科技论文修辞注意
1.注意单复数：如 datum/data，vertex/vertices等。还要注意一些特殊词：games，以及proceedings，news，airlines，headquarters等。 2.不能过分夸张：
避免perfect, best, create…for the first time, lay a foundation for…
采用would, should…
Provide a technological support for…
Supply a basis for…
Conduct a basis for…
Carry out a preliminary exploration in…
Make a preparation work for… 3.多使用同义词，避免重复：
做，开展，进行，从事：do, make, carry out, perform, conduct(research, study, experiment, survey, investigation, exploration, cooperation…) 制造，制作：make, fabricate, build, manufacture, construct 改变，改换，修改，重建，重组：convert, transform, change, modify, adapt, alter, reform, correct, reconstruct, rebuild, reconfigure, reorganize…
建议，提出：advise, recommend, suggest, propose, introduce, put forward, present, develop…
建立：establish, set up, form, construct, formulate, build… 给，提供：offer, give, provide, supply, furnish 改善，改进：improve, enhance, raise, better 开发，利用：develop, exploit, take advantage of, make use of, employ, tap, open up 验证，说明：verify, prove, check, test, identify, justify, affirm, confirm 由…构成，组成：be composed of, consist of, comprise, be comprised of, constitute… 占有，构成（…份额）：constitute, make up, account for, cover, hold, occupy 4.结构词：
增加，继续，扩展：additionally, in addition, as well as, besides, furthermore, moreover, equally important, on the second thought, subsequently…
比较：after all, alternately, a similar analysis shows, however, in comparison with, in contrast, neverthele, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas, yet…
详述：as an example, for example, for instance, such as, in general, objectively speaking, concretely speaking, generally speaking, namely, that is to say…
概括：in eence, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, let us review the steps in the preceding chapter(above-mentioned procedure), several remarks needs to be made at this point, as mentioned above, all in all…
目的：for this purpose, for this reason, in order to, with this goal… 结果：as a result, accordingly, consequently, hence, in view of these considerations, so far, the forgoing discuion illustrates, therefore…
赞同：certainly, obviously, fortunately, hopefully, in fact, of course, undeniably, without any question…
时间：a little later, as will be seen, at present, at this point, finally, immediately, meanwhile, at the same time, presently, recently, ultimately… 5.摘要写作语言特点： a.破题
主动句，介绍作者或论文观点与内容。
（1） The author/writer of this article/paper/diertation/thesis reviews/discu/tries to describe/explores/deals with/summarizes/give an account of/… something.（2） The aim (purpose, objective) of this article is to determine(explore, review) something.（3） The problem of … is discued(researched, investigated, analyzed, evaluated, aeed, reported) … （4） The method(theoretical foundation, experimented scheme, modification to, algorithm…) is discued(suggested, proposed, presented, developed,…).
b.结论
(1) The author suggests(recommends, concludes) that… (2) This article shows(suggests) that…
(3) The author’s suggestion(conclusion) is that…
(4) The author finds(considers, seems) it neceary to…
E.g.The author proposes an approach to the creation of a synthetic(integrated, comprehensive) method of investigating and designing objects based on a local computer system.
c.与其他成果比较
(1) These results are (quite) consistent with the original hypothesis that ….(2) These results provide substantial evidence for …
(3) These experimental results support the original hypothesis that … (4) Our research results are in substantial agreement with … (5) The experimental and theoretical values agree quite well.(6) These experimental values (data) are higher/lower than those with traditional (common) methods.(7) The results observed in our study are better than those reported by Howell(1996).
6.典型句型：
（1） The paper presents a XX-based algorithm to improve the convergence speed and calculation accuracy in … （2） The paper developed a XX device which could greatly enhance the stability and anti-jamming(抗干扰) ability of YY system.（3） The paper invented a novel device, solved such problems as low accuracy, high cost and unstable product performance when using traditionally to machine parts.（4） It can be seen from the experimental results that when XX increases, YY will also increase and (however,) ZZ shows a decreasing tendency.As for the slight fluctuation（拨波动） of WW, the author thinks (according to author’s opinion,) it may be caused by …(result from…).If the solution concentration(溶液浓度) or current density(电流密度) could be controlled stably, this phenomenon may acquire alleviation(缓和), even elimination.On this problem, XX et.al.have explained in a scientific report about… （5） The relationships of XX with YY, ZZ and WW can be shown clearly from Fig.4.（6） It can be seen from the characteristic curve that temperature, preure and the concentration(浓度) of … have great effects(influence) on the measured results.（7） This is caused by the phase transformation in metal matrix, and the harder secondary precipitates in the proce of heat treatment.（8） We use XX theory to analyze YY and hence provide a theoretical basis for the study on ZZ.（9） The experimental results show that the various electrical parameters of this device can meet the national standard of … and its weather resistance as much better than imported same products, which filled in the blank of … in our country.（10） Through practical cutting proce, it is proved that the novel developed in this thesis can obviously raise(enhance, improve) the XX and the production cost is also greatly reduced, providing an excellent equipment guarantee for put YY into(break, get, acce into) international market( the world market).（11） This XX’s comprehensive properties make it find extension applications in ….练习
一、请给出下列英文句子的正确中文翻译。
In Chapter 4 we take a historical perspective on the evolution of interactive systems and how they have increased the usability of computers in general.原译：在第4章中，我们用以前的观点对交互式系统及其如何从总体上提高计算机的性能进行了评估。
改译：在第四章中，我们将从历史的观点研究交互系统的发展，以及一般来说，交互系统如何使计算机越来越好用。
1.The computational power and memory of the computer is another important component in determining what can be achieved in the interaction, whilst due attention is also paid to paper output since this forms one of the major uses of computers and users’tasks today.原译：计算能力和计算机的另外一个重要部件存储器，二者相互作用决定了能完成什么任务，但是现在也要适当的注意打印输出和用户任务，打印输出这种形式已经成为计算机的一个主要用途之一。
改译：计算机的计算能力和存储器是另一个重要的部分，它确定在交互中可以实现什么，同时我们还要注意打印输出，因为这是今天计算机的一个主要用途和用户的一个主要工作。
Software engineering is defined differently by different people.However, the common factors in these definitions are that software engineering is concerned with software systems that are built by teams rather than individual programmers, uses engineering principles in the development of these systems, and is made up of both technical and non-technical aspects.
软件工程是由不同的人有不同的定义。然而，在这些定义中的共同因素是软件工程方面由团队而不是个别程序员建立的软件系统，使用工程原理开发这些系统，包括技术和非技术方面。
Computer Science research can include such diverse activities as designing and building new computer systems, proving mathematical theorems, writing computer software, measuring the performance of a computer system, using analytical tools to ae a design, or studying the errors programmers make as they build a large software system.Because a researcher chooses the activities appropriate to answer each question that arises in a research investigation, and because new questions arise as an investigation proceeds, research activities vary from project to project and over time in a single project.A researcher must be prepared to use a variety of approaches and tools.计算机科学的研究包括不同类型的活动，为设计和建立新的计算机系统，证明数学定理、编写计算机软件、测量的计算机系统的性能，用分析工具评估设计或研究程序员在建立大型软件系统出现的错误。因为研究员选择研究调查中出现的问题的相应操作活动，由于新的问题实在研究调查中所得，不同的项目以及同一个项目在不同时间都会使研究活动变化的。研究者必须准备使用不同的方法和工具。
These data warehouses were able to bring in data from a range of different data source,such as mainframe computers,minicomputers,as well as personal computers and office automations software such as spreadsheet, and integrate this information in a single place.这些数据仓库能够带来一系列的数据从不同的数据源，如大型计算机，小型计算机，以及个人电脑及办公自动化软件（如电子表格），并整合这些信息在一个地方。
Synchronize 使……同步 inherrit 继承
generating 产生 interpring 解释
LVS cluster system based on the Linux lacks a comprehensive management system and affects the cluster size and running stability.The paper designs a set of management system, including the monitoring of running status, fast installation and recovery, dynamic scheduling of cluster and management interface.It also prepares for the upgrading and expanding of the future cluster function.The whole system is developed independently drawing on the design thinking of other mature systems and combining existing open source projects and free software.The stability and operability of the system has improved significantly.
Abstract translation belongs to the translation of application and it has its own unique stylistic features.From the Abstract of the problem characteristics and requirements of the translation, analyze the common errors of academic journals English Abstracts and proposes strategies.
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