学位英语写作范文（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：电大学位英语写作15类

一、投诉信参考范文

Directions:

You live in a room in college which you share with another student.You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting.He/She has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you.

Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and:

1） ask for a new room next term,

2） you would prefer a single room,

3） explain your reasons.

Don’t sign your own name at the end of your letter, using“Li Ming”instead.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to expre/air diatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation.I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.

I must explain that the reason for my diatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.

To solve this difficulty/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own.Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as poible.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （136 words）

二、求职信参考范文

Directions:

You want to apply for the following post/position: Waiter/waitre required for evening work.Write a letter:

1） show your interest,

2） describe your previous experience,

3） explain why you would be suitable for the job.

Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to expre my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitre.Enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.

Not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited to working as a waitre.I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport with people of all ages.

I would like to meet with you at your earliest convenience, to discu the poibility of working at your restaurant.Thank you for your consideration of my application.I look forward to meeting you in the near future.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （119 words）

三、建议信参考范文

Directions:

You have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to advise him on which subject to specialize in-history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers better job prospects.

1） Give your suggestions.

2） Explain the reasons.

3） Other recommendation.

Dear Wangcai,

You have asked me for my advice concerning/regarding whether you should study history or computer science at university, and I will try to make some useful/practical/conducive suggestions/proposals/recommendations.

You must keep in mind that, above all, your university training is a preparation for your future career.There is no doubt that the field of computer science offers far wider job opportunities than history.Besides, for the foreseeable future, not only will it be neceary for everyone to be computer-literate, it will also be neceary to be equipped with computer skills merely to earn a living.

Of course, I would recommend that you keep up your reading of history in your spare time.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （111 words）

四、请求信参考范文

Directions:

You find your study load is too heavy.Write a letter to your college teacher:

1） you need to withdraw from two courses,

2） explain the reasons,

3） ask if it is poible to obtain a refund.

Dear Profeor Shakespeare,

I am writing to formally request to withdraw from two courses: Introduction to Elementary Education and Teaching Methods.

The main reason for reducing my course load is that I am finding it extremely difficult to manage six courses.Because I really have to work part time, I have no other choice but to decrease my course load.

I would also like to request a tuition refund.I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused by this change in plans.This decision was not taken lightly, and I do appreciate the kind consideration you have shown to me.Thank you for your attention to these requests.If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at 82036600.I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （134 words）

五、邀请信参考范文

Directions:

You want to invite some friends to a party.Write an invitation letter to them individually:

1） Invite them to the party.

2） Elaborate on the reason why such a party should be held.

3） What activities will be arranged for them.

Dear Xiaobao,

I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 1, 2006 to celebrate Mr.Old Fish’s marriage with Mi Fujiwora.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy.

The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strau.

If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （118 words）

六、道歉信参考范文

Directions:

You have already had a date with your friend but suddenly have another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you can’t go.Expre your reason clearly in about 100 words.

Do not sign your name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.

Don’t write the addre.

Dear Jane,

I am exceively sorry to tell you that I won’t be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p.m.to meet an overseas visitor from Australia.

I really have kept our date in my mind all these days.However, I received my bo’s-mail this morning, and he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad.It’s sudden and urgent and I must go.

I’m sorry for any inconvenience caused.Please forgive me.Would you please ring me up to make another time? We may meet again and I hope to see you soon.

Sincerely，

Li Ming （115 words）

七、感谢信参考范文

Directions:

While your family was on vacation, your friend, Mary looked after your dog, Smart.Now you came back, write a letter to her to show your gratitude.

Your letter should be no le than 100 words.You don’t need to write the addre.Don’t sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.

Dear Mary,

I am writing to expre our heartfelt thanks for your taking good care of Smart while we were on holiday.

He was such a happy dog when we got home.We knew he must have had lots of loving attention.When we picked up him from the kennel in your home he would whimper and carry on for hours.

You not only saved us some money, but also spared us the worry about him while we were away.Your kind help is very appreciated, not only by Smart, but also by our whole family as well.Please accept our thanks again.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （107 words）

八、询问信参考范文

Directions:

As part of a student social survey project, you are leading a group to visit an exhibition in a small town.Write a letter:

1） ask for information regarding such things as the contents of the exhibition,

2） the dates of its opening and closing,

3） any discounts.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am organizing a group of students to pay a visit to the historical exhibition in your town.I am writing the letter in purpose of inquiring/seeking/obtaining/requesting information concerning/regarding the following aspects.

First of all, what is the size of the exhibition, what is its theme and what objects are on display? Secondly, what are the dates between which the exhibition will be held, and what are the daily opening hours?

I must point out that I hope to bring over students to the exhibition.So I would like to inquire if there is any discount available on entrance tickets for students.I look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （116 words）

九、推荐信参考范文

Directions:

One of your friends wants to apply for a job involving working with foreign teenagers.Write a letter:

1） Recommend him/her.www.daodoc.com

2） Describe his/her past experience.

3） Explain the reasons.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to you to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post.With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Fudan University several times.

Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record.Upon graduation he was aigned to be a teacher in Fudan Middle School.What’s more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children.This has won him great popularity among his students.

Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised.I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （122 words）

十、祝贺信参考范文

Directions：

Suppose that your friend’s birthday is coming.Write a letter in about 100 words to congratulate her.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming” instead.

Dear Helen,

I remember all the time that your birthday is around the corner.I am sure all the friends and relatives are planning a grand birthday party and happy surprises for you.May I join them in wishing you a happy birthday?

How I wish I could stretch out my hand to shake with you, but you are so far away on the other side of the globe.Do you know how much I cherish our friendship during the past ten years, and how much I anticipate maintaining it for the years to come?

I write this letter to send my heartiest congratulations.I am sure that your birthday party will be a great succe and I wish you many happy returns.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming （126 words）

十一、介绍信参考范文

Directions:

You are writing your first letter to a pen pal.

1） Describe your previous studies and work experience.

2） Your current activities, hobbies and interests.

3） Suggest meeting him/her.

Dear Audrey,

Hi! My name is Li Ming.I am very glad to have this chance to write to you and become pen pals.

Let me first introduce myself.I’m currently working as a computer programmer in a large multi-national company.I graduated from Beijing Normal University with a Bachelor’s Degree in computer science in 2005.My hobbies include listening to pop music and traveling.

This summer, I will be traveling with Mr.Yang Guo to Norway.If you are free, I would be very happy to meet you in person.Well, let me finish here.I am already eagerly awaiting your reply.I hope that we can become good friends.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

（115 words）

十三、申请信参考范文

Directions:

You are a student of Fudan University.Write an application to get a scholarship for your graduate study in another university in America.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the addre.

Dear Sir,

I am writing to apply for a scholarship in your university in order that I could pursue my graduate study for the Master’s Degree in your university.Here is my personal information for you.

I was born in 1981 in Shanghai.I was admitted to the Physics Department of Fudan University in 2000 and will graduate this June.During my four academic years, besides my major, physics, I also take such selective courses as chemistry, computer and mathematics.I have made straight grades on all required subjects.Moreover, I have paed CET6 and kept on learning English all these years.So I don’t think I will have any problems in language during my study in your country.

If my application could be taken into favorable consideration, I would be most grateful.And I am looking forward to your early reply.

Enclosed are my score reports on all subjects and two recommendations.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

（157 words）

十四、便笺参考范文

Directions:

Suppose that you cannot return the book to Ma Bin in person for some emergency and will ask someone else to return it.Write a note in about 100 words to inform him of it.Do not sign your own name at the end of your note, using “Li Ming” instead.

Dear Ma Bin,

I would like to apologize for my not being able to return in person the book you lent me last Wednesday.You know, I have done a parttime job as a private teacher.Originally the leons were scheduled on Saturday.But it happens that my student is going to take part in a football match this Saturday, the day after tomorrow and so the leon is shifted to tomorrow evening, which renders me to meet you then.

But don’t worry.I have asked a clamate to return that book for me.She is a pretty girl with short curly hair, and will go to your dormitory at 7:00 tomorrow evening.

Thank you again for your book.It is really helpful to my English aignment.

Yours,

Li Ming

（130 words）

十五、通知参考范文

Directions:

Write a notice in about 100 words for the Office of Fudan University to inform the teachers, workers and some students of a meeting to commend the advanced teachers and workers.

NOTICE

To commend the advanced teachers and workers, whose performance is outstanding in the year of 2004, a meeting will be held at 3:00 p.m.in the first Meeting Room on Friday.Our president will preside over the meeting in person and make a year-end summing up of the work of our university.What makes us feel even more honored is that the director of the Bureau of Education will attend the meeting, make an encouragement speech, and give out rewards to the advanced teachers and workers personally.

All teachers, staff and junior and senior students are requested to be present on time.

The Office of Fudan University

Dec.27, 2004

推荐第2篇：学位论文写作

对学位论文写作的认识

班级：法律Z111姓名：陈潘潘学号：114193

一、当前学生毕业论文写作的现状与意义

（一）当前学生毕业论文写作的现状

1、高等教育与科研环境浮躁

2、学术研究失范

3、论文写作的环境发生变化

4、就业对学生毕业论文的影响

（二）当前学生毕业论文写作的意义

1、使学生的理论知识与实践相结合

2、提高学生的实践创新素质

3、是本科生教育与研究生教育衔接的重要环节

4、学校教育向社会职能化转变

二、学位论文的选题

(一)选题的意义

是本科生毕业论文写作的重要环节，是写作论文成功的关键，是考查和锻炼学生学术研究能力和素质的手段，是提高师生合作能力的重要环节。

（二）选题的原则

坚持学术价值原则，坚持实践性原则，坚持充分占有资料原则，坚持兴趣展现与特长发挥原则。

(三)选题的理论深度

包括有：补白性选题，开拓性选题，提出问题性选题，超越性选题，总结性选题。

（四）学位论文题目的设计

题目的设计要求：题目新颖，题目要与内容相符，题目大小适当，能扬长避短。

(五)论文题目的表述

论文题目的表述要精练，一般不超过二十个字，如：关于+宾语+的+研究或论+宾语（名词或名词性短语）

三、学位论文的资料

学位论文对资料的要求：

第一项要求：有充足、翔实的资料、新的资料

“充足”是指资料的数量，资料的数量丰富可以减少研究成果的片面性；“翔实”是指真实性和直接性，资料虽多，但不真实、错误百出，或者都是间接资料，并且翻译、转述不准确，不能够保证研究结果的正确性；资料的“新旧”问题：旧的资料，尽管真实直接，但已经过时，与实际情况不符，据以进行研究，得出的结果肯定不正确。因此，要求直接的、第一手的资料，更要求新资料。硕士学位论文和博士学位论文，一定要有相当的外文资料。

第二项要求：注明所引用资料的出处

按照学术研究的规律，每个研究者都是在前人研究成果的基础上进行研究，在论述自己的见解时常用现行规定、前人和他人的理论以证明自己的见解，这就是“引用”。引用资料必须注明出处，这就是注释。

第三项要求：有参考文献目录

学位论文，无论博士学位论文还是硕士学位论文，都要求在文末附有参考文献目录。因为没有参考文献目录或者参考文献目录不符合要求被答辩委员会认定不符合学位论文条件而不能通过的实例很多。

四、学位论文的结构

学位论文的结构一般包括：文题，内容摘要、关键词，绪论，本论，结论，参考文献，鸣谢部分。

1、文题也就是论文的题目。

2、内容摘要是对文章内容的高度概括。

3、绪论通常是交代课题，本文究竟要研究一个什么样的课题以及这个课题的研究背景，说明作者为什么要研究这个课题，它有什么理论意义和现实意义。

4、本论是一篇论文的本质部分，没有本论就不称其为一片论文，就像没有头和躯干不能称其为人一样，本论部分的结构大体上有五种：总分结构，三分结构，四分结构，编章结构，章节结构。

5、结论表明一项科学研究的结束，同时，一项研究当有其研究结果，最终得到一个什么研究结果，应当在结论部分作出概括，如果还有遗留问题没有解决，也应在结论部分指出。

6、参考文献目录是在论文写作过程中所参考的书籍，报刊文章，学术论文等内容的罗列。

7、鸣谢部分主要写明在论文的写作过程中对老师和同学给予的帮助的一种感谢。

五、学位论文的研究方法

法学研究的方法有多种，最常用的是：法解释学的方法、比较研究的方法、历史研究的方法、法经济学的方法、法社会学的方法和案例研究方法等。

法解释学的方法，包括狭义的法解释方法和广义的法解释方法。狭义的法解释方法，指用来明确法律文本的内容意义、构成要件、适用范围和法律效果的各种解释方法，例如文义解释方法、目的解释方法等；广义的解释方法，除前述狭义的解释方法外，还包括用来补充法律漏洞的各种方法，例如目的性扩张、目的性限缩等方法，以及针对具体案件事实对不确定法律概念予以确定的方法。

比较研究的方法，亦可称为比较法的方法，是指对不同法系、不同国家的法律或者法律制度进行比较，发现其异同及各自的优点和缺点的方法。需注意的是，比较研究有所谓制度比较和功能比较之分。

历史研究的方法，即采用考订的方法研究历史上的法律和法律制度，也是法学研究常用的方法。法史学专业的学位论文主要采用历史研究方法；其他专业的学位论文，如果属于制度型选题，历史研究方法是一种辅助性方法，即可以采用历史研究方法研究该制度的产生、发展、演变。

法经济学的方法，亦称法经济分析的方法，是用经济学的分析工具如效率、价值等分析法律制度。

法社会学的方法，是指运用社会学研究的方法，如社会调查、分析、统计、预测的方法，以研究法律和法律制度，因法社会学派的兴起而成为法学研究方法之一种。

案例研究方法，即通过对案例的剖析指出当前法律运用的不足并通过分析找到解决问题的方法。

六、学术见解

学位论文的学术见解区分为：一般学术见解和基本学术见解。所谓一般学术见解，是指论文中所涉及的各种不同的观点、不同主张、不同学说，作者所作取舍和表态，作者自己所赞同、所采取，所提出的观点、主张、学说。所谓基本学术见解，是指一篇学术论文所表达的作者的基本思想，平常称为主题思想。

七、文章

学位论文的第六个要素称为“文章”，它的含义是：文章写得怎么样，在文章这个要素当中首先一个问题是“文体”即文章的体裁，指对文章的分类。其次是文字，文风，文采等。学位论文写作的文字应当准确、流畅，符合语法、文法；文风要避免美文、译文、欧化的风格；对于文采，要避免段落过长，句式要有所变化，同时讲究句子的长短变化。

八、社会责任

学位论文写作要讲社会责任，不是一味追求创新，作者在论文中表达的见解、提出的立法建议，可能会成为立法机关制定法律、修改法律的参考，一定要慎重，不要轻易地提出一个立法建议。我们应该有社会责任心，要对学术负责。

推荐第3篇： 电大学位英语写作练习题选[版]

6.写作练习题

No.1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: On the Popularity of WeChat, based on the outline (given in Chinese) below.You should write about 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1.目前微信很流行

2.微信流行的原因（各种功能） 3.微信的展望

The WeChat software of Tencent Company, as an Internet chat tool, becomes more and more popular in China, especially for the young.There are several reasons for its rapid development as following Firstly, it is one of the most widespread instant meengers, may facilitate the people to carry on the online information exchange at anytime and anywhere.Thirdly, it is free to use the software, which makes the communication between people very very cheap, even free.

WeChat has brought us much convenience, and I believe it will continue to provide us the free and excellent service, with more and more functions.

No.2.Directions:You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: On micro-blog.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.1.现在很多人热衷用微博来表达心声 2.微博中可能存在的问题 3.在我看来

More and more people are keen to use MicroBlog to expre their feelings.We can know other’s feelings and current situations by MicroBlog if we want to know, which brings much convenience to people.

However, it may have some problems when using MicroBlog.The information you get on micro-blog is not always true, some are fake and exaggerated.Also, there are many advertisements which waste our data and time.At the same time, some lawle persons may use the information to do illegal things, so it is very dangerous for us to publish our privacy on micro-blog.In my opinion, each coin has two sides.When we use micro-blog, we should evaluate it we can expre our feelings, but not some privacy, and don’t easily trust the words of others.

No.3.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30minutes to write a composition on the topic Test for Civil Servants.You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outlinebelow:

1)近几年兴起了一股报考公务员的热潮，

2)分析产生这一现象的原因， 3你的看法

.In recent years, more and more people are fervor for the test for civil servants, especially the college students Why so many college students after graduating choose to take part in the civil servant exam Of course different people have various reasons, but there are two main reasons as following.

Firstly, civil servants have security and higher pay, when you become one of them, you can work for the government all your life if you want, as long as you do things right, and you will be paid until you die.It is totally different if you work in a company, le pay and insecurity, you do not know when the company will be bankrupt.

Secondly, civil servants have enhanced social status than people working in companies.I think it is not good for our country if most talented or skilled people become civil servants, as economic development is the most important.

.No.4 Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Great Changes in My Hometown. Your composition should be based on the following outline.Your composition should be no le than 120 words.outline: 1.changes in appearance

2.changes in people

3.the greatest change

The only thing that will never change is change, as an example, my hometown changes rapidly not only on its appearance but also on the people who are living there.

My hometown gets a lot of benefit from the development of our country, the road is wider and cleaner, the houses we living are much more comfortable and beautiful, clean rivers and green hills come back to us.The people have more time to enjoy their life, they talk and laugh more frequently with le preure.

Among these changes, the most impreive thing is the changing of people’s life style.As I remember, people in several years ago normally watched TV and then go to sleep after supper.But now, they will go to an open ground and have a dancing with neighbors, they have more intimate relationship with each other which enable them have a more colorful daily life.

No.5.Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic How Science Changes Our Lives.Your composition should be based on the following outline.in Chince Your composition should be no le than 120 words.1.科学正在不停地改变着我们的生活，无论我们喜欢与否 2.有些改变对我们生活未必都是有益的 3..合理看待对待这种改变

Whether we like it or not, science is changing our lives in all dimensions Each of us can feel the changes, most the changes bring us much convenience in our lives.

However, not all changes are good for us.For example, WeChat facilitate the people to carry on the online information exchange at anytime and anywhere, while the wallet of WeChat is easy to lose money if your account is stolen by others or some criminals use WeChat to do some fraudulent activities.

In my opinion, each coin has two sides.We should improve our knowledge to adapt the rapid changes in our lives brought by the science, so we can know how to enjoy the changes while not to be deceived.

No.6.Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Is Competition a Good or Bad Thing? Your composition should be based on the following outline.Your composition should be no le than 120 words.

Outline: 1.The seriousne of the present competition

2.The advantages of competition

3.The disadvantages of competition Competition is a common phenomenon in our society.We compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study, and there is constant competition for jobs, fame, wealth and so forth.Therefore, we can say that, in a certain sense, competition is one of the motive forces of the development of our modern society.

Competition is in everywhere, we can get courage and confidence from winning a competition.However, a losing is also a treasure; it gives us the impulse of striving and the desire of fighting back.If we are not competent for the competitions, we will lose, so we will keep learning and working

However the feeling of frustration and sad are juxtaposed with the happine of succe.Sometimes they are fatally devastating for some people; some even tried suicide to avoid the cruel reality.

In conclusion, competitions are good, but we have to reduce some preure of competition before it becomes so intolerable that may cause serious damaging.

No.7.Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Environmental Protection.Your composition should be based on the following outline.Your composition should be no le than 120 words.

Outline: 1.Today the quality of our natural environment has become an important iue.

2.Some progre has been made in environmental protection.

3.But further measures should be taken to solve environmental problems.Along with society’s development progre, more and more people have stronger environmental awarene, which is non-existent three decades ago.It is no doubt that today the quality of our natural environment has become an important iue.

Some progre has been made in environmental protection.For example, in terms of law, we have more and more policies and laws of environmental protection.In 1997, there are 160 countries including China signing the Kyoto Protocol in Kyoto, Japan to control the emiions of carbon dioxide and protect our environment.Although we have already done many things in decades past, further measures should be taken to solve environmental problems.We should strictly enforce the existing laws of environmental protection, draw up a perfect law system and raise public awarene.

No.8.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: On Teamwork.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.1.你认为什么是团队精神； 2.团队合作的益处；

3.你认为人们应如何进行团队合作

When it comes to teamwork, everybody could speak a few words.But what is teamwork? From my point of view, teamwork is that each team member need to work as a group, but not individually.That means everyone have his own tasks, but they need to work together to make all the tasks done.

We can benefit a lot from teamwork.On one hand, we can share our ideas and work out a best solution when we meet problems.On the other hand, work as a group can take advantage of each team member’s strong points which enable us to deal with sophisticated easier.

To work as a team requires us to be open-minded, easy-going, strong sense of group honor.We cannot be an individual hero, but need to coordinate with each team member.

No.9 .For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay with the title\"Listening is more important than talking\" with the outline given below.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.1.倾听和谈论哪一个更重要，人们对此看法不一。 2.认为倾听更重要，这是因为...3.我们在倾听的时候，应该注意...

We often fall into an argument that what is more important between listening and talking, people always hold different opinions on this topic.

We cannot judge who is right or wrong, but from my point of view, listening should be more important than talking.When it comes communication, normally we will go through listening, thinking and talking.As we know, people more likely to talk instead of listening, someone who intend to be a good listener, he would be easier to be liked by others.In additionally, those people who focus on listening means they spend more time on thinking, that will enable us learn more from each dialogue.

Listening requires us to be patient and attentive, also need to take care of our body language.Only proper behavior can we get what we want to know.

推荐第4篇：学位论文写作规范

山东农业大学

博士、硕士学位论文写作基本规范与格式要求

（试行）

为提高博士、硕士研究生学位论文质量和学位工作水平，保证学位论文在内容、结构和格式上的统一，对博士、硕士学位论文作如下规定。

一、基本要求

学位论文一般用中文撰写，提倡用中外文双语撰写。自然科学类博士学位论文字数一般不少于4万字，中文摘要2000-3000字左右；硕士学位论文字数一般不少于3万字，中文摘要1000字左右。管理科学类博士学位论文一般在10万字左右，中文摘要2000-3000字；硕士学位论文一般在5万字左右，中文摘要1000-2000字。

二、学位论文写作内容及要求

博士、硕士学位论文一般由以下几部分组成，依次为：1.论文封面；2.原创性及版权说明；3.符号或缩略词说明；4.论文目录；5.中文摘要；6.外文摘要； 7.引言；8.材料与方法；9.结果与分析；10.讨论；11.结论；12.参考文献；13.附录；14.致谢；15.攻读学位期间发表论文的目录及对应章节。

论文封面：采用研究生处统一印制的封面，可以从网上直接下载打印系统。论文题目限在30个汉字以内，图书分类号采用《中国图书资料分类法》进行标注。

正文中的插图禁用原版图片，要扫描成图片文件插入。单页页眉“山东农业大学博士（硕士）学位论文”，双页页眉“论文题目” 。

博士、硕士学位论文用A4标准纸，双面打印。论文正文均用小四号宋体字，1.5倍行间距和默认字间距，Word排版，上下、左右页边距均为2.5cm，页码标注页面下，居中。

具体写作内容及要求分别参见附件1和附件2。

附件1：附件2：山东农业大学管理科学类博士、硕士学位论文写作基本规范与格式要求

推荐第5篇：学位英语参考书

注：我省成人高等教育本科毕业生申请学士学位外国语水平考试使用全国部分省级学位委员会办公室联合编写组编写，由中国人民大学出版社出版的《成人高等教育学士学位英语水平考试大纲（非英语专业）》

推荐第6篇：学位英语申报

2012年学位英语最新报名流程

（1）、报名资料收集

2012年2月12日---2012年2月14日期间

1，请各位考生将本人蓝底登记照电子版照片(备注 姓名 本科学号 专业 网报号 电话) 发送到QQ邮箱775617024@qq.com；

2，请各位考生务必将本人第二代身份证原件顺丰快递寄送

快递地址： 武汉商业服务学院商贸楼 201办公室黄老师

027-84792057

（2）、网上报名

湖北省教育考试院成人学士学位外语考试报名平台http://crxs.hbee.edu.cn 时间：2012年2月20日--2月29日（2月29日晚24时关闭网上报名系统）。报名时间过后不补报名。考生务必牢记自己的网上报名号。

备注：网报方法及要求请见附件一《2012年湖北省成人学士学位外语考试网上报名办法》。

三、考试

1.考试时间：2012年4月21日上午9时至11时。

2.准考证下载时间：2012年4月2日至21日。考生可登录报名网站http://crxs.hbee.edu.cn下载并打印自己的准考证。

3.考试大纲及备考用书：考试大纲使用省学位办与省教育考试院联合制订的《湖北省成人学士学位外语考试大纲》（2011版）（包括英、日、法3个语种，见湖北省教育考试院网）。英语科目备考用书使用省学位办、省教育考试院组编的《湖北省成人高等教育本科生申请学士学位英语考试备考指南》（湖北人民出版社出版，湖北招生考试杂志社发行）。

四，收费

70元（含学位英语报名费+电子照片处理及打印费）

备注：四级证件可以用于申报学位但是可能不返还，但不返还可能性比较小

（目前没出现未返还情况）请大家自行决定是否需要报考学位英语！

推荐第7篇：自考 学位英语

学位英语范文：保护环境

英语作文 2010-04-01 13:53:24 阅读222 评论0 字号：大中小

例文1：

The world we live in is becoming more and more intolerable because of environmental destruction.Bird flu and Sars are two typical examples that environmental destruction may threaten our life.Besides, forest destruction , water and air pollution result in decrease of planting land and unpleasant weather.Serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some measures to deal with it.First of all, the authorities should adopt the policy of \"sustainable development\", and laws concerning environmental protection should be put into effect and enforced strictly just as our government has been doing.What\' s more, every citizen should realize the seriousne of the problem and make concerted efforts to protect our environment.In addition, planting trees helps improve and beautify the environment.

关于环境保护的

我们生活的世界正变得越来越难以忍受,因为对环境的破坏.禽流感和SARS的是两个典型的例子,对环境的破坏,可能危及自己的生命.此外,森林破坏,水和空气污染导致减少种植业土地及不愉快的天气.严重的问题,看来,我们可以得出一些措施来对付它.首先,当局应该采取的政策是\"可持续发展\" , 法律和有

关环保工作应该要付诸实施,执法不严,正如我国政府一直在做的事.

何况, 每个公民都应该明白问题的严重性,并共同努力,为保护我们的环境.此外,植树有利于改善和美化环

境.例文2

To everyone on our planet,

Over the past years, floods, droughts, landslides, and dust-storms have frequented our planet, the only habitat of human beings.Several days ago, tsunami(海啸) has swept the Southeast Asia, which has

caused enormous damage.All these have sounded an alarm to human beings.

The destruction which is caused by human beings has aroused people’s concern all over the world.If we pay no heed to the present destructive human activities, our planet will become of tomb instead of cozy home.What’s more, we should realize that only from our planet can we obtain our sheltering, food, cloth

and so forth.

Counter-measures must be taken to curb the destruction caused by human beings.Most importantly,

laws must be established to punish those who are involved in destructive conducts.

Sincerely Yours

例文3

The environmental protection is the most major problem which in the modern life the humanity faces.Must solve this problem must start from foundation.First must maively propagandize enhances people\'s consciousne with understanding strengthens the environmental protection consciousne.Next must carry on waste recovery use reduces to forest-tree\'s felling.Also must strengthen to white pollution proceing little uses the plastic product.Finally must make improvement to clean aspect.Causes the city\'s appearance to be neater.For Earth\'s tomorrow we must start from the now diligently will want the well local constable to protect the environment.To this us proposes as follows suggests: Implementation trash claification packed in bags.Like this not only can reduce the environmental sanitation worker\'s work load but also can even better basically arrive makes use of waste to reduce the

pollution saves the resources.

例文4

Protect environment(环境保护)

The earth scale change of climate has brought a new kind of natural disaster and the developed and complicated city system is holding a latent risk of expanding the damage artificially.Also people has been spoiling the health since the immense quantity of chemicals have been produced and already used in

pursuit of convenience and various toxic substances have been produced unintentionally and

accumulated in environment.Therefore, We need some countermeasures from the viewpoint to prevent the city environment form disaster and to manage environmental risks.So we will develop and improve a

new risk management system and a disaster prevention system to preserve and create the city

environment where people feel easy and sound in their life.

例文5

Protection of the Environment

Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment.There were few people on the

earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.

Today things are different.The world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural

resources,and polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.If we continue to do this, human life

on earth will not survive.

We realize that if too many fish are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left.Yet,with modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught.We know that if too many trees are cut down, forests will

disappear.Yet, we continue to use powerful machines to cut down more and more trees.We see that if

rivers are polluted with waste products, we will die.Yet, waste products are still put into rivers.

We know that if the population continues to rise at the present rate, in a few years, there won\'t be enough

food.What can we do to solve these problems?

If we eat more vegetables and le meat, there will be more food available.Land for crops feeds five

times more people than land where animals are kept.

Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.

The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.

Finally, if we educate people to think about the problems we shall have a better and cleaner planet in the

future.

保护环境

过去，人们不必担心保护环境的问题。因为那时地球上人口稀少，自然资源似乎取之不尽。

如今，一切都改变了。世界变得拥挤异常。我们正在耗尽我们的自然资源，有毒化学制品的使用也正污染

着环境。如果我们继续这样下去，地球上的生命将不复存在。

我们都知道如果从海里捕捉太多的鱼，海里就不会再有鱼了。但是，现代化的捕鱼技术使得捕鱼量越来越大。我们都知道如果砍伐太多的树木，森林就会消失。但是，我们仍旧使用强大的机械砍伐越来越多的树木。我们都知道如果河水被废弃物污染的话，我们只有死路一条。但是废弃物仍然源源不断地进入河里 我们知道，人口继续照现在这个速度增长的话，不出几年，就会发生食物短缺。我们该如何解决这些问题

呢?

如果我们多吃蔬菜，少吃肉类的话，我们就会有更多的食物。因为同样大小的土地如果种庄稼的话会比养

殖动物多养活五倍多的人。

如果我们学会再利用的话，自然资源就能持续更久。

如果人们使用现代化的生育控制方法，世界人口就不会增长如此迅猛。

最后，如果我们能够教育人们都意识到这些问题的话，未来我们就会有一个更好、更洁净的星球。

例文6

关于环境保护的话题

Our environment is very important for our lives .（我们的环境对我们的生活是很重要的） We need the fresh air, the clean water and so on .（我们需要清新的空气，清洁的水等等）In the past, there were many trees around us ,the air was fresh and the river was clean.（在过去，我们的周围有许多树木，空气是清新的，河流是干净的）But now,people cut down many trees and air pollution,water polloution is very serious .（但是现在，人们砍伐了很多树木，空气污染和水污染也是很严重的。） The environment around us becomes very terrible .（我们四周的空气变得很糟糕） We should protect our environment.（我们应该保护我们的环境） First, we should plant many trees to keep water.（第一，为了保持水份我们应该多种树）Second , we can ride a bike or walk to the school and work.（第二。我们要骑自行车或步行去上学或上班）Third , we shouldn’t throw the dirty water into the river .（第三，我样不应该把垃圾扔进河里） Fourth, we shouldn’t use the plastic bags.（第四，我们不应该使用塑料袋） Finally, we can ask more

people to join us.（最后，我们要让更多的人加入我们的行列）

Let’s protect our environment!（让我们来保护环境吧）

例文7

In modern society, we tend to become more and more aware of our living environment or physical environment, because we is not clean as before.So many people now choose their house as to its environm

ent but not its location and expenses to afford it.

As we all know, the environment pollution is more and more serious during these years, what we could d

o is to make great efforts in protecting environment gradually.

As to government pollution, as to common people.We also try to protect it and make it remain clean.Although we have managed to protect the environment to a certain extent.It is still a very long way to go

.

中文大意：）~~

在现代社会，我们越来越趋向于关注，我们的生活环境和自然环境，因为我们已认识到我们周围的环境已

不像以前那么干净了，现在许多人买房看的是它的环境而不是它的位置地点及负担费用。

众所周知，这些年环境污染越来越严重，我们所能做的是尽全力保护环境，作为政府，已分布了一些法律

禁止环境污染，而作为普通的人们，则是尽力保护它，让它保持清洁。

虽然我们已无法去保护环境，而环境已破坏到了一定程度，但是还是有一段长的路要走。

例文8

When the enviroment is mentioned,a beautiful view will arise in my mind:white clouds flying acro the blue sky,green graplot sprinkied with colorful flowers and small animals playing happily among the

trees...So amazing,but it is so far from us .Now the world has become crowded ,forests are

dispearing,rivers are polluting with dangerous chemical,lovely birds lo their warm houses...My dear friends ,we must wake up and do something to change it __in better ways ! Saving the recource ,the batteries,the aged newspapers ,the empty gla bottles,we will claify them,then put them in different trash bins ;when we shopping ,we will bring nylon bags instead of plastic bags ;making the best use of nature light and shut off the electrical light conveniently...All in all,we should start from every little thing around us .Come on ,my dear friends ,with this new start ,I firmly believe ,that we will live in a brand new age of green trees ,clean air ,crystal water ,blue sky and more promising world!Of course ,the fairy of

nature--- graceful swans will come back to us and live with us forever !

一说到环境，我的脑海中就会浮现一幅美丽的场景：湛蓝的天空中白云朵朵，嫩绿的草地上花儿缤纷，就连小动物们都在树丛间快乐的嬉戏玩耍，多么迷人的画面啊，而它却离我们好远。现在的世界变得拥挤不堪，森林不见了，小河被危险的化学物质污染了，可爱的小鸟也失去了那温暖的小窝。亲爱的朋友们，我们得觉醒了，让我们做些事情来使一切变得更好吧。让我们珍惜能源，将废电池，旧报纸，空的玻璃瓶，都一一归类，放到不同的垃圾桶里。当我们购物的时候，请自带尼龙袋而不是塑料袋。请利用自然之光吧，不用时自觉地关掉电灯。总之，让我们从身边的小事做起。来吧，亲爱的朋友们，从现在开始，我坚信，我们将迎来一个全新的时代：嫩绿的树木，新鲜的空气，清澈的河水，蔚蓝的天空，一个更加光明的未来。

当然，那大自然的精灵，那优雅的白天鹅将一定会回到我们身边，与我们同在。

例文9

The picture unveils a drastic change of ocean ecology during the past century due to the expanding scale of world commercial fishing.There were few fishing ships on the sea in 1900 when an enormous number of fish swam freely; in contrast, in 1995 a large fleet of ships were

endeavoring to search for the only fish in the sea.

The tremendous contrast presented by the drawing alarmingly reminds us of the

detrimental deterioration of oceanic ecosystem by the greedine of mankind.The industry of

commercial fishing had undergone a booming expansion along with the growing public awarene of the merits of seafood, which made fishing unusually profitable.Lacking knowledge regarding the significance of ecological balance, businemen sent out ships that insatiably chased fishes and thus posed a severe threat to all life in the sea.However, this

trend may in turn endanger humankind.

To prevent the exhaustion of ocean resources, governments should unite to work out effective measures against commercial fishing.For instance, there should be limitations on fishing time and location so as to reduce the exploitation of the sea.Moreover, people also call for laws and regulations that are responsible for punishing exceive fishing.Last but not the least, the public attachment to the importance of balance preservation would play a decisive

role in saving ocean species from extinction.

译文：

该图显示出20世纪以来由于全球商业捕鱼业的大规模扩张而导致海洋生态系统的巨大变化。1900年的时候海上只有一艘船，而海里有许许多多鱼儿在自由地遨游；相反，到了1995年，海上有许多渔船，

它们都在努力寻找海里仅剩的一条鱼。

该图所显示出来的巨大反差使我们警醒地意识到人们的贪婪给海洋生态系统造成了巨大的破坏。随着公众意识到了海鲜食品的价值，商业捕鱼也在不断扩张，而且有着十分高的利润率。由于商人们缺少对于生态平衡的认识，他们的渔船无休止地捕鱼，给海洋生物的生存造成了巨大的威胁。但是，这个趋势可能

最终会反过来威胁到人类自己的生存。

为了防止海洋资源的枯竭，各个政府必须联合起来，对商业捕鱼采取有效的措施。例如，为了防止过度捕捞，可以限制捕鱼的时间和地点。此外，人们还呼吁制定更多的法律法规来惩罚过度捕捞。最后，公

众对于保持生态平衡重要性的认识对于拯救濒临灭绝的海洋生物起到了决定性的作用。

闪光词汇及词组：

expanding：adj.扩张的

scale：n.规模

enormous：adj.巨大的，庞大的

search for：寻找

detrimental：adj.有害的

deterioration：n.退化，变坏

along with：与……一起

profitable：adj.有利可图的

insatiably：adv.不知足地

pose a threat to：对……造成威胁

endanger：v.危及

exploitation：n.开发，开采

call for：要求

exceive：adj.过多的，过分的

万能句型：

The picture unveils a drastic change of…

The tremendous contrast presented by the drawing alarmingly reminds us…

Lacking knowledge regarding…

推荐第8篇：学位英语作文

互联网

近年来， 人们与互联网之间的关系变得越来越不可分割inseparable 。众所周知， 无论either..or 是为了自我娱乐entertain oneself „ 还是适应adapt to , adjust to , gear to , meet , 工作的需求， 对我们来说， 在网上冲浪时点击鼠标click 非常方便it „ convenient 。( In recent years, people are developing an inseparable relationship with internet.As is known to all, / It is well-known that it is convenient for us to click the mouse when surfing on line, either to entertain ourselves or to meet the work’s needs.

一方面， 不可否认no one denies that / there is no denying the fact that 互联网是我们现在currently 日常生活中最有用的媒体之一。 作为一名大学生， 我每天上网get on line „.to „..through 借助电子邮件和我的网友net-friends 交流信息。 但另一方面， 很多人a good many people 承认他们过于沉迷addicted, indulged 网络，too„.to „ 以至于无法保持maintain 一种正常和健康的regular and wholesome lifestyle.生活方式。

On the one hand, no one denies that Internet is currently one of the most useful media in our daily life.As a college student, I get on line every day to exchange information through e-mails with my net friends.But on the other hand, a good many people admit that they are too much addicted to Internet to maintain a regular and wholesome lifestyle.

因此， 我们很有必要以一种合理的方式in a reasonable way 使用互联网，避免avoid 过度沉迷overindulgence 。 毕竟， 人们发明互联网是为了丰富enrich 我们的生活， 提高improve 我们的工作效率， 而不是rather than/instead of 让它像锁链chain 一样来束缚shackle /tie我们。

Thus, it is neceary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way and avoid/restrain from overindulgence.After all, Internet is invented to enrich our life, and to improve the efficiency of our work

rather than shackle us with a chain (instead of shackling us with a chain) 过西方节日还是东方节日

1.年轻人日益喜欢西方节日

2.关于西方与东方节日，人们的看法不同 3.我的看法

Which to Celebrate----the Western or Eastern Festivals?

Nowadays, the majority of young people are willing to celebrate western festivals.As a result, importance should be attached to the iue of festival celebration.

For one thing, western festival celebrations are so colorful that especially the youth can’t resist all the temptation of having one.Just imagine the romantic atmosphere on St.Valentine’s Day, the fun on All Fool’s Day and the ecstasy brought by gifts and games at Christmas.For another, Chinese festivals have their own attractions.Think about the comfort of family reunion during Spring Festival and the delicacy of national feelings on many occasions.

As for me, some fashionable western festivals are no doubt days to set aside as special.Meanwhile, I can’t afford to be absent from family gathering during many Chinese festivals.My celebration would be a combined one, some for western festivals, some for Chinese ones.

现在， 大多数年轻人喜欢过西方的节日。因此，我们应该重视庆祝节日的问题。

一方面， 西方节日如此丰富多彩以至于年轻人尤其难以抵挡其诱惑。设想 一下情人节的烂漫气氛、愚人节的乐趣以及圣诞节礼物和游戏带来的惊喜。另一方面， 中国的节日也有其美丽。想想春节期间全家团圆的温馨以及很多节日中民族情感的慰籍。

对我而言， 一些时尚的西方节日无疑是要特别度过的。同时，我也无法在很多中国节日中缺席家庭聚会。 我的节日庆祝是中西结合的。

Juvenile Delinquency

1.青少年犯罪的现状2.这个问题的原因3.我的建议

青少年犯罪

目前， 青少年犯罪正在越来越趋于低龄化。认真思考这个问题后， 我得出了出现该问题的几点原因。

首先，随着离婚率的上升，有些孩子没有得到适当的照顾， 他们很容易被坏人带入歧途.其次，无知、轻信的年轻人陷入电子游戏、网络聊天甚至色情的虚幻世界中不能自拔。这种偏离的社会价值观很容易导致犯罪。

在我看来， 首先，整个社会应该高度重视青少年的健康成长。 其次，成人和学校的正确引导和保护对青少年至关重要。 总而言之，如果我们竭尽全力， 短期之内青少年犯罪率无疑会下降并得到有效可能有效控制。

Recently, juvenile delinquency is increasingly lower than normal age.Careful deliberation of this problem has given me several ideas as to why this should be so.To begin with, with the rising divorce rate, some children are not properly taken care of and are easily led astray by evildoers.What’s more, inexperienced and gullible/credulous young people are indulged in/are addicted to/ plunge into the illusory world of electric games, on-line chat or even pornography.This /Such alienation from proper social values is the slippery slope to crime.

It is my view that, first of all, the whole society should attach great importance to the sound growth of youngsters.Furthermore, proper guidance and protection of adults and schools are vital to teenagers.To sum up , if we exert every effort, ( if we spare no efforts), the juvenile crime rate will undoubtedly be brought down and effectively controlled in a short while.

我最喜欢的小说

我最喜爱的小说是儒勒.凡尔纳写的《八十天环游地球》。该作者出生于法国，一生致力于文学事业，写了很多科幻小说， 而这些作品使他赢得了“现代科幻小说之父” 的美名。

这是一本科幻小说，讲述了一位英国绅士的一个激动人心的故事。菲力.菲戈先生是这部小说的主人公，他跟他的俱乐部伙伴打了个赌，设法在80天之内环游地球。书中生动描述了他在旅途中遇到的诸多困难和遭遇。

从这本书中，我们可以看出作者对于海洋、旅行和冒险的热爱，这些在作者一生中影响深远。作者丰富的想像力和科学、地理知识也使我们深感惊讶并为之折服。

My Favorite Novel

My favorite novel is Around the World in Eighty Days which is written by Jules Verne.The author was born in France and devoted himself to literature and wrote several scientific romances, which gained him the name---- Father of Modern Science Fiction.

This is a book of science fiction which tells us an exciting story about an English gentleman, Mr.Phileas Foggs, who makes a bet with his clubmates and manages to travel around the world in eighty days.It gives us a vivid description of the many difficulties and incidents which happen to his journey.

From this story, we can see the author’s deep love for the sea, travel and adventure, which played a vital role in his life.We are also astonished and convinced by his fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge.我最难忘的人

生活中， 我曾遇到过很多值得回忆的人。但在我认识的人中， 令我最难忘的可能要算我的英语老师了。

让我常常回想起我的英语老师的，是他那些特殊的品质。首先，他教给我们一位老师所能给予的最珍贵的东西----唤起我们学习的激情。他不仅培养我们欣赏英语语言文学的奇妙与完美， 而且激起我们在这方面深入研究的兴趣。其次，他的才智深深吸引了我。我现在还记得我们总是热切盼望上他的课， 因为他讲课生动幽默， 总能引起我们微笑或哄堂大笑。

虽然我们已有两年没听过他的课了但老同学聚在一起时总要谈起他。我知道他的形象已深深地留在了我心中了。

In my life I have met many people who are really worth recalling.But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher.

What frequently brings back memories of my English teacher is his special qualities.First of all, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer ---- an awakening of a paion for learning.He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field.Second, I was attracted by his lively wit.I remember that we students always anticipated his cla with great eagerne because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.

Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last cla, he is the talk of our old clamates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.

毕业生就业Graduate employment /Jobs for Graduates

找工作job-hunting 对大学毕业生来说已经变成了一个非常头疼headache 的问题。尽管though 多数毕业生一毕业就找到了工作， 但还是有些人没有找到。 最为严重的是most serious of all ， 有些人在毕业很长时间之后， 还不知道I have no idea 去哪儿工作。

产生这一现象的原因有很多There are several reasons accounting for the phenomenon./ The reasons for this phenomenon are various 。 首先，前些年各大学院的大学录取enroll了很多经济majors „.、金融等热门专业的学生，以至于so „.that „.毕业生的数量大大超过greater than 了市场需求。(large-scaled enrollment rate „)其次，大多数大学生would rather 宁愿呆在大城市， 找不到without 合适的工作， than 也不愿去乡镇。

我认为I reckon/deem如果大学和学生都采取有效措施effective measures ，这个难题是可以解决的。首先， 大学应该进行市场调查，培养develop, cultivate 学生的特殊技能以适应需求。其次，学生的就业观念attitude 应该转变。 他们应该去小城市和乡镇， 在那里他们可以充分发挥give full play to 自己的专业profeional knowledge, academic knowledge 知识。总而言之， 如果我们更加重视，这种状况可以得到改进。

Job hunting has always been a headache for college students.Though many graduates are employed right after graduation.Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.

The reasons for this phenomenon are various.On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market.On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable jobs to do than go to countryside.I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take effective measures.First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit the need.Second, students’ attitude towards employment should be changed.They should go to small cities and country.There they can also give full play to their profeional knowledge.In a word, if we pay much attention, the situation can be improved.Studying Abroad.

目前很多中国学生出国留学 1.出国留学的好处 2.我的看法 出国留学

目前， 出国留学在青少年中非常流行。我们应该充分重视留学问题。

出国留学有很多好处。 首先，在国外生活和学习可为学生提供一个看待世界的不同视角。 在大学校园中， 国际学生很可能遇到来自不同国家和地区的同伴，而且面临迥异的想法和价值观。 此外，海外经历是在实际生活运用外语的最佳时机。没有什么比住在母语国家提高第二外语技能更好的机会了。

总之， 我认为尽管出国留学很昂贵， 并且可能会痛苦， 但这种付出是值得的。 首先，除了知识之外， 留学生可以获得留在国内的学生永远无法获得的宝贵经验。其次， 尽管留学经历可能使人沮丧、痛苦，然而这对青少年的成长是有益的。

Studying Abroad

Nowadays, going abroad for studies is enjoying a striking popularity among adolescents.Importance should be attached to studying abroad.

There are a great many advantages of studying overseas.First and foremost,living and studying abroad offers a different perspective of the world.On a university campus,international students are likely to encounter their counterparts from various countries and areas and are exposed to diverse ideas and values.What’more,overseas experience is the best opportunity for the real-life use of foreign language.There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skill than living in the country in which it is spoken.

To sum up,it is my view that although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful,the payoff is worthwhile.In the first place,in addition to knowledge,student can gain precious experience that those who stay at home will never have.Furthermore,overseas experience,frustrating and painnful as it may be,is beneficial conducive to the growth of adolecents.

Internet Friendship

1.网交友的现状2.我所了解的一个例子3.我对于网上交友的看法

网上交友

根据中央电视台的最新调查， 80%的人在网上冲浪实在寻找社交。其结果是，网线另一端发出的声音可以用来掩盖一名用户性格的方方面面。 而这可能带来不良的甚至是破坏性的后果。

关于此问题， 可以列举无数的例子，下面这个便具有足够的代表性。 我最好的一个朋友海伦，和一位网名叫“白马王子”的男子开始了一场网恋。 而亲身接触证明她所深爱的偶像原来是一个有妇之夫。

在我看来， 首先人们确实可以在网上获得社交， 但这只存在于网络空间中。此外， 尽管网络友谊可以给用户带来友情甚至爱情，但它也经常以失败和灾难告终。我们该高度重视这一现象了。

Internet Friendship

According to the recent survey by CCTV,80% of people who surf on line are there in search of social interactions.As a consequence ,the voice spoken from the other side of the line can be used to disguise aspects of a user’s personality,which might bring an unpleasant or even damaging outcom.(结果)

Numerous examples can be given here,but this will suffice.Helen, one of ma closest friends,started a net relationship with a man she knew as “prince charming”.The physical contact ,however,reveals that her beloved idol was a husband with wife.

In my view,first and foremost,it is ture that people gain communication on the net,but this exists only in cyberspace.Furthermore,although internet friendship can give users companionship(友谊) and even romance,it often ends with failure and even disaster.It is high time that we placed great emphasis on this phenomenon.My Views on Examination

1.大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩 2.考生可能带来的副作用3.我对考试的看法

我看考试

在绝大多数大学里， 考试是用来衡量学生是否掌握某一课程的主要手段。 虽然考试这一方法比较有效， 但其副作用side effects 也相当大。

In most colleges and universities , the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject.Although it does the job quite effective, its side effects are also enormous.

首先， 考试造成教学水平下降lower 。 由于教师的好坏往往根据学生的考试成绩来判断，所以教师被迫训练学生应试技巧technique 。 而几乎没有什么课程是仅仅通过教授应试技巧就可以教好的。其次， 考试最糟糕的副作用most unfavorable /undesirable effect is that „ 是使学生养成不良的学习习惯。 由于考试成绩是衡量学生学习好坏的唯一标准criterion ， 学生只能被迫机械地死记硬背memorize mechanically ，而不去rather than/instead of 进行创造性的思考。

To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching.Since teachers are judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques.No subjects can be taught succefully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations.In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits.As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.

In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students’ academic development.If that is the case, why can’t we make a change and devise something more effective and reliable than examination?

推荐第9篇：学位英语复习资料

学位英语复习资料

•学位英语词汇练习10题

1.The telegram was based on information from a _________ source.

A.recent

B.reliable

C.rare

D.private 2.Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to __________ any further responsibilities.

A.take on

B.bring on

C.get on

D.carry on 3.We were __________ for half an hour in the traffic and so we arrived late.

A.held up

B.put back

C.broken down

D.taken down 4.We develop trade with that company for our shared _________.

A.honour

B.reward

C.benefit

D.prize 5.It is a very popular play, and it would be wise to ________ seats well in advance.

A.engage

B.book

C.isolate

D.occupy 6.Apples are ________ in summer and cost a lot.A.rare

B.scarce

C.common

D.unusual 7.I took the medicine, but it didn’t have any _________ on me.A.effect

B.relation

C.touch

D.affect 8.Rapid reading means reading something fast just to __________ the general idea.A.master

B.seize

C.grasp

D.imagine 9.They build strong walls round the town as a __________ against the enemy.A.defense

B.defend

C.defeat

D.depend 10.Who ___________ the workers to take up the struggle? A.called for

B.called in

C.called on

D.called off

练习答案：1-10

BAACB

AACAC

•学位英语语法与词汇部分模拟题

1.The teacher’s lecture on American history was three hours long, and Mary felt very _____.A.upset

B.bored

C.disturbed

D.neglected 2.Her mind was so _____ by the disease that she could not remember what she had done.

A.acted

B.influenced

C.effected

D.affected 3.Every boy and girl _____ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted.

A.has been warned

B.have been warned

C.has warned

D.have warned 4.She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.

A.it

B.this

C.which

D.that

5.Why can’t you do this small _____ for me? I’ve helped you often enough in the past.

A.command

B.demand

C.effort

D.favor 6._____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.

A.All

B.What

C.Which

D.That 7.You screamed in your sleep last night.You _____ a terrible dream.

A.must have had

B.must have

C.must had had

D.must have been 8.However much _____, it will be worth the money.

A.the dictionary costs

B.costs the dictionary

C.the dictionary will cost

D.does the dictionary cost 9.I don’t care _____ or not she will apologize to me.

A.if

B.whether

C.what

D.which 10.One of my brother’s many faults is that he never _____ anything very long.

A.decides on

B.sticks to

C.goes over

D.makes up

11.The departure of the train will be _____ for half an hour.

A.cancelled B.delayed

C.postponed

D.set off 12.But for his sister’s help, I _____ the work.

A.did not finish

B.will not finish

C.could not finish

D.would not have finished 13.Emphasis is laid on the neceity that all the objectives to be attained _____ into account before starting a new project.

A.be taken

B.should take C.would be taken

D.have to be taken 14.Sixty per cent of television viewers chose her as their _____ actre.

A.fortunate

B.preferred

C.favourite

D.preferable 15.Judges must be independent _____ political preure.

A.to

B.of

C.under

D.on

16.I looked everywhere for some cooking oil, but I could only find ____.

A.a little

B.little

C.a few

D.few 17.Al’s doctor insists _____ for a few days.

A.that he is resting

B.him to rest

C.his resting

D.that he rest 18.There wasn’t much snow last winter so people couldn’t go ____ except in the mountains.

A.skiing

B.skied

C.to ski

D.having skied 19.You’ve got to be on top _____ to do well in a competition like that.

A.condition B.form

C.shape

D.training 20.Your behavior was shocking.You should be ashamed _____ yourself.

A.of

B.at

C.to

D.on 21.I suppose you couldn’t let me borrow your car this evening, _____?

A.couldn’t I

B.don’t I

C.could you

D.will you

22._____ five hundred people are believed to have drowned.

A.As many as

B.As much as

C.So many as

D.So much as 23.I chose a small room with the window _____ the street.

A.faces

B.faced

C.facing

D.to face 24._____ the rain we would have had a nice holiday.

A.But that

B.Despite

C.But for

D.In spite of

- 21. B

关于美国历史，这个教师讲了有三个小时长，这让Mary 感到非常讨厌。upset 难过的，不安的； bored 令（人）

16.A

cooking oil 是不可数名词，另外根据境可知：这个句子又表示肯定的含义，（若选C则表示否定含义，即一点也没有找到）所以选择A选项。

17.D Al 的医生坚持要他休息了些日子； insist 后面用虚拟语气，should可省略。

18.A

go skiing 去划雪；

类似的还有： go shopping 去购物； go swimming 去游泳； go boating 去划船。

19.B 固定搭配用法：to be on top form 处于最佳状态。

20.A

你的行为令人感到震惊，你应当为此感到羞愧；

be ashamed of … 为…感到羞愧。

21.C suppose 后面的从句中为否定式couldn’t，而主句为肯定式，这是否定后移的用法，后面的反意疑问句要根据从句而定，故反意疑问句用肯定式could you。

22.A

首先B、D不对，因为much后面修饰不可数名词； as many as 与…一样多，后面可以接具体的数字；而C项不正确，因为：so many as 如此众多的，后面不能出现具体的数字； drown 淹死；

23.C 我选了一个窗户对着街道的小房间。现在分词短语做定语，主动含义。 24.C but for… 要不是因为…；介词短语代替条件从句的用法。 25.A

wish后面接虚拟语气的用法。

26.B what引导的名词性从句，这句话的意思是：我所不喜欢的是冬季那漫长而黑暗的夜晚。

27.A

reception 接待员，接待，招待会，接受； 这是一个非限制性定语从句，whose job was 其工作是…。这句话是说：那个接待员，其工作是接电话，他得了喉炎。

28.B turn down 拒绝； turn away 打发走； turn over 把…弄翻了； D项错误，没有这种形式。 29.C resist doing … 禁不住…；看到苹果25分一磅，我们禁不住买了四磅。

30.C bring up 养育； Well-mannered children 行为举止良好的孩子，有教养的孩子。有教养的孩子往往都是家长培养教育的结果。没有A项这种用法，因为raise是及物动词，后面不能跟介词； borne up 坚强，毫不气馁。

31.A

as well as his mother, 不影响谓语动词的使用，主语是Tom’s father，另外ask sb to do sth 要求(请)某人做某事，这句话是说：汤姆的爸爸，还有她的妈妈，要他在纽约再待一段时间。

32.B 如果我们知道她计划今天出国，我们一定去机场给她送行了。前面的虚拟条件句是对过去情况的一种假设，谓语用过去完成时态， 故主句用would have done 这种形式。

33.A

这是一个非限制性定语从句，which指代的是前面的problems, of which… 在…当中； 34.D for fear that 以免，担心；他烧掉了所有重要的资料，以免落入敌人的手掌。

35.B have a great influence on … 对…有很大的影响，这句话是说：文学和艺术对人们影响很大。

•学位英语英译汉模拟试题

1. In the early fifties, only eight or nine out of a hundred young men changed their jobs within the first three years with a company.

在五十年代初期，有百分之八九的年轻人在一家公司工作三年后往往会跳槽。

2. Since most jobs take only a year and a half to master, in order to continue learning, they have to make a job change.由于大多数工作只需花一年多就可以掌握，为了继续学习，他们就会调换工作。

3. They have worked for a few years as technical specialists and quickly moved into higher management positions.作为技术专家，他们在工作了几年之后会更快地跳到更高的管理岗位。 4. Sociologists are interested in how a society began and how it grew.社会学家们对于一个社会是怎样形成与怎样发展起来的很感趣。

5. A Frenchman named Auguste Comte made sociology a separate science in the 1830s.1830年，一个叫Auguste Comte的法人使社会学成为一门独立的学科。 6. The method of capital punishment varies from nation to nation.执行死刑的方法因国家而各不相同。

7. The new device was named after the man who spoke out in favor of it.有个人大胆提议用这种新装置，后来这种刑具就以那个人的名字命名。

- 4customers.购物中心舒适而且方便，这是超市受人欢迎的另外一个原因。

29.Most of the ill health we suffer could be prevented if people made more effort to change their life styles. 如果人们努力去改变生活方式，就能远离大多数的疾病。

30.Similarly all advertising of alcohol should be banned and compensation paid to families of alcoholics who die of the liver disease.同样所有的酒类广告都应当被禁止，对于那些因喝酒导致生病，最终死亡的人应当赔偿。

31.Although mother’s day is a relatively new holiday in America, more and more other countries are also setting aside a day to honor their mothers.在美国，尽管母亲节时间夏天对来讲并不长，但世界上越来越多的国家都开始规定某一天为母亲节，来表达对他们母亲的敬意。

32.No longer was she so gentle, so relaxed and easy-going.她再也不像以前那样温柔，随和，好说话了。

33.Some people think that man might be able to solve both problems at the same time.一些人们认为他应该也能在同一时间把问题处理好。 34.Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning.有时候人们说的话言不由衷。

35.The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.（当你）仔细斟酌别人对你所说的话的时候，可以使你避免再犯错误。

36.Contrary to popular belief, colds are not caused by exposure to severe weather.和人们的普遍想法相反，感冒并非恶劣的气候造成。 37.The custom can be traced back to the roman era.付小费这种习俗这种风俗可以追溯到古罗马时代。

38.A more common belief is tips were first given in the 18th century England.付小费这种习俗源于18世纪的英国。

39.In America and Europe it is customary to tip anywhere from 10% to 20%.在美国和欧洲，人们普遍的做法是以消费金额的百分之十到百分之二十来付小费的。 40.Today most people decide the size of tip according to the quality of the service.现在，人们付小费的数量取决于享受的服务质量。

41.People who usually cannot afford it are the biggest tippers in front of their friends.往往是那些付不起大额小费的人在朋友面前付小费最大方。

42.Many analysts suggest that this added preure disproportionately touches the women, who already carry major responsibility for their own children.许多分析家认为，对于那些已经承担了繁重的养儿育女责任的妇女们来说，这无疑是雪上加霜。

43.Perhaps the most important iue that emerges from the social trends just described is the impact of family instability and single parenting on children.

也许上述社会倾向所产生的最重要的问题是家庭的不稳定性及单亲家庭对儿童的影响。

44.When this happens, the government should decrease the salaries of the workers by raising taxes.当这种情况发生时，政府应该通过增税来减少工人的工资。

45.While this might appear to be a positive step, it is actually regreive.尽管这样做表面上看是一种积极的措施，可实际上却是消极的。

46.While this law is not without humor by today’s standards, it clearly shows an awarene of the problem in times gone by.

尽管这个法律按当今的标准来看是很滑稽的，但它却表明很久以前人们就已经估计到这一点了。

47.the motives for suicide can be categorized into areas such as failure, wrath(暴怒), the need for attention, stre, and so on.

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推荐第10篇：学位英语复习资料

一般现在时

1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。

2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。

3)表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：

I don't want so much.我不要那么多。exam8.com

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

二、一般过去时

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago,

the other day, in 1982等。例如：

Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3)句型：It is time for sb.to do sth

"到……时间了"

"该……了"

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb.did sth."时间已迟了"

"早该……了"

例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would (had) rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

三、一般将来时

1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?

b.计划，安排要发生的事。exam8.com

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c.有迹象要发生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3)be +to表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discu the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4)be about to +动词原形，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。

注意：

1、一般现在时表示将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,

return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。

2、用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

四、现在进行时

a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：

We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。

b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：

Mr.Green is writing another novel.

他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：

The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。

d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。

五、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。

难点释疑：

when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如： .

I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。

We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。

六、将来进行时

1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：

She'll be coming soon.她会很快来的。

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.将来我一定去见他。

2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this

time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。

注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)

When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.

他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

七、现在完成时

a.现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just,yet等副词。如：

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。

I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。

Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?

注：already和yet用法上的区别

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：

b.现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。

如： I have learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born.

注：

(1) for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。

(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。

如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.

(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once,…times等时间状语连用。如： .

I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.

难点释疑：

1.点动词与延续性动词的区别 .

所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive,

join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 .

I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。

2.have got的含义 .

have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思

She has got a slight temperature.She has a slight

temperature.她有点发烧。

3、用于现在完成时的句型

It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：

It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

八、过去完成时

(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,

before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：

By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：

Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.

史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my leon.

我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。

(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：.

He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，例如：

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,

intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。

(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second,

etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如： .

Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。

九、将来完成时

a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached

Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了 一语法重点串讲

语法是三级英语统考的一个重点，它将体现在所有五个题型中，但重点将集中在以下几个方面。

1、时态：常用的10—11种

2、语态：被动语态

3、情态动词

4、虚拟语气

5、动词的非谓语形式三种

6、各种从句（主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句）

7、主谓一致

8、倒装句

9、强调句

10、附加疑问句 第一章 语法重点串讲

第一节 动词的时态

考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。

一、一般现在式：

1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。

例：He goes to work every day.他每天去上班。

2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。

例：The earth is round.地球是圆的。

3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。

例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。

4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。

（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.

A.have finished

B.finish

C.finished

D.was finishing

（答案：B）（1996年22题）

（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.

A.will heat

B.will be heated

C.is heated

D.has heated

（答案：C）（1992年59题）

二、一般过去时：

1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。

例：You've already mied too many claes this term .You _____ two claes just last week.

A.mied

B.would mi

C.had mied

D.have mied

（答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题）

2、used to do sth：过去常常做…

例：I used to take a walk in the morning.

我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）

3、it is high time（that）…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。

例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

A.give up

B.gave up

C.would give up

D.should give up

（答案：B）（1999年31题）

三、一般将来时

1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。

例：He will come and help you.他会来帮助你的。

2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。

例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？

3、be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。

例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三环路将在国庆节前通车。

4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。

5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。

6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。

（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。

（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight.外宾今晚到达济南。

四、过去将来时

表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。

例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道会议何时开始。

五、现在进行时

1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。

例：The teacher is talking with his students.这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。

2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。

例：I am attending a conference in Beijing.我正在北京参加一个会议。

六、过去进行时

1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。

例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。

2、when 和while 的用法

（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.

A.was playing B.am playing C.play D.played

（答案：A。连接词when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。）（1998年43题）

（2）When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.

A.talk B.talked C.will talk D.talking

（答案为B）（1999年35题）

（3）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.

A.has slept B.were sleeping C, slept D.was sleeping

（答案为D）（1996年23题）

3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。

例：He went to see Xiao Li.He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。

七、现在完成时

1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。

（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）

（2）I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）

2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。

（1）He has lived here for 30 years.他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）

（2）They’ve known each other since childhood.他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往）

3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since…..（过去时）

英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。

（1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.

A.gone into

B.joined in

C.been in

D.come into （答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。）（1995年49题）

（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。

（如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。）

4、have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的区别

have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。

have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。

（1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地）

（2）He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。

八、过去完成时

1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。

例：About the sixth century A.D.when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.

A.invented

B.had invented

C.have invented

D.had been invented

（答案：B）（1997年35题）

2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。

例：The chemistry cla _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.

A.had been on

B.was on

C.has been on

D.would be on

（答案：A）（1995年24题）

3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。

例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。

4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。

（1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.

A.than

B.when

C.as

D.while

（答案为A）（1997年50题）

（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。

九、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。

1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.

A.will have

B.leaves

C.will have left

D.is leaving

（答案：C）（1995年25题）

2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.

A.shall finish

B.must have finished

C.have finished

D.shall have finished （答案：D） （2000年24题）

十、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束， 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。

例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.

A.was knocking

B.am knocking

C.knocking

D.have been knocking（答案：D）（1998年49题） 第二节 被动语态 考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。

一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。

1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.

A.came

B.come

C.to come

D.have come

（答案为C）（2000年58题）

2、We were made to study harder.我们被要求努力学习。

二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。

1、The children are well looked after.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。

2、The doctor has been sent for.已经派人去请大夫了。

三、情态动词的被动语态

构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。

1、The work must be finished before lunch.这项工作必须在午饭前干完。

2、Nothing can be seen from here.从这儿什么也看不见。

四、用主动表示被动的含义

常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）

例：My room is a me.It needs _____.

A to be tidying up

B.tidying up

C.to tidy up

D.tidied up

（答案为B）（2000年47题）

第三节 情态动词

考试重点：情态动词+完成时

情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。

一、must +现在完成时

表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。

1、Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.

A.must have received

B.must have failed to receive

C.must receive

D.must fail to receive

（答案：B）（1998年44题）

2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.

A.would have had

B.could have had

C.should have had

D.must have had

（答案为D）（2001年58题）

二、should （ought to ）+完成时

表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。

1、They have done things they ought _____.

A.not to do

B.not to be done

C.not to have done

D.not having done

（答案为C）（1999年59题）

2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.

A.had a telephone

B.have phoned

C.should have phoned

D.should be phoned

（答案为C）（2000年26题）

三、could +完成时

表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。

1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。

2、I could have paed, but I did not study hard enough.

我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。

第四节 虚拟语气

如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。

考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is neceary（important）that引导的主语从句；It is time （that）…句型中。

一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：

虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：

1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.

A.had known

B.have known

C.knew

D.know

（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）

2、Do you think there would be le conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language?

A.spoke

B.speak

C.had spoken

D.will speak

（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。）

3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time.

A.would come

B.would have come

C.had come

D.came

（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题）

二、if的省略形式

在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。

1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.

A.If I realized

B.Had I realized

C.Did I have realized that

D.As I realized （答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。1996年39题）

2、_____, I should ask them some questions.

A.Should they come to us

B.If they come to us

C.Were they come to us

D.Had they come to us

（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题）

三、含蓄条件句

有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。

1、Without your help, we _____ so much.

A.didn’t achieve

B.would not have achieved

C.will not achieve

D.don’t achieve （答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题）

2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.

A.should have

B.would have had

C.would have

D.will have had

（答案：B。2003年28题）

四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句

wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；

1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.

A.could study

B.studied

C.had studied

D.would study

（答案：C）（2000年53题）

2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.

A.were

B.would be

C.had been

D.will be

（答案：C）（2001年53题）

五、would rather＋句子（过去时）

1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.

A.rather

B.better

C.happier

D.further

（答为案：A）（1998年45题）

2、I am too busy these days.I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.

A.come

B.would come

C.came

D.have come

（答案为C）（2002年46题）

六、以as if，as though引导的从句

在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。

1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.

A.knows

B.knew

C.had known

D.would have known （答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）

2、You are talking as if you had seen them

你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）

七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。

类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。

1、The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.

A.had

B.would have

C.have

D.was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28题）

2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.

A.put on

B.puts on

C.to put

D.putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58题）

八、It is neceary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。

1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.

A.comes

B.will come

C.come

D.may come

（答案：C）（1997年29题）

2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.

A.will be arranged

B.must be arranged

C.be arranged

D.would be arranged（答案：C）（2003年45题）

九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。

1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.A.do

B.will do

C.did

D.must do

（答案：C）（1996年43题）

2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

A.give up

B.gave up

C.would give up

D.should give up

（答案：B）（1999年31题）

第五节 非谓语动词

非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。

一、动词不定式

考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法（尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。）；stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区别；remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别；have sth done 和have sb do sth。

基本形式

主动形式

被动形式

一般式 （not） to make （not） to be made

完成式 （not） to have made （not） to have been made 进行式 （not） to be making 在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。

（一）动词不定式的基本结构和用法

动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。

1、Good-bye , Mr.Wang.I’m pleased _____ you.

A.to meet

B .meeting

C.to have been meeting

D.to be met

（答案：A）（1998年57题）

2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best.

A.do

B.to do

C.doing

D.done

（答案为B）（1996年44题）

（二）动词不定式的被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。

1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker.

A.to hear clearly

B.to be clearly heard

C.to hearing clearly

D.to being clearly heard

（答案：B。动词不定式的被动式。）（1999年39题）

2、Mr.and Mrs.Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.

A.to be decorated

B.to decorate

C.be decorated

D.decorating

（答案：A）（1995年22题）

（三）动词不定式的复合结构

如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。

1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish.

A.of

B.to

C.with

D.for

（答案：D）

2、It is neceary _____ the papers immediately.

A.for you to hand in

B.that you hand out

C.your hand in

D.for your hand in

（答案：A）

（四）动词不定式的完成式

表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。

1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn’t seem _____ much education.

A.to receive

B.to be receiving

C.to have received

D.to have been received

（答案：C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。）（1997年45题）

2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now.

A.to translate

B.to have translate

C.to have been translated

D.to be translated

（答案：C）

（五）stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别

动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。

1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____.

A.on rest

B.at rest

C.resting

D.to rest

（答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。）（1999年29题）

2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy.

A.search

B.to search

C.searching

D.searched

（答案：C）

3、You have been talking for two hours.How long do you intend to go on _____ like that?

A.talking

B.to talk

C.doing talking

D.talk

（答案：A）

（六）remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别

remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。

remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。

1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room.

A.to have closed

B.to close

C.having closed

D.closing

（答案：B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作）（2001年28题）

2、I remember giving the letter to him.

我记得把信给他了。（giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。）

（七）have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法

1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.

A.to rearrange

B.rearrange

C.rearranged

D.rearranging

（答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。）（2002年50题）

2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer.

A.have you know

B.have known you

C.have you knowing

D.have you know

（答案：A。表示让某人做某事。）（2003年25题）

考试重点：动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式；动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略；“to”的作用。

基本形式： 主动形式 被动形式

一般时

doing being done

完成时 having done having been done

在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。

一、动名词的基本用法：

1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon.

A.being heard

B.hearing

C.to hear

D.having been heard

（答案：B。appreciate后接动名词做宾语。）（1998年42题）

2、John suggested _____ anything about it until they found out more facts.

A.not to say

B.saying not

C.to say not

D.not saying

（答案：D。suggest后接动名词做宾语，否定式要在动名词前加“not”）（1995年53题）

二、动名词的完成时：表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。

1、I don’t remember _____.A.ever to be saying

B.to have ever said

C.having ever said that

D.ever said that

（答案：C）

2、I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了这样的事。

三、动名词的被动式

1、No one avoid _____ by advertisements.

A.influenced

B.influencing

C.to influence

D.being influenced

（答案：D）

2、Susan was very unhappy for not _____ to the party.

A.to be invited

B.having been invited

C.inviting

D.to have been invited

（答案：B）

四、动名词的逻辑主语

当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。

1、He forgot about _____ him to attend my wife’s birthday party.A.I asking

B.my asking

C.me to ask

D.mine to ask

（答案：B。做介词 about 的宾语， 物主代词+动名词，构成动名词的复合结构。）

（1998年29题）

2、I object to his （him）making private calls on the office phone.

我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话。

五、动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略。

1、Don’t risk _____ the job which so many people want.

A.losing

B.to lose

C.lost

D.your life to lose

（答案：A。risk后接动名词做宾语，risk（in）doing sth.中的介词in常省略。）

（1999年57题）

2、I don’t think it is any use _____ this matter any further.

A.discuing

B.to discu

C.to discuing

D.to be discued

（答案：A。it is no use （good）doing…做…没有用（好处），动名词做介词in的宾语，常省略。）

六、有的动词后的to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特别注意。

1、You don’t object _____ you by your first name, do you?

A.for me to call

B.me to call

C.to my calling

D.my calling

（答案：C。object to 中的to是介词，故接动名词做宾语。）（1996年21题）

2、The students are looking forward to _____ their parents in winter vacation.

A.see

B.watch

C.seeing

D.being seen

（答案：C）

考试重点：分词在句中的作用；现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别；现在分词和过去分词的区别；分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致；分词的独立主格；with（without）引导的分词的独立结构。

-ING分词是指由动词原形＋-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下： 主动形式 被动形式

现在式 doing being done 过去时 done

完成时 having done having been done

就其语法功能而言，它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。

一、分词在句中的作用

1、She was sitting in an armchair _____ a book.

A.reading

B.to read

C.to be reading

D.to have read

（答案：A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。）（1995年37题）

2、_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as well.

A.Not know

B.Know not

C.Knowing not

D.Not knowing

（ 答案：D。分词做原因状语）（2000年28题）

3、They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over.

A.convincing

B.convinced

C.to convince

D.having convinced

（答案：B。过去分词做伴随状语）（1997年57题）

4、We kept our _____ all night to frighten the wolves.

A.burning fire

B.burnt fire

C fire burning

D.fire burnt

（答案：C。现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行）（1997年55题）

二、现在分词和过去分词的区别

1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter had received.

A.delighting

B.delighted

C.delights

D.delight

（答案：A。现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人……”，具有主动、进行的意思。过去分词修饰人，常译作“感到……”，具有被动、完成的概念。又如：a moved audience：受感动的观众。）（2003年38题）

2、My parents are _____ with my progre.

A.please

B.pleased

C.pleasing

D.being pleased

（答案：B。）

三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。

1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ answers the questions.

A.to be interviewed

B.interviewing

C.being interviewed

D.interviewed

（答案：C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生）（1997年33题）

2、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods.

A.loading

B.being loaded

C.to be loaded

D.having loaded

（答案：B。现在分词的被动式。）（2000年23题）

3、We found the eggs eaten by the snake.我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。

（过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。）

四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。

1、Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there.

A.he found a lot of people

B.a lot of people were

C.he found a lot of people’s

D.people were found

（答案：A。分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。）（1996年37题）

2、_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.

A.Felt

B.Feeling

C.Being felt

D.To feel

（答案：B）（1998年50题）

五、分词的独立主格：分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，（一般由名词担任）称为分词的独立主格。

1、The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground.

A.exploded

B.were exploded

C.exploding

D.were exploding

（答案：C）（1999年43题）

2、Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace.

如果天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。

六、with （without） 引导的分词的独立结构。

1、He walked acro the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her.

A.with

B.as

C.while

D.when

（答案：A。with或without可以引导分词的独立结构，做伴随状语。）（1997年49题）

2、With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.

A.leading

B.led

C.lead

D.to be led

（答案：A）（2000年27题） 第六节 各种从句

英语中从句包括：名词从句、定语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。

一、名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。

（一）主语从句

考试重点：主语从句常用的连词的用法；it is desirable that引导的主语从句的用法。

在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。

连词：that，whether

连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever等。

连接副词：when，where，how，why

1、由连词that，whether引导的主语从句。

连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用it做形式主语。

（1）_____ was unimportant.

A.Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not

B.No matter how he enjoyed our dinner

C.If he enjoyed our dinner

D.What he enjoyed our dinner

（答案：A）（2000年40题）

（2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.）

地球是圆的， 是个事实。

2、由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句

它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。

（1）Who let out the news remained unknown.（It remained unknown who let out the news.）

谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。

（2）When we’ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we’ll start.）

我们何时出发还不清楚。

3、以关系代词what, whatever, whoever…引导的主语从句。

What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。

（1）_____ I saw was two men croing the street.

A.What

B.Whom

C.Who

D.That

（答案：A）（2001年38题）

（2）_____ was not the way the event happened.

A.Which the pre reported

B.That the pre reported

C.what did the pre report

D.What the pre reported

（答案：D。主语从句，what在从句中做宾语。）（1998年24题）

4、句型It is desirable （suggested, neceary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent）+that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。

（1）It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.

A.will be arranged

B.must be arranged

C.be arranged

D.would be arranged

（答案：C）（2003年45题）

（2）It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this university.

A.is appointed

B.will be appointed

C.be appointed

D.has been appointed

（答案：C）（1997年52题）

（二）表语从句

考试重点：表语从句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等词的表语从句的用法。

1、在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词和主语从句相同。

（1）This is what he wants.这就是他想要的东西。

（2）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.

问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。

2、用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用should（可省略）+动词原形。

（1）The general’s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks.

A.would leave

B.leave

C.left

D.have left

（答案：B）（2002年48题）

（2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.

他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。

（三）宾语从句

考试重点：宾语从句用陈述句的语序；介词后面的宾语从句；suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后接宾语从句时，用虚拟语气；if和whether的区别。

1、宾语从句用陈述句的语序

（1）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much?

A.it is what

B.what it is

C.what is it

D.is it what

（答案：B。宾语从句用陈述句的语序。）（1999年47题）

（2）No one doubts _____ it is true.

A.whether

B.if

C.that

d.what

（答案：C。I doubt whether/if…我怀疑。I don’t doubt that …我毫不怀疑。又如：I doubt whether he can speak English.我怀疑他是否会说英语。） （1997年38题）

2、介词后面的宾语从句

（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone.

A.where that

B.of where

C.of the place

D.the place

（答案: B。where 引导的从句做介词的宾语。）（1998年48题）

（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid.

A.in that

B.except that

C.for that

D.except for

（答案：B）（1997年53题）

3、suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。

①His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.

A.put on

B.puts on

C.to put

D.putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58题）

②The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.

A.had

B.would have

C.have

D.was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28题）

4、在下列情况下不能用if , 而用whether。

后跟不定式：He didn’t tell me whether to go or stay.他没有告诉我是走还是留下。

前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the neceary money.

他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。

引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me.

他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。

后面直接跟or not：I wonder whether I’ll catch the last bus or not.

我不知道我能否赶上末班车。

二、定语从句

考试重点：限定性定语从句中关系代词的用法；关系副词 when，where，why，引导的定语从句；带介词的定语从句；非限定性定语从句；“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。

在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。注意关系代词和关系副词在从句中的应用。

（一）关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的定语从句

1、The company official _____ I thought would be fired received a raise.

A.whom

B.whoever

C.who

D.of whom

（答案：A。关系代词whom在定语从句中做宾语，修饰先行词official）（1998年40题）

2、The investigation , _____ will soon be published, was made by John.

A.at which the results

B.the results on which

C.whose results

D.at whose results

（答案：C。关系代词whose 在定语从句中做定语。）（1998年58题）

（二）关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句

1、The time will come _____ man can fly to outer space freely.

A.that

B.when

C.in that

D.which

（答案：B。when在定语从句中做状语。） （1996年35题）

2、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.

A.when

B.during which

C.which

D.in which

（答案：A）（2001年54题）

（三）关系代词前带介词的定语从句

1、Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _____ she belonged.

A.which

B.to where

C.to which

D.at which

（答案：C。关系代词which和whom 还可以做“动词词组”后面的前置宾语。这里的动词词组是belong to。）（1998年56题）

2、The United States is composed of fifty states, two of _____ are separated from the others by land or water.

A.them

B.that

C.which

D.those

（答案：C）（2003年23题）

（四）非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。

这种从句有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容相对地不够具体。与主句之间常用逗号分开，所用的关系代词与限定性定语从句基本相同，但不能用关系代词that 引导。

（1）An Old friend from abroad, _____I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport.

A.that

B.whom

C.who

D.which

（答案：B）（2000年31题）

（2）His brother had become a teacher, _____he wanted to be.

A.who

B.what

C.which

D.that

（答案：C。which引导的非限定性定语从句，在从句中做宾语，修饰先行词a teacher）（1997年39题）

（3）He has made another wonderful discovery, _____of great importance to science.

A.which I think it is

B.of which I think it is

C.I think which is

D.which I think is

（答案：D。which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子。）（1995年50题）

（五）“名词（代词）+介词+关系代词”引出，一般是非限定性定语从句。

We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, _____is completely water proof.

A.no of which

B.none of which

C.some of which

D.neither of which

（答案：B。“名词（代词）+of+which（whom）”引起的定语从句常表示部分与整体的关系。）（1995年36题）

三、同位语从句

考试重点：同位语从句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等词的同位语从句。

一、同位语从句的基本用法

常跟在fact，idea，news等名词的后面，通常用连词that引导。

1、Would the news _____ he failed to pa the exam bother you?

A.which

B.that

C.of which

D.on which

（答案：B。同位语从句。）（2003年58题）

2、I had no idea that you were here.我没有想到你会在这里。

二、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion，proposal等名词的时候，谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。

1、My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them.

我的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。

2、His proposal that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher.他提议他们和别的组挑战，来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。

四、状语从句 考试重点：状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法；让步状语从句；unle，supposed （that），whomever，whenever，wherever等连词的含义和用法。

在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。

一、时间状语从句

常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…）

1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard.

A.when

B.than

C.then

D.after

（答案：B。no sooner…than 引导的时间状语从句。）（2002年57题）

2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl.

A.long

B.often

C.always

D.ever

（答案：D。时间状语从句，ever since表示从…以后一直。）（1997年56题）

二、条件状语从句

常用if，unle（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要。

1、_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before.

A.Unle

B.If

C.Because

D.Provided

（答案：A。unle引导条件状语从句）（2001年40题）

2、_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.

A.Until

B.Unle

C.If

D.Provided

（答案：B）（1998年60题）

三、原因状语从句

常用：because, as, since。如果表示必然的因果关系，一般用because引入；而since表示一种间接或附带的原因；用as 只是提一下。

1、He cannot go to school because he is ill.他因为生病不能上学。

2、Everyone likes you as you are both kind and honest.人人都喜欢你，因为你既和气，又诚实。

四、让步状语从句常用though/although，as （尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等。

1、In short, _____ he lives, a man belongs to some society.

A.whatever

B.whenever

C.whichever

D.wherever

（答案：D。wherever引导让步状语从句，wherever = no matter where）（1997年44题）

2、_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.

A.No matter whoever you are

B.Whomever you are

C.Whoever you are

D.No matter who are you

（答案：C。whoever,引导让步状语从句，= no matter who）（1997年59题）

3、_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering.

A.Even if

B.If only

C.Instead of

D.Despite of

（答案：A。让步状语从句。）（1998年44题）

4、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.

A.that

B.as

C.although

D.however

（答案：B。as引导让步状语从句，被强调的部分放在句子之前，进行倒装。）

（2000年44题）

五、方式状语从句

常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。

1、_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute.

A.It

B.That

C.What

D.As

（答案：D。As引导方式状语从句。）（1999年32题）

2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.

A.knows

B.knew

C.had known

D.would have known

（答案：B。as if（though）引导的方式状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气。）

六、目的状语从句

常用so that , in order that, lest （以免， 以防）, in case。

1、I wrote it down _____ I should forget it.

A.in case

B.in case of

C.in order that

D.for fear of

（答案：A）（2002年27题）

2、I’ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here.

我把我的电话号码告诉你，以便你到达这里后可以给我打电话。

七、结果状语从句

常用so…that, such…that

They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.

A.so diligent

B.such diligent

C.so much diligent

D.such very diligent

（答案：B）（2002年43题） 第七节 主谓一致 考试重点：形式上复数、意义单数的名词做主语；动名词、不定式，从句做主语；a number+of+复数名词和the number+of+可数或不可数名词做主语；主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致；当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。

一、名词physics （物理），maths（数学），news（新闻），means（方法），works（工厂）等一般被认为是形式是复数，意思是单数的名词，它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。（答案：C。应改为is。）（2000年63题）

2、Every means has been tried.每一种方式都试过了。

二、动名词、不定式、从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

When and where the new hospital will be built _____ a mystery.

A.to remain

B.remains

C.remain

D.is remaining

（答案：B）（2000年57题）

三、当主语是a number+of+复数名词时，谓语动词用复数；当主语是the number+of+可数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数 （答案：A。应改为the。1998年66题）

2、A number of cars _____ in front of my house.

A.was parked

B.were parking

C.is parking

D.are parked

（答案：D）

四、当主语由as well as 等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接as well as，along with，together with，including，accompanied by等短语+名词（代词）时，主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响，主语是单数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词用复数。

1、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party.约翰和二十个朋友正在计划举行一个集会。

2、No one but Jane and Tom was there then.

那时除了珍尼和汤姆之外，没有别人在那儿。

五、当用and连接的名词前有each，every等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。当主语是each…and…，every…and every…，many a…and…结构时，谓语动词用单数。

1、Many a singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.许多歌唱家和舞蹈家将参加我们的晚会。

2、In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.

在我们国家每个人都有接受教育的权利。 第八节 倒装句

考试重点：

1、否定词放置句首时，助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not，scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，（in）under no circumstance，by no means，no sooner…than等。

2、only+adv.句子要倒装。

3、nor，neither，so用于句首时，句子要倒装。

4、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。

一、否定词放置句首时，助动词或be动词要放置主语的前面进行倒装。常用的否定词有：not，scarcely，barely，seldom，not until，little，（in）under no circumstance，by no means，no sooner…than等。

1、Not until I reminded him for the third time _____ working and looked up。

A.that he stopped

B.does he stopped

C.did he stop

D.that he stopped

（答案：C）（2000年53题）

2、_____ the importance of wearing seat belts while driving.

A.Little they realize

B.They little do realize

C.Little realize do they

D.Little do they realize

（答案：D）（1996年31题）

二、only+ adv.句子要倒装。

1、Only under such a condition will he make steady progre.只有在这样的条件下，他才会取得扎实的进步。

2、Only this morning did I hear the sad news.

我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。

三、nor, neither, so 用于句首时, 句子要倒装。

1、So little _____about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond me.

A.did I know

B.I had known

C.I knew

D.was I know

（答案：A）（1998年30题）

2、I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither _____.

A.did he

B.didn’t he

C.he did

D.he could

（答案：A）

四、虚拟条件句中省略if时要倒装。

1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions.

A.If I realized

B.Had I realized

C.Did I have realized that

D.As I realized

（答案：B）（1996年39题）

2、_____, I should ask them some questions.

A.Should they come to us

B.If they come to us

C.Were they come to us

D.Had they come to us

（答案：A）（1997年30题） 第九节 强调结构

考试重点：强调句型的基本形式It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…；强调句型用来强调状语。

一、强调句型的基本形式It is（was）+被强调部分+that（who）…。

（答案：B。应改为“that”）（1998年68题） （答案：B。应改为who）

二、强调句型用来强调状语。

1、It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come.

A.where

B.in which

C.which

d.that

（答案：D。强调地点状语）（1997年58题）

2、It is because she is very devoted to her students _______she is respected by them.

A.that

B.which

C.what

D.who

（答案：A。强调原因状语）（2001年33题）

3、It was not until she arrived in cla _________realized she had forgotten her book.

A.and she

B.when

C.she

D.that she

（答案：D） 第十节 附加疑问句

考试重点：附加疑问句的基本用法；含有否定词的疑问句；祈使句的附加疑问句；一些特殊用法。

一、附加疑问句的基本用法

附加疑问句由两部分构成：陈述句+附加问句。一般的规则是：前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定。

1、He had to finish the work yesterday, _____?

A.hadn’t he

B.had he

C.didn’t he

D.did he

（答案：C。have作“有”以外解释时，附加疑问句要用助动词do/does/did。）

2、There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening _____?

A.will there not

B.will there

C.is there

D.will it be

（答案：B。当陈述句为there be句型时，附加疑问句用其否定或肯定的疑问句式。）

二、含有否定词的用法

若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly，scarcely，never，seldom 等词时，反问句部分要用肯定。

1、She scarcely cares for anything _____?

A.doesn’t

B.does she

C.is she

D.isn't she

（答案：B）（1995年45题）

2、You never told me you have seen the film, _____?

A.had you

B.didn’t you

C.did you

D.weren’t you

（答案：C）（2002年53题）

三、祈使句：

1、Please let us have more time , _____?

A.shall we

B.will you

C.won’t you

D.don't you

（答案：B。Let’s表示第一人称的祈使句，反问部分主语用we时，谓语用shall。如：Let’s go，shall we?）（1997年23题）

2、Don't forget to write to me, _____?

A.do you

B.won’t you

C.are

D.will you

（答案：D）（1994年37题）

四、一些特殊用法：

1、I suppose you’re not serious, _____?

A.don’t I

B.do I

C.are you

D.aren’t you

（答案：C。主句的谓语是suppose和think，主语是第一人称，反问句部分要和从句的谓语一致。）（1996年57题）再如 ：“I don’t suppose you’re going today, aren’t you?”

2、I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, _____?

A.don’t I

B.do I

C.have you

D.haven’t you

（答案：C）（1992年33题） 词语用法及语法结构

词汇和语法结构部分共设30个单句，每句1分，共30分。题目中50%为词和短语的用法，50%为语法结构。

词汇和语法结构部分的考试目的是测试考生运用词汇，短语及语法结构的能力。考试范围包括全日制文理科本科教学大纲中词汇表及语法结构表一至三级的主要内容。下面我对这两部分分别进行讲解。

词汇部分的考试重点：名词，代词，介词，连词，形容词和副词，动词。 名词的考试重点是：名词的含义、名词和动词的搭配、名词的所有格。

一、名词的含义：

1、The _____ of the play is so great that many people want to see it.

A.attention

B.attraction

C.attempt

D.attack （答案为B。四个名词的意思分别attraction :吸引。 attention:注意力。attempt：努力。attack：进攻，袭击。是本句的意思是：“这个剧目有如此大的吸引力，以至于许多人都想看。”因此只有B最符合题意。）（2001年21题）

2、He has been teaching for 2years, but being a teacher is not his _____.

A.chance

B.character

C.attitude

D.choice

（答案为D。四个 名词的意思分别是：choice ：选择。chance：机会。character：性特点。attitude ：态度。本句的意思是“他已经教书两年了，但是当老师并不是他的选择。”只有D最符合题意。）（2001年25题）

二、名词和动词的搭配：

1、Your sister has made an _____ for you to see the dentist at 3 this afternoon..

A.appointment

B.interview

C.opportunity

D.aignment

（答案为A。make （fix） an appointment ： 预约， 约会。固定搭配。）（2002年24题）

2、The committee is expected to _____ a decision this evening.

A.reach

B.arrive

C.bring

D.take

（答案为A。习惯用这样的搭配：come to a decision, arrive at a decision, reach a decision 做出决定。）（2002年25题）

三、名词的所有格：

1、Sorry, I don’t know he is a friend of _____.

A.your brother

B.your brothers

C.your brother’s friend

D.your brother’s (n,（答案为D。a （an） +名词+of+名词性所有格 a friend my mine, a friend of ours, a friend of my mother’s。）（2001年56题）

2、Don’t you know he is an old friend of _____?

A .my brother

B.my brothers

C.my brother’s

D.my brother’s friend

（答案为C。）（1999年60题）

第三章 答题技巧 第二节 词语用法及语法结构

一、名词性与形容词性物主代词的区别

二、代词的替代

三、不定代词的用法

代词的用法主要以挑错题形式进行测试，因此这里就不进行举例了。后面挑错题的答题技巧中会有详细说明和例句。第三章 答题技巧第二节 词语用法及语法结构

考试重点：

常用的形容词和副词的含义；形容词、副词和名词遇在一起时的位置；such…that和so…that 的用法。

一、常用的形容词的含义

1、This is a very _____ situation and we don’t know how to face it yet.,

A comprehensive

B.compound

C.complicated

D.competent

（答案为 C。四个形容词的意思分别为complicated:复杂的。comprehensive ：综合的，理解的。compound：混合的，复合的。competent ：能力强的。本句的意思是“这是一个非常复杂的形势，我们还不知道如何面对。”因此只有C最符合题意。）(2001年26题)

2、One car went too fast and _____ mied hitting another car.

A.completely

B.greatly

C.narrowly

D.little

（答案为C。四个副词的意思分别是：completely:完全地。greatly:非常，很：narrowly :以毫厘之差 little:小的，少的。因此只有C最符合题意。）（1998年35题）

二、形容词、副词和名词遇在一起时的位置

例：My next door neighbor Johnson seems to have _____ opinion on the show last night.

A.rather the strong

B.rather strong

C.a rather strong

D.the rather strong

（答案为C。）（2000年60题）

三、such…that和 so …that 的用法

1、They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations.8zm-v 5trt

A.so diligent

B.such diligent

C.so much diligent

D.such very diligent

（答案为B。such 修饰名词）（2002年43题）

2、He was _____ an honest man that everybody trusted him.

A.so

B.as

C.such

D.very

（答案为C。）

3、He was _____ fat that he couldn’t get through the door.

A.so

B.how

C.such

D.much

（答案为A。）（how 修饰形容词fat。） 考试重点：引导各种从句的常用连词的基本含义和用法、关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法、注意根据句子之间的逻辑关系以及从句的类型选择连词。 LdEE+"Jw

一、引导各种从句的常用连词的基本含义和用法 W4vBf^eC

1、Written applications should be sent to us in case _____ some problems with the electric version.

A.there will be

B.there is

C.there be

D.there was

（答案为C。in case 引导的从句要用虚拟语气， should可以省略。）（2002年59题）

2、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do.

A.that

B.as

C.although

D.however

（答案为B。as 引导让步状语从句， 句子到装， 表语提前。）(2000年44题)

二、关系代词和关系副词以及介词+关系代词的用法：

1、I will never forget the ten years _____ we both spent in the little village.

A.when

B.during which

C.which

D.in which

（答案为C。 which关系代词， 在定语从句中做动词spend的宾语。）（2002年42题）

2、Before joining the army, he spent a lot of time in the village _____ he belonged.

A.to which

B.which

C.to where

D.which

（答案为A。因为句中的短语应当是belong to ,关系代词which 做介词to的宾语）（2001年31题）。

三、注意根据句子之间的逻辑关系以及从句的类型选择连词：

1、It is because she is very devoted to her students _____ she is respected by them.

A.that

B.which

C.what

D.who

（答案为A。 因为是强调句型， 因此用that）(2001年33题)

2、_____ was unimportant.

A.Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not

B.No matter how he enjoyed our dinner

C.If he enjoyed our dinner

D.what he enjoyed our dinner

（答案为A。 主语从句。）（2000年40题）

第11篇：学位英语自我鉴定

学位英语自我鉴定

在思想政治方面,本人具有优秀道德修养,并有坚定的政治方向，学位英语自我鉴定。我热爱祖国,热爱人民,坚决拥护中国共-产-党领导和社会主义制度,努力学习马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想和邓-小-平理论，不断提高自己的政治觉悟和道德修养，严格遵守国家宪法及其它各项法律规定。同时我遵守社会公德，爱护公共财产,团结同学,乐于助人，并以务实求真的精神热心参予学校的公益宣传和爱国主义活动。

在专业学习方面，我学习的是国际贸易专业。本专业培养德、智、体全面发展的能够胜任外向型经济工作和适应国际竞争的专门人才。通过四年学习，我学习了微观经济学、宏观经济学、市场营销、国际贸易、国际金融、国际贸易实务、国际结算、外贸英语函电、电子商务、会计学、财政与税收等专业课程。其中四门学位课程以优异的成绩通过，同时顺利通过国家英语四级考试，学业平均成绩超过75分即将取得东南大学学士学位证书，自我鉴定《学位英语自我鉴定》。 本人学习态度端正，由于大学的授课和高中时有很大区别，这就要求在课下巩固课堂上所学的知识，须自己钻研并时常去图书馆查一些相关资料。而我也非常喜欢去图书馆学习，迄今为止大学阶段已看课外书籍一百多本。大学以前，一般学生都是死读书的典范，老师教什么，学生学什么。进入大学后，随着年龄的增长，思想也在不断地成熟。毫不夸张地说，大学四年没有安心地在图书馆好好看基本书，那就绝对没有真正意义上读过大学。图书馆就是这样一个改变人思想的地方。本人还注重实践活动能力的培养，每逢假期，积极参加社会实践活动，认真完成实践报告。

在综合能力方面，本人大学四年来一直担任班级组织委员。尽管有时候会比其他同学付出更多，更累一些，但我自己对此很是满意。毕竟在这锻炼中提升了自己的各方面能力，包括思考问题解决问题的能力，理论和实际结合的能力，做人与处世的能力等等。另外组织协调能力，社会工作能力都得到了锻炼。我的爱好也比较广泛，对体育方面都比较感兴趣。曾代表班级参加校首届体育知识竞赛并获得了三等奖。课余生活积极参加体育锻炼，最大的爱好是踢足球。在去年的校首届足球联赛中，我作为主力参加了国贸专业队，并在六场比赛中打入了五球，其中包括联赛首球和决赛第一球，最终我们专业夺得了冠军。

在操行品德方面，各方面表现也很出色。在生活上,我崇尚简单质朴的生活,不铺张不浪费，并养成良好的生活习惯和正派的作风。我的时间观念也比较强，约好的时间总会提前到达。小时候的生活也锻炼了我的吃苦耐劳精神，自理自立的能力。我热心待人，诚实守信，具有创新和开拓意识，勇于挑战自我，有思想。良好的人际关系是建立在理解与沟通基础之上的，我与同学关系极其融洽。四年来，我不断的自我反省，努力使自己不断地进步。

四年的大学生活，我收获了了很多。以上就是在即将毕业之时，我对自己这四年来的一个自我鉴定。我自信凭自己的能力和学识在毕业以后的工作和生活中能够正确面对挑战，不断实现自我的梦想和人生价值。

第12篇：学位英语作文

一、学位英语必背句型

1.as is known /as it is known to all …众所周知 2.with the pace of modern life increasing….随着现代生活步伐的加快 3.with the development of modern society…随着现代社会的 4.personally I’m in favor of the former/latter view…我个人偏向于前/后一种观点 5.there is no doubt that…勿容质疑 6.however everything has two sides…任何事物都具有两方面 7.as a Chinese saying goes…正如中国的一句谚语所说 8.the same is the case with sth…也不例外 9.in the appraisal of …在。。。的评价中 11.according to …there are at least three good reasons…firstlysecondly… thirdly….列举的用法

12.In my opinion, in the appraisal of …it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything.We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them。 我认为，在对….的评价中，完全的肯定任何事情和否认任何事情都是片面的。我们在欣赏到他们做出的巨大的贡献的同时也要更加注意他们带来的问题。

二、学位英语作文速成模板

1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1.有一些人认为…… 2.另一些人认为…… 3.我的看法…… The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently.There are two sides of opinions about it.Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二).Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一).Secondly (besides),⑥------------------（理由二）.Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）.The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice .2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）.For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③---------------(为他们带来的好处).

In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一).For another thing, ⑤---------(反对的理由之二)．

Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥-----(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． ★★★阐述主题题型

要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述．

１.阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义．

２.分析并举例使其更充实．

The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义).Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,-----------------(理由一).For example, -------------------(举例说明).Secondly,----------------(理由二).Another case is that ---------------(举例说明).

Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点).In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you\'ll necearily benefit a lot from it.★★★解决方法题型

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径

１.问题现状

２.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious.First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ----------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一).For another -------------(解决方法二).Finally, --------------(解决方法三).

Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).★★★说明利弊题型

这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）

１.说明事物现状

２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）

３.你对现状（或前景）的看法

Nowadays many people prefer Abecause it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First ----------------(Ａ的优点之一).Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）.

But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(Ａ的第二个缺点)．

Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)． (Or: From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．)

★★★议论文的框架

1)不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ） There is a widespread concern over the iue that 观点一.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows:

原因一.Furthermore, in the second place, 原因二..People,however,differ inon this matter.Some peoplehold the idea that一.On the other hand,is no .As far as I am concerned, I firmly the view thatIt is not only2）利弊型的议论文 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the iue that)there are both advantages and disadvantages in .Just as a popular saying goes, \"every coin has two sides\",.In addition, .into full play,ake a better use of the 3) 答题性议论文 Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the iue that).It is really anes to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, 一.In addition, another way contributing to succe of the solving problem is 途径二.

4) 谚语警句性议论文 It is well know to us that the proverb: \"has a profound significance and value not only.The saying can be illustrated throughA case in point is .Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great ofWith the rapid development of science and technologythe saying: ★★★图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie /chart), has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases), om the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.东方英语

1、Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that..., but I wonder that...

2、“如同硬币的正反面，...也有积极的一面和消极的一面。”Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to...3、“近来，...的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。”

Currently, the iue of ...has been brought to public attention.

4、“随着...的快速增长，...在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。”

Along with the rapid growth of ...,...has become increasingly important in our daily life.5、“由汽车引起的空气和噪音污染对我们的健康造成了危害。”

Air pollution and noise pollution caused by automobiles do harm to our health.第二种考研写作功能句型??文章结尾句型

1、“因此，不难得出结论...”

Accordingly/Consequently/As a result,it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that...2、“综上所述，我们能得出如下结论...”

From what has been discued above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...3、“这一难题，是任何人都不可能避免的。但只要处理得当，我们就会...”

The dilemma is something no one can avoid.Properly handled, however, we will...4、“总之，全社会都应该密切关注...,只有这样我们才能...”

All in all, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ....Only in this way can we....5、“考虑到所有的因素，我们意识到...”

Taking into account all of these factors, we have reached the realization that...

英语四级作文万能句子精选

（一）段首句

1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______.It\"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life.First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays，it is common to ______.Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously，______，but why?

（二）中间段落句

1.相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2.但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I don\"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.3.……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is neceary and important to our country\"s development and construction.First，______.What\"s more, _____.Most important of all,______.4.有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to adopt.First, we can______5.面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______.For one thing，______For another，______6.早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。It is high time that something was done about it.For example._____.In addition._____.All these measures will certainly______.7.为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.8.然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.9.尽管如此，我相信……更有利。Nonethele, I believe that ______is more advantageous.10.完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.

（三）结尾句

1.至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____.2.总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.3.但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势（好处）。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于（喜欢）……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.4.就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.

5.随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it\"s urgent and neceary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.6.至于我（对我来说，就我而言），我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____.7.对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it neceary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______.8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______.9.综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……From what has been discued above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.10.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.

第13篇：学位英语作文

Air Pollution

Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world.A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations.Automobile, trains, planes and bues need energy, too.Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels.The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution.

Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities.They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be le damaging to the environment.In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off le polluted material.Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a \"clean\" world.Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution.There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do.People will continually find new ways to control pollution.

Competition

Competition makes people original and creative.It very neceary to compete if human society wants to advance.(Even animals compete for survival.) Without it, we would become lazy and nobody would rake any responsibility.When three monks live together, there will be no drinking water.This Chinese proverb vividly describes why China\'s productivity was so low before Mr Deng came to power.At that time, we had the so-called planned economy.There was no competition at all.So neither farmers nor workers worked hard.China was on the edge of collapse.

Competition can stimulate people to try their best to do anything.For example, in 100-meter race, each sportsman runs as quickly as poible, trying to win the champion.The same things happen in our society and in our daily life.If a company wants to surpa others, it must compete with them.It must raise its efficiency.All the companies doing this will no doubt benefit the whole society and the whole human race.

Being a student, I must compete with other students in our studies.I must study hard in all the fields so that I can be a useful man when I enter the society after graduation.

污染问题air pollution

Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world.A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations.Automobile, trains, planes and bues need energy, too.Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels.The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution.

Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities.They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be le damaging to the environment.In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off le polluted material.Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a \"clean\" world.Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution.There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do.People will continually find new ways to control pollution.

吸烟的问题（Smoking Is Harmful ）

At the cla meeting our teacher read us a report in the newspaper.A certain student in a middle school smoked and he wouldn\'t get rid of the bad habit though his teacherand friends warned him not to smoke any more.He even stole money to get cigarettes and was pat into prison in the end.This really gave usa shock.As we all

smoking is very harmful to our health.It does great harm not only to our health, but also to our mind, especially for us teenagers.Now more and more people all over the world have given up smoking or have made up their minds to do so, I think we middle school students are the future builders of our country.We should study hard and make progre every day.We should form good habits so that we can spend our time learning things useful and valuable for our motherland and people, I think today\'s cla meeting is very meaningful to my clamates who have a bad habit of smoking

战争与和平（War and Peace）

\"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Buonapartes.But I warn you, if you don\'t tell me that this means war, if you still try to defend the infamies and horrors perpetrated by that Antichrist- I really believe he is Antichrist- I will have nothing more to do with you and you are no longer my friend, no longer my \'faithful slave,\' as you call yourself! But how do you do? I see I have frightened you- sit down and tell me all the news.\" It was in July, 1805, and the speaker was the well-known Anna Pavlovna Scherer, maid of honor and favorite of the Empre Marya Fedorovna.With these words she greeted Prince Vasili Kuragin, a man of high rank and importance, who was the first to arrive at her reception.Anna Pavlovna had had a cough for some days.She was, as she said, suffering from la grippe; grippe being then a new word in St.Petersburg, used only by the elite.....

第14篇：学位英语(英译汉)

英 译 汉

★In 1870,horses and mules were the prime source of power on U.S.farms.在1870年，马和骡子是美国农场的主要劳动力来源。

★Those signs include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life.那些信号包括许许多多我们适应日常生活环境的方式。

★Most Americans,however,see romantic love as eential for a succeful marriage,and tend to look askance at anyone who marries for a more practical reason in which love plays no part.然而，大多数美国人把浪漫的爱看作是成功婚姻必不可少的组成部分，而且往往蔑视任何为了更实际的理由，而不是为了爱而结婚的人。

★If they can sense colour differences then perhaps we,too,are affected by colour unconsciously.

如果他们能够觉察出颜色的差异，那么我们可能也不知不觉地受到颜色的影响。

★People exposed to bright red show an increase in heartbeat,and blood preure;red is exciting.

当人们处于鲜红颜色面前，心跳会加快，血压也会升高；这表明红色令人激动。

★In order to learn to be one’s true self,it is neceary to obtain a wide and extensive knowledge of what has been said and done in the world.要想了解真实的自我，必须深入、广泛的探索前人所说过的话，所做的事情。

★This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the fear and horror surrounding earthquakes,but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be poible.数百年来，地震的不可知性给地震蒙上了极大的恐惧和惊慌，然而近几次的地震发生之前已经显露一些迹象。

★The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist’s timekeeping methods.科学观察和计算的精确度常取决于科学家的计时方法。

★In Frederick,students’parents are buying claroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.在Frederick地区，学生家长们出资购买教室用品，并主动为学校第一年的教师和校长们支付所需的各类杂货及水电费，以此来留住他们继续工作下去。

★“Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed.”said a student.“We wanted to know the truth,and spread that around instead.”一位学生说：“关于这个地区的流言正在以闪电般速度传播着，我们想知道真相，并且传播真相。”

★Yet the waves,no matter how big or how violent,affect only the surface of the sea.然而，不管水波多大、多猛烈，只对海面造成影响。

★In the U.S.,the figure is much higher than in Great Britian,and people there spend over 10 percent of their income on the installment plan.在美国，这个数字要比英国高得多，每个人将他们收入的百分之十花费在分期付款上。

★The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light lamp bulbs-or even to run a small electric motor-is almost unbelievable,but several kinds of fish are able to do this.

鱼产生的电流能点亮电灯——或者甚至能带动小型电动马达——是多么不可思议，但是有些鱼确实可以。

★Engineering studengs are supposed to be examples

of practicality and rationality,but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.工科的学生往往被看成是实际和理性的榜样，但是就我的大学教育而言，我是一个理想主义者和傻瓜。

★The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical succeful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I aumed in high school.

摆在我面前阻碍我成为一名成功学生的现实就在于工科与文科并不像我在高中时所认为的那样，两者并不是简单地融合在一起。

★When the light reaches the other end,it is first changed into electrical signals,which are in turn converted into sound meages.光到达另一端后，首先转化成电流信号，随后再转化为声音信息。 ★In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame,not the long hours alone at a typewriter.多数情况下，这些人正梦想着的是财富和名望，而不是在打字机前长时间的工作。 ★Because we live in a democratic nation,whose citizens make the policies for the nation,large numbers of us must be educated to understand,to support,and when neceary,to judge the work of experts.因为我们生活在一个民主的国家，由公民制定国家的政策，我们中的许多人必须接受教育，学会理解、支持，必要的时候还要判断专家的工作。

★There are many communities and populations which have lost precious recoards due to tragic events such as the fire in the Irish courts during Civil War in 1921 or American slaves for whom many records were never kept in the first place.在很多地区，相当多的人曾因为一些悲剧事件而失去他们珍贵的资料，如1921年内战期间爱尔兰法庭失火这样的悲剧，又如美国奴隶，对于他们来说就有很多珍贵资料未能够保留下来。

★Theoretically,any individual will someday be able to trace his or her family origins through this database.理论上，有一天任何人都能通过这个资料库查处他或她家族的起源。

★On the contrary,to avoid problems in aerial navigation,the wheelle vehicle probably will travel no more than three inches above road surface.相反，为了避免天线导航，没有轮子的汽车将在离地面不超过3英寸的距离行驶。

★I appeal to you to clarify this iue so that the poor elderly of our city many become aware of the housing benefits for which they qualify.我请求你阐明这个问题，这样我们这个城市里贫穷的老人就可以了解到他们有资格享有住房的津贴。 ★It was believed that a person was sick because he had been attacked by evil spirits.人们认为生病是遭受恶魔的攻击。

★We are concerned to develop the ability of all our pupils into the full,not just their academic ability.我们关系的是全面充分地发展我们每一位学生的能力，而不仅仅是他们的学习能力。

★We expect our pupils to do their best,not their least,and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.我们期望学生能够不遗余力尽其所能，为达到此目标我们也将给予他们充分的鼓励。

★The wheel is the simplest yet perhaps the most remarkable of all inventions,because there are no wheels in nature---no living thing was ever created with wheels.轮子是最简单的发明，或许也是最伟大的发明，因为自然界原本没有轮子——没有任何生

物是轮子创造的。

★Girls exceed boys in language abilities,and this early linguistic bias often prevails throughout life.女孩在语言能力上胜过男孩，而且这种早期就暴露的语言方面的偏向常常影响终生。

★Grandma Moses painted a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a hobby,but only switched to oils in old age because her hands had become too stiff to sew and she wanted to keep busy and pa the time.摩西奶奶小的时候画过些画，之后绘制刺绣图案成了她的爱好。老了以后，她的手指变得僵硬不能缝纫，而她还希望保持忙碌打发时间，就转向油画。 ★The project provided opportunities for researches from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits.这个方案给印度和国外的研究者提供了机会，使他们可以在保护区内研究老虎，收集以前难以获得的有关老虎习性的资料。

★Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers.土地问题变得越来越严重了，令许多农民痛心的是，一些肥沃的森林地区被圈起来，建成了老虎保护区。

★In learning a foreign language,the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language,its gestures,its body language.学习语言最好从语言的非语言方面、手势和身势语入门。

★Originally the White House was gray and was called the Presidential Palace.最初白宫是灰色的，并且被叫做总统府。

★This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation.这种新的活动包括原先狩猎的一系列行为，而目的已不再是避免饥饿。

★Some scientists say that 16 of these mirrors,each about half a mile acro,could aim their reflected light at one area on the earth that was about 200 miles by 300 miles.一些科学家认为可用16面直径为半英里的镜子将反射光照射到地球表面约为60000平方英里的区域。

★What no one knows yet is what effect this artificial daytime would have on plants,animals,and humans.目前，人们还不知道的是这种人造白天对植物、动物和人会有什么影响。

★Still,the fact remains that women are now free to enter any career that attracts them,the situation has improved,and the tide is not likely to turn back.然而，事实上女性如今可以自由选择所喜爱的职业；情况改善了，这一潮流不可能逆转。

★Ford realized he could use this aembly line method to build cars.福特意识到他可以用这种装配线的方法来生产他的汽车。

★At the early attempts,the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growth,a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.在初始阶段海底电缆没能安装成功，当科研人员将电缆运出海面对其进行检修时发现电缆表面长满了瘤状物，这个事实表明海洋深处并不存在生命，这与现代科学见解相佐。

★Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 45 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.由21个成员国组成的欧洲委员会的一项研究显示，百分之四十五的爬行物种及百分之二十四的蝴蝶濒临灭绝。

★Dr.Baum went on,“we could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.Baum博士继续说道，“没有工业产品我们一样能够生活下去，但脱离了自然我们就无法生存。

★Some critics claim that no excuse is acceptable for not informing subjects about the nature of an experiment and giving them a chance to refuse to participate.一些批评家声称没有任何理由让实验对象在不了解实验性质，没有机会选择拒绝的情况下参与实验。

★He took a trip to southern,and there he found just the weather and scenery he needed to finish his movie.他去加州南部旅行，在那里他恰好发现了要完成他的电影所需的天气和风景。

★Primary and secondary education is financed almost entirely by the state out of central and local tax revenues.中小学几乎全额依靠中央和地方税收拨款。

★The current opinion seems to be that this should include a general knowledge of what computers are,plus a little of their history and something of how they operate.目前的看法似乎是这样的，这必须包括一种关于计算机本身定义的基本知识，还需具备一些计算机的发展历史及其操作知识。

★We effectively use all types of electrical equipment without being able to tell their history or to explain how they work..我们能够有效地使用各种电子设备，而不需要知道它们的历史或者它们是如何工作的。

★At times they even sleep in their van instead of a hotel,just to save money.有时他们甚至在自己的篷车里，而不是在旅馆里睡觉，只是为了省钱。 ★As a result,these areas send out le heat and light and thus appear from Earth to be almost dark irregular surface patches.这些区域释放的热量和光线较弱，因而从地球上看，表面几乎形成不规则的暗区。 ★Computer technology enabled the reserchers,to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain,which relate to intellect and emotion,and determine the human character.电脑技术让研究者能准确地测量大脑前部和侧面的容量，它们与智力、情感有关，决定着人的性格。

★The interview is an important event in the job-hunting proce,because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want.面试是求职过程中一件重要的事情，因为你和面试人一起度过的二三十分钟可能决定你是否能得到你想要的那个工作。

★If poible,you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.如果有可能的话，你应在得到一份工作，并且在你做好准备完成日常文书工作后再与雇佣方协商工资问题。

★He is,even today,a symbol of courage and adventure.他即使今天都是勇气和历险的象征。 Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary.Henning研究了把英语作为外语学习的学生是如何记词汇的。

★In time,the migration became a habit,and now,although the glaciers have disappeared,the habit continues.迁徙成为一种习惯，现在尽管冰川已经消失，这种习惯仍然继续。

★Problems come when any particular section is too thick and not sticking to the section beneath.The snow of the past few weeks had been falling in rather higher temperatures than those of December and early January.当积雪的任何一部分太厚，并且与下面的部分不相粘结的话，问题就出现了。过去几星期下的雪在高于十二月到一月份上旬的温度下开始融化。

★The one comfort to recreational skiers,however,is that avalanche incidents on the marked ski slopes are quite rare.No ski resort wants the image of being a death trap.对于度假的滑雪者来说，令人欣慰的是，雪崩事故很少发生在有足迹的滑雪坡上。

★Losing weight is hard work,but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat.

减肥是件苦差事，大多数人都想找到一条又快又简单的减肥方法。

★The respect in which he was held was partly owing to the man himself,with his warm friendline,his good sense,his urbanity,his gay spirits,his artistic integrity,and his love of both the Old World and the New.他受到尊重部分源自其自身，他友好、判断能力强、文雅、开朗、正直，新、旧世界他都热爱。 ★Kidneys can be conserved in this simple way for 24 to 48 hours with little deterioration,and during this time they can be moved for long distances.用这种简单的方法，肾脏可以保存24到48小时而不会变质，在此段时间里能被转移到很远的地方。

★A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager.很多顾客采用的一个简单又常用的方法是直接向商店经理投诉。

★She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’ rights.她或他（顾客）会将卖方告上法庭，或者他们会向保护消费者权益的私人或公共机构进行举报。

★In this way,better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.这样，性价比高的商品可以不断地提供给不同收入层次的人们。

★Bearing in mind the nature of the translator’s work,i.e.,the proceing of the written word,it is,strictly speaking,unneceary that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with.牢记翻译者工作的性质，即对书面语进行操作，严格地说，并不要求翻译者一定能够讲他正在翻译的语言。 ★It is also poible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.学生也可能在学习期间在两所大学交叉学习，尽管这样做并不常见。

★Money laundering is the proce by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation.洗钱是将非法途径得来的金钱，在合法收入的掩盖下使之进入流通领域。

★The liberlization of markets around the world and deregulation of exchange controls are regarded as the chief causes of the rapid expansion of the money laundering over the past decade.市场的（过度）自由及对汇率控制的撤销成为过去十年来洗钱活动迅速发展的两大主要原因。

★Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite,so in 1895,just two weeks before his death,he created a found to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contrybutions to mankind.诺贝尔宁愿自己不是作为甘油炸药的发明者而被人们记住，因此，他在1895年去世前的两个星期，创立了一项基金，奖励对人类做出有价值贡献的人们。

★Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese school,yet many students say that after an exam,they forget much of the information that they have memorized.死记硬背是日本学习采用的一种重要的学习方法，然而很多学生反映，考试过后他们就忘记了背过的大部分内容。

★Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat.教导他失败比作弊要光荣得多。

★Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.因为时尚的变化，衣裳仅仅穿了几次就要被丢到一边。

★Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes,one wonders,reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?有人会想，女性服饰时尚不断发生改变的事实是不是反映出其本身存在的一种变化无常、及不稳定的基本特性呢？

★The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their product’s obvious advantages.尽管产品本身具备显而易见的优势，速溶咖啡的生产者发现他们的产品在市场上严重受阻。

★Many of the centenarians emphasized the importance of being independent and free to do the things they enjoyed and wanted to do,and of maintaining a placid state of mind free from worry or emotional strain.许多百岁老人强调独立自由地做自己想做的事情，远离烦恼和情感压力，保持平静的心态很重要。

★Even if a job is not perfect for you,every interview can make you learn from it.即使某一份工作对你来说并不理想，每个面试都可以让你从中学到些东西。

★People who question or even look down on the study of the past and its works usually aume that the past is entirely different from the present,and that hence we can learn nothing worthwhile from the past.那些质疑甚至轻视对过去及先人作品研究的人们通常主观地认为过去与现在是完全不同的，从而得出人们无法从过去获取任何有价值的东西的结论。 ★We and the ancients share a common human nature and hence certain common human experiences and problems.我们和古人享有共同的人类的天性，因此也会有共同的经历和问题。

★Perhaps the reason is that asvertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer.也许，原因是登广告能让生产者省心，不要去考虑消费者。

★“No mechanism in China requires the recall of cars as it dose in Japan,but Honda decided to replace the rubber connector in order to provide the same service to Chinese consumers”the spokeswoman said.女发言人说：“与在日本不同，中国的机构没有要求召回汽车，但是本田公司决定更换橡胶连接以向中国客户提供同等服务。”

★A survey conducted last year by Roper Starch Worldwide,Inc.,found that almost 70 percent of the respondents said they would be happier if their families had twice as much household income.去年由Roper Starch Worldwide公司所做的一项调查发现，几乎有百分之七十的接受调查者表示如果他们的家庭收入能够再增加一倍，他们会更幸福。

★The publisher was so doubtful,he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him,and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dre.出版商不太确信书出版后一定能够赚钱，他想与作者（Harriet Beecher Stowe）分摊出版费用，而她只是希望能够赚够足够的钱为自己买一条新的丝绸连衣裙。

★Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.它巨大的影响激励了反对奴隶制的运动，也激怒了奴隶制的拥护者。

第15篇：学位英语作文

学位英语作文

Test One Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.有人认为读书要有选择 2.有人认为应当博览群书 3.你的看法

Reading Selectively or Extensively?

Once famous English philosopher Francis Bacon said, \"Reading makes a full man\", which means that anyone who wants to be a full man must keep on reading.But books are of various kinds and different contents.Then how to read? Some people say that we should read selectively.They believe that it is not how much one reads but what he reads that really counts.Since we have no enough time to read all kinds of books, we should read selectively to achieve a high efficiency, reading only those that are useful to our majors and future works.Only by this way can we make full use of our time, and gain more practical knowledge.However, others claim that reading extensively is a better choice.In their opinions, different books are of different uses.Just like Bacon mentioned, \"Histories make men wise；poets witty；the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.\" Therefore, reading widely is neceary for a full man.In my viewpoint, we should read both selectively and extensively.The two reading ways have their respective roles in our reading.We can read selectively for specialized knowledge, or read widely for general information.There fore, the combination of the two methods is more reasonable.范文 2

Reading Selectively or Extensively?

As the source of knowledge, books play an important role in our life.They not only make a full man, but also promote the development of society.However, among so many books in the world, should we read selectively or extensively? Some people hold that we should read selectively.To begin with, life is limited, and it is impoible for us to read all kinds of books.Second, not all the books can benefit us.Some kinds of books, such as cartoon books, popular novels and magazines only can entertain us and make us feel relaxed in our spare time.Third, everyone has special interest, so while reading we could select different books according to our personal interests.However, some believe otherwise.They maintain that in modern society, people are supposed to have more knowledge than their ancestors to cope with tougher problems.Besides, the society is developing faster and faster, if we confine our knowledge only to our major or our study field, we couldn\'t keep up with the changes around us.Even we may feel puzzled about what is happening in this modern world.So some people suggest we read extensively so as to get much more knowledge and not to become a person like Rip Van Winkle.As far as I\'m concerned, I think we\'d better read both selectively and extensively.Thus, we can not only become a knowledgeable person in our own field, but also become a well-informed and qualified modern man.

Test Two Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How I Finance My College Education.You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.上大学的费用（tuition and free）可以通过多种途径解决 2.哪种途径适合你（说明理由）

How I Finance My College Education The past decade has witneed a new tuition and fee policy for college students.Then how to finance their college education is becoming a big concern to students and the society.To this problem, there are three poible approaches.Most students will ask their parents to pay the tuition fee, and the parents also take it for granted that they have such a responsibility to pay for their children\'s education.Another approach is that student can apply for the low-interest loans from the bank.In this way they can relieve the parents\' financial burden and foster their independence as well.In addition to the above, taking part-time jobs is also a common way for a college student to get money to pay part of his tuition and fees.As far as I am concerned, I\'d prefer the second way — borrow some money from the bank.On the one hand, my parents and I can be free from financial problem for years.On the other hand, it can also help me make full use of the time to study at ease, and the thought of loan will also stimulate me to study harder to seek a good future later.范文 2

How I Finance My College Education

As I enter the college, my life is completely changed.I have to cope with many problems on my own.The source of four-year tuition is one of them.How can students get this sum of money? The help from our parents is a traditional way.In China, entering college is such a proud thing for most families that some of them began to accumulate the money from the time when we were children.But for some poor ones, especially some in the countryside, the cost of four-year education is still a big problem.Nowadays, things are different.More and more students want to be independent from their parents by doing part-time jobs to pay their college education, which really can leen the burden of the family to some extent.In addition, students who are engaged in part-time jobs can learn about outside world and get experiences and tips on how to get along well with others.In their views, it pays to take part in part-time jobs.As for me, the best way is to loan from the bank.This does not only solve the problem of tuition and fee but also improve my study because the bank offers students money according to their GPA(Grade Point Average).

Test Three Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Is a Test of Spoken English Neceary? You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是…… 2.也有人持不同意见…… 3.你的看法和打算

Is a Test of Spoken English Neceary? A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET).We have all taken various English tests, but so far most of them are written ones.Have you any idea of what a spoken English test will be like, and is it neceary to take all the trouble to hold such a test? People differ in their answers.Many people think it neceary to take a test of spoken English.They know that although they have taken dozens, even hundreds of English tests ever since they started learning it and many even have got surprisingly high marks, few of them can expre themselves freely in spoken English.And if people can\'t speak a word of it, what\'s the sense of learning it and what do those high marks mean? They\'re none but deaf and mute before the native speakers.Further more, with so many college graduates and undergraduates having paed CET-4 and CET-6, a test of spoken English is an effective way to distinguish the excellent from the ordinary.Finally, it is considered a new challenge to those who \"live and learn\".However, other people think otherwise.They believe there is the uncertainty about the reliability and objectivity of a test of spoken English, which may depend chiefly on human (and thus subjective) scoring instead of on machine scoring, as in the case of a standardized objective test such as CET-4 and CET-6.At the prospect of this optional test, I feel encouraged and view it as a welcome challenge and another opportunity to improve my language ability and career potentials.I am determined to practice my oral English more often, and if I am qualified for such a test, I will not hesitate a moment to take it.

范文 2

Is a Test of Spoken English Neceary? A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test.Since the optional component is new to many people.It is natural that people have different opinions on it.Some people believe it is neceary to administer a spoken test of CET.In their opinion, only when they expre themselves well in spoken and written English can they say they have a good command of English.For years of learning English only produce some English readers.Many people call this as \"deaf-and-dumb English\".Thus, it is of great significance to adopt the new approach to ae students\' ability in spoken English.However, there are also others who believe a test of spoken English is unneceary.They think that a written test for non-English-major students is sufficient.Besides, they don\'t think examiners in various places can meet the criteria of consistency and reliability of a norm test.Moreover, they think, confronted with such a large number of examinees, it is tough to have such a time-consuming test.As for me, I\'d like to thank the CET committee to create such an opportunity to test my spoken English.I have made up my mind to spend more time practicing my oral English, and if I am fully prepared, I\'ll apply for the test without hesitation.

Test Four Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Succeed in a Job interview? You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.面试在求职过程中的作用

2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……

How to Succeed in a Job Interview? Nowadays, the interview has become indispensable in seeking a job.Its succe will determine whether or not you will get the job you applied.Then how to succeed in a job interview?

There are many factors involved.According to psychologists, it depends more on the first impreion you leave which is half a battle: how you look, how you sound and what you say are of great importance.In the first place, how you look makes up 55% of a first impreion.This includes facial expreions, body language, and eye contact, as well as clothing and general appearance.Among those, clothing is the most important to show your respect to the interviewer and to leave the interviewer a good impreion in the end.In the second place, how you sound makes up 38% of the first impreion.This includes how fast or slowly, loudly or softly you speak.So make sure that you sound friendly, interested, confident and happy in answering any inquires in the interview.Finally, what you say counts for only 7% of the meage.Therefore, attach more importance to your appearance and expreions rather than your words.To conclude, no one can escape from the interview.Remember the above points, and you will succeed in the interview. 范文 2

How to Succeed in a Job Interview? Nowadays, when people want to find a job, they always have to take a job interview.After the interview both the interviewer and the interviewee can make the final decision.So a job interview has become more and more important in our society.Interview has the advantage of being the most natural situation.It is easier to build up a relationship with the interviewee, and he will feel at ease and will answer questions more fully and more naturally.In this way the interviewer is likely to find out a great deal about the interviewee.Particularly, he will be in a good position to find out whether or not he will want the interviewee to work with him.On the other hand, there are disadvantages as well.The interviewer may be so strongly affected by his own feelings that he will be unable to judge a person by a proper standard.His feelings may drive him to make the final decision.It is not neceary for us to feel bad if we have failed in an interview, because it is only a matter of choice, instead of right or wrong.If we want to succeed in a job interview, we have to remember the following factors.Firstly, we should pay more attention to our appearance.We should dre more formally, which is a kind of respect for the interviewer.Secondly, we should talk in a proper way, with good manners and confidence.Thirdly, we should try our best to show our abilities as much as poible.If we can bear those factors in mind, we are more likely to succeed

Test Five Directions: Fast food is now very common in China.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition about ―Fast Food‖.You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.快餐食品受欢迎的原因 2.快餐食品可能有的问题 3.你的态度

In present-day China, we can find two types of fast food: western and Chinese.However, not until the recent decade has western fast food become popular in China.Before the first hamburger walked its way into the Chinese food market, we had little idea about such terms as hot dog, pizza, potato chips, let alone Kentucky and McDonald’s.It is the reform and opening-up policy: that has brought about the interflow of the food culture between China and the Western countries.Fast food, both Chinese and western, has several advantages.In the first place, fast food, as is characterized by its name, is fast.The food is always ready and fresh, waiting for its customers.This saves people\'s precious time, and consequently goes well with the tempo of life in modern society.Secondly, it is very convenient.As we know, fast food restaurants are much the same as cafeterias.Customers may feel tree to help them to any variety provided and eat to their hearts\' content.

Thirdly, fast food restaurants are environmentally comfortable.Clean dishes, shiny tables, decent service and light music all stimulate people\'s appetite to eat more.The above-mentioned advantages make fast food become rooted in almost all parts of the country and enjoy popularity among people.That\'s also why nowadays Singapore fast food, Turkish fast food and Indian-Pakistan fast food have found their homes in China.As every coin has two sides, fast food also has its disadvantages such as lack of nutrition, dull taste.Never the le, these are minor points compared with its advantages.Since most people agree with fast food, it tends to grow more rapidly.

Test Six Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: My Opinion on Television.You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.概述背景和观点

2.赞同方/反对方对待看电视带来的利/弊的理由（选择正方或反方） 3.你的看法 4.

In my opinion, television has as many advantages as disadvantages.

Nowadays, it is the most important source of information, it keeps us informed about what is happening in every corner of the world, for instance about political or cultural events, wars and so on.Also it is a very popular form of spending free time, because it provides good entertainment of every kind, for example thanks to television we can watch great movies, shows, cartoons and listen to our favorite music.It also has educational poibilities, because it shows many documentaries, science programmers and even courses.And there is one more advantage.Television is very cheap (when you have a TV set…) and nowadays it is one of the most important values.On the other hand, television has a lot of disadvantages.For example, it stops people from talking, communicating their feelings and exchanging impreions.Because of that, strong relationships in the family are weakening.Also, television is like a drug – it can shatter our health, because we do not go out, jog, or do exercise – we prefer to sit and flip through the channels.When we watch TV, we do not do other, most valuable things.But the biggest disadvantage is the negative influence which television has on children.Kids are exposed to silly cartoons and violent movies – they rarely watch educational program.In conclusion, is television a good or bad invention? In my opinion it depends on us, viewers.We can choose from a big number of programs.But I will not have a TV set in my future house.

Test Seven Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: My View on Examinations.You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.学校现在都用考试来衡量学生的成绩 2.考试可能带来的副作用 3.你对考试的看法

In most schools and colleges the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject.Although it does the job quite efficiently， its side effects are also enormous.

The most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits.As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance， a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.Examinations do not motivate a student to seek more knowledge， but to restrict his reading； they do not enable him to study consistently throughout the semester， but to induce cramming during exam week.Examinations also lower the standards of teaching.Since teachers themselves are often judged by examination results， they are often judged by examination results， they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques.And no subjects can be taught succefully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations.

Actually， few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students\' academic development.If that\'s the case， why can\'t we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations？

Test Night Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Is Failure a Bad Thing? You should write at least 100 words and you should bas your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below and write it on the Answer Sheet Two: 1.失败是常有的事

2.人们对失败有各种不同的看法 3.你对失败的看法

作文参考（One Poible Version）：

Everyone wishes to succeed.Nobody hopes to fail.Can we succeed in everything we do all the time？No，of course not.Whatever we do，the result is either succe or failure.So，failure is a common occurrence in our daily life.Different people have different attitudes towards failure.Some people think that failure is a bad thing.If they have one or two failures in doing a thing，they become sad and begin to lose heart.Others，however，never give in even when they fail and they learn leons from it.Then try their best again and again until they succeed.As for me，I like succe but，at the same time，I don\'t mind failure because it is not always a bad thing.“Failure is the mother of succe，” I am sure.Failure is not a stranger to life.It can happen anywhere, anytime and to anyone.No person succeeds all the time.The more development you want to make, the more failure you might encounter.So, people are faced with failure now and then.

从标题和提纲判断，本篇作文属于论说文。第一段，提出失败是生活中常有的事，如作为一个学生，经常会遇到失败，比如作文很差，考试不及格等。第二段，人们对失败所持的不同态度，如有的学生遇到失败时认为是世界末日;有的学生对失败采取无所谓的态度;有的学生从失败中学到很多东西。第三段，“我”对失败的态度是从失败中汲取教训，认为失败是成功之母。

参考范文：

Failure is a common thing in our daily life.For example, as a student, we may get a very low score in our compositions.It may happen that we cannot pa our examinations.All these failures occur so naturally that almost every one of us has had such an experience.However, there are different attitudes towards failures.Some students lose heart in the face of a failure, thinking that the world is coming to its end.Other students don’t take a failure seriously and just let it be, while some others learn much from a failure and thus see the light of hope through failure.In my opinion, what really counts is not failure itself, but what we think of failure and how we respond to a failure.As long as we learn something from a failure, we’ll certainly make our mark in the end.Consequently, I’m not afraid of failure, for I believe that failure is the mother of succe.

第16篇：学位英语4

Part I : Cloze Television, it is often said, keeps one 1 about current events, allows one to follow the 2 developments in science and politics, and 3 an endle series of programs which are both 4 and stimulating.The most distant 5 and the strangest customs ate brought right 6 one’s sitting room.It could be argued that the radio performs this 7 just as well: but on television everything is much more living, much more 8 .Yet here is a danger, The television screen itself has a terrible, almost physical fascination for us.We get 9 used to looking at its movements, so 10 on its flickering pictures, that it begins to 11 our lives.A friend of 12 told me the other day that his television set had broken 13 and that he and his family had suddenly found that they had far more time to do things, and that they had 14 begun to talk to each other again.It makes one think, 15 it!

There are many other arguments for and against television.The poor 16 of its programs is often criticized.But it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many 17 elderly people.And does it corrupt or instruct our children? I think we must realize that television 18 is neither good nor bad, It is the uses 19 which it is put that determine its 20 to society.

1. A.informative

B.informed

C.knowing

D.familiar 2. A.latter

B.late

C.latest

D.later 3. A.offers

B.awards

C.rewards

D.avails 4. A.teaching

B.instructive

C.constructive D.illuminating 5. A.nations

B.powers

C.states

D.countries 6. A.up to

B.into

C.down

D.inside 7. A.busine

B.aid

C.service

D.duty 8. A.true

B.vivid

C.actual

D.real 9. A.quite

B.much

C.so

D.rather 10.A.dependable

B.dependent

C.reliable

D.relying 11.A.dominate

B.master

C.rule

D.ruin 12.A.me

B.my

C.mine

D.I 13.A.down

B.up

C.off

D.out 14.A.truly

B.actually

C.genuinely

D.really 15.A.does

B.doesn’t

C.isn’t

D.is 16.A.quantity

B.quality

C.character

D.grade 17.A.lonely

B.alone

C.single

D.solitary 18.A.by itself

B.of itself

C.in itself

D.itself 19.A.into

B.to

C.on

D.toward 20.A.price

B.worth

C.merit

D.value 1. B informative 提供资料的，了解的； 据说电视可以让人了解当前的形势情况，…； inform 通知，向…报告，了解； familiar 熟悉的，冒昧的。

2. C latter 后者； latest 最近的，最新的； 与前面一句为并列句，意为“可以使人跟得上最新的科学和政治发展。”根据这句话的意思，我们知道应该用latest。

3. A offer 提供； award 给…颁奖；reward 回报，报答；avail 有益于； 这句与前面的句子依然是并列句， 这道题我们根据语意很容易选出应该是Ａ，意思是：电视还可以给观众提供无数的电视节目。

4. Ｂ

instructive 有教育意义的； constructive 建造的，建设的； illuminating 启示性的，启发的。这个很显然是Ｂ，意思是说电视节目既有教育意义又有娱乐功能。 5. D

遥远国家的最古怪的风俗习惯被呈现出来，Ｄ项意义最符合。

6. B

这些电视节目在客厅里被呈现出来，故划线处要求填写的介词应该为into，意味把这些电视节目给你带到客厅里来.7. C

也许有人会说，收音机也可以提供这样的服务。根据文章，这些节目是为人服务的，可以得到正确选项Ｃ，另外，就看选项意思排除法也可以得出可用service，相对来说这道题很容易得分。 8. B

true 真的，真实的； vivid 鲜艳的，生动的； actual 实际的； real真的；

但是在电视上看一切都显得很生动，这说出了电视与收音机的区别。根据选择项意思与上下文可知Ｂ正确。 9. C 如果做不出来，往后看，并列的一句也是so开头的，后面还有that引导的一句话（so…that… 如此…以至于…），显然那么我们把意思下理顺可知Ｃ正确。

10.B 选项Ｂdependent后面跟介词on，dependent on 意思是“依靠，依赖”；大意是说，我们如此依赖电视那些连续运动的闪烁画面，以至于它开始控制我们的生活。

11.A dominate 控制，掌控；master 掌握； rule 规定； ruin毁了；根据上一句也推出，对电视太依赖了以至于生活中离不开它，从某意义上说它控制了我们的生活。

12.C

a friend of mine 我的一个朋友；mine为名词性物主代词，意思是“我的”，在这里它相当于 my friends；而my是一个形容词性物主代词。 13.A 他的电视机坏了…，机器了用break down.14.B 电视坏了之后他和他家里人突然发现有好多事情要该做，并且事实上他们又可以再相互交流了。根据句意可知用B，actually.15.B 反意疑问句，一般现在式，显然选B。

16.B quantity 数量； quality 质量； character 性格； grade 年级，分数；这句话是说：对于电视有不少人持赞成或者反对的态度。电视节目的什么不好常遭到批评呢？看选项，显然用quality 质量。 17.A 但是毫无疑问地，这对于上了年纪的孤独的（lonely,注意这个词是形容词词性，所修饰词是老人：elderly people）老人来说是一种极大的慰藉。另外，alone （这个单词只作表语）单独的； single 单个的； solitary 唯一的；这个题既考查了词意又考查了词性掌握程度。

18.D television itself 电视自身；这句许是说，电视自身它既有好的一面，又有坏的一面，也就是正负作用兼有之。

19.B put sth to use 开始启用…；故B正确。

20.D price 价格； worth 值得…的； merit 长处，优点，功过； value 价值，重要性，益处；根据语意可知这里要说的是电视的社会价值，故用value。

（二）

If you have a telephone in your own house you will admit that it 21 to ring when you least want it to ring-when you are asleep, or 22 a meal or a conversation, or when you are 23 going out, or when you are 24 your bath.Are you strong minded 25 to ignore(不理) it , to say to yourself, “Ah, well, it will all be the same in 26 time?” You are not .You think there 27 some important news or meage 28 you.Have you never rushed 29 from the bath, or chewing from the table or dazed from the bed, 30 that you are a wrong 31 ? You were told the truth. 32 all telephone numbers are wrong numbers.If, of course, your telephone rings and you decide 33 it, then you will have to listen to an idiotic bell ringing and ringing in 34 is supposed to be the 35 of your own house.You 36 buy a bicycle bell and ring it yourself.

Suppose you 37 the telephone when it rings, and suppose that, for once, somebody has an important meage for you.I can 38 you that if a meage is really important it will 39 you sooner or later.Think of the proverb: “Ill news travels apace.” I must say good news seems to travel 40 fast.

21.A.likely

B.tends

C.inclined

D.tries 22.A.in the middle of B.among

C.eating

D.carrying on 23.A.about

B.on the point C.just

D.even 24.A.for

B.on

C.at

D.in 25.A.only

B.enough

C.sufficient

D.just 26.A.a hundred years’

B.a hundred year’s

C.a hundred year

D.a hundred years 27.A.should be

B.may be

C.ought to be

D.has to be 28.A.waiting

B.to

C.for

D.about 29.A.dripped

B.dripping

C.having dripped D.being dripped 30.A.only to tell

B.only to be told

C.just to tell

D.simply to be told

31.A.number

B.person

C.mistake

D.fool 32.A.Accordingly

B.In my opinion

C.As for me

D.Generally speaking 33.A.to not answer

B.to answer not

C.not to answer

D.to answer no 34.A.there

B.what

C.that

D.where 35.A.privacy

B.exclusivene C.individual

D.quiet 36.A.ought to

B.might as well

C.just well

D.can well 37.A.neglect

B.don’t mind C.disregard

D.ignore 38.A.aure

B.promise

C.ensure

D.trust 39.A.attain

B.reach

C.arrive

D.make for 40.A.quite

B.the same C.just as

D.just to

21.B A是“可能”的意思；tend 有…倾向，容易… ，后面接to；try 努力，试图”；inclined有…倾向，通常用法是to be inclined，根据这句话的意思（如果你家有电话，你就会承认它总是在你最不想要它响的时候响，这种情况发生在你睡觉，吃饭或者谈话的时候，或者你刚要出门的时候，或者在你洗澡的时候。）可知B项正确。

22.A in the middle of 在…之间； among在…之间，用在复数当中； carry on 执行，进行； 在一顿饭或一次谈话中间，显然用in the middle of a meal or a conversation.23.C about的常用形式：be about to do…，打算…，准备…（注意它后面跟不定式，这个就不会错选了）； just 刚刚,正好，适合文章的意思，为正确答案。

24.D in one’s bath 在某人洗澡的时候（过程中）；考查介词搭配问题。

25.B 文章意思说：你能意志强到这份儿上，电话响了却不理会它，还对自言自语说“唉，没有办法，一百年都是这样。” enough 一般只放在所修饰词的后面； only 仅仅，只有； sufficient是足够的、充足的意思，放在所修饰的词前面；所以显然Ｂ正确。

26.A 词尾加’s，表示“…的”这样的所有关系时，如果这个单词本身以s结尾，那么’后面的s就省略不写。一百年显然是复数形式，“年”用years，a hundred years’表示一百年的…。

27.B 文章说：你做不到不去理会电话，因为你可能会想到会不会有些什么重要的新闻或是消息要告诉你。 另外： should be应当； may be 可能； ought to be 应当； has to be 不得不；显然用may be.28.C meage for you 是（打电话）给你的消息，不要理解为是关于你的消息。

29.B 看下一行有线索，or chewing from the table or dazed from the bed…，这是并列句，时态保持一致。故这里用dripping ,现在分词做伴随状语。这句意思是说你会不会身上的水还滴着或是嘴里还嚼着饭就从浴室或饭桌上匆忙出来。

30.B 结果你接过电话，被告知他是打错电话了。句子是表示被动，A，C是主动的形式，simple是仅仅的意思，B表示被动only在这里表示结果怎么样。

31.A you are a wrong number 你拨错号了，或你打错电话了；故Ａ正确。

32.B 在我看来，所有的电话都是错误的电话。表明作者的观点和立场。 A是“于是，因此”的意思； C是“对我来说”的意思； D是“一般的说来”的意思。观点题，用作者的视角看这个现象。

33.C 下面表示转折，当然你可以决定不接电话，如果是这样你的电话就会不停的响，不得不听电话像傻瓜似的无休止的的响下去。这题表示否定，注意用法，decide (not) to do sth 决定（不）做某事。 34.B 接着说明了电话在什么地方不停的响，用in what引导正确。注意：后面的定语从句少主语，并且显然介词后面不能用where\\there。

35.A privacy个人，隐私； exclusivene 隔绝、排外的意思； individual 个人的； quiet 安静的； in the ____ of your own house,在你自己的房子里面，这里显然应该需要用名词，故只可能用privacy。 36.B 你倒不如买个自行车铃让它不停的响！ might as well 还不如、倒不如。

37.D neglect 忽视，忽略，疏忽（不是主观意识上成心这样做的）； don’t mind 不介意，不在乎； disregard 不管，不顾； ignore 不顾，不理，忽视（含有思想上故意这样做的意味）； 通过分析意思，我们知道用ignore最好。假设电话响的时候你故意不去接，再假如，有一次还真是有人给你有重要的事情要说呢。

38.A aure 使确信，向…保证； promise 承诺； ensure 确保，赋予； trust 信任；I can aure … 我敢说… ， 我打保票… 。

39.B attain 完成，获得； reach 到达，伸手够到…； arrive at 到达； make for 走向，向…前进，冲向；这句话是说，我敢说这个消息要是真的重要的话，它迟早要传到你这儿。

40.C 想想那句谚语：“（好事不出门），坏事传千里”。 just as 正像，正当…的时候，与…一样.

语法与词汇模拟题

1.The teacher’s lecture on American history was three hours long, and Mary felt very _____.

A.upset

B.bored

C.disturbed

D.neglected 2.Her mind was so _____ by the disease that she could not remember what she had done.

A.acted

B.influenced

C.effected

D.affected 3.Every boy and girl _____ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted.

A.has been warned

B.have been warned

C.has warned

D.have warned 4.She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.

A.it

B.this

C.which

D.that

5.Why can’t you do this small _____ for me? I’ve helped you often enough in the past.A.command B.demand

C.effort

D.favor 6._____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.

A.All

B.What

C.Which

D.That 7.You screamed in your sleep last night.You _____ a terrible dream.

A.must have had

B.must have

C.must had had

D.must have been 8.However much _____, it will be worth the money.

A.the dictionary costs

B.costs the dictionary

C.the dictionary will cost

D.does the dictionary cost 9.I don’t care _____ or not she will apologize to me.

A.if

B.whether

C.what

D.which 10.One of my brother’s many faults is that he never _____ anything very long.

A.decides on

B.sticks to

C.goes over

D.makes up

11.The departure of the train will be _____ for half an hour.

A.cancelled B.delayed

C.postponed

D.set off 12.But for his sister’s help, I _____ the work.

A.did not finish

B.will not finish

C.could not finish

D.would not have finished 13.Emphasis is laid on the neceity that all the objectives to be attained _____ into account before starting a new project.

A.be taken

B.should take

C.would be taken

D.have to be taken 14.Sixty per cent of television viewers chose her as their _____ actre.

A.fortunate

B.preferred

C.favourite

D.preferable 15.Judges must be independent _____ political preure.

A.to

B.of

C.under

D.on

16.I looked everywhere for some cooking oil, but I could only find ____.

A.a little

B.little

C.a few

D.few 17.Al’s doctor insists _____ for a few days.

A.that he is resting

B.him to rest

C.his resting

D.that he rest 18.There wasn’t much snow last winter so people couldn’t go ____ except in the mountains.

A.skiing

B.skied

C.to ski

D.having skied 19.You’ve got to be on top _____ to do well in a competition like that.

A.condition B.form

C.shape

D.training 20.Your behavior was shocking.You should be ashamed _____ yourself.

A.of

B.at

C.to

D.on 21.I suppose you couldn’t let me borrow your car this evening, _____?

A.couldn’t I

B.don’t I

C.could you

D.will you

22._____ five hundred people are believed to have drowned.

A.As many as

B.As much as

C.So many as

D.So much as 23.I chose a small room with the window _____ the street.

A.faces

B.faced

C.facing

D.to face 24._____ the rain we would have had a nice holiday.

A.But that

B.Despite

C.But for

D.In spite of 25.“It’s too bad Rhonda is moving to Arizona.”

“I wish it _____ so far away.”

A.weren’t

B.couldn’t be

C.won’t be

D.isn’t 26._____ I don’t like are the long, dark nights of winter.

A.That

B.What

C.Which

D.This 27.The receptions, _____ job was to answer the phone, had laryngitis(喉炎).

A.whose

B.who

C.who’s

D.that 28.The suggestions put forward by the workers to improve their working conditions were _____ by the factory owner.

A.turned away

B.turned down

C.turned over

D.turned through 29.With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn’t resist _____ four pounds.

A.to take

B.took

C.taking

D.have taken 30.Well-mannered children have usually been properly _____ by their parents.

A.raised up

B.borne up

C.brought up

D.got up

31.Tom’s father, as well as his mother, _____ in New York for a few days more.

A.asks him to stay

B.asks he stays

C.ask he to stay

D.asks he would stay 32.If we had known that she had planned to go abroad today, we _____ at the airport.

A.will see her off

B.would have seen her off

C.would see her off

D.must have seen her off 33.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _____obtaining water is not the least.A.of which

B.for what

C.as

D.whose 34.He burned all the important papers _____ that should fall into enemy’s hands.

A.unle

B.so

C.lest of

D.for fear 35.Literature and art have a great influence _____ people’s ideology.

A.to

B.on

C.for

D.onto

1. B

关于美国历史，这个教师讲了有三个小时长，这让Mary 感到非常讨厌。upset 难过的，不安的； bored 令（人）厌烦； disturbed 打扰，扰乱，弄乱；

neglected 忽视，忽略。 2. D influenced （正面的）影响； effected （正面的） 影响； affected （坏的）影响； 3. A

每个男孩儿和女孩儿被警示不准去那个湖里游泳，因为这个湖被污染了。以every开头，谓语动词用单数。

4. C

她听到一阵可怕的声音，这让她心都提到噪子眼儿了。这是一个非限制性定语从句，定的是前面的一句话，这种情况下用which来引导。

5. D to do a favour for sb 或to do sb a favour 帮某人个忙； 句子中do this small favour for me 意思是： 帮我一个小忙。

6. D

这是一个头重脚轻的主语从句，wedding anniversary 结婚纪念日。 7. A

你一定是做了个恶梦了，用完成时态。

8. A

这道题考时态，考语序，However much the dictionary costs：不管这本词典花多少钱。 9. B

我并不在意她是否给我道歉；whether or not “是否”，固定搭配用法。 10.B stick to 坚持；我弟弟的缺点之一就是什么事儿都不能坚持太久。

11.B cancel 取消，撤消； set off 出发，动身； postpone 延迟，推迟； delayed 延迟，耽误。 12.D

当时要不是他姐姐的帮助，我就不能完成那项工作。

13.A

选项A中的should省略，这句话是说：在开始一个新的项目之前，应考虑把重点放在将要实现的所有目标的必要性上。

14.C favourite 受欢迎的，这句话的意思是：百分之六十的观众选择她为最受欢迎的演员。 15.B 法官一定不能受政治压力的影响； be independent of 不受…影响。

16.A cooking oil 是不可数名词，另外根据境可知：这个句子又表示肯定的含义，（若选C则表示否定含义，即一点也没有找到）所以选择A选项。

17.D Al 的医生坚持要他休息了些日子； insist 后面用虚拟语气，should可省略。

18.A go skiing 去划雪；

类似的还有： go shopping 去购物； go swimming 去游泳； go boating 去划船。

19.B 固定搭配用法：to be on top form 处于最佳状态。

20.A 你的行为令人感到震惊，你应当为此感到羞愧；

be ashamed of … 为…感到羞愧。 21.C suppose 后面的从句中为否定式couldn’t，而主句为肯定式，这是否定后移的用法，后面的反意疑问句要根据从句而定，故反意疑问句用肯定式could you。

22.A 首先B、D不对，因为much后面修饰不可数名词； as many as 与…一样多，后面可以接具体的数字；而C项不正确，因为：so many as 如此众多的，后面不能出现具体的数字； drown 淹死；

23.C 我选了一个窗户对着街道的小房间。现在分词短语做定语，主动含义。 24.C but for… 要不是因为…；介词短语代替条件从句的用法。 25.A wish后面接虚拟语气的用法。

26.B what引导的名词性从句，这句话的意思是：我所不喜欢的是冬季那漫长而黑暗的夜晚。 27.A reception 接待员，接待，招待会，接受； 这是一个非限制性定语从句，whose job was 其工作是…。这句话是说：那个接待员，其工作是接电话，他得了喉炎。

28.B turn down 拒绝； turn away 打发走； turn over 把…弄翻了； D项错误，没有这种形式。 29.C resist doing … 禁不住…；看到苹果25分一磅，我们禁不住买了四磅。

30.C bring up 养育； Well-mannered children 行为举止良好的孩子，有教养的孩子。有教养的孩子往往都是家长培养教育的结果。没有A项这种用法，因为raise是及物动词，后面不能跟介词； borne up 坚强，毫不气馁。

31.A as well as his mother, 不影响谓语动词的使用，主语是Tom’s father，另外ask sb to do sth 要求(请)某人做某事，这句话是说：汤姆的爸爸，还有她的妈妈，要他在纽约再待一段时间。

32.B 如果我们知道她计划今天出国，我们一定去机场给她送行了。前面的虚拟条件句是对过去情况的一种假设，谓语用过去完成时态， 故主句用would have done 这种形式。

33.A 这是一个非限制性定语从句，which指代的是前面的problems, of which… 在…当中； 34.D for fear that 以免，担心；他烧掉了所有重要的资料，以免落入敌人的手掌。

35.B have a great influence on … 对…有很大的影响，这句话是说：文学和艺术对人们影响很大。

第17篇：学位论文摘要写作要求

学位论文摘要写作要求：

何谓“摘要”？就是你论文的关键内容。人们通过摘要，可以了解你的研究对象、角度、方法、目的、观点。因此，上述五项就是学位论文摘要的五要素。鉴于此，我给大家提供一个撰写摘要的基本的“公式”：

本文以„„为对象（研究对象），旨在以„„为视角（研究视角），通过„„的方法（研究方法），力图为„„提供参照（研究目的）。本文认为„„（主要观点）。

摘要内容杜绝背景信息，直奔目的、方法、结果、结论。目的：主要说明研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务，所涉及的主题范围，或本文主要解决的问题；方法：主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。尽可能详尽描述出具体„„的过程、„„的变化规律、„„的有效措施等；结果：作者在此工作过程或使用文中的研究方法所得到的实验的或研究的结果，被确定的关系，观察的结果，得到的效果和性能等；结论：结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题等，得到的具有普遍意义的规律和适用范围。但是结论力求精确、直接、详明。

综上所述，摘要可归纳总结为一种格式，“ 为了什么，做了什么， 如何做的 ，结果如何，得出什么结论 。 ”

示例1：（目的）为了改善钢铁材料的耐高温腐蚀性能, 用光束合金化方法在45钢表面合成了Fe-Al金属间化合物涂层.（过程和方法）采用扫描电子显微镜、能量弥散X射线分析和X射线衍射研究了光束合金化工艺参数(粉末预置量m和热输入量q)对合金化层的化学成分、显微组织及其物相组成的影响.（结果）实验结果表明: 减小比能量(E＝q/m)将导致合金化层的熔宽和熔深减小, 从而使合金化层含Fe量减少, 含Al量增加;该实验条件下, 获得了Fe与Al原子数比为2.4～19.2的合金化层.由比能量决定的Fe与Al原子数比是合金化层显微组织及其物相组成的重要影响因素, 合金化层的显微组织有3种类型: α-Fe固溶体、α-Fe固溶体+Fe3Al金属间化合物及FeAl+AlFe3C0.5金属间化合物.（结论）降低热输入或增加粉末预置量均可引起合金化层中Fe与Al原子数比的降低,有助于Fe-Al系(Fe3Al或FeAl)金属间化合物的合成.

示例2：（目的）针对传统二次规划求解方法训练优化极限学习机（OMELM）存在速度慢和效率低的问题，提出了单变量迭代序列最小优化（SSMO）算法.（过程和方法）该算法通过在框式约束中优化拉格朗日乘子来实现目标函数的最小化：首先在初始化拉格朗日乘子中选择使目标函数值最大下降的拉格朗日乘子, 将该拉格朗日乘子作为目标函数的唯一变量；然后求解目标函数的最小值并更新该变量的值；重复这个过程直到所有的拉格朗日乘子都满足二次规划问题的Karush-Kuhn-Tucker（KKT）条件为止.（结果）实验结果表明，SSMO算法只需调节很少的参数值便可得到足够好的泛化性能.（结论）使用SSMO算法求解的OMELM方法在泛化性能上要好于使用序列最小优化（SMO）算法求解的支持向量机（SVM）方法.在随机数据集测试中SSMO算法具有较好的鲁棒性.

第18篇：工商管理学位英语复习资料

1、All _____is a continuous supply of the basic neceities of life.D.that is needed

2.Christopher Columbus was believed __the American continent.C.to have discovered

3、Children who are over-protected by their parents may become_____ C.spoiled

4.Do you think she has any ____ to refuse John\'s invitation? A.reason

5、Depending on____, Mary led us through an unknown part of the forest.A.intuition

6、Excuse me, sir.I\'ve lost my watch.Do you have ___ time?A.the

7.Either you or I ___wrong on this matter.C.am

8.His parents _____, the orphan is now taken care of by her uncle.D.having died

9.He is the boy __I think scored the winning points for the basketball team.D.who

10.He had difficulties making himself understood,but we didn\'t _impatience.C.show any sign of

11、He used to have a ____of stamp-collection, but he has given it up.B.hobby

12、He just couldn\'t ___what in the world she had been talking about all the time.A.figure out

13、He is one of the students who____ always on time.B.are

14、He must have had an accident, or he ______ then.A.would have been here

15、His _____ handwriting resulted from haste and carelene rather than from the inability to form the letters correctly.A.unreadable

16、It was eential that the application forms __back before the deadline.C.be sent

17、In spite of your living so far away, we both hope very much ____.B.that you come

18、I\'d like to __the leons once more before we take the exam tomorrow.B.go over

19、It has been a long time _____I saw you last time.A.since

20、I know you\'re planning to travel this summer, but do you know_____?D.how much it will cost

21、I didn\'t ask him, but he ___ to help me with my homework.B.offered

22、It wasn\'t such a good dinner ______ she had promised us.C.as

23、It was difficult to gue what her ____ to the news would be.B.reaction

24、In spite of your living so far away,we both hope very much ___.B.that you come

25、It is because he is too young __he does not understand what has happened.A.that

26、My camera can be ___to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.B.adjusted

27、Many new__will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.A.opportunities

28、Many people watch TV only to ___time.C.kill

29、My friend was full of __for the way in which I had so quickly learned to drive a car.C.admiration

30、Neither Larry\'s father nor his mother _____at home.C.was

31、Please listen to me.It\'s inappropriate for you to persist in ___ this.C.doing

32、Since your supervisor has _____ the time for a talk, you must make sure that you will be there on time.B.specified

33、She talked to him for a long time and ___him from doing that dangerous job.B.diuaded

34、___ student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.B.Any

35.____ send your motorcycle to be repaired? You\'d better not drive it any more.B.Why not

36、She never laughed, ______ lose her temperB.nor did she ever

37、Since your supervisor has _____ the time for a talk, you must make sure that you will be there on time.B.specified

38、Some old people don\'t like pop songs because they can\'t __ so much noise.C.tolerate

39、The hunter ______ on his back with his eyes half closed.C.lay

40、The rain was heavy and _______ the land was flooded.A.consequently

41、The manager promised to keep me ___ of how our busine was going on .C.informed

42、The leaves are ____ down to the ground when autumn comes.D.falling

43、__to the moon some day,I should see the surface of the moon with my own eyes.B.Were I to go

44、There were no tickets _____ for Friday\'s performance.D.available

45、Two old friends meet ____chance in the street.A.by

46、They decided to chase the cow away ______ it did more damage.C.before

47、The manufacturers __carried out one of the Chairman\'s proposals,but they didn\'t.C.ought to have

48.The news you told me the other day has yet to be___.D.confirmed

49.They are believed ____ in their experiment.A.to have already succeeded

50、The little girl woke up screamingbecause she had had a_____.B.nightmare

51、The manager ___that the new employees go through profeional training before they started working.B.insisted

52、The textile industry _____ greatly to the economy of Hong Kong.C.contributes

53、The bridge was named _ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A.after

54.Two old friends meet ____chance in the street.A.by

55.The manufacturers _____carried out one of the Chairman\'s proposals, but they didn\'t.C.ought to have

56.The police officer happened _____ the traffic when the accident happened.C.to be directing

57.The old lady felt very ____when her daughter forgot her birthday.D.disappointed

58.The little girl, who got home very late, was greatly relieved when she found out she had been___.C.spared

59、The manager promised to keep me __ of how our busine was going on .C.informed

60、The famous Yong Le Bell is three times_____.A.as tall as a man

61、What time does my flight leave ____Tuesday? D.on

62、______ with the size of the whole earth , the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A.When compared

63、Would you please help me to ____up the present for the oldgentleman?A.wrap

64.We think it is wise ____him not to accept their offer.B.of

65、We ______ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.D.had just had

66、When Mr.Jones gets old, he will______ over his busine to his son.B.hand

67、What are you doing? I\'m _____the bedroom for my wallet.C.searching

68、You ought not to ____ him the news that day.C.have told

69、Your little girl is becoming very rude.You _____scold her.D.ought to

70、You ought not to ____ him the news that day.C.have told

71、You are lucky since you\'ve never ____anything in your life.A.lost

Reading Selectively or Extensively?

1.Once famous English philosopher Francis Bacon said, \"Reading makes a full man\", which means that anyone who wants to be a full man must keep on reading.But books are of various kinds and different contents.Then how to read?

Some people say that we should read selectively.They believe that it is not how much one reads but what he reads that really counts.Since we have no enough time to read all kinds of books, we should read selectively to achieve a high efficiency, reading only those that are useful to our majors and future works.Only by this way can we make full use of our time, and gain more practical knowledge.

However, others claim that reading extensively is a better choice.In their opinions, different books are of different uses.Just like Bacon mentioned, \"Histories make men wise；poets witty；the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to content.\" Therefore, reading widely is neceary for a full man.

In my viewpoint, we should read both selectively and extensively.The two reading ways have their respective roles in our reading.We can read selectively for specialized knowledge, or read widely for general information.There fore, the combination of the two methods is more reasonable.

2.As the source of knowledge, books play an important role in our life.They not only make a full man, but also promote the development of society.However, among so many books in the world, should we read selectively or extensively?

Some people hold that we should read selectively.To begin with, life is limited, and it is impoible for us to read all kinds of books.Second, not all the books can benefit us.Some kinds of books, such as cartoon books, popular novels and magazines only can entertain us and make us feel relaxed in our spare time.Third, everyone has special interest, so while reading we could select different books according to our personal interests.

However, some believe otherwise.They maintain that in modern society, people are supposed to have more knowledge than their ancestors to cope with tougher problems.Besides, the society is developing faster and faster, if we confine our knowledge only to our major or our study field, we couldn\'t keep up with the changes around us.Even we may feel puzzled about what is happening in this modern world.So some people suggest we read extensively so as to get much more knowledge and not to become a person like Rip Van Winkle.

As far as I\'m concerned, I think we\'d better read both selectively and extensively.Thus, we can not only become a knowledgeable person in our own field, but also become a well-informed and qualified modern man.

How I Finance My College Education

1.The past decade has witneed a new tuition and fee policy for college students.Then how to finance their college education is becoming a big concern to students and the society.To this problem, there are three poible approaches.

Most students will ask their parents to pay the tuition fee, and the parents also take it for granted that they have such a responsibility to pay for their children\'s education.Another approach is that student can apply for the low-interest loans from the bank.In this way they can relieve the parents\' financial burden and foster their independence as well.In addition to the above, taking part-time jobs is also a common way for a college student to get money to pay part of his tuition and fees.

As far as I am concerned, I\'d prefer the second way — borrow some money from the bank.On the one hand, my parents and I can be free from financial problem for years.On the other hand, it can also help me make full use of the time to study at ease, and the thought of loan will also stimulate me to study harder to seek a good future later.

2.As I enter the college, my life is completely changed.I have to cope with many problems on my own.The source of four-year tuition is one of them.

How can students get this sum of money?

The help from our parents is a traditional way.In China, entering college is such a proud thing for most families that some of them began to accumulate the money from the time when we were children.But for some poor ones, especially some in the countryside, the cost of four-year education is still a big problem.

Nowadays, things are different.More and more students want to be independent from their parents by doing part-time jobs to pay their college education, which really can leen the burden of the family to some extent.In addition, students who are engaged in part-time jobs can learn about outside world and get experiences and tips on how to get along well with others.In their views, it pays to take part in part-time jobs.

As for me, the best way is to loan from the bank.This does not only solve the problem of tuition and fee but also improve my study because the bank offers students money according to their GPA(Grade Point Average).

Is a Test of Spoken English Neceary?

1.A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET).We have all taken various English tests, but so far most of them are written ones.Have you any idea of what a spoken English test will be like, and is it neceary to take all the trouble to hold such a test?People differ in their answers.

Many people think it neceary to take a test of spoken English.They know that although they have taken dozens, even hundreds of English tests ever since they started learning it and many even have got surprisingly high marks, few of them can expre themselves freely in spoken English.And if people can\'t speak a word of it, what\'s the sense of learning it and what do those high marks mean? They\'re none but deaf and mute before the native speakers.Further more, with so many college graduates and undergraduates having paed CET-4 and CET-6, a test of spoken English is an effective way to distinguish the excellent from the ordinary.Finally, it is considered a new challenge to those who \"live and learn\".

However, other people think otherwise.They believe there is the uncertainty about the reliability and objectivity of a test of spoken English, which may depend chiefly on human (and thus subjective) scoring instead of on machine scoring, as in the case of a standardized objective test such as CET-4 and CET-6.

At the prospect of this optional test, I feel encouraged and view it as a welcome challenge and another opportunity to improve my language ability and career potentials.I am determined to practice my oral English more often, and if I am qualified for such a test, I will not hesitate a moment to take it.

2.A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test.Since the optional component is new to many people.It is natural that people have different opinions on it.

Some people believe it is neceary to administer a spoken test of CET.In their opinion, only when they expre themselves well in spoken and written English can they say they have a good command of English.For years of learning English only produce some English readers.Many people call this as \"deaf-and-dumb English\".Thus, it is of great significance to adopt the new approach to ae students\' ability in spoken English.However, there are also others who believe a test of spoken English is unneceary.They think that a written test for non-English-major students is sufficient.Besides, they don\'t think examiners in various places can meet the criteria of consistency and reliability of a norm test.Moreover, they think, confronted with such a large number of examinees, it is tough to have such a time-consuming test.

As for me, I\'d like to thank the CET committee to create such an opportunity to test my spoken English.I have made up my mind to spend more time practicing my oral English, and if I am fully prepared,I\'ll apply for the test without hesitation.

How to Succeed in a Job Interview?

1.Nowadays, the interview has become indispensable in seeking a job.Its succe will determine whether or not you will get the job you applied.Then how to succeed in a job interview?

There are many factors involved.According to psychologists, it depends more on the first impreion you leave which is half a battle: how you look, how you sound and what you say are of great importance.In the first place, how you look makes up 55% of a first impreion.This includes facial expreions, body language, and eye contact, as well as clothing and general appearance.Among those, clothing is the most important to show your respect to the interviewer and to leave the interviewer a good impreion in the end.In the second place, how you sound makes up 38% of the first impreion.This includes how fast or slowly, loudly or softly you speak.So make sure that you sound friendly, interested, confident and happy in answering any inquires in the interview.Finally, what you say counts for only 7% of the meage.Therefore, attach more importance to your appearance and expreions rather than your words.

To conclude, no one can escape from the interview.Remember the above points, and you will succeed in the interview.

2.Nowadays, when people want to find a job, they always have to take a job interview.After the interview both the interviewer and the interviewee can make the final decision.So a job interview has become more and more important in our society.

Interview has the advantage of being the most natural situation.It is easier to build up a relationship with the interviewee, and he will feel at ease and will answer questions more fully and more naturally.In this way the interviewer is likely to find out a great deal about the interviewee.Particularly, he will be in a good position to find out whether or not he will want the interviewee to work with him.On the other hand, there are disadvantages as well.The interviewer may be so strongly affected by his own feelings that he will be unable to judge a person by a proper standard.His feelings may drive him to make the final decision.It is not neceary for us to feel bad if we have failed in an interview, because it is only a matter of choice, instead of right or wrong.

If we want to succeed in a job interview, we have to remember the following factors.Firstly, we should pay more attention to our appearance.We should dre more formally, which is a kind of respect for the interviewer.Secondly, we should talk in a proper way, with good manners and confidence.Thirdly, we should try our best to show our abilities as much as poible.If we can bear those factors in mind, we are more likely to succeed

Fast Food

1.In present-day China, we can find two types of fast food: western and Chinese.However, not until the recent decade has western fast food become popular in China.Before the first hamburger walked its way into the Chinese food market, we had little idea about such terms as hot dog, pizza, potato chips, let alone Kentucky and McDonald’s.It is the reform and opening-up policy: that has brought about the interflow of the food culture between China and the Western countries.

Fast food, both Chinese and western, has several advantages.In the first place, fast food, as is characterized by its name, is fast.The food is always ready and fresh, waiting for its customers.This saves people\'s precious time, and consequently goes well with the tempo of life in modern society.

Secondly, it is very convenient.As we know, fast food restaurants are much the same as cafeterias.Customers may feel tree to help them to any variety provided and eat to

their hearts\' content.

Thirdly, fast food restaurants are environmentally comfortable.Clean dishes, shiny tables, decent service and light music all stimulate people\'s appetite to eat more.

The above-mentioned advantages make fast food become rooted in almost all parts of the country and enjoy popularity among people.That\'s also why nowadays Singapore fast food, Turkish fast food and Indian-Pakistan fast food have found their homes in China.

As every coin has two sides, fast food also has its disadvantages such as lack of nutrition, dull taste.Never the le, these are minor points compared with its advantages.Since most people agree with fast food, it tends to grow more rapidly.

My Opinion on Television

1.In my opinion, television has as many advantages as disadvantages.

Nowadays, it is the most important source of information, it keeps us informed about what is happening in every corner of the world, for instance about political or cultural events, wars and so on.Also it is a very popular form of spending free time, because it provides good entertainment of every kind, for example thanks to television we can watch great movies, shows, cartoons and listen to our favorite music.It also has educational poibilities, because it shows many documentaries, science programmers and even courses.And there is one more advantage.Television is very cheap (when you have a TV set…) and nowadays it is one of the most important values.

On the other hand, television has a lot of disadvantages.For example, it stops people from talking, communicating their feelings and exchanging impreions.Because of that, strong relationships in the family are weakening.Also, television is like a drug – it can shatter our health, because we do not go out, jog, or do exercise – we prefer to sit and flip through the channels.When we watch TV, we do not do other, most valuable things.But the biggest disadvantage is the negative influence which television has on children.Kids are exposed to silly cartoons and violent movies – they rarely watch educational program.

In conclusion, is television a good or bad invention? In my opinion it depends on us, viewers.We can choose from a big number of programs.But I will not have a TV set in my future house.

My View on Examinations.

In most schools and colleges the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject.Although it does the job quite efficiently， its side effects are also enormous.

The most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits.As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance， a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.Examinations do not motivate a student to seek more knowledge， but to restrict his reading； they do not enable him to study consistently throughout the semester， but to induce cramming during exam week.Examinations also lower the standards of teaching.Since teachers themselves are often judged by examination results， they are often judged by examination results， they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques.And no subjects can be taught succefully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations.

Actually， few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students\' academic development.If that\'s the case， why can\'t we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations？

Is Failure a Bad Thing

Everyone wishes to succeed.Nobody hopes to fail.Can we succeed in everything we do all the time？No，of course not.Whatever we do，the result is either succe or failure.So，failure is a common occurrence in our daily life.

Different people have different attitudes towards failure.Some people think that failure is a bad thing.If they have one or two failures in doing a thing，they become sad and begin to lose heart.Others，however，never give in even when they fail and they learn leons from it.Then try their best again and again until they succeed.

As for me，I like succe but，at the same time，I don\'t mind failure because it is not always a bad thing.“Failure is the mother of succe，” I am sure.Failure is not a stranger to life.It can happen anywhere, anytime and to anyone.No person succeeds all the time.The more development you want to make, the more failure you might encounter.So, people are faced with failure now and then.

Failure is a common thing in our daily life.For example, as a student, we may get a very low score in our compositions.It may happen that we cannot pa our examinations.All these failures occur so naturally that almost every one of us has had such an experience.However, there are different attitudes towards failures.Some students lose heart in the face of a failure, thinking that the world is coming to its end.Other students don’t take a failure seriously and just let it be, while some others learn much from a failure and thus see the light of hope through failure.

In my opinion, what really counts is not failure itself, but what we think of failure and how we respond to a failure.As long as we learn something from a failure, we’ll certainly make our mark in the end.Consequently, I’m not afraid of failure, for I believe that failure is the mother of succe.

第19篇：英语学位考试作文题目

1.Our attitude towards life

我们对生活的态度

2.Why I study MBA

我为什么学习MBA

3.My view on the criterion （标准）of succe

我对于成功的标准的看法

4.To Be a Big Fish In a small pond or a small Fish In a Big Pond?

是愿做小池塘中的大鱼还是愿做大池塘中的小鱼？（做鸡头还是凤尾？）

5.The Management Style (管理方式)I like

我喜欢的管理方式

要求题型：字数为150个单词。

一、Our attitude towards life

我们对生活的态度

帮我改改下面作文呀，要不跑题呀，呵呵

We always hear people say, “Never give up.” These can be encouraging words and words of determination.A person who believes in themselveswill keep trying to reach his goal no matter how many times he fails.In my opinion, the quality of determination to succeed is an important one to have.Therefore, I believe that we should never give up.

One reason is that if we give up too easily, we will rarely achieve anything.It is not unusual for us to fail in our first attempt at something new, so we should not feel discouraged and should try again.Besides, if we always give up when we fail, we will not be able to develop new skills and grow as people.Another reason we should never give up is that we can learn from our mistakes only if we make a new effort.If we do not try again, the leon we have learned is wasted.Finally, we should never give up because as we work to reach our goals, we develop confidence, and this confidence can help us succeed in other areas of our lives.If we never challenge ourselves, we will begin to doubt our abilities.

In short, it is important that we do not give up when working for our goals.Whether we succeed in the end or not, we will learn something, and what we learn will help us to become better, more confident people.Furthermore, if we give up, we have no chance of attaining our goals, but if we keep trying, there is always a chance that we will succeed one day.

二、Why I study for MBA?

我为什么学习MBA

Every MBA student has his own reasonfor taking MBA – for promotion, for making more money, for being his own bo, for being a better person, for managing better, and so on so forth.For myself, the reasons for taking MBA are:

There is a need.I obtained my master of mechanical engineering in 1990 in China, but I am working today as a supply chain manager.I feel a strong need to know more about1

busine-related concepts, theories, and best practices.My engineering background does help my daily work but it is obviously insufficient for me to go further along my career path.

There is a poibility.I believe that there are many people who want to incept an MBA.But they face obstacles.The first obstacle might the scarce resource - time.Many of us just cannot allocate sufficient time to study due to busy life and tight schedule.The second obstacle might be money.Even the cost for MBA has reduced due to the increasing supply of it; it is still expensive for many junior and middle managers.Luckily, I could manage to overcome the obstacles and commit my time and money to this course.

There is an extra benefit for me.I incepted my degree in China with all subjects being offered in Chinese.But today, I am working in an English-speaking environment.Studying for MBA offered in English will surely enhance my English proficiency.Of course, I have to devote more efforts to enjoy the extra benefit.

三、My view on the criterion （标准）of succe

我对于成功的标准的看法

我的中文作文表达：

我们的社会正在快速发展之中，社会发展的成功离不开个人的成功，只有社会成员获得普遍的成功，作为整体的社会才能算是成功。因此，成功应该有一个普遍的标准，来引领广大国民。对于成功，每一个人的认识固然不必完全一样，但有一些基本的东西应该是共同的：一是要有一定的奋斗目标。不同人的奋斗目标可以是不一样的，但应该有目标，积极向上的目标，不能混日子，不能把“不同人的成功是不一样的”作为个人不努力的借口；二是要有一个为了实现目标而努力奋斗的过程，这个过程可长可短，可艰辛可顺利，甚至可以失败，但必须是努力过，努力才能有收获；三是要有一定的收获。这个收获也可以是多样的，但也应该是正面的、向上的，是对社会有积极贡献的。

我认为，成功既是一个心理学范畴，不同人的成功概念是不一样的，但同时也是社会学范畴，有着相对公认的标准，一个人树立了积极向上的目标，经过了努力奋斗，有了正面的收获，就是成功。

我的英文作文翻译：

Our society is rapidly evolving, the succe of social development is inseparable from the succe of individuals, only members of society were generally succeful, as the whole society can be succeful.Therefore, the succe should have a universal standard, to lead the majority of people.For succe, of course not everyone know exactly the same, but there should be some basic things in common: first, to have a certain goal.Goals of different people can be different, but it should be a goal, positive goal, not dawdle, can not be \"different people\'s succe is not the same\" as a justification for inaction individuals; Second, in order to have a strive to achieve the objectives of the proce, this proce can be long or short, can be difficult to smooth, even failure, but it must be hard too, to be fruitful; Third, there should be some gains.The harvest can also be varied, but should also be positive, upward is positive contributions to society.I think that succe is a psychological category, the succe of different people is not the same concept, but also a sociological category, with relatively accepted standards, a man set a positive goal to strive after, have a positive the harvest is succeful.

四、To Be a Big Fish In a small pond or a small Fish In a Big Pond?

是愿做小池塘中的大鱼还是愿做大池塘中的小鱼？（做鸡头还是凤尾？）

我的中文作文表达：

当然做小池塘里的大鱼,我喜欢强者.中国有句古话:宁做鸡头不做凤尾.

如果是我，我会选择做小池塘里的大鱼做小池塘中的大鱼 优势不能分享，独享才有利润，利润是企业生存和发展之本。对于小企业来说，如果那些大企业说这个市场前景非常大，将来肯定不得了，那你干脆不要做了。因为一旦被大企业看中的市场，你又怎么可能血拼得了呢？惟一的生存之道就是独辟蹊径，开创自己的独有市场。 小企业千万不要想着做大池塘里的小鱼，一定要做小池塘里的大鱼，因为一些大的企业看不上这些小池塘，不愿意跟你竞争，而这正可以成为让你在同行业中成为佼佼者，一个行业里的隐形冠军。

我的英文翻译：

I will certainly choose to be the big fish in the small pond.I like to be a powerful man.There is a Chinese saying: Better be the head of a cock than the tail of a phoenix.

If it were me, I would choose to be the big fish in the small pond.The superiority can not be shared.The profit can be obtained only when being monopolized.Profit is the eential for the survival and development of enterprise.For small enterprises, they should not explore the market which big enterprises have been convinced of very promising.Because how can the small enterprises defeat the big ones if the big enterprises enter the market.The only road to survive is to open a new road of yourself and explore the market of your own.Small enterprises do not choose to be the small fish in big pond and be sure to be the big fish in small pond, because some big enterprises look down on the small pond, and disdain to compete with you in the small pond, which makes you be an outstanding one and stealthy champion in the same trade.五、The Management Style (管理方式)I like

我喜欢的管理方式

我的中文作文表达：

我喜欢的管理方式是“让我有自己作决定的空间，决定我要何时及如何做我的工作。我对自己的工作有责任感，并对工作成功负责任。上面管我管得愈厉害，我越有理由责怪别人，我会说，如果照我自己的方法做，可以做得更好，我照着命令做，结果变得那么糟，这是因为你们要我这么做。我会变得比较不在乎工作，比较不投入，并产生太多的依赖性。相反地，我知道自己需要做什么，何时要完成，我一定会做很分内的事，并负起应负的责任。这是因为你们要我这么做。我会变得比较不在乎工作，比较不投入，并产生太多的依赖性。相反地，我知道自己需要做什么，何时要完成，我一定会做很分内的事，并负起应负的责任。

“上司的管理风格非常自由，他让我去做自己的事”。我喜欢这样，这是某种程度的信任。对我而言，这使我有更强烈的工作动机。.

我的英文翻译：

The management style i like is \"I can have more freedom to make decision, that is to say I can decide when to work and how to work on my own, so that I can have more responsibility for my job and really take responsibility for my work in order to succeed\".The more restriction the manage give me, the more reason I will have to blame him.I would say \"If the work was done according on my way, the result would be better.However it was done by the way according to your command, which leads to the bad result.It was the manager who let me do like that and also the manager who should be responsible for the result\".Without more freedom of decision, I would have no paion for my work, care nothing about it, can\'t devote myself into my work, and have too much dependence when working.On the contrary, if I have more freedom, I would know what I need to do, and when to accomplish it.I will surely do what I should do, and take responsibility which I should take on my own initiative.

\"The management style is to give more freedom for his staff, and let them to do the work on their own way\".I like this kind of management style, which means more trust to some degree.For me, it gives me a stronger incentive to work.

第20篇：成人学位英语复习资料

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一、时态和语态

1.如何解答时态问题

例1You’ve already mied too many claes this term.You ______ just last week.

A.mied B.would mi C.had mied D.have mied

例2Anne asked Tom ______ the key.

A.when he left B.where he had left C.how he left

D.why did he left

2.与完成时 有关的时态

★现在完成时 (have done)

since, for/ in the past few months, up to now

例1Collecting

toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years.

A

B

C

D

例2English ______ in a new way at my college in the past few years.

A.has been taught

B.was being taught

C.has been taught

D.had been taught.

★过去完成时 (had done)

例3Anne asked Tom ______ the key.

A.when he left B.where he had left C.how he left

D.why did he left

例4The chemistry cla_____ for five minutes when we hurried there.

A.had been on B.had begun C.has been on

D.would began

★将来完成时 (will have done)

by

例5We’re late I expect the film_____ by the time we get to the cinema.

A.had already started

B.have already

C.will already have started

D.have already been started.

★现在完成进行时 (have been doing)

例6It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We\'ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

A.had leaked B.is leaking

C.leaked

D.has been leaking

★过去完成进行时 (had been doing)

★

将来完成进行时(will have been doing )

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例7By the time you arrive this evening, _______for two hours.

A.I will study

B.I will have been studied

C.I had studied D.I will have been studying. 3.在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态

▲用一般现在时代替一般将来时

例1When the mixture_____, it will give off a powerful force.

A.will heat B.will be heated C.is heated D.has heated

例2please be sure to telephone me the next time you ______.

A.will come B.would come C.shall come D.come

▲用现在完成时代替将来完成时

例3Smith is to study medicine as soon as he_______ military service.

A.will finish B.has finished C.finish D. would finish

例4No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she______ them.

A.tries B.will try C.are trying D.have tried 4.考试小窍门

案。

二、情态动词

1.几个情态动词的否定式的含义

can’t

may not mustn’t need’t

2.表示推测的几个情态动词用法

★must

+do

对现在情况的推测

must

+have done

对过去情况的推测

例1I ________ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night A.might fall B.must fall C.must have fallen

D.can have fallen

★ can’t/could’t

+do

对现在情况的推测

can’t/couldn’t

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+have done

对过去情况的推测

★ may/might not

+do

对现在情况的推测

may/might

+have done

对过去情况的推测

3.情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法

needn’t have done should have done should not have done ought to have done could have done

4.考试小窍门

词加完成时是正确答案。

× Must do

√ Must have done

三、虚拟语气

1.条件句中的虚拟语气

I would ask George to lend us the money if I ______ him.

A.had known B.have known C.knew D.would know

If a better material ______, the strength of the part would have

been increased.

A.had been used B.had been using C.being used

D.using

? 如果条件句中有were, had, shouldif

例3_____ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy lo in his busine.

A.If he took B.if he should take

C.Were he to take D.Had he taken

? 含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用

But for/without

„„, otherwise/or„

„„, but/though„.

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But for your help, I _____ the work in time.

A.did not finish B.could not finish

A.will not finish D.would not have finished

Without electricity, human life _____ quite different today.

A.is B.will be C.would have been

D.would be

He was very busy yesterday; otherwise he_____ to the meeting.

A.would have come B.would come C.could come D.had come

We would have made a lot of money, but we

halfway

A.gave up B.had given up C.would give up D.were to give up

? 错综时间条件句

If I were you, I would not have mied the film last night.

2.(should )+动词原形在某些从句中的应用

(1)当宾语从句从的谓语是suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange等动词时,如:

I suggested that we should go there on foot.

注意:当insist表示坚持认为之意时, 不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气.如:

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money

( 2) It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的主语从句中

It is desired that we should get everything ready tonight

( 3) advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中.如:

My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this evening

3.wish后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气

4.if only 引导的感叹句中

5.as if/as though引导的状语从句中

6.would rather后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式

7.it is (high) time that „.句型中, 从句的谓语动词用过去式

四、非谓语动词

1.不定式

?不定式的逻辑主语

The road is wild enough for cars to pa by.

It is important for you to work hard.

It is kind of you to help me.

?不定式的时态和语态

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The magnificent museum is said _____ about a hundred years ago.

A.to be built B.to have been built

C.to have built D.to have being built

?使用不带to的不定式

1)why not do表示委婉的建议

Why not_____Profeor Li for help? He is kind-hearted and willing

to help.

A.ask B.you ask C.to ask D.your asking

2)使役动词have, make, letto的不定 式。

例The teacher has the students _____ a composition every other week.

A.to write B.written

C.writing D.write

While he was climbing the high mountain, he had his leg_____

A.broke B.break C.broken D.breaking

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make

himself_____

A.hearing B.being told C.to hear

D.heard

3)表示生理感觉的动词如see, watch, notice, observe, hear后面接不定式做

to的不定式。

With tears on her face, the old lady watched the little boy_____ to a hospital.

A.send B.to be sent C.being sent D.sending 4)do something but/except do

There is nothing we can do _____ wait.

A.but B.rather than

C.in spite of C. besides.

5)记住下列不带to的短语

can’t but

can’t help but

had better 2.动名词

1.

remember

forget regret

stop go on

mean

2.后面跟动名词的固定句式

have trouble/problems/difficult doing something

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feel like

spend/waste„doing something can’t help

need/deserve/want be worth

what about/how about 3.分词

分词作表语

独立主格结构

例1During the discuion , Mr Boyd remained silent when asking his

opinion.

A

B

C

D

例2Your experiment reports must be checked with care before_______ A.handed them in

B.them handing in

C.being handed in

D. handing them in

_______ in the air fuels give off heat.

A.T burn

B.Burned

C.T be burned

D.Being burned

五、状语从句

赵文通

1 时间状语从句

★

while/ when/ as/ until

★

一„就„

no sooner„than/ hardly„when/ scarcely„when

★

the moment the minute the instant

★

固定句型

It is/has been „.since„

1.原因状语从句

now that

in that

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2.条件状语从句

unle

as long as

provided that 3.让步状语从句

as

though although even if

even though while whatever

六、平行结构

and, or, but Prefer

Prefer something to something

Prefer doing something to doing something

Prefer to do something rather than do something Prefer

Prefer somebody to do something

e.g : I prefer you to speak English in the cla.

1、a number of, the number of

a number of +

the number of +

2、able, capable, competent

able be able to do s.thA cat is able to see in the dark.

capable be capable of +doing。

competent

A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases.

3、above allafter allat all; in all above all

But above all tell me quickly what I have to do 做什么。

after all 可位于句首、句中或句末。如After allyour birthday is only two weeks away后就是你 的生日。

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He isafter allHe failed after allat alla small child

He doesn’t like you at all

Are you going to do it at all

If you do it at alldo it well

I was surprised at his coming at all

in all

There are 25,000 Inuit in all(In all, there are 25,000 Inuit) 这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。

4、aboard, abroad, board, broad aboard I never went aboard a ship. abroad He often goes abroad. board The paengers are boarding the plane now. broad He has very broad shoulders.

5、accept, receive accept receiveI received an invitation yesterday, but I didn’t accept it.

6、accident, incident, event

accidenta traffic accident

incident

event 也指国家和社会的事件。

7-accurate, correct, exact, precise accurateClocks in railway stations should be accurate.correct 的反义词是incorrect, wrong. exact 差”。它的反义词是inexact。

precise

8、accuse, charge, sue accuse of His boaccused him of carelene. charge 常与withThe police charged the driver with reckle driving. sue 常与for Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house

9、acquire, require, inquire acquireacquire knowledge

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inquireinquire a person’s name

requireWe require more help.

10、adopt, adapt adopt Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl.

He adopted our suggestion.

adopt与adapt

11、advantage, benefit, profit advantage

He had the advantage of good education.

profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit last year?

benefit I get no personal benefit from the busine.12、1affect, effect affectSmoking affects health. effectGovernment policy will not have any effect on us.

13、afford, provide, supply

afford一般只用于抽象事物。

provide 和supplywithprovide /supply somebody with something的结构。

14、ago, before ago

before 可以单独使用。

I saw him ten minutes ago.我十分钟之前看到的他。

He told me that he had seen the film before.他告诉我他以前看过 这场电影。

15、agree onagree toagree with

agree on

The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month

agree to

其一是to

解。 健康文档

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