Leon 16 Speech Making
Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Aignments
What are the eentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousne? Teaching procedures
Introduction What is public speaking? • Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people. A Brief Introduction to public speaking I.How to Prepare a Speech • Stating Your Objectives：
◇inform ◇train ◇persuade ◇sell • Analyzing Your Audience
What to learn about the audience?
Their opinions and levels of prior knowledge of your subject ; their likely bias, both personal and profeional
how do you learn it?
Ask the person who has invited you to speak.Find out what the occasion is and if there is a program theme.• Choosing a Speech Topic and the Speech Theme
Six Criteria
1.The topic should be interesting to you.
2.It should be interesting to your audience or at least be capable of being made interesting to them.
3.It should be appropriate to the situation.
4.It should be appropriate to the time available. 5.It should be manageable.
6.It should be worthwhile.Don\'t waste your audience’s time.
• Gathering and Selecting Appropriate Materials
convincing materials
seven major types of materials: descriptions and explanations, statistics, examples, testimony, comparison and contrast, repetition and restatement, and visuals.guidelines • Outlining Your Speech
guidelines:
1.Write and label your specific purpose at the top of your outline.2.Indicate main ideas, points, sub-points, and supporting materials properly.
3.Use at least two subdivisions, if any, for each point.
Using subdivisions helps you give attention to all the points you want to say.4.Label the introduction, main body and conclusion.
II.How to Write a Great Speech • Organizing the Body of the Speech A.The Introduction A.It should introduce the topic.providing background information, definitions explanations, etc.
B.Generally it should contain the thesis statement.C.It should be interesting enough to make the listener want to continue listening.Anecdotes, shocking statistics, quotes, and rhetorical questions
D.It should indicate how your topic will be developed.E.tell your listeners WHY they should listen to you; such as how they will benefit. F.include the method of organization that you will follow.This helps the listener prepare for what you are going to say and help them organize the information.
An effective introduction • Creates a favorable first impreion with the audience • Boosts a speaker’s self-confidence Gaining attention • relate the topic to the audience • State the importance of the topic • Startle the audience • Arouse the curiosity of the audience • Question the audience • Begin with quotation • Tell a story • Using visual aids • …
Reveal the topic • Clearly states the speech topic • Establish the credibility and goodwill of the speaker Preview the body • • • Tells audience what to listen for in the rest Provide a smooth lead-in Present special information B.Main Body a.Each main point discues one aspect of the thesis.
b.The main points should be linked with clear transitions so as to give the body coherence and unity.
C.Conclusion
A conclusion can restate the thesis.
A conclusion can restate the main points.
A conclusion can call for some sort of action (particularly in a persuasive piece) A conclusion can highlight areas for further research. A conclusion can suggest results or consequences.
A conclusion can remind the audience of the importance of the information presented.
The speaker can thank the audience for their attention. A conclusion should NEVER bring up a new topic.
A speaker should NEVER apologize for their information.The last thing you want to happen is for the audience to question your credibility.2 functions of conclusion • Signal the end of the speech • Reinforce the audience’s understanding of the speech
• Using Speech Language A.Using Language Accurately B.Use Language Clearly C.Use language Vividly
III.How to Deliver a Great Speech • Physical Delivery 1.posture A public speaker should look comfortable, confident and prepared to speak.In posture, the two extremes to avoid are rigidity and sloppine. 2.facial expreions Your facial expreion must match what you are saying. 3.movement a.Never turn your back on the audience while you are speaking.b.If you move about on the stage, make your movements purposeful.c.Be aware of all potential obstacles on the stage. 4.gestures 5.Eye contact Let your gaze move over each member of the audience don’t choose one person and look fixedly at him or her.
avoid the temptation to look over the heads of your audience or to hold your notes in front of your face. 6.Appearance The way you dre and present yourself Dre appropriately to the audience • Vocal Delivery
Vocal delivery refers to the use of your voice to convey your meage. 1.rate Rate is the speed
not too slowly or too quickly.Varying your rate can be critical. 2.pause temporary stops pause before and after a major point.You can use pauses to illustrate that you are changing from one point to another.You can use pauses for emphasis 3.volume Volume refers to how loud one speaks Speak too soft Speak too loud
changing the volume at certain points
emphasize important ideas. Raising your voice lowering your voice 4.pitch Pitch refers to the high or low quality of your voice. Volume is measured in terms of loudne.The pitch of your voice in public speaking refers to the “excitement” or “enthusiasm” level in your voice.
pitch can be raised and lowered for emphasis. vary your pitch. 5.Pronunciation 6.articulation : not slur, speak clearly
IV.How to Analyze and Evaluate Speech • three “M”s: matter, manner and method.
Speaking to Persuade I.Persuasion: a Psychological proce • A.Persuasion is the most complex and the most challenging.
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(controversial topics, involving values and beliefs; listeners’ own ideas) • B.Listeners: mental give-and-take • (listeners: aement on speakers) II.The Target Audience • The part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his meage.Agree and disagree audience •
Adapt the speech to the values and concerns of the TA •
Do not exclude other listeners III.Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
• Monroe\'s motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action. • Alan H.Monroe (Purdue University) 1930s • what creates makes a motivational speech actually motivating. • a 5-step method for organizing motivational speeches. 1.Attention Get the attention of your audience using a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quotations, etc.
E.g.Hey! Listen to me, I have a PROBLEM! 2.Need Show that the problem about which you are speaking exists, that it is significant, and that it won\'t go away by itself.Use statistics, examples, etc.Convince your audience that there is a need for action to be taken. E.g.Let me EXPLAIN the problem. 3.Satisfy.You present your plan and show how it will work.Be sure to offer enough details about the plan.
E.g.But, I have a SOLUTION! 4.Visualization Tell the audience what will happen if the solution is implemented or does not take place.Be visual and detailed.
E.g.If we IMPLEMENT my solution, this is what will happen.5.Action.
Tell the audience what action they can take personally to solve the problem.Say exactly what you want the audience to do and how to do it.
E.g.You can help me in this specific way.Are YOU willing to help me? Advantage of MMS • It emphasizes what the audience can do.Monroe\'s motivated sequence emphasizes the action the audience can take. • Sample Speech：The Ultimate Gift IV.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact • A.seek to persuade audience to accept the speaker’s view of the facts on a particular iue.
E.g.Will the economy be better or worse next year? • B.different from an informative speech IS: give information as impartially as poible ≠ argue for a point of view
PS: persuade the audience to accept the speaker’s view about the information
e.g.In a trial lawyer jury guilt / innocent defendant V.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value • A.Judgments based on a person’s beliefs about what’s right or wrong • B.2 steps:
1.define the standards for value judgments
2.judge the subject of the speech against the standards. VI.Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy • A.deal with specific courses of action: involve questions of fact and value; go beyond that •
B.2 types:
1.gain paive agreement that a policy is desirable, neceary & practical
2.motivate the audience to take immediate action •
C.3 basic iues – need, plan & practicality
1.need: (no) need for a change
2.a specific plan: solve the need
3.practicality: Plan: workable, solve the need without creating new problems
VII.Methods of Persuasion A.Building credibility – 1.Credibility affected by: competence & character
competence: speaker’s intelligence, expertise & knowledge of the subject
character: speaker’s sincerity, trustworthine
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2.3 types of credibility: initial credibility; derived credibility; terminal ~ –
3.3 strategies to ↑credibility:
a.explaining their competence b.establishing common ground with the audience c.delivering speeches fluently, expreively and with conviction
B.Using Evidence – 1.examples, statistics, testimony – 2.4 tips to use evidence effectively: use specific evidence; novel ~; use ~ from credible sources; make clear the point of the ~
C.Reasoning – Reasoning: the proce of drawing a conclusion based on evidence – use reasoning from specific instances – use reasoning from principle – use analogical reasoning, ×casual reasoning
D.Emotions Appeals – 1.Emotions Appeals (motivational appeals): make listeners feel sad, happy, angry, fearful, etc.
– 2.3 ways: with emotionally charged language; with vivid examples; speak with sincerity and conviction 6
