1.明 喻
SIMILE
1．定义
英语的明喻是英语中最常用、最简便的修辞格之一，在文学作品中尤其如此。它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物
Rhetoric In Practice (《英文实用修辞学》)一书这样来解释明喻：
“A simile is an expreed 1ikene.The simplest and most direct way of connoting an idea with something else is by means of using similes．Simile is the neuter singular of the Latin adjective „similis,‟ meaning like.”
Simile(明喻)运用广泛，可借以状物、写景、抒情、喻理，使表达生动形象，明白易懂，新鲜有趣。
关于英语Simile，有两点须加以说明：
一、Simile(明喻)通常由三部分构成，即本体(tenor或subject)、
喻体(vehicle或reference)和比喻词(comparative word或indicator of resemblance)。可图示如下： isthose who are without want to get in,
↓↓↓
(tenor)(comparative word)(vehicle)
and those within want to get out.( P.M.Quitard)
二、本体与喻体一般为两个不同事物(如属同类也应具不同性质或特征)，比
喻方可成立。例如：
① Peter is as tall as his father.
② Peter is as tall as a Maypole.
稍加分析可以看出，例①不算明喻，只是一个比较句，因为Peter及其father同属人类；而例②才是比喻句，因为Peter与Maypole分属人与物。
2.引导明喻的比喻词(comparative words)
( 1 ) 介词as，like，of等。
As
summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last…( Bacon: Of Studies )
美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存…
Overhead the hollow stretch of whitish cloud shutting out the sky was a tent which had the who1e earth as its floor。( Thomas Hardy )
头顶上方，夺据了天际上无尽空荡的白云，宛如高悬的帐篷一般，把整个荒原做了它的地面。
peach branches.( John Steinbeck )
从袖子里伸出一双瘦骨嶙峋的大手，像桃树枝一样，瘤节盘错，坚硬粗壮。( W.Wordsworth: The Daffodils )
我像一朵浮云独自漫游。
他们两个长得一模一样。
他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。
I paed and repaed the house, and stopped and listened at the door; all was dark( B．Shaw)
我在那房子前面走了几趟，并在门口停下来听了听；一片漆黑，沉寂得像座坟墓。
but love from love, towards school with heavy looks．
( William Shakespeare)赴情人的约会，像学童抛开书一样；
和情人分别，像学童板着脸上学堂。
英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词。例如：as firm as a rock坚如磐石
as light as a feather轻如鸿毛
as close as an oyster守口如瓶
as mute as a fish噤若寒蝉
as strong as horse强壮如牛
as cool as a cucumber泰然自若
as sober as a judge十分清醒
as sure as a gun千真万确
Like
Paris is a morgue without you; before I knew you, it was Paris, and I thought it clock, bereft of its hands.( Sarah Bernhardt to Victorian Sardou )
没有你，巴黎成了一座陈尸所；我认识你之前，巴黎就是巴黎。我把它看成天堂；然而现在它变成了一片荒凉而寂寞的沙漠。它像一个没有时针、分针和秒针的钟面。
All that I had to show, as a man of letters, were these few tales and eays, which had bloomed out flowers in the calm summer of my heart and mind.( Hawthoren: The Old Manse )
作为一个作家，我所能贡献出来的只有这么几篇故事和散文，它们像我心头温和的夏天灿烂开放的花朵。
／beaver／Trojan／black.
他辛辛苦苦地干活。
他们挥金如土。
他老是文绉绉地说话。
他吃得很多。
他抽烟很厉害。
生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。
He was a cock who thought the sun had risen from him to crow.( George Eliot )
他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡，以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。
( E.B.White )
被打破的记录有如刮风天成熟的苹果纷纷坠落。
这个工作人员就像合拢起来的手风琴似地—不吭声了。
Whose nest is on a watered shoot;
Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit;
That paddles in a halcyon sea;
My heart is gladder than all these
Because my love is come to me.( Roetti )
我的心像只善歌的小鸟，
小巢建在轻拂水面的嫩枝上；
我的心像棵苹果树，
沉甸的果实把树梢压弯；
我的心像天边彩虹，
它轻拂着平静的海面；
我的心比这些更喜悦，
由于我爱人将来我身边。
Of：
stone.
他有一副铁石心肠。
a 1ion, but he does everything in a down-to-earth way.他有狮子般的勇气，他办事十分认真。
He is sometimes bad-tempered but really he‟s got a heart 有时候他似乎脾气不好，但他的心眼可好了。
( 2 ) 连词as (犹如)，what (犹如)，as if,as though, than, and, the way 等。
他的心颤动，好像一艘船在海浪搏击中震荡一样。
water is to fish.
人离不开空气，犹如鱼离不开水。
Men fear death, children fear to go in the dark: and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other.( Francis Bacon )
犹如儿童恐惧黑暗，人对于死亡的恐惧，也由于听信太多的鬼怪传说而增大。（Sir Richard Steel ）
读书对于思想，好比运动对于身体一样重要。
公园对于都市正如肺对于人的身体一样重要。
．( Bovee )
明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。
我感到好像大地在脚下滑动。
A crowd of people were around him, touching his body, feeling his legs, and 一大堆人固在他身边，摸着他的身体和大腿，出价买他，好像他是一匹马似的。
The first time I read an excellent book, it is to me just I had gained a new friend.
我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说我好像交了一位新朋友。
They stood upon a bleak and desert moor, whose monstrous maes of stone were 他们站在荒无人烟的旷野上，那里满地都是硕大无朋的岩石，宛如巨人的墓地。Velasques．( E.Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls )
这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一幅维拉斯奎茨的油画里跑出来的一样。我们乡村同这幅图画一样美。
A student can no more obtain knowledge without studying get harvest without plowing.
学生不学习获不到知识，犹如农民不耕作就不能得到收获一样。 鲸不是鱼，正如马也不是鱼一样。爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。
说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回的。
真理跟油一样，总要升到上面来。
A woman‟s mind女人易毁‟，玻璃易碎。
I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.
我可以像猫嗅老鼠那样闻出它的气味来o
The best work is done the way ants do things—by tiny, tirele and regular additions.
最好的作品是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的—通过点滴、不懈、经常不断的增补而成。
( 3 ) 动词seem，resemble (名词resemblance)，treat／honour／regard／consider／respect as，compare to，liken to，pa(胜过)，remind of，be similar to，等。Look at the moon.How strange the She is like a woman rising from a tomb.She is like a dead woman.( O Wilde )
瞧一瞧那轮明月。她看起来多奇怪：像从墓中起身的妇女，像死妇叫样惨白。
Yet sweeter far than is earthly flower…( R.Greene: Pandosto )
当她出现，看来犹似含苞的玫瑰，但却远比尘世的花儿馥郁…
她的脸长得像一轮银月。
他把他的孩子当成掌上明珠。
塞缪尔·约翰逊把词典看成钟表。
．( Wood )
莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。
( Neal )
你可以把你的眼睛比作照相机。
Thus fair Samela fair Venus in her bravest hue…( R.Greene: Samela )
因而美丽的，莎米娜
胜过衣着最华丽的维纳斯…
His nose was particularly white and his large nostrils, correspondingly dark, 他鼻子特别白，而他那对发黑的大鼻孔在张大时使我想起双簧管。
His strength is similar to a horse.
他强壮如牛。
( 4 ) 词组may／might as well…（as）(做…就好像做…)，no more／le…than／not any more…than(如同…一样)，so speak／as it were (可以说，可以比喻地说)。
He never listens—他根本不听一同他讲话就好像同一堵墙讲话一样。
He woke them both up getting to bed，but when they tried to wake him up他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。 你不能动摇我的决心，正如你不能使河水倒流一样。 我们的乡村同这幅图画一样美。 harvest without plowing.
学生不学习获不到知识，犹如农民不耕作就不能得到收获一样。
鲸不是鱼，正如马也不是鱼一样。 没有爱的家庭无异于一个没有灵魂的躯体。
The greatne of a people is determined by their the
greatne of a man is determined by his height.( V.Hugo )
一个民族的伟大并不取决于人口的多少，正如一个人的伟大不能取决于他的身高一
样。可以说，他是一本活词典．
whole system.在某种程度上，运输经理把整个系统的运输情况，全掌握在自己手心里。
