独立主格结构
（一）独立主格结构的构成
独立主格结构的构成方式：名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。
使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。
1．名词（或代词）+现在分词：现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可省略e.g.: The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.
2．名词（或代词）+过去分词: 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
The girls lay on her back, her hands croed under her head.
3．名词（或代词）+形容词（短语）: 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态等。
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
4．名词（或代词）+副词: 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。
The meeting over, we all went home.
5．名词（或代词）+介词短语: The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
6．名词（或代词）+不定式（短语）: 不定式表示将来的动作。
He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
有时独立主格结构中名词前的定语可以省略: The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed / (a) book in (his) hand.
（二）独立主格结构的作用
1．作状语
1）表示时间 : His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping.
2）表示原因 : There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home. 3）表示条件 : Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball. 4）表示方式或伴随: He sat at the table, head down.
2．作同位语: Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
3．作定语 : Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
（三）有时用with/without引导的复合结构作状语，在句中可作定语或状语。如：
Do you know the girl with a basket on her back?
