose by 110 yuan per month per person.We launched trials to reform the basic old-age insurance system for employees of government-affiliated institutions.We actively explored ways to establish a new system of old-age insurance for rural residents and made steady progre in making social security available to rural migrant workers in urban areas and farmers whose land has been expropriated.We comprehensively improved the system of cost of living allowances for both urban and rural residents, and provided allowances to 66.19 million residents.We raised living allowances for low-income groups and university students in a timely fashion.Preferential treatment enjoyed by key entitled groups was increased substantially.We intensified efforts to develop low-income housing and renovate shantytowns, thus alleviating some of the housing difficulties of the low-income population.An additional of more than 48 million rural people gained acce to safe drinking water.

就业和社会保障工作进一步加强。完善促进就业、以创业带动就业的政策，落实最低工资制度。各项社会保险覆盖面继续扩大，城镇职工基本养老保险、基本医疗保险参保人数分别增加１７５３万和２０２８万，失业、工伤、生育保险参保人数继续增加。企业退休人员养老金人均每月新增１１０元。启动事业单位基本养老保险制度改革试点。积极探索建立新型农村社会养老保险制度，农民工、被征地农民社会保障工作稳步推进。全面加强城乡居民最低生活保障制度建设，救助人数达到６６１９万人。及时增加对低收入群体和大学生的生活补贴。大幅度提高重点优抚对象的抚恤优待标准。加大保障性住房建设和棚户区改造力度，低收入群众住房困难问题得到一定程度缓解。解决４８００多万农村人口的饮水安全问题。

Further progre was made in promoting fair education for all.Free compulsory education became available to all students, urban or rural, throughout the country, and all rural students receiving compulsory education obtained free textbooks.The standards for repairing and renovating school buildings in the central and western regions were raised, and the government allocated 3.25 billion yuan to provide heating to rural primary and secondary schools in the north.Development of vocational education was accelerated.The national financial aid system for students

6 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) was further improved.The central government spent 22.3 billion yuan and local governments increased funding as well to aist more than 20 million students.Grants of 1,500 yuan per student per annum were given to secondary vocational school students from rural areas or needy urban families, benefiting 90% of the current student population in these vocational schools.

促进教育公平取得新进展。全面实行城乡免费义务教育，对所有农村义务教育阶段学生免费提供教科书。提高中西部地区校舍维修标准，国家财政安排３２．５亿元帮助解决北方农村中小学取暖问题。职业教育加快发展。国家助学制度进一步完善，中央财政投入２２３亿元，地方财政也加大投入，资助学生超过２０００万人；向中等职业学校中来自城市经济困难家庭和农村的学生提供助学金，每人每年１５００元，惠及９０％的在校生。

Steady progre was made in reform and development of the pharmaceutical and health care system.A total of 814 million people, accounting for 91.5% of the rural population, now benefit from the new type of rural cooperative medical care system.The number of selected cities participating in trials of the basic medical insurance system for urban residents increased from 88 to 317, and the number of participating individuals increased by 73.59 million to 117 million.Significant progre was made in developing a system of community-based health services in urban areas.We continued to expand the coverage of the reward and aistance system for rural families complying with family planning regulations, and implemented the \"lower birthrate equals faster prosperity\" program in more places in the countryside.

医药卫生改革发展稳步推进。参加新型农村合作医疗的人口８．１４亿，参合率９１．５％。城镇居民基本医疗保险试点城市由上年的８８个增加到３１７个，参保人数增加７３５９万，总计达到１．１７亿。城市社区卫生服务体系建设取得重大进展。农村计划生育家庭奖励扶助制度和少生快富工程实施范围继续扩大。

We accelerated the development of culture and sports.Public cultural infrastructure facilities were improved, the cultural industries developed rapidly, and reform of the cultural management system was constantly deepened.We mobilized all resources and hosted a distinctive and high-level Beijing Olympicsand Paralympics, thus fulfilling the century-old dream of the Chinese nation, and Chinese athletes competed hard and brave and scored excellent achievements in the Games.This greatly aroused the patriotism of all our people and strengthened the cohesivene of our nation.

文化体育事业加快发展。公共文化基础设施建设得到加强，文化产业快速发展，文化体制改革不断深化。全力举办了有特色、高水平的北京奥运会、残奥会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想；中国运动员顽强拼搏，取得优异成绩，这极大地激发了全国人民的爱国热情，增强了民族凝聚力。

7 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) We continued to strengthen democracy and the legal system.The system of local-level democracy was further improved.Significant progre was made in enhancing law-based government.Last year, the State Council submitted eight bills, including a draft of the Social Insurance Law and draft amendments to the Law on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters, to the Standing Committee of the National People\'s Congre for deliberation.It also formulated or revised 30 administrative laws and regulations.The Regulations on Making Government Information Public was fully implemented.The public security system for crime prevention and control was strengthened.We battled against seceionist and terrorist activities, protected China\'s national security and maintained social stability.Our work related to ethnic minority, religious and overseas Chinese affairs further improved.

民主法制建设继续加强。基层民主制度进一步健全。依法行政深入推进。国务院提请全国人大常委会审议了社会保险法、防震减灾法等８件法律议案，制定或修订了３０件行政法规。全面实施政府信息公开条例。加强社会治安防控体系建设，开展反分裂、反恐怖斗争，维护了国家安全和社会稳定。民族、宗教、侨务工作进一步加强。

3.Vigorously advancing reform and opening up and injecting fresh vitality and impetus into economic and social development

（三）积极推进改革开放，为经济社会发展注入新的活力和动力

Institutional restructuring of the State Council was basically completed and that of local governments is progreing steadily.Comprehensive rural reforms continued to deepen, and reform of collective forest rights was instituted throughout the country.SOE reform was deepened.The transformation of the Agricultural Bank of China and China Development Bank into joint stock companies proceeded smoothly.The new Law on Corporate Income Tax went into effect, and real estate taxes were unified for domestic and overseas-funded enterprises and Chinese and foreign individuals.After years of deliberation, reform in pricing, taxes and fees for refined petroleum products was smoothly introduced.Aplan for reform of the pharmaceutical and health care system was devised and referred to the general public for comments.These innovations in systems and mechanisms have laid a solid foundation for our long-term development.

国务院机构改革基本完成，地方机构改革稳步推进。农村综合改革继续深化，集体林权制度改革全面推开。国有企业改革不断深化。中国农业银行和国家开发银行股份制改革顺利进行。实施新的企业所得税法，统一内外资企业和个人房地产税收制度。酝酿多年的成品油价格和税费改革顺利推出。制定医药卫生体制改革方案并公开征求意见。体制机制创新为长远发展奠定了坚实基础。

8 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) The country opened wider to the outside world.We vigorously implemented the strategy of competing on quality and diversifying export markets.We increased efforts to establish innovation bases to invigorate trade through science and technology and bases for providing services outsourced from other countries.We supported the export of products with Chinese trademarks and intellectual property rights.We improved the policy system for the proceing trade.We steadily opened service industries wider to the outside world and provided more guidance to orient foreign investment in China.We integrated existing funds and set up new ones designed to promote external economic and technological cooperation.We promulgated regulations on managing overseas contracted projects and rectified the system of administration of cooperative overseas labor services.We actively promoted energy and resources cooperation overseas, further expanded our aistances to other countries, and the pace of enterprises going global was accelerated.Further progre was made in the development of free trade zones, and in our economic dialogues with major trading partners and mutually beneficial cooperation with other developing countries.

对外开放水平继续提高。大力实施以质取胜和出口市场多元化战略。加强科技兴贸创新基地和服务外包基地建设，支持自主品牌和自主知识产权产品出口。完善加工贸易政策体系。稳步扩大服务业对外开放，加强对外商投资方向的引导。整合建立新的对外经济技术合作专项资金，发布对外承包工程管理条例，理顺对外劳务合作管理体制。积极推进境外能源资源合作，企业“走出去”步伐加快，对外援助进一步扩大。自由贸易区建设、与主要经贸伙伴的经济对话、同发展中国家的互利合作取得新进展。

Fellow Deputies, 各位代表！

A maive earthquake that shocked the world struck Wenchuan on May 12.Under the firm leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, people of all ethnic groups in China, especially in the quake zone, worked as one and fought in unison against the earthquake disaster.The people\'s army rushed to the frontlines without thinking of their own safety.We launched an earthquake rescue and relief operation that accomplished its work faster, mobilized more personnel and committed more resources than ever before in China\'s history.We steadfastly gave top priority to saving people\'s lives.We pulled 84,000 survivors out of the rubble.We promptly repaired damaged infrastructure, and resolutely unblocked the Mount Tangjia quake lake to avert potential secondary disasters.We did our utmost to prevent an epidemic from occurring and ensured that there was no major outbreak of diseases after the deadly earthquake.The central government allocated 38.4 billion yuan for quake relief and 74 billion yuan for post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction.We promptly introduced a host of policies and measures to support the quake zone.We energetically organized one-to-one aistance to designated areas affected by the earthquake.People from all sectors of society in China made generous

9 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) donations, both in cash and in kind; our compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese contributed generously to the disaster relief campaign; and the international community provided us with earthquake rescue and relief aistance.All this combined to forma boundle source of strength for the Chinese people to overcome the disaster.This hard struggle against the earthquake produced uncountable touching and brave exploits and fully demonstrated the great indomitable and unyielding spirit of the Chinese people, thus writing a heroic chapter in the history of the nation.

去年５月１２日，我国发生震惊世界的汶川特大地震。在党中央、国务院坚强领导下，全国各族人民特别是灾区人民万众一心、众志成城，人民子弟兵舍生忘死、冲锋在前，展开了我国历史上救援速度最快、动员范围最广、投入力量最大的抗震救灾斗争。我们坚持把抢救人的生命放在第一位，从废墟中抢救生还者８．４万人。迅速抢修基础设施，果断处置唐家山堰塞湖，避免严重次生灾害发生；全力开展防疫工作，实现了大灾之后无大疫。中央财政安排３８４亿元救灾款和７４０亿元恢复重建资金，迅速出台一系列支援灾区的政策措施。积极开展对口支援。社会各界踊跃捐助款物，广大香港同胞、澳门同胞、台湾同胞以及海外华侨华人奉献爱心，国际社会伸出援手，汇成了齐心协力抗击灾害的磅礴力量。这场艰苦卓绝的抗震救灾斗争，涌现出无数感天动地、可歌可泣的英雄事迹，充分展现了中国人民不屈不挠、自强不息的伟大民族精神，谱写了气壮山河的壮丽篇章。

None of the achievements we made last year came easily.They were the result of overall planning and correct leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as General Secretary, as well as the concerted and strenuous efforts of the whole Party, the entire army and the people of all our ethnic groups.On behalf of the State Council, I hereby expre our sincere gratitude to the people of all our ethnic groups and to the democratic parties, ma organizations and people from all sectors of society.I also expre our sincere thanks to compatriots in the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan and to overseas Chinese, as well as to foreign governments, international organizations and friends in other countries that take an interest in and support China\'s modernization drive.

过去一年的成就来之不易。这是以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央统揽全局、正确领导的结果，是全党全军全国各族人民同心同德、团结奋斗的结果。在这里，我代表国务院，向全国各族人民，向各民主党派、各人民团体和各界人士，表示诚挚的感谢！向香港特别行政区同胞、澳门特别行政区同胞、台湾同胞和海外侨胞，表示诚挚的感谢！向关心和支持中国现代化建设的各国政府、国际组织和各国朋友，表示诚挚的感谢！

While acknowledging our achievements, we must be clearly aware that we face unprecedented difficulties and challenges.

在肯定成绩的同时，也要清醒地看到，我们正面临前所未有的困难和挑战。

10 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

First, the global financial crisis continues to spread and get worse.Demand continues to shrink on international markets; the trend toward global deflation is obvious; and trade protectionism is resurging.The external economic environment has become more serious, and uncertainties have increased significantly.

一是国际金融危机还在蔓延、仍未见底。国际市场需求继续萎缩，全球通货紧缩趋势明显，贸易保护主义抬头，外部经济环境更加严峻，不确定因素显著增多。

Second, continuous drop in economic growth rate due to the impact of the global financial crisis has become a major problem affecting the overall situation.This has resulted in exce production capacity in some industries, caused some enterprises to experience operating difficulties and exerted severe preure on employment.Factors leading to decline in government revenues and increase in government expenditures have increased.It has become more difficult to maintain steady agricultural development and keep rural incomes growing.

二是受国际金融危机影响，经济增速持续下滑，已成为影响全局的主要矛盾。一些行业产能过剩，部分企业经营困难，就业形势十分严峻，财政减收增支因素增多，农业稳定发展、农民持续增收难度加大。

Third, institutional and structural problems that have long hindered healthy economic development still remain, and some of them are still prominent.Consumption demand is insufficient, and development of tertiary industries is sluggish.Our capacity for independent innovation is weak.Consumption of energy and other resources is high.Environmental pollution is serious.Disparities in development between urban and rural areas and between regions are widening.

三是长期制约我国经济健康发展的体制性、结构性矛盾依然存在，有的还很突出。消费需求不足，第三产业发展滞后，自主创新能力不强，能源资源消耗多，环境污染重，城乡、区域发展差距仍在扩大。

Fourth, some problems affecting the vital interests of the people have not been fundamentally alleviated.There are still many problems demanding urgent solution in the areas of social security, education, health care, income distribution and public security.

四是一些涉及人民群众切身利益的问题没有根本缓解，社会保障、教育、医疗、收入分配、社会治安等方面存在不少亟待解决的问题。

Fifth, order in the market is not well standardized; market oversight and law enforcement are not fully in place, and the social credit rating system is still in need of improvement.A number of serious and major incidents concerning food and

11 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) workplace safety have occurred, which have inflicted serious lo of life and property on the people and taught us a sobering leon.

五是市场秩序不规范，市场监管和执法不到位，社会诚信体系不健全。食品安全事件和安全生产重特大事故接连发生，给人民群众生命财产造成重大损失，教训十分深刻。

We need to thoroughly appreciate how serious and complex the international and domestic economic situations are, be more mindful of potential perils and crises, fully exploit favorable conditions and actively respond to all challenges so that we can succefully accomplish all our tasks and prove worthy of the great expectations and trust conferred on us by the people.

我们一定要深刻认识国际国内经济形势的严峻性和复杂性，增强危机意识和忧患意识，充分利用有利条件，积极应对各种挑战，努力做好各项工作，绝不辜负人民的期望和重托。

II.General Plan for the Work in 2009

二、２００９年工作总体部署

This year is crucial for the implementation of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan.It will also be the most difficult year for China\'s economic development since the beginning of the 21st century.We face arduous tasks in promoting reform, development and stability.

今年是实施“十一五”规划的关键之年，也是进入新世纪以来我国经济发展最为困难的一年，改革发展稳定的任务十分繁重。

An analysis of the overall international and domestic situations shows that China is still in an important period of strategic opportunities.Challenges and opportunities coexist, as do hardships and hopes.Neither the fundamentals of China\'s economic and social development nor its positive long-term trend has changed.We are fully confident that we will overcome difficulties and challenges, and we have the conditions and ability to do so.Our confidence and strength come from many sources: from the scientific judgment and correct grasp of the situation of the central leadership; from the policies and measures that have been formulated and implemented to respond to challenges and promote long-term development; from the huge demand generated by the development of infrastructure, the upgrading of the industrial structure and consumption patterns, environmental protection, and the development of the ecosystem and social programs in the rapid proce of industrialization and urbanization; from the support of such factors as our ample capital and labor resources, our sound financial system in smooth operation, vigorous enterprises and flexible macro control policies; from our material, scientific and technological base and institutional conditions that have been created in the 30 years

12 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) of reform and opening up; from our unique political and institutional advantages that enable us to mobilize resources to accomplish large undertakings, the stable, harmonious social environment we enjoy, and the enthusiasm and creativity of the whole nation from top to bottom to promote scientific development; and from the powerful spirit of the Chinese nation, which always works hard and persistently to make the country strong.As long as we closely follow the Party\'s leadership and firmly rely on the people of all our ethnic groups, we will be able to overcome any difficulties, minimize the adverse impact of the global financial crisis and promote sound and rapid economic and social development.

综观国际国内形势，我国仍处于重要战略机遇期。挑战与机遇并存，困难与希望同在。我国经济社会发展的基本面和长期向好的趋势没有改变。我们完全有信心、有条件、有能力克服困难，战胜挑战。我们的信心和力量，来自中央对形势的科学判断和准确把握；来自已经制定并实施的应对挑战、着眼长远的一系列政策举措；来自工业化、城镇化快速推进中的基础设施建设、产业结构和消费结构升级、环境保护、生态建设和社会事业发展等方面的巨大需求；来自充裕的资金、丰富的劳动力资源等要素支撑；来自运行稳健的金融体系、活力增强的各类企业和富于弹性的宏观调控政策；来自改革开放３０年建立的物质、科技基础和体制条件；来自集中力量办大事的政治和制度优势、和谐安定的社会环境以及全国上下促进科学发展的积极性、创造性；来自中华民族坚忍不拔、发愤图强的伟大精神力量。只要我们紧紧依靠党的领导和全国各族人民，就没有克服不了的困难，就一定能够把国际金融危机的不利影响降到最低程度，就一定能够推动经济社会又好又快发展。

To carry out the work of the government well this year, we must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, take Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as our guide, and thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development.We need to make ensuring steady and rapid economic development the main task of our economic work.We need to strengthen and improve macroeconomic control, vigorously expand domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, change the pattern of development and speed up strategic economic restructuring, and deepen reform and improve our work of opening to the outside world.We need to improve the people\'s lives, increase social harmony and promote all-round progre in socialist economic, political, cultural, social and ecological development.

做好今年的政府工作，要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，把保持经济平稳较快发展作为经济工作的首要任务，加强和改善宏观调控，着力扩大国内需求特别是消费需求，着力转变发展方式、加快经济结构战略性调整，着力深化改革、提高对外开放水平，着力改善民生促进社会和谐，全面推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设。

We have set the following major targets for this year\'s national economic and social development: GDP will grow by about 8%; the economic structure will further

13 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) improve; urban employment will increase by more than nine million persons; the urban registered unemployment rate will be held under 4.6%, urban and rural incomes will grow steadily; the rise in the CPI will be around 4%; and the balance of payments will continue to improve.It needs to be streed that in projecting the GDP growth target at about 8%, we have taken into consideration both our need and ability to sustain development.In China, a developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, maintaining a certain growth rate for the economy is eential for expanding employment for both urban and rural residents, increasing people\'s incomes and ensuring social stability.As long as we adopt the right policies and appropriate measures and implement them effectively, we will be able to achieve this target.

今年国民经济和社会发展的主要预期目标是：国内生产总值增长８％左右，经济结构进一步优化；城镇新增就业９００万人以上，城镇登记失业率４．６％以内；城乡居民收入稳定增长；居民消费价格总水平涨幅４％左右；国际收支状况继续改善。这里要着重说明，提出８％左右的国内生产总值增长目标，综合考虑了发展的需要和可能。在我们这样一个１３亿人口的发展中国家，要扩大城乡就业，增加居民收入，维护社会稳定，就必须保持一定的经济增长速度。只要政策对头，措施得当，落实有力，就有可能实现这一目标。

To ensure succe of the government\'s work this year, we must act on the following principles.

做好今年政府工作，必须把握好以下原则：

First, we must boost domestic demand to sustain economic growth.We need to steadfastly take reversing the downward trend in economic growth as the primary goal of macro control, and make boosting domestic demand a long-term strategic principle and a basic point of departure for stimulating economic growth.We will work to increase effective demand, shore up weak links, and give full play to the leading role of domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, in driving economic growth.

一是扩内需、保增长。坚持把扭转经济增速下滑趋势作为宏观调控最重要的目标，把扩大国内需求作为促进经济增长的长期战略方针和根本着力点，增加有效需求，加强薄弱环节，充分发挥内需特别是消费需求拉动经济增长的主导作用。

Second, we must adjust the structure of the economy to raise it to a higher level of development.In changing the pattern of development, we will continue to focus on economic restructuring and independent innovation.We will turn preure into impetus for growth, unwaveringly protect and develop advanced productive forces, shut down backward production facilities, integrate factors of production and create more room for development.We will balance our efforts to sustain economic growth, adjust the structure and improve economic performance to raise the overall quality of the national economy and strengthen the basis for its further development.

14 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 二是调结构、上水平。坚持把推进经济结构调整和自主创新作为转变发展方式的主攻方向，变压力为动力，坚定不移地保护和发展先进生产力，淘汰落后产能，整合生产要素，拓展发展空间，实现保增长和调结构、增效益相统一，增强国民经济整体素质和发展后劲。

Third, we must pre ahead with reform to make the economy more vigorous.We will continue to take deepening reform and opening up as the fundamental driving force for promoting scientific development.We need to further emancipate our minds, intensify reform in major areas and key links, eliminate obstacles embedded in systems and mechanisms and stimulate greater creativity for development.

三是抓改革、增活力。坚持把深化改革开放作为促进科学发展的根本动力，进一步解放思想，加大重点领域和关键环节改革力度，消除体制机制障碍，激发创造活力。

Fourth, we must give top priority to ensuring people\'s well-being and promote social harmony.The more difficulties we face, the greater attention we should pay to ensuring people\'s well-being and promoting social harmony and stability.We will continue to ensure that maintaining and improving people\'s lives is always the starting and end point of our economic work.We will implement an even more proactive employment policy and closely integrate efforts to stimulate growth with efforts to expand employment and improve people\'s lives in order to ensure that all of the people share in the fruits of reform and development.

四是重民生、促和谐。越是困难的时候，越要关注民生，越要促进社会和谐稳定。坚持把保障和改善民生作为经济工作的出发点和落脚点，实行更加积极的就业政策，把促进增长与扩大就业、改善民生紧密结合起来，让人民群众共享改革发展的成果。

III.Major Tasks for 2009

三、２００９年主要任务

This year, our government work will give high priority to dealing with the global financial crisis and promoting steady and rapid economic development.We will take a coordinated approach, stre key areas, and fully implement a package plan to ensure steady and rapid economic development.We will dramatically increase government investment by launching a four trillion yuan two-year investment plan, for which the central government has pledged 1.18 trillion yuan, and implement a structural tax reduction in order to stimulate domestic demand.We will also implement a maive plan to adjust and reinvigorate industries to raise the overall competitivene of the economy; vigorously promote independent innovation and provide scientific and technological support to increase the sustaining power of development; and significantly increase social security benefits, expand urban and rural employment and promote development of social programs.To implement this package plan, we

15 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) will concentrate our efforts on the following seven areas.

今年的政府工作，要以应对国际金融危机、促进经济平稳较快发展为主线，统筹兼顾，突出重点，全面实施促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划。大规模增加政府投资，实施总额４万亿元的两年投资计划，其中中央政府拟新增１．１８万亿元，实行结构性减税，扩大国内需求；大范围实施调整振兴产业规划，提高国民经济整体竞争力；大力推进自主创新，加强科技支撑，增强发展后劲；大幅度提高社会保障水平，扩大城乡就业，促进社会事业发展。以实施一揽子计划为重点，今年要着力抓好以下七方面工作：

1.Improving and strengthening macro control and maintaining steady and rapid economic development

（一）加强和改善宏观调控，保持经济平稳较快发展

We need to adhere to a flexible and prudent control policy to make our macro control more responsive to changes and more results-oriented.We will reverse the slowdown in economic growth as soon as poible and maintain steady and rapid economic development.

要坚持灵活审慎的调控方针，提高宏观调控的应变能力和实际效果，尽快扭转经济增速下滑趋势，保持经济平稳较快发展。

We will implement a proactive fiscal policy. 实施积极的财政政策。

First, we will significantly increase government spending.This is the most active, direct and efficient way we can expand domestic demand.There will be a large discrepancy between government revenues and expenditures this year.On the one hand, a slowdown in economic growth and the reduction of tax burdens on enterprises and individuals will inevitably slow the growth of government revenues.On the other hand, we must significantly increase investment and government expenditures to stimulate economic growth, improve people\'s lives and deepen reform.To cover the shortfall arising from the decline in government revenues and growth in expenditures, we have set this year\'s central government deficit at 750 billion yuan, 570 billion yuan more than last year.In addition, the State Council will allow local governments to iue 200 billion yuan worth of government bonds through the Ministry of Finance, which will go into provincial budgets.These will add up to a 950 billion yuan deficit, accounting for le than 3% of the GDP.Although the deficit will increase significantly this year, the constant drop in government deficits in previous years provides room to iue more bonds this year, and the ratio of the cumulative balance of outstanding government bonds to GDP, which is around 20%, is within the acceptable range of what our overall national strength can bear and is therefore safe.

16 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

一是大幅度增加政府支出，这是扩大内需最主动、最直接、最有效的措施。今年财政收支紧张的矛盾十分突出。一方面，经济增速放缓、减轻企业和居民税负必然会使财政收入增速下降；另一方面，为刺激经济增长、改善民生和深化改革，又需要大幅度增加投资和政府支出。为弥补财政减收增支形成的缺口，拟安排中央财政赤字７５００亿元，比上年增加５７００亿元，同时国务院同意地方发行２０００亿元债券，由财政部代理发行，列入省级预算管理。全国财政赤字合计９５００亿元，占国内生产总值比重在３％以内，虽然当年赤字增加较多，但由于前几年连续减少赤字，发债空间较大，累计国债余额占国内生产总值比重２０％左右，这是我国综合国力可以承受的，总体上也是安全的。

Second, we will carry out structural tax reduction and promote reform of taxes and fees.We will reduce tax burdens on enterprises and individuals by a variety of means such as tax cuts, rebates and exemptions to encourage enterprise investment and consumer spending and invigorate the micro-economy.Preliminary calculations indicate that the burdens on enterprises and individuals will fall by approximately 500 billion yuan this year as the result of comprehensively carrying out VAT reform; implementing existing preferential tax policies on small and medium-sized enterprises, the real estate industry and securities transactions and export rebate policies; and rescinding or suspending 100 administrative charges.

二是实行结构性减税和推进税费改革。采取减税、退税或抵免税等多种方式减轻企业和居民税负，促进企业投资和居民消费，增强微观经济活力。初步测算，今年全面实施增值税转型，落实已出台的中小企业、房地产和证券交易相关税收优惠以及出口退税等方面政策，加上取消和停征１００项行政事业性收费，可减轻企业和居民负担约５０００亿元。

Third, we will optimize the structure of government expenditures.We will continue to increase investment in key areas, strictly control regular expenditures, and do everything we can to reduce administrative costs.

三是优化财政支出结构。继续加大对重点领域投入，严格控制一般性开支，努力降低行政成本。

We will follow a moderately easy monetary policy and give monetary policy a more active role to play in promoting economic growth.

实施适度宽松的货币政策。货币政策要在促进经济增长方面发挥更加积极的作用。

First, we will improve financial control.We will increase the broad money supply by about 17% and grant over five trillion yuan in additional loans to ensure that the supply of money and credit meets the requirements of economic development.

17 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 一是改善金融调控。保证货币信贷总量满足经济发展需求，广义货币增长１７％左右，新增贷款５万亿元以上。

Second, we will improve the credit structure.We will strengthen monitoring and guidance of the flow of credit, increase financial support for weak links such as agriculture, rural areas and farmers as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, and effectively resolve the problem some businees have in getting financing.We will strictly control lending to industries and enterprises that are energy intensive or highly polluting or have exce production capacity.

二是优化信贷结构。加强对信贷投向的监测和指导，加大对“三农”、中小企业等薄弱环节的金融支持，切实解决一些企业融资难问题。严格控制对高耗能、高污染和产能过剩行业企业的贷款。

Third, we will improve the mechanism for transmitting monetary policy and guarantee the smooth flow of funds.We will make full use of the advantages and special features of all kinds of financial institutions, innovate and improve financial services, satisfy reasonable requests for financing, and create a synergy for finance to promote economic development.

三是进一步理顺货币政策传导机制，保证资金渠道畅通。充分发挥各类金融机构的优势和特点，创新和改进金融服务，满足合理资金需求，形成金融促进经济发展的合力。

Fourth, we will strengthen and improve financial oversight and supervision.All kinds of financial enterprises need to strengthen risk management and become better able to withstand risks.We will ensure that there is a proper balance between innovation, opening up, and oversight and supervision in the financial sector.We will strengthen monitoring and supervision of cro-border capital flows and maintain financial stability and security.

四是加强和改进金融监管。各类金融企业都要加强风险管理，增强抵御风险能力。处理好金融创新、金融开放与金融监管的关系。加强跨境资本流动监测和管理，维护金融稳定和安全。

We need to make our fiscal and monetary policies more consistent and coordinated with our industrial, trade, land, investment and employment policies to create a control synergy.

要加强产业、贸易、土地、投资、就业政策与财政、货币政策的一致性和协调性，形成调控合力。

2.Actively boosting domestic demand, especially consumer demand, and strengthening the role of domestic demand in driving economic growth

18 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

（二）积极扩大国内需求特别是消费需求，增强内需对经济增长的拉动作用

First, we will expand consumption, especially individual consumption.We will continue to adjust income distribution, raise the proportion of the national income that goes to wages, increase the proportion of government spending dedicated to improving people\'s lives and expanding consumption, and increase subsidies to farmers and low-income urban residents.We need to cultivate areas of high consumer demand and expand consumption in new areas.We will improve the policy on automobile consumption, accelerate development of markets for second-hand cars and car rental, and guide and promote rational spending on automobiles.We will vigorously expand consumption that makes people\'s lives easier, such as community-based businees, property management and household services; accelerate development of tourism and leisure consumption; increase consumption in culture, recreation, sports and fitne services; and vigorously expand consumption in new areas such as the Internet and animation.We will improve consumption policies and the consumption environment.We will accelerate the project to encourage retailers to open stores in more townships and villages, and encourage commercial chains to open more outlets in rural areas.We will intensify the development of consumption facilities and service networks in both urban and rural areas, rectify order in the market, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers.We will promptly work out and introduce policies and measures to encourage consumption, and vigorously develop consumer credit.We will do all the work of implementing the programs for bringing home appliances, agricultural machinery, and automobiles and motorbikes to the countryside well, and we will make effective and flexible use of the 40 billion yuan in central government subsidies provided to get enterprises to increase their sales and enable farmers to enjoy real benefits.

一是扩大消费尤其是居民消费。继续调整收入分配格局，提高劳动报酬占国民收入的比重，增加政府支出用于改善民生、扩大消费的比重，增加对城镇低收入群众和农民的补贴。要培育消费热点，拓展消费空间。完善汽车消费政策，加快发展二手车市场和汽车租赁市场，引导和促进汽车合理消费。大力发展社区商业、物业、家政等便民消费，加快发展旅游休闲消费，扩大文化娱乐、体育健身等服务消费，积极发展网络动漫等新型消费。完善消费政策，优化消费环境。加快建设“万村千乡”市场工程，推进连锁经营向农村延伸。要加强城乡消费设施和服务体系建设，规范市场秩序，维护消费者合法权益。抓紧研究出台鼓励消费的政策措施，积极发展消费信贷。做好“家电下乡”、“农机下乡”、“汽车、摩托车下乡”等工作，把中央财政的４００亿元补贴资金用好用活，使企业增加销售、农民得到实惠。

Second, we will maintain rapid growth in investment and improve the investment structure.The central government plans to invest 908 billion yuan this year.Government investment will focus on projects to improve people\'s lives such as those for developing low-income housing, education, heath care and culture; projects to conserve energy, protect the environment, improve the ecosystem, upgrade

19 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) technologies, and make scientific and technological innovations; projects to make key infrastructure improvements, including farmland improvement and water conservancy projects, railways, and freeways; and post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction.We must channel government investment to areas where it best counteracts the effects of the global financial crisis and to weak areas in economic and social development, and no government investment will be made in the regular proceing industries.We will promptly work out and introduce preferential policies to encourage and guide non-governmental investment.We need to support non-governmental investment in areas favored by state industrial policies and encourage enterprises to increase spending on R&D and technological upgrading through proper release of information and improved guidance.All government money comes from the people, and we must spend every penny responsibly.We will make every effort to ensure that all construction projects meet high quality standards and are built to last and be paed onto our future generations as valuable legacy.

二是保持投资较快增长和优化投资结构。今年中央政府投资总额９０８０亿元，主要用于保障性住房、教育、卫生、文化等民生工程建设，节能环保和生态建设，技术改造与科技创新，农田水利、铁路、高速公路等重点基础设施建设和地震灾后恢复重建。政府投资必须用在应对危机最关键的地方，用在经济社会发展的薄弱环节，绝不能用于一般加工工业。要抓紧研究出台鼓励引导社会投资的优惠政策。通过发布信息、加强引导，支持社会资本投向符合国家产业政策的领域，鼓励企业增加研发和技改投资。我们的每一分钱都来自人民，必须对人民负责。所有工程建设都要坚持百年大计、质量第一，给子孙后代留下宝贵财富。

Third, we will promote the steady and healthy development of the real estate market.We will adopt even more vigorous and effective policies and measures to stabilize market confidence and expectations, keep real estate investment stable, and promote steady and orderly development of the real estate industry.We will speed up implementation and improvement of policies and measures to promote development of low-income housing projects.Wewill strive to solve the housing problems of 7.5 million low-income urban families and 2.4 million families living in shantytowns in forests, on reclaimed land and around coalmines within three years.This year, the central government will allocate 49.3 billion yuan for the construction of low-income housing to increase funding for developing low-rent housing and improving housing conditions in shantytowns, and increase housing subsidies for the central and western regions by an appropriate amount.We will expand the pilot program for renovating dilapidated houses in rural areas and build permanent housing for nomads in ethnic minority areas.A pilot program will be launched in selected places where conditions permit to use the idle portion of the housing accumulation fund to support development of affordable housing.We will vigorously develop public rental housing.We will effectively implement credit, tax and other policies to support people in purchasing homes and making home improvements.Individuals who meet relevant criteria and apply for bank loans to support the purchase of a second home for personal use will enjoy similar preferential lending policies that apply to the purchase

20 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) of first homes.We will implement the policy to reduce or exempt the busine tax on housing transfers to varying degrees based on the age of the housing.We will expand consumption and supply of ordinary commercial housing, and increase credit support for building small and medium-sized condominiums at low and medium price levels.We will speed up development of the market for second-hand homes and the home rental market.We will encourage and guide local governments to stabilize and develop their real estate market in light of local conditions, and strengthen supervision of the housing market by type.We will continue to rectify order in the real estate market, and standardize transactions.We will help rural migrant workers in cities solve their housing problems.We will deepen reform of the urban housing system to meet people\'s multilevel housing demand, and strive to ensure adequate housing for everyone.

三是促进房地产市场稳定健康发展。采取更加积极有效的政策措施，稳定市场信心和预期，稳定房地产投资，推动房地产业平稳有序发展。加快落实和完善促进保障性住房建设的政策措施，争取用三年时间，解决７５０万户城市低收入住房困难家庭和２４０万户林区、垦区、煤矿等棚户区居民的住房问题。今年中央财政拟安排保障性安居工程资金４９３亿元，加大对廉租房建设和棚户区改造的投资支持力度，适当提高中西部地区补助标准，扩大农村危房改造试点范围，实施少数民族地区游牧民定居工程。选择一些有条件的地区进行试点，把部分住房公积金闲置资金补充用于经济适用住房建设。积极发展公共租赁住房。落实好支持居民购买自住性和改善性住房的信贷、税收和其他政策。对符合条件的第二套普通自住房购买者，比照执行首次贷款购买普通自住房的优惠政策；对住房转让环节营业税，按不同年限实行有区别的税收减免政策。促进普通商品住房消费和供给，加大对中小套型、中低价位普通商品房建设的信贷支持。加快发展二手房市场和住房租赁市场。鼓励引导各地因地制宜稳定和发展房地产市场，加强住房市场分类管理。继续整顿房地产市场秩序，规范交易行为。帮助进城农民工解决住房困难问题。深化城镇住房制度改革，满足居民多层次住房需求，努力实现住有所居的目标。

Fourth, we will accelerate recovery and reconstruction of areas hit by the Wenchuan earthquake.We will promptly and fully implement the master plan for post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction.The central government will allocate 130 billion yuan for this purpose this year.We will quickly rebuild homes for quake-affected urban and rural residents by combining repair and reinforcement of existing housing with construction of new housing.We will basically complete reconstruction of rural houses collapsed or badly damaged during the earthquake, and ensure quake-stricken residents can move into new houses by the end of this year.We will accelerate rebuilding of schools in the quake zone and ensure that more than 95% of the students whose school buildings were destroyed in the earthquake will have permanent school buildings.We will continue work to repair and rebuild infrastructure such as transportation, communications, energy and water conservancy facilities.We will effectively prevent and control geological disasters, restore the ecosystem, improve the environment, and resume cultivation of damaged arable land.

21 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) We will speed up industrial rebuilding and development in the quake zone on the basis of the plan to adjust and reinvigorate key industries.We will continue to provide one-to-one aistance and special aid to the quake zone and manage and use funds, goods and materials for post-earthquake reconstruction well.We will intensify and accelerate post-earthquake reconstruction and strive to basically reach the targets in two years that had originally been set for three, so that residents of the quake zone can begin to live a happier life as soon as poible.

四是加快推进地震灾区恢复重建。抓紧全面实施灾后恢复重建总体规划，中央财政今年再安排１３００亿元灾后重建资金。加快灾区城乡居民住房恢复重建，实行维修加固与新建相结合。基本完成因灾倒塌和严重损毁农房重建任务，保证受灾群众在今年底前住进新房。加快地震灾区学校恢复建设，确保今年底９５％以上的学生都能在永久性校舍中学习。继续推进交通、通信、能源、水利等基础设施恢复重建。搞好地质灾害防治、生态修复、环境整治和灾毁耕地复耕。结合实施重点产业调整振兴规划，加快灾区产业重建与发展。继续搞好对口支援和专项援助，管好用好灾后重建资金和物资。灾后重建要加大力度，加快进度，力争在两年内基本完成原定三年的目标任务，让灾区人民早日过上更加幸福美好的生活。

3.Consolidating and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy, and promoting steady development of agriculture and continuous increase in rural incomes

（三）巩固和加强农业基础地位，促进农业稳定发展和农民持续增收

We will focus on the following five areas.

今年重点抓好五件事：

First, we will steadily develop grain production.We will effectively keep the area planted in grain crops stable, focus on increasing the yield per unit area and optimizing the variety mix, and increase the country\'s grain production capacity by 50 million tons.

一是稳定发展粮食生产。切实稳定种植面积，着力提高单产，优化品种结构，推进全国新增千亿斤粮食生产能力建设。

Second, we will adjust the agricultural structure based on market demand.We will support the production of important agricultural products in short supply, and improve the quality, profitability and competitivene of agricultural products.We will speed up implementation of the new plan for developing agricultural products in regions with the most suitable conditions.We will support the growing of oil bearing and other cash crops in areas with the most suitable conditions.We will stabilize hog production, implement the plan for reinvigorating the dairy industry, and promote

22 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) large-scale, standardized, healthy farming practices in animal husbandry and aquaculture.We will strengthen the prevention and control of major animal and plant epidemics.

二是以市场需求为导向调整农业结构。支持重要紧缺农产品生产，提高农产品质量、效益和竞争力。加快实施新一轮优势农产品区域布局规划，支持优势产区发展油料等经济作物，稳定生猪生产，实施奶业振兴规划，推进畜牧水产规模化标准化健康养殖。加强重大动植物疫病防控。

Third, we will intensify development of agricultural infrastructure and projects designed to improve the lives of rural people.We will develop land on a large scale and comprehensively improve farmland, water supplies, roads, and forests.We will upgrade low- and medium-yield farmland and develop farm plots that meet high standards.We will speed up the reinforcement of large and medium-sized reservoirs and dangerous key small reservoirs.We will further improve irrigated areas and build more small water conservancy facilities.By the end of next year, we will have basically paved the roads linking all towns and townships acro the country and all incorporated villages with the proper conditions in the eastern and central regions and will have completed the construction of roads connecting all incorporated villages with the proper conditions in the western region.In addition, we will provide safe drinking water to another 60 million people and methane to an additional five million households.We will continue to improve rural infrastructure, including power grids, postal service, and telecommunications, and intensify development of rural social programs.

三是加强农业基础设施和农村民生工程建设。大规模开展土地整治，实行田、水、路、林综合治理，推进中低产田改造，建设高标准农田。加快大中型和重点小型病险水库除险加固进度，加强灌区改造和小型农田水利建设。到明年底，基本实现全国乡镇和东中部地区具备条件的建制村道路硬化，西部地区具备条件的建制村通公路。再解决６０００万人安全饮水问题，增加５００万沼气用户，继续加强农村电网、邮政通信和社会事业等基础建设。

Fourth, we will increase rural incomes in a variety of ways.We will vigorously develop modern agriculture with distinctive local features, support intensive proceing and sale of agricultural products, develop rural secondary and tertiary industries, accelerate the development of small towns, and strengthen county economies.

四是多渠道促进农民增收。大力发展特色现代农业，扶持农产品精深加工和销售，发展农村二三产业，加快小城镇建设，壮大县域经济。

Fifth, we will intensify our efforts to alleviate poverty through development.This year, a new poverty line will be adopted and all low-income rural residents will be covered by the poverty relief policy.The threshold will be increased to 1,196 yuan per

23 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) person on average, and coverage will be extended to include 40.07 million recipients.This marks the beginning of a new stage in China\'s efforts to reduce poverty through development.We need to improve state poverty relief strategies and policies, increase funding, and steadfastly make development the basis of poverty reduction.We will give priority to eradicating poverty at the village level, training rural residents for nonagricultural employment, and reducing poverty through industrial development and relocation of residents so that the poor get the basic neceities, escape poverty, and become prosperous.

五是加大扶贫开发力度。今年将实行新的扶贫标准，对农村低收入人口全面实施扶贫政策。新标准提高到人均１１９６元，扶贫对象覆盖４００７万人，这标志着我国扶贫开发进入一个新阶段。要完善国家扶贫战略和政策，加大扶贫资金投入，坚持开发式扶贫，重点抓好整村推进、劳动力转移培训、产业化扶贫和移民扶贫，稳定解决扶贫对象温饱问题并努力实现脱贫致富。

We will take the following measures to comprehensively strengthen our work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

全面加强“三农”工作要采取以下措施：

First, we will greatly increase funding for agriculture and rural areas.Central government allocations for agriculture, rural areas and farmers will total 716.1 billion yuan this year, a year-on-year increase of 120.6 billion yuan.We will significantly increase funding for rural public facilities in the central and western regions, and relieve governments at and below the county level of the burden of providing supporting funds for them.Greater priority will be given to major grain-producing areas in implementing the policies and measures supporting grain production.More general transfer payments and financial rewards will be provided to major grain-producing counties and greater support given to projects for industrializing grain production.

一要大幅度增加农业农村投入。今年中央财政拟安排“三农”投入７１６１亿元，比上年增加１２０６亿元。大幅度增加对中西部地区农村公益性建设项目投入，取消县及县以下相关资金配套要求。支持粮食生产的政策措施向主产区倾斜，加大对产粮大县一般性转移支付、财政奖励和粮食产业建设项目的扶持力度。

Second, we will significantly raise minimum grain purchase prices and keep the prices of agricultural products stable at a reasonable level to encourage farmers to grow more.This year the floor price for the purchase of wheat and rice will be increased by 0.22 yuan and 0.26 yuan per kilogram on average respectively.We will apply policies in a timely fashion to temporarily purchase and stockpile major agricultural products to build up reserves of grain, cotton, edible oil and pork, and strengthen regulation of the farm products market.

24 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 二要较大幅度提高粮食最低收购价，保持农产品价格合理水平，提高种粮农民积极性。今年小麦、稻谷最低收购价平均每斤分别提高０．１１元和０．１３元。适时启动主要农产品临时收储政策，增加粮食、棉花、食用植物油和猪肉储备，加强农产品市场调控。

Third, we will further increase agricultural subsidies.Central government funding for these subsidies will total 123 billion yuan, an increase of 20 billion yuan over last year.Direct subsidies to grain producers will continue to increase.We will increase subsidies for the use of superior seed varieties, raise subsidy levels, make subsidies available to all rice, wheat, corn and cotton growers, extend them more widely to canola and soybean farmers, and start to subsidize tea-oil tree planting.The central government will spend 13 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of nine billion yuan, on subsidies to all agricultural and pastoral counties (farms) throughout the country for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools.We will promptly increase general subsidies for agricultural supplies to coordinate with price rises and changes in the acreage planted in various crops.

三要进一步增加农业补贴。中央财政拟安排补贴资金１２３０亿元，比上年增加２００亿元。继续增加粮食直补。加大良种补贴力度，提高补贴标准，实现水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花全覆盖，扩大油菜和大豆良种补贴范围，实施油茶良种补贴。农机具购置补贴覆盖到全国所有农牧业县（场），中央财政拟安排资金１３０亿元，比上年增加９０亿元。根据农资价格上涨幅度和农作物播种面积，及时增加农资综合补贴。

Fourth, we will speed up development of a new system under which various sectors of society provide services for agriculture.We will increase spending on agricultural science and technology, intensify efforts to expand application of innovations in agricultural science and technology and become better able to provide agriculture-related technical services.We will improve public service agencies charged with promoting application of agricultural technologies, preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, and monitoring the quality of agricultural products at the local level.We will support supply and marketing cooperatives, specialized farmer cooperatives and pacesetting enterprises in providing diverse production and operation services.

四要加快新型农业社会化服务体系建设。加大农业科技投入，加强农业科技创新成果推广和服务能力建设。健全基层农业技术推广、动植物疫病防控、农产品质量监管等公共服务机构，支持供销合作社、农民专业合作社、龙头企业等提供多种形式的生产经营服务。

Fifth, we will stabilize and improve the basic rural operation system.We will ensure that existing land contract relationships remain stable and unchanged for a long time to come, and enhance and better protect the land contract and management rights enjoyed by rural residents, including migrant workers who are away from their home

25 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) villages.The transfer of land use rights must occur on a compensated, voluntary basis and be conducted in accordance with the law.We will adhere to and apply the strictest poible systems for protecting arable land and economizing on the use of land, and do everything in our power to keep the total amount of arable land above the red line of 120 million hectares.Reform of the system of collective forest rights will move forward.Overall rural reform will be deepened.We will accelerate reform of town and township government departments and work actively yet prudently to ease the debts of townships and villages.

五要稳定完善农村基本经营制度。现有土地承包关系要保持稳定并长久不变，赋予农民包括离乡农民工更加充分而有保障的土地承包经营权。土地承包经营权流转必须坚持依法自愿有偿的原则。坚持和落实最严格的耕地保护制度和最严格的节约用地制度，严守１８亿亩耕地红线不动摇。推进集体林权制度改革。深化农村综合改革。加快乡镇机构改革。积极稳妥化解乡村债务。

4.Accelerating transformation of the pattern of development and energetically promoting strategic economic restructuring

（四）加快转变发展方式，大力推进经济结构战略性调整

This year we will focus on improving industrial restructuring in order to maintain economic growth and promote industrial upgrading.

今年要围绕保增长、促升级，重点抓好产业结构调整。

First, we will conscientiously implement plans for adjusting and invigorating key industries such as the automobile, steel, shipbuilding, petrochemical, textile, nonferrous metals, equipment manufacturing, information technology, modern logistics, and light industries.We will carry out industrial restructuring and upgrading to resolve the prominent problems and conflicts that hinder their development.

一是认真实施汽车、钢铁、造船、石化、轻工、纺织、有色金属、装备制造、电子信息、现代物流等重点产业调整和振兴规划。着力解决这些行业发展中存在的突出矛盾和问题，推进结构调整和优化升级。

Second, we will energetically adjust the structure of enterprises and carry out mergers and reorganizations.We will support superior enterprises in acquiring ones that are backward or have financial difficulties.We will encourage well-established enterprises to work with each other, and upstream and downstream enterprises to integrate their operations in order to raise the level of industry concentration and the efficiency of resource allocation.

二是大力推进企业组织结构调整和兼并重组，支持优势企业并购落后企业和困难企业，鼓励强强联合和上下游一体化经营，提高产业集中度和资源配置效率。

26 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

Third, we will take more effective measures to support development of small and medium-sized enterprises.We will promptly implement financial support policies, improve the financing guarantee system, streamline loan procedures, and increase the scale of loans.Central government funding for supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises will increase from 3.9 billion yuan to 9.6 billion yuan.We will continue to implement preferential tax policies to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to make scientific and technological innovations, upgrade their technology, and create more jobs.We will improve the system under which various sectors of society provide services for small and medium-sized enterprises.

三是采取更加有力的措施扶持中小企业发展。抓紧落实金融支持政策，健全融资担保体系，简化贷款程序，增加贷款规模。中央财政中小企业发展资金从３９亿元增加到９６亿元。继续实行鼓励中小企业科技创新、技术改造、增加就业的税收优惠政策。健全中小企业社会化服务体系。

Fourth, we will actively support enterprises in accelerating technological upgrading and develop innovation-based enterprises.The central government will allocate 20 billion yuan, mainly in interest subsidies, to support technological upgrading in enterprises.We will encourage enterprises to apply new technologies, new production procees, new equipment and new materials so that they can adapt to market changes, develop more readily marketable products, undertake product innovation, and improve their product quality and the level of production and busine operations.

四是积极支持企业加快技术改造，建设创新型企业。中央财政拟安排２００亿元专项资金，主要用贴息方式支持企业技术改造。鼓励企业应用新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料，适应市场变化，开发适销对路产品，推进产品创新，提高产品质量和生产经营水平。

Fifth, we will accelerate development of modern service industries.We will promote development of the banking, insurance, modern logistics, consulting, software and creative industries, and develop new types of services.We will upgrade traditional service industries.

五是加快发展现代服务业。促进金融保险、现代物流、信息咨询、软件和创意产业发展，拓展新兴服务领域。提升传统服务业。

We will vigorously promote scientific and technological innovation.We will integrate making technological innovation with boosting domestic demand, maintaining economic growth, making structural adjustments and raising the level of development.This year the central government will allocate 146.1 billion yuan to the science and technology sector, up 25.6% from last year.

27 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 大力推进科技创新。科技创新要与扩内需、促增长，调结构、上水平紧密结合起来。今年中央财政科技投入１４６１亿元，增长２５．６％。

First, we need to speed up implementation of the Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development, particularly, implementation of major science and technology projects.We will select and launch a number of projects that give strong impetus to scientific and technological development, have a widespread impact, and yield quick results, in order to quickly make breakthroughs in core and key generic technologies that can stimulate the transformation of industries and technological upgrading, and support invigoration of industries and long-term economic development.

一要加快实施国家中长期科技发展规划纲要，特别是科技重大专项。选择一些带动力强、影响面大、见效快的项目抓紧开展工作，争取尽快突破一批核心技术和关键共性技术，带动产业转型和技术升级，支撑产业振兴和经济长远发展。

Second, we need to deepen reform of the science and technology management system.We will get enterprises to play a key role in technological innovation, and encourage more scientists and engineers to work on the frontlines of economic development spreading technologies, doing product R&D, and starting technology based enterprises.We will get enterprises, universities, and research institutes to work more closely together to accelerate the application of scientific and technological advances in production.

二要深化科技体制改革，发挥企业在技术创新中的主体作用。动员更多科技人员投身经济建设第一线，推广技术、研发产品、创办科技型企业。推进产学研结合，加快科技成果向现实生产力转化。

Third, we will make the equipment manufacturing industry stronger and larger.We will implement the project to increase self-sufficiency in doing R&D on manufacturing major equipment and implement a related system of government procurement.We will vigorously develop manufacturing of complete sets of major equipment, high-tech equipment and equipment needed in high-tech industries, raise the level of integrated innovation and make greater use of domestic components in the equipment manufacturing industry.

三要做强做大装备制造业。落实自主研发重大装备国内依托工程和政府采购制度，着力发展重大成套设备、高技术装备和高技术产业所需装备，提高装备制造业集成创新和国产化水平。

Fourth, we will support and promote R&D on technologies in new energy sources, biology, medicine, third generation mobile communications, the integration of telecommunications networks, cable TV networks and the Internet, energy conservation and environmental protection, and their industrial application.We will

28 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) develop clusters of new- and high-tech industries, and create new areas of demand in society.

四要支持和推进新能源、生物、医药、第三代移动通信、三网融合、节能环保等技术研发和产业化，发展高新技术产业群，创造新的社会需求。

Fifth, we will continue to implement the strategy of reinvigorating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through human resources development and the intellectual property rights strategy.We will continue to develop the national innovation system, intensify basic research and research in leading-edge technologies, and accelerate development of major infrastructure facilities and public platforms for science and technology.We will work vigorously to bring in high-caliber personnel and intellectual resources from overseas and intensify the training of all types of personnel.We will become better able to create, utilize, protect and manage intellectual property rights.

五要继续实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略和知识产权战略。继续推进国家创新体系建设，加强基础科学和前沿技术研究，加快重大科技基础设施和公用平台建设。积极引进海外高层次人才和智力，加强各类人才队伍建设。提高知识产权创造、运用、保护和管理水平。

We will work tirelely to save energy, reduce emiions, preserve the ecosystems, and protect the environment.

毫不松懈地加强节能减排和生态环保工作。

First, we will emphasize energy conservation in the three key areas of industry, transportation and construction; continue work on the ten major energy conservation projects; and implement energy-conserving measures for power generators, boilers, automobiles, air-conditioners and lighting products.

一是突出抓好工业、交通、建筑三大领域节能，继续推进十大重点节能工程建设，落实电机、锅炉、汽车、空调、照明等方面的节能措施。

Second, we will energetically develop a circular economy and clean energy.We will steadfastly save energy, water and land.We will vigorously develop clean energy such as nuclear, hydraulic, wind, and solar power.We will promote the adaptation of clean coal technology for industrial application.We will strictly enforce national standards for energy consumption and environmental protection, increase the use of energy-conserving technologies and products, and promote comprehensive utilization of resources.

二是大力发展循环经济和清洁能源。坚持节能节水节地。积极发展核电、水电、风电、太阳能发电等清洁能源。推进洁净煤技术产业化。严格执行能耗和环

29 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 保国家标准，加大节能技术和产品推广应用力度，加强资源综合利用。

Third, we will improve our policies for conserving energy and protecting the environment, and strictly enforce the system of standards, aement system and monitoring system for energy conservation and emiions reduction.

三是健全节能环保各项政策，按照节能减排指标体系、考核体系、监测体系，狠抓落实。

Fourth, we will launch a nationwide campaign on the importance of energy conservation and emiions reduction, in which state organs and government-affiliated enterprises and institutions need to play an exemplary role.

四是开展全民节能减排行动，国家机关、公共企事业单位要发挥表率作用。

Fifth, we will continue to intensify pollution prevention and control in key river valleys and regions; control the spread of stony deserts and desertification; carry out ecological conservation projects to build key forest shelterbelts, protect virgin forests, and bring the sources of dust storms affecting Beijing and Tianjin under control; and protect water, forests, gralands, wetlands and other elements of the ecosystems.We will comprehensively improve the rural environment.We will rectify and standardize order in the exploitation of mineral resources and develop and use marine resources wisely.

五是继续强化重点流域、区域污染防治，加强石漠化、荒漠化治理，实施重点防护林、天然林保护和京津风沙源治理等生态建设工程，保护水、森林、草原、湿地等生态环境。推进农村环境综合整治。整顿规范矿产资源开发秩序。合理开发利用海洋资源。

Sixth, we will implement the national plan for addreing climate change and become better able to respond to it.We will intensify basic research in meteorology, earthquake science, disaster prevention and mitigation, and surveying and mapping and strengthen these areas.

六是实施应对气候变化国家方案，提高应对气候变化能力。加强气象、地震、防灾减灾、测绘基础研究和能力建设。

We will comprehensively improve product quality and enhance workplace safety.This year we will launch a campaign to rectify and standardize order in the market and carry out the Quality and Safety Year campaign, which requires all industries and sectors to strengthen quality and safety supervision of all personnel and all procees in all areas.We will further tighten oversight and supervision of workplace safety in key industries and resolutely prevent serious and major accidents.We will make intensive efforts to improve food and drug safety, and improve and strictly enforce

30 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) standards for product quality and safety.We will implement strict market acce rules and product trace ability and recall systems so that the people buy food and drugs with confidence and consume them with satisfaction.

全面提高产品质量和安全生产水平。今年要在全国开展整顿和规范市场秩序专项行动以及“质量和安全年”活动，各行各业都要加强全员、全过程、全方位质量和安全管理。进一步强化重点行业安全生产监管，坚决遏制重特大安全事故发生。深入开展食品药品安全专项整治，健全并严格执行产品质量安全标准。实行严格的市场准入制度和产品质量追溯制度、召回制度。要让人民群众买得放心、吃得安心、用得舒心。

We will continue to implement the overall regional development strategy of promoting the large-scale development of the western region, reinvigorating northeast China and other old industrial bases, energizing development of the central region, and getting the eastern region to take the lead in development, and promote balanced development among regions.We will encourage all regions to work on the basis of local conditions, make full use of their advantages, and find a new path for development in response to the shock of external events.The eastern region needs to vigorously open up international markets, stabilize exports, and develop advanced manufacturing, modern services and new- and high-tech industries.It needs to accelerate industrial upgrading and institutional innovation, foster new areas of economic growth, create new advantages for participating in international cooperation and competition, and raise its capability for sustainable development.Special economic zones, the Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin need to continue to take the lead in reform and opening up.We will increase support to the central and western regions and northeast China to improve their weak links in development.To remove bottlenecks in these regions, we will increase spending on infrastructure, ecological conservation and environmental protection, launch a number of key transportation and water conservancy projects, and accelerate development of a number of grain, energy, raw materials and equipment manufacturing bases that have distinctive local features and special advantages.We will accelerate development of key areas on a priority basis.We will promote the transformation of the economies of cities once dependent on now-depleted mineral resources in these regions.We will promptly formulate specific policies to encourage industries to relocate to the central and western regions, and formulate and implement a national plan for development priority zones.We will fully support the development of old revolutionary base areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas.

继续实施西部大开发、东北地区等老工业基地振兴、中部地区崛起、东部地区率先发展的区域发展总体战略，促进区域协调发展。鼓励各地从实际出发，充分发挥自身优势，在应对外部冲击中闯出发展新路。东部地区要大力开拓国际市场，稳定出口，着力发展先进制造业、现代服务业和高新技术产业，加快产业升级和体制创新，培育新的经济增长点，形成参与国际合作竞争新优势，增强更高水平上的可持续发展能力。经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区要继续当好

31 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 改革开放排头兵。进一步支持中西部和东北地区加强薄弱环节，以消除瓶颈制约为重点，加大基础设施、生态建设和环境保护投资力度，新开工一批交通、水利重点工程，加快建设一批粮食、能源原材料、装备制造等优势产业基地和特色产业基地，加快重点地区优先开发，促进矿产资源枯竭型城市经济转型。抓紧研究制定中西部地区承接产业转移的具体政策。制定和实施全国主体功能区规划。大力扶持革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区和贫困地区发展。

5.Continuing to deepen reform and opening up, and further improving systems and mechanisms conducive to developing in a scientific manner

（五）继续深化改革开放，进一步完善有利于科学发展的体制机制

Reform and opening up provide an inexhaustible driving force for economic and social development.We will unswervingly carry out reform and opening up, resolve thorny problems hindering development by deepening reform, and obtain opportunities for development as China opens wider to the outside world.

改革开放是经济社会发展的不竭动力。我们将坚持改革开放不动摇，通过深化改革破解发展难题，在扩大开放中赢得发展机遇。

We will move ahead with price reform for resource products.We will continue to deepen reform of power prices and gradually improve the mechanism for determining rates for putting power on the grid, transmitting and distributing power, and selling power, and balance the prices of coal and power in a timely fashion.We will pre ahead with reform of water prices, gradually increase the price of water for non-farming purposes supplied from water projects, and improve the system for collecting and managing water resource fees.We will accelerate the establishment of sound systems for paying for the use of mineral resources and for compensating for ecological damage, and actively carry out trade in pollution rights on a trial basis.

推进资源性产品价格改革。继续深化电价改革，逐步完善上网电价、输配电价和销售电价形成机制，适时理顺煤电价格关系。积极推进水价改革，逐步提高水利工程供非农业用水价格，完善水资源费征收管理体制。加快建立健全矿产资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿机制，积极开展排污权交易试点。

We will carry forward reform of the fiscal and taxation systems.We will comprehensively institute VAT reforms.We will extend the urban construction and maintenance tax and education surcharges from Chinese to foreign enterprises and citizens.We will reform and improve the system of resource taxes.We will carry out reform of the taxation system for the real estate industry.We will continue to bring order to administrative fees and government-managed funds and further standardize their management.We will deepen reform of the budgetary system to better coordinate the budget for the government\'s public expenditures, budget for use of state capital, budget for government-managed funds, and budget for social security

32 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) programs and vigorously promote greater openne in budgetary work.We will improve the transfer payment system.We will promote the reform to place county public finances directly under the management of provincial governments.

推进财税体制改革。全面实施增值税转型改革。统一内外资企业和个人城建税、教育费附加等制度。改革完善资源税制度。研究推进房地产税制改革。继续清理行政事业性收费和政府性基金，加强规范管理。深化预算制度改革，实现政府公共预算、国有资本经营预算、政府性基金预算和社会保障预算的有机衔接，积极推进预算公开。完善财政转移支付制度。推进省直管县财政管理方式改革。

We will carry forward reform of the financial system.We will deepen the reform of state-owned financial institutions, and steadily develop small and medium-sized financial enterprises under multiple forms of ownership and new types of rural financial institutions.We will actively encourage healthy development of informal financing.We will continue to carry out reform of capital markets, and stabilize stock markets.We will develop and standardize the bond market, and steadily develop the futures market.We will deepen reform of the insurance sector to make the most of its guarantee and financing functions.We will carry forward market-based reform of interest rates.We will improve the RMB exchange rate regime, and keep the RMB exchange rate basically stable at an appropriate and balanced level.We will strengthen the mechanism for coordinating oversight and supervision in the financial sector.

推进金融体制改革。深化国有金融机构改革。稳步发展多种所有制中小金融企业和新型农村金融机构。积极引导民间融资健康发展。推进资本市场改革，维护股票市场稳定。发展和规范债券市场。稳步发展期货市场。深化保险业改革，积极发挥保险保障和融资功能。推进利率市场化改革。完善人民币汇率形成机制，保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳定。健全金融监管协调机制。

We will carry forward reform of state-owned enterprises and support the development of the non-public sector of the economy.We will deepen the reform to introduce corporate and shareholding systems in large state-owned enterprises and establish a sound modern corporate structure.We will accelerate reform of the railway, power and salt industries, improve the administrative systems of the civil aviation and telecommunications industries, and formulate and introduce complementary policies for regulating reform of the telecommunications system.We will encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector.We will implement all the policies for relaxing controls over market acce and energetically support the involvement of private capital in SOE reform and its entry into such areas as infrastructure, public utilities, financial services and social programs.

推进国有企业改革和支持非公有制经济发展。深化国有大型企业公司制、股份制改革，建立健全现代企业制度。加快铁路、电力、盐业等行业改革。完善民航、电信管理体制，制定出台电信体制改革配套监管政策。鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展。落实放宽市场准入的各项政策，积极支持民间资本参与国有企

33 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 业改革，进入基础设施、公用事业、金融服务和社会事业等领域。

We will accelerate institutional reform in local governments and move forward with the reform of government-affiliated institutions.

加快地方政府机构改革。推进事业单位改革。

We will strive to ensure steady growth in foreign trade.While streing the importance of boosting domestic demand, we must not slacken efforts to promote export.In the face of the serious situation of a sharp decline in external demand and growing trade protectionism, we will straighten out and adjust our foreign trade policies and increase our support for import and export.We will continue to diversify our export markets and compete on quality, enhance traditional export markets, and energetically open up new markets.

努力保持对外贸易稳定增长。我们强调扩大内需，绝不能放松出口。面对外部需求急剧萎缩、贸易保护主义抬头的严峻形势，要清理和调整外贸政策，加大对进出口工作的支持力度。坚持出口市场多元化和以质取胜战略，巩固传统出口市场，大力开拓新兴市场。

First, we will fully employ internationally accepted fiscal and taxation policies to support our export.We will increase the Foreign Trade Development Fund to an appropriate extent, focusing on cultivating brand-name export products and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises in expanding their international markets.

一是充分运用国际通行的财税政策支持出口；适度扩大外贸发展基金规模，重点支持中小企业开拓国际市场和培育出口品牌。

Second, we will improve our financial services for importing and exporting.We will expand the coverage of export credit insurance, and encourage financial institutions to develop export credit.We need to make innovations in financing guarantees for export enterprises.

二是改善对进出口的金融服务。扩大出口信用保险覆盖面；鼓励金融机构发展出口信贷；创新出口企业融资担保方式。

Third, we will steadily carry out upgrading of proceing trade.We will improve the climate for developing it, and adjust the list of commodities whose proceing is claified as prohibited or subject to restrictions.We will encourage the relocation of export proceing industries to the central and western regions.

三是稳步推进加工贸易转型升级。改善加工贸易发展环境，调整加工贸易禁止类和限制类目录；鼓励出口加工业向中西部地区转移。

34 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

Fourth, we will promptly improve policies and measures to encourage development of trade in services and energetically develop the outsourcing of international services to China.

四是抓紧完善鼓励服务贸易的政策措施；大力发展国际服务外包。

Fifth, we will strive to expand imports, focusing on introducing advanced technology and equipment and increasing imports of key spare parts and components, and important energy sources, resources and raw materials.

五是努力扩大进口。重点引进先进技术装备，增加关键零部件元器件、重要能源资源和原材料进口。

Sixth, we will improve the level of trade facilitation.We will improve supervision and service in customs, quality inspections and foreign exchange and intensify the development of border ports.

六是提高贸易便利化水平。优化海关、质检、外汇等方面监管和服务；加强边境口岸建设。

Seventh, we will work for a favorable international environment for trade and economic cooperation.We will vigorously promote the Doha round of trade talks, accelerate implementation of the strategy of free trade zones, and properly handle trade frictions.

七是营造良好的国际经贸环境。积极推动多哈回合谈判；加快实施自由贸易区战略；妥善应对贸易摩擦。

We will promote balanced development between foreign investment in China and Chinese investment overseas.We will keep the size of foreign investment in China steady and encourage more foreign investment in new- and high-tech industries, advanced manufacturing, energy-conservation and environmental protection industries, and modern service industries.We will further straighten out and standardize administrative fees for foreign-investment projects and the criteria for evaluating them.We will upgrade national development zones in the central and western regions and improve the opening of our border areas to the outside world.We will continue to implement the \"go global\" strategy, support all kinds of competent Chinese enterprises in investing overseas and undertaking international mergers and acquisitions, and encourage large enterprises to play a leading role in implementing the \"go global\" strategy.We will vigorously promote the establishment of trade and economic cooperation zones, joint exploitation of resources, undertaking of contracted projects and labor service cooperation in other countries.We will increase financial support for enterprises engaged in overseas investment and economic

35 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) cooperation, and expand channels for investment in other countries.We will expand the scope of the registration system for Chinese investment overseas, and strengthen risk control and supervision of enterprises\' overseas investments.

推动利用外资和对外投资协调发展。稳定利用外资规模，引导外资投向高新技术产业、先进制造业、节能环保产业和现代服务业。进一步清理和规范涉及外商投资的行政收费和检查事项。提升中西部国家级开发区发展水平和沿边开放水平。继续实施“走出去”战略。支持各类有条件的企业对外投资和开展跨国并购，充分发挥大型企业在“走出去”中的主力军作用。积极推进境外经贸合作区建设。发展境外资源合作开发、工程承包和劳务合作。加强企业对外投资合作的金融支持，拓宽对外投资渠道。扩大境外投资备案登记制范围。加强企业对外投资的风险控制和监管。

6.Energetically developing social programs and vigorously ensuring and improving the well-being of the people

（六）大力发展社会事业，着力保障和改善民生

This year we will concentrate on accomplishing major tasks that are urgently needed in economic and social development and directly related to the vital interests of the people to improve their well-being.

今年要集中力量办一些经济社会发展急需、关系人民群众切身利益的大事实事，让人民群众得到更多实惠。

We will do everything in our power to stimulate employment.We will make full use of the role of the service sector, labor-intensive industries, small and medium-sized enterprises, and the non-public sector of the economy in creating jobs.We will implement a more proactive employment policy, and the central government will allocate 42 billion yuan for this purpose.

千方百计促进就业。充分发挥服务业、劳动密集型产业、中小企业、非公有制经济在吸纳就业中的作用。实施更加积极的就业政策，中央财政拟投入４２０亿元资金。

First, we will give high priority to facilitating the employment of university graduates.Graduates who take jobs in public administration and public services at the community level in urban and rural areas will receive social security benefits and position subsidies.Those who either take jobs in villages or enlist in the army will receive tuition reimbursement and have their student loans forgiven.We will encourage institutions of higher learning, research institutes and enterprises undertaking key research projects to recruit qualified university graduates to do research work.Enterprises recruiting such graduates will receive relevant employment policy support from the government.We will speed up the establishment of startup

36 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) industrial parks and incubation bases that require le investment and yield quicker results where college graduates can start their own businees.

一是把促进高校毕业生就业放在突出位置。高校毕业生到城乡基层社会管理和公共服务岗位就业，给予社会保险和岗位补贴；到农村基层服务和参军入伍，给予学费补偿和代偿助学贷款。鼓励承担重点科研项目的高校、科研院所和企业吸纳符合条件的毕业生从事科研工作。企业吸纳符合条件的高校毕业生就业，可按规定享受相关就业扶持政策。加快建设一批投资少、见效快的大学生创业园或创业孵化基地。

Second, we will expand employment opportunities for rural migrant workers in cities while stabilizing their existing jobs.We will stimulate their employment through government investment and the launch of major projects.We will encourage and help enterprises that are in a difficult situation to prevent layoffs by renegotiating wage levels with their employees, adopting flexible employment and work hours, or providing job training for them.We will increase the export of organized labor services and guide the orderly flow of rural migrant workers.We will arrange for those that have returned to their home villages to take part in the construction of local public facilities.

二是广开农民工就业门路和稳定现有就业岗位。要发挥政府投资和重大项目建设带动农民工就业的作用。鼓励和支持困难企业与员工协商薪酬，采取灵活用工、弹性工时、技能培训等办法，尽量不裁员。加强有组织的劳务输出，引导农民工有序流动。组织返乡农民工参与农村公共设施建设。

Third, we will help urban residents experiencing difficulty finding work, members of zero-employment households and workers in disaster-stricken areas find jobs.We will create more public-service jobs.

三是帮助城镇就业困难人员、零就业家庭和灾区劳动力就业。进一步开辟公益性就业岗位。

Fourth, we will vigorously support individuals in starting their own businees or finding jobs on their own, thus expanding employment by creating new businees.We will adopt facilitating and preferential policies concerning market acce, taxation, financing and land use to encourage more workers to become entrepreneurs.We will further lower the barrier for individuals, including rural migrant workers who have returned to their home villages, to start their own businees and lend them more support in this area.

四是大力支持自主创业、自谋职业，促进以创业带动就业。在市场准入、财税金融、经营用地等方面提供便利和优惠，鼓励更多劳动者成为创业者。对自主创业、农民工返乡创业要进一步降低门槛，给予更大支持。

37 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) Fifth, we will further improve public services for employment.We will improve the release of employment information and provide more effective career and employment guidance.We will vigorously develop vocational training.We will increase policy support for skills training for rural migrant workers and urban residents experiencing employment difficulty.

五是进一步改善对就业的公共服务。加强就业信息发布、职业介绍和就业指导工作。大力开展职业培训。加大对就业困难人员和农民工职业技能培训的政策扶持。

We will move faster to improve the social safety net.

加快完善社会保障体系。

First, we will pre ahead with institutional development.We will improve the basic old-age insurance system, continue to carryout the pilot projects to fully fund personal accounts for old-age insurance, and comprehensively carry out planning at the provincial level.We will formulate and implement a method for old-age pensions for rural migrant workers.The pilot projects for establishing a new type of old-age insurance system for rural residents will cover approximately 10% of the counties and county-level cities in the country.We will introduce a method for transferring old-age pension accounts for workers moving from one region to another, and improve the systems of unemployment, workers\' compensation, and maternity insurance.We will improve the urban and rural social aistance systems.

一是推进制度建设。完善基本养老保险制度，继续开展做实个人账户试点，全面推进省级统筹。制定实施农民工养老保险办法。新型农村社会养老保险试点要覆盖全国１０％左右的县（市）。出台养老保险关系转移接续办法。完善失业、工伤、生育保险制度。健全城乡社会救助制度。

Second, we will expand coverage of social security programs, focusing on coverage for employees in the non-public sector, rural migrant workers, farmers whose land was expropriated, people with flexible employment arrangements and freelancers.All rural residents entitled to cost of living allowances will receive them.We will increase funding for the national social safety net through multiple channels.We will strengthen supervision of social security funds to ensure their safety.

二是扩大社会保障覆盖范围。重点做好非公有制经济从业人员、农民工、被征地农民、灵活就业人员和自由职业者参保工作。农村低保要做到应保尽保。多渠道增加全国社会保障基金。切实加强社会保障基金监管，保证基金安全。

Third, we will increase social security benefits.We will continue to raise the basic old-age pensions for enterprise retirees by an annual average of about 10% per person for the next two years.We will continue to increase unemployment insurance

38 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) benefits and workers\' compensation.We will extend greater financial support to both urban and rural recipients of cost of living allowances and to childle and infirm rural residents who receive subsidies for food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses, and increase subsidies and living allowances to members of entitled groups.We will vigorously develop social welfare and charity programs.The central government plans to spend 293 billion yuan on the social safety net this year, up 17.6% or 43.9 billion yuan over the estimated figure for last year.Local governments will also increase funding in this area.

三是提高社会保障待遇。今明两年继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金，人均每年增长１０％左右。继续提高失业保险金和工伤保险金标准。进一步提高城乡低保、农村五保等保障水平，提高优抚对象抚恤和生活补助标准。大力发展社会福利事业和慈善事业。中央财政拟投入社会保障资金２９３０亿元，比上年预计数增加４３９亿元，增长１７．６％。地方财政也要加大投入。

We will continue to give priority to developing education.This year we will formulate the Outline of the National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Education Reform and Development to make comprehensive arrangements for education reform and development in China through 2020.This year, we need to focus on the following five areas.

坚持优先发展教育事业。今年要研究制定国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要，对２０２０年前我国教育改革发展作出全面部署。年内要重点抓好五个方面。

First, we will promote fairne in education.We will implement free compulsory education policies for both urban and rural areas well.We will increase public expenditures on rural compulsory education to 300 yuan per primary school student and 500 yuan per junior secondary school student.We will progreively ensure that children of rural migrant workers have acce to free compulsory education in the places where their families have relocated.We will increase living allowances for rural students receiving compulsory education who come from poor families and stay in school dormitories.We will strive to basically clear the debts incurred in providing nine-year compulsory education in rural areas within three years.We will improve the national financial aid system for students and increase financial aid for secondary vocational school and university students from poor families to ensure that everyone enjoys equal opportunity to receive education and that no child is denied schooling due to financial difficulties.

一是促进教育公平。落实好城乡免费义务教育政策。提高农村义务教育公用经费标准，把小学、初中学生人均公用经费分别提高到３００元和５００元。逐步解决农民工子女在输入地免费接受义务教育问题。增加农村义务教育阶段家庭经济困难寄宿生的生活补助。争取三年内基本解决农村“普九”债务问题。完善国家助学制度，加大对中等职业学校和高等院校家庭经济困难学生的资助，确保人人享有平等的受教育机会，不让一个孩子因家庭经济困难而失学。

39 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

Second, we will optimize the education structure.We will energetically develop vocational education, with the focus on supporting rural secondary vocational education.We will gradually make secondary vocational education free, beginning this year with rural students from poor families and students studying agriculture-related subjects.We will continue to improve the quality of higher education, develop high-quality universities and key disciplines, and guide institutions of higher learning to adapt their specialties, curriculums and courses to meet the needs of the market and China\'s economic and social development.

二是优化教育结构。大力发展职业教育，特别要重点支持农村中等职业教育。逐步实行中等职业教育免费，今年先从农村家庭经济困难学生和涉农专业做起。继续提高高等教育质量，推进高水平大学和重点学科建设，引导高等学校调整专业和课程设置，适应市场和经济社会发展需求。

Third, we will improve the quality of teachers.We will apply a performance-based salary system for teachers in compulsory education and raise salaries for the 12 million primary and secondary school teachers.The central government will spend 12 billion yuan and local governments will also increase funding for this purpose.We will step up training for all teachers, especially rural teachers, and encourage graduates from teachers colleges and other colleges and universities to teach at community and village schools.

三是加强教师队伍建设。对义务教育阶段教师实行绩效工资制度，提高１２００万中小学教师待遇，中央财政为此将投入１２０亿元，地方财政也要增加投入。全面加强教师特别是农村教师培训，鼓励大学生、师范生到基层、农村任教。

Fourth, we will advance well-rounded education.Education of all types and at all levels must focus on promoting all-round development of students.Reform of curriculums, textbooks, teaching methods and examination and evaluation systems should be accelerated to relieve primary and secondary school students of their exceive study load so that they will have more time to think, practice and create.

四是推进素质教育。各级各类教育都要着眼于促进人的全面发展，加快课程、教材、教育方法和考试评价制度改革，把中小学生从过重的课业负担中解放出来，让学生有更多的时间思考、实践、创造。

Fifth, we will implement a program to ensure that all primary and secondary school buildings are safe and promote standardization in the construction of rural primary and secondary schools.We will make school buildings places that are the safest and provide the greatest aurance to parents.

五是实施全国中小学校舍安全工程，推进农村中小学标准化建设。要把学校建成最安全、家长最放心的地方。

40 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

We will carry forward pharmaceutical and health care reform and development.We will ensure that public medical and health care services serve the public good and fully arouse the initiative of health workers.We will work hard to establish a nationwide basic medical and health care system for both urban and rural areas to begin providing universal coverage.We will focus on the following five areas starting from this year.

推进医药卫生事业改革发展。要坚持公共医疗卫生的公益性质，充分调动广大医务人员的积极性。努力建成覆盖全国城乡的基本医疗卫生制度，初步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。从今年开始，重点抓好以下五项工作。

First, we will develop a system that ensures basic medical care.Urban residents will be covered by basic medical insurance for urban workers or basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents, and rural residents will be covered by the new type of rural cooperative medical care system.We will ensure that these programs cover over 90% of those eligible within three years.The central government will provide appropriate subsidies for retirees from closed or bankrupt state-owned enterprises in financially strained regions to get such insurance.We will continue to raise the standard for financing and increase government subsidies for basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents and the new type of rural cooperative medical care system, appropriately expand the scope of reimbursement and raise the proportion of costs reimbursed.We will improve urban and rural medical aistance programs and improve the level of aistance.

一是推进基本医疗保障制度建设。将全国城乡居民分别纳入城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗制度覆盖范围，三年内参保率均提高到９０％以上。中央财政对困难地区关闭破产国有企业退休人员参保给予适当补助。继续提高城镇居民医保和新农合筹资标准和财政补助标准，适当扩大报销范围，提高报销比例。完善城乡医疗救助制度，提高救助水平。

Second, we will establish a national system for basic drugs.This year, we will formulate and promulgate a unified national basic drugs catalog and adopt policies concerning their production, distribution, pricing, use and insurance reimbursement in order to ease the burden on patients for the cost of basic drugs.

二是建立国家基本药物制度。今年要统一制定和发布国家基本药物目录，出台基本药物生产、流通、定价、使用和医保报销政策，减轻群众看病就医基本用药费用负担。

Third, we will improve the community-level medical and health service system.This year, we will complete the building of 29,000health clinics in towns and townships supported by the plan.In the coming three years, the central government will allocate funds to support the building of another 5,000 central health clinics in towns and townships, 2,000 county-level hospitals and 2,400 community health

41 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) service centers in urban areas.We will support the construction of health care clinics in villages in remote regions and ensure that all incorporated villages have their own health care clinics.

三是健全基层医疗卫生服务体系。今年要全面完成规划支持的２．９万所乡镇卫生院建设任务。今后三年内中央财政再支持５０００所中心乡镇卫生院、２０００所县级医院和２４００所城市社区卫生服务中心建设。支持边远地区村卫生室建设，实现全国每个行政村都有卫生室。

Fourth, we will steadily promote equal acce for all to basic public health services.We will expand the scope of free public health services and ensure that the per capita public health service expenditure for both urban and rural residents is not le than 15 yuan, a level that will rise gradually in the future.We will appropriate more funds to prevent and control major communicable diseases, chronic and occupational diseases, and endemics.

四是促进基本公共卫生服务逐步均等化。扩大免费公共卫生服务范围，城乡居民人均公共卫生服务经费不低于１５元，以后逐步提高。增加重大传染病、慢性病和职业病、地方病防治的专项投入。

Fifth, we will carry forward pilot reforms in public hospitals with the emphasis on reforms in their management system and their operation and oversight mechanisms.We will encourage every locality to seek effective ways to separate government administration from medical practice, management from operations, medical care from drugs, and for-profit from nonprofit operations.We will gradually eliminate the practice of hospitals subsidizing their medical services with drug sales and reform the mechanism of subsidizing public hospitals.We will encourage all localities to seek ways to establish a medical service pricing mechanism based on consultations among stakeholders and establish a system whereby relevant institutions, representatives of the general public, and experts oversee and evaluate the quality of medical services.We will give full play to traditional Chinese medicine and folk medicines of ethnic minorities in disease prevention and control.Governments at all levels will allocate an additional 850 billion yuan in the next three years, including 331.8 billion yuan from the central government, to ensure smooth progre in the reform of the system of pharmaceuticals and health care.Because this reform concerns the people\'s health-related rights and interests, we need to improve leadership, make plans and arrangements carefully, progre vigorously yet prudently, and effectively solve the problem of medical services being unaffordable and inadequate, in order to provide safe, effective, convenient and affordable medical and health care services for the people.

五是推进公立医院改革试点。重点改革管理体制、运行机制和监管机制。鼓励各地探索政事分开、管办分开、医药分开、营利性和非营利性分开的有效形式。逐步取消以药补医机制，推进公立医院补偿机制改革。鼓励各地探索建立医疗服

42 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 务由利益相关方参与协商的定价机制，建立由有关机构、群众代表和专家参与的质量监管和评价制度。要充分发挥中医药和民族医药在防病治病中的重要作用。今后三年各级政府拟投入８５００亿元，其中中央财政投入３３１８亿元，以保证医药卫生体制改革的顺利推进。医药卫生体制改革事关人民群众的健康权益，我们要加强领导、精心设计、认真组织，积极稳妥地推进，切实解决看病贵、看病难问题，为人民群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉的医疗卫生服务。

We will do our work related to population and family planning well and maintain a low birthrate.From this year on, we will introduce a policy in all rural areas to subsidize hospitalized childbirth, provide regular prenatal checkups and postpartum visits for women, and monitor the growth of infants and toddlers le than three years of age.We will intensify our efforts to prevent birth defects.We will increase the reward to rural women at or above the age of 60 who have complied with family planning regulations from 600 yuan to 720 yuan per person.We will improve services for and intensify management of the floating population and better protect the rights and interests of women and minors.We will provide routine gynecological examinations for rural women.We will support and accelerate programs benefiting people with disabilities.We will continue to intensify our work concerning the elderly.

做好人口和计划生育工作，稳定低生育水平。从今年开始，在全国农村实行住院分娩补助政策，定期为孕产妇做产前检查和产后访视，为３岁以下婴幼儿做生长发育检查。加强出生缺陷预防工作。将农村部分计划生育家庭奖励扶助标准由人均６００元提高到７２０元。加强流动人口服务和管理。保护妇女和未成年人权益。在农村妇女中开展妇科疾病定期检查。支持残疾人事业加快发展。继续加强老龄工作。

We will vigorously develop culture and sports.Developing cultural programs and promoting cultural enrichment will help not only enrich people\'s cultural lives but also expand avenues of consumption.We need to vigorously develop non-profit cultural programs and accelerate improvement of the system of public cultural services.We will intensify construction of key cultural facilities as well as community-based cultural facilities in both urban and rural areas, particularly the project to extend radio and TV coverage to all villages, and the construction of multipurpose cultural centers in towns and townships and small libraries in rural areas, and we will vigorously promote cultural projects that benefit the people.We will help accelerate the development of cultural industries, improve policy support for them and foster leading cultural enterprises.We will help philosophy and the social sciences flourish, and actively develop literature, the arts, radio, TV, film, the pre and publishing.We will strengthen development and management of Internet culture and effectively protect our cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage.We will reform management and operation of nonprofit cultural institutions and transform for-profit cultural agencies into enterprises.We will build more and better community-based public sports facilities, vigorously promote ma sports activities, raise the level of competitive sports and develop the sports industry.

43 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照)

大力发展文化体育事业。促进文化发展和繁荣，既有利于丰富人们的精神文化生活，也可以拓展消费领域。积极发展公益性文化事业，加快完善公共文化服务体系，加强重点文化设施、城乡基层文化设施特别是广播电视“村村通”和乡镇综合文化站、农家书屋建设，努力推进文化惠民工程。支持文化产业加快发展，完善扶持政策，培育骨干文化企业。繁荣哲学社会科学，积极发展文学艺术、广播影视、新闻出版事业。加强网络文化建设和管理。做好文物和非物质文化遗产保护。推进公益性文化事业单位管理体制、运行机制改革和经营性文化单位转企改制。加强基层公共体育设施建设，大力开展群众性体育活动，提高竞技体育水平，发展体育产业。

We will strengthen the development of democracy and the legal system.We will carry out political restructuring in an active yet prudent manner and develop socialist democratic politics.We need to improve democratic institutions, enrich the forms of democracy, expand its channels, and carry out democratic elections, decision-making, administration and oversight in accordance with the law.We will improve the mechanisms of self-governance by the people at the community level and expand the scope of community-level self-governance, improve the system for community-level democratic administration and ensure that the people directly exercise their democratic rights and administer community-level public affairs and public programs in accordance with the law.We will increase publicity of and education in the law, intensify education about citizenship, and promote the values of socialist democracy, the rule of law, freedom, equality, equity and justice.We will coordinate development of urban and rural communities and promote the healthy growth of civic organizations.We will strengthen government work concerning the law, increase transparency in government legislation, expand public participation therein, and ensure that the law is enforced in a standardized, fair and civilized manner.

加强民主法制建设。积极稳妥地推进政治体制改革，发展社会主义民主政治。要健全民主制度，丰富民主形式，拓宽民主渠道，依法实行民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督。要健全基层群众自治机制，扩大基层群众自治范围，完善基层民主管理制度，保障人民群众依法直接行使民主权利、管理基层公共事务和公共事业。深入开展法制宣传教育，加强公民意识教育，树立社会主义民主法治、自由平等、公平正义理念。统筹推进城乡社区建设，促进社会组织健康发展。加强政府法制工作，提高政府立法透明度和公众参与度，做到规范、公正、文明执法。

We will strengthen public administration and maintain harmony and stability in society.We need to pay special attention to safeguarding people\'s legitimate rights and interests, correctly handle problems among the people, properly deal with their complaints in a timely manner, and resolutely correct all actions that harm their interests.We will improve the mechanism for mediating, handling and resolving social tensions and guide the people in expreing their concerns relating to their interests by reasonable and lawful means.We will adhere to the system whereby

44 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) leading cadres, especially principal ones, handle people\'s letters and receive people\'s visits in order to serve the people and resolve conflicts.We will improve the early-warning system for social stability to actively prevent and properly handle all types of ma incidents.We will launch intensive campaigns to ensure public security and maintain law and order through a full range of measures.We will be on high alert for and severely crack down on criminal offenses in accordance with the law in order to safeguard national security and social stability.

加强社会管理，维护社会和谐安定。要特别重视维护群众合法权益，正确处理人民内部矛盾，及时合理解决群众反映的问题，坚决纠正各种损害群众利益的行为。健全社会矛盾纠纷调处化解机制，引导群众以理性合法的方式表达利益诉求。坚持领导干部特别是主要领导干部处理群众来信和接待群众来访制度，服务群众，化解矛盾。健全社会稳定预警机制，积极预防和妥善处置各类群体性事件。深入开展平安创建活动，加强社会治安综合治理。严密防范、依法严厉打击各类违法犯罪活动，维护国家安全和社会稳定。

7.Intensifying government self-improvement and making the government better able to manage overall economic and social development

（七）推进政府自身建设，提高驾驭经济社会发展全局的能力

Achievements were made in reforming the government and intensifying its self-improvement over the past year, but they still fall considerably short of what the people expect.The functions of government have not yet been completely transformed.Administrative efficiency needs to rise.Formalism and bureaucratism are still pronounced.Corruption remains a serious problem in some localities, departments and areas.Tremendous effort is needed to solve all these problems.We need to focus on the overall objectives of sustaining economic growth, ensuring people\'s well-being and maintaining stability, and intensify the work of government self-improvement.

过去一年，政府自身改革和建设取得了新的成绩，但与人民的期待仍有不小差距。政府职能转变还不到位，行政效率有待提高，形式主义、官僚主义比较突出，腐败现象在一些地方、部门和领域比较严重。这些问题必须下大气力解决。要紧紧围绕保增长、保民生、保稳定这个大局，加强政府自身建设。

We will continue to run the government in accordance with the law.We will standardize government administration, ensure that our administration is based on law and reason, executed through proper procedures, highly efficient, convenient for the public, honest and trustworthy, and that authority and responsibility are united.We will thoroughly implement the Administrative Permit Law, continue to carry out reform of the administrative examination and approval system, reduce the number of items it covers, especially investment examination and approval and project approval, and ensure that enterprises make their own investment decisions.We will promote fair competition, break regional blockades and industry monopolies, and organize and

45 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) mobilize all social resources to promote economic growth.By ensuring that all government departments fully and properly execute their functions, we will create a favorable environment for development, and increase enterprises\' confidence in investment, individuals\' confidence in consumption and people\'s confidence in the development of the country.

坚持依法行政。规范行政行为，做到合法行政、合理行政、程序正当、高效便民、诚实守信、权责统一。深入贯彻行政许可法，继续推进行政审批制度改革，减少行政许可和审批事项，特别要减少投资审批、项目核准，落实企业的投资主体地位。促进公平竞争，消除地区封锁，打破行业垄断，组织调动各种社会资源，促进经济增长。通过全面正确履行政府职能，创造良好发展环境，增强企业投资的信心，增强社会消费的信心，增强人民群众对国家发展的信心。

We will make decisions scientifically and democratically.In all decisions we make, the procedures need to be lawful and standardized, the proce democratic and open, and the results scientific and equitable.In formulating and implementing major government policies and decisions, we need to conduct thorough research and studies, heed people\'s concerns, solicit their opinions, pool their wisdom, act in accordance with objective laws, and make our policies and decisions more foresighted, scientific and effective.We need to make government affairs more open and transparent.We will ensure the people\'s right to stay informed about, to participate in, to expre views on, and to oversee government affairs, and keep them informed as to what the government is thinking and doing so that we can win their thorough understanding, wide support and active participation.The government is investing a large sum of money and launching numerous new projects this year, and we will ensure they receive proper oversight.We will prohibit image projects that waste both human and financial resources and vanity projects that are divorced from reality, and will never allow any organization or individual to exploit the surge in public spending for private gain.Governments at all levels must conscientiously subject themselves to the oversight by the people\'s congrees and the democratic oversight by the CPPCC committees at their corresponding levels.We will tighten profeional oversight by supervision and auditing departments, and attach great importance to oversight by the public and the news media.We will strive to make sure that oversight takes place wherever administrative power is exercised and that government funds will be audited wherever they are used.

实行科学民主决策。各项决策都要做到程序依法规范、过程民主公开、结果科学公正。政府重大决策的形成和执行都要加强调查研究，做到察民情、听民意、聚民智，尊重客观规律，提高决策的预见性、科学性和有效性。要推进政务公开，增加透明度，保障人民群众的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权，让人民群众知道政府在想什么、做什么，赢得人民群众的充分理解、广泛支持和积极参与。今年政府投资力度大、新上项目多，要确保监管到位，绝不能搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”和脱离实际的“政绩工程”，绝不允许利用扩大公共投资为单位和个人谋取私利。各级政府都要自觉接受人大监督和政协民主监督，强化监察、审计等专门

46 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 监督，高度重视人民群众监督和新闻舆论监督，做到行政权力运行到哪里，监督就落实到哪里，财政资金运用到哪里，审计就跟进到哪里。

We will earnestly improve our conduct.Governments at all levels need to resolutely implement the policy decisions and arrangements of the central leadership, stay firmly grounded in reality, and work creatively to ensure all policies are carried out fully and effectively.Leading cadres need to conduct thorough research and studies to promptly discover and resolve problems, maintain close contact with the people, show concern for their sufferings, listen to their opinions, and help them solve their problems.Government employees need to always maintain high morale, embody a vigorous spirit and work with the people to meet challenges head on, break new ground through hard work and tide over bad times together.

切实转变工作作风。各级政府要坚定地贯彻中央的决策部署，紧密结合实际，创造性地开展工作，使中央的各项政策落到实处，收到实效。领导干部要深入调查研究，及时发现问题，解决问题；密切联系群众，关心群众疾苦，倾听群众呼声，为群众排忧解难。政府工作人员要始终保持昂扬向上、奋发有为的精神状态，和广大人民群众一道知难而进，开拓进取，艰苦奋斗，共克时艰。

We will strengthen our efforts to promote clean government and combat corruption.We will focus on standardizing institutions and limiting the exercise of power, and prevent and punish corruption at its source in areas and links prone to corruption.We will resolutely investigate and prosecute corruption cases and punish corruptionists in accordance with the law.We must discharge our duties with great diligence and, through our actions and achievements, build a government that is for the people and is pragmatic, clean and efficient to satisfy people\'s needs and win their trust.

加强廉政建设和反腐败工作。以规范制度和制约权力为核心，针对腐败现象易发多发的领域和环节，从源头上防治腐败。坚决查处腐败案件，依法惩处腐败分子。我们一定要勤勉尽责，以实际行动和工作业绩，建设为民、务实、廉洁、高效的政府，让人民放心，让人民满意。

Fellow Deputies, 各位代表！

Promoting unity among all ethnic groups and achieving common development and prosperity serves the fundamental interests of the people of all our ethnic groups.We will fully implement the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and ensure that the policies and measures of the central government supporting economic and social development of ethnic minorities and ethnic minority areas are effectively implemented.We will continue to increase support to ethnic groups with small populations.We will expand coverage of the \"bring prosperity to border areas and residents\" campaign to all border counties and the Xinjiang Production and

47 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) Construction Corps\' regimental pastures and farms in border areas.We will support more rapid development of pastoral areas and ethnic minority mountain regions.We will unswervingly uphold national unity and further develop socialist ethnic relations based on equality, unity, mutual aistance and harmony.

促进各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，是各族人民的根本利益所在。要全面贯彻民族区域自治法，确保中央支持少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展的政策措施落到实处。继续加大对人口较少民族的扶持力度。推进兴边富民行动覆盖所有边境县和新疆生产建设兵团边境团场。支持牧区和少数民族聚居山区加快发展。坚定不移地维护民族团结，进一步构建平等、团结、互助、和谐的社会主义民族关系。

We will fully implement the Party\'s basic principles on work related to religions and enable religious figures and people with religious belief to play a positive role in promoting economic and social development.

全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针，发挥宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用。

We will diligently implement the Party\'s policy on matters related to overseas Chinese nationals and support overseas Chinese nationals, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives in showing concern for and participating in the modernization and peaceful reunification of the motherland.

认真贯彻党的侨务政策，支持海外侨胞、归侨侨眷关心和参与祖国现代化建设与和平统一大业。

Last year significant progre was made in the modernization of national defense and the army.The People\'s Liberation Army played an important role in safeguarding China\'s sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, supporting its modernization drive, and completing urgent, difficult, dangerous and daunting tasks.In the coming year, we need to make our army more revolutionary, modern and standardized, focusing on enabling it to fully carry out its historic miions in the new stage and in the new century.We will strengthen ideological and political work in the army.We will effectively transform our military training based on mechanized warfare to military training for warfare under conditions of greater IT application, and continue to enhance the army\'s ability to respond to multiple security threats and accomplish a diverse array of military tasks.We will modernize weapons, equipment and logistics support acro the board.We will improve defense-related research, the weapons and equipment production system, the military personnel training system, and the army\'s logistics support system that integrate civilian with military purposes and combine military efforts with civilian support.We will actively and steadily carry out reform of the army to inject more vigor and vitality into army building.We will intensify the improvement of the People\'s Armed Police Force to make it better able to carry out its

48 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) duties, respond to emergencies, combat terrorism and safeguard stability.We will strengthen defense mobilization and reserve forces.We will strengthen and develop unity between the army and the government and between the army and the people.

过去的一年，国防和军队现代化建设取得重要进展。人民解放军为维护国家主权、安全和领土完整，支持国家现代化建设，完成急难险重任务，发挥了重要作用。在新的一年，要着眼全面履行新世纪新阶段军队历史使命，推进军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设。大力加强军队思想政治工作。扎实推进机械化条件下军事训练向信息化条件下军事训练转变，不断提高应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的能力。全面提高武器装备和后勤保障的现代化水平。完善军民结合、寓军于民的国防科研和武器装备生产体系、军队人才培养体系和军队保障体系。积极稳妥地推进军队改革，增强军队建设的生机与活力。加强人民武装警察部队建设，增强执勤、处置突发事件、反恐、维稳能力。加强国防动员和后备力量建设。巩固发展军政军民团结。

Fellow Deputies, 各位代表！

We will unswervingly adhere to the principle of \"one country, two systems\" under which Hong Kong people administer Hong Kong and Macao people administer Macao with a high degree of autonomy, and fully support the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions in actively responding to the global financial crisis and maintaining their prosperity and stability.We will increase cooperation between the mainland and the two regions, consolidate Hong Kong\'s position as an international financial center and promote an appropriate level of diversity in Macao\'s economy.We will accelerate the pilot program for the mainland, Hong Kong and Macao to use RMB as the settlement currency for trade in goods.We will constantly deepen and expand cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao.We will accelerate construction of infrastructure such as the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Airport Rail Link and the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Expre Rail Link.We will give Hong Kong and Macao greater acce to the mainland\'s service sector.We will adopt effective measures to support development of Hong Kong- and Macao-funded enterprises on the mainland, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, and help ease their difficulties.The great motherland will always provide strong backing to Hong Kong and Macao.We firmly believe that our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao will surmount their current difficulties and create an even brighter future.

我们将坚定不移地贯彻“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”、高度自治的方针，全力支持香港、澳门两个特别行政区积极应对国际金融危机，保持繁荣稳定。进一步加强内地与港澳的合作，巩固香港国际金融中心地位，促进澳门经济适度多元发展。加快推进与港澳地区货物贸易的人民币结算试点。不断拓展粤港澳三地合作的深度和广度。加快推动港珠澳大桥、港深机场铁路、广深港高速铁路等基础设施建设。扩大内地服务业对港澳的开放。采取有效措施支持港澳在内

49 2009年政府工作报告(中英文对照) 地企业特别是中小企业发展，缓解经营困难。伟大祖国永远是香港、澳门的坚强后盾。我们坚信，香港、澳门同胞一定能够克服面临的困难，开创更加美好的明天！

Last year important progre was made in our Taiwan-related work.Positive changes occurred in the situation in Taiwan, and major breakthroughs were made in cro-Straits relations.Consultations between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits were resumed on the basis of the 1992 Consensus, and complete, direct and two-way mail, transport and trade links were established.The two sides enjoyed more frequent people-to-people exchanges, closer economic ties, more active cultural exchanges and broader common interests.Cro-Straits relations have embarked on the track of peaceful development.In the coming year, we will continue to adhere to the principle of developing cro-Straits relations and promoting peaceful reunification of the motherland.We will remain committed to the goal of peaceful development of cro-Straits relations, and work actively to build a framework for and strive to achieve new progre in the peaceful development of cro-Straits relations.We will continue to comprehensively strengthen cro-Straits economic cooperation to jointly respond to the global financial crisis.We will actively promote financial cooperation acro the Straits, support the development of Taiwan-funded enterprises on the mainland, provide financing services for qualified ones, and encourage their independent innovation, transformation and upgrading.We will strengthen two-way investment and industrial cooperation and expand and deepen agricultural cooperation between the two sides.We will support economic development on the west coast of the Straits in Fujian Province and in other areas where Taiwan investment is concentrated.We will accelerate normalization of cro-Straits economic relations and facilitate the signing of a comprehensive agreement on economic cooperation, and gradually establish economic cooperation mechanisms tailored to both sides of the Straits.We will increase contacts between individuals, expand exchanges among all sectors of society, vigorously promote Chinese culture and consolidate the common cultural bonds between the two sides.We will work on the basis of the one-China principle to enhance mutual political trust between the two sides.Based on this, we are ready to make fair and reasonable arrangements through consultation on the iue of Taiwan\'s participation in the activities of international organizations.We are also ready to hold talks on cro-Straits political and military iues and create conditions for ending the state of hostility and concluding a peace agreement between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits.We are convinced that, with the concerted efforts of the people on both sides of the Straits, we will achieve complete reunification of the motherland and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

过去的一年，对台工作取得重要进展，台湾局势发生积极变化，两岸关系取得重大突破。两岸协商在“九二共识”基础上得到恢复，全面直接双向“三通”已经实现。两岸同胞往来更频繁、经济联系更密切、文化交流更活跃、共同利益更广泛，两岸关系开始步入和平发展轨道。新的一年里，我们要继续坚持发展两岸关系、促进祖国和平统一的大政方针，牢牢把握两岸关系和平发展的主题，积极构

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