代词及其指代一致
一、代词的指代
1.that的指代作用： that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面
通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of 如：
Conversation calls for a willingne to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener， and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role.
No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labour.2.one的指代作用
one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones. the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如：
A good writer is ________ who can expre the commonplace in an uncommon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案为[C] 3.do的替代作用。 do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如：
For him to be re-elected ， what is eential is not that his policy works ， but that the public believe that it does.二。代词指代一致问题
代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm， and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 这里he指代前面的person. It was during the 1920\'s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway
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and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 这里its指代前面的两人的friendship. Our department was monitored by two supervisors， Bill and me. 这里me必须用宾格形式。
代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：
1.邻近和靠近原则
由either … or， neither…nor， not only…but （also）连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。
Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes ， he or she will want a drink 2.当each， everyone， everybody， no one ，none ，anybody， someone， somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候，或者anything， nothing， something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。如：
Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it ， can he？
Everything is ready， isn\'t it“
3.当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如：
They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4.由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数
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如：the tourist and businemen lost their luggage in the accident
（三） 主谓一致问题
主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：
语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则
很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：
一。谓语动词用单数的情况
1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：
Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her. （1987年考研题）
To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。
Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：
law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水
a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉
the needle and thread 针线 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索
horse and carriage 马车 time and tide 岁月
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bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落
如： If law and order ________ not preserved， neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A.is B.are C.was d.were 答案：A. 4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式
Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5.有些名词形式上是复数，意义上是单数，根据意义一致原则动词用单数
The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6.用and 连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候，动词谓语用单数形式
Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二。 谓语用复数情况
1.由and， both …and， 连接的并列主语，和both ，a few， many ，several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式。
Few people know he and I were clamates when we were at college. 2.集体名词police， public， militia， cattle ，cla ，youth后常用复数形式的动词
The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式
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The Japanese were once very aggreive 4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数
The rich are not always selfish 5.不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数
Three million tons of coal were exported that year 三。谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况
1.就近一致原则
这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：
1） 由连词 either…or…； neither…nor…； whether… or…；not only…but （also） ；or 等连接的并列主语
Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong 2） 在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致
Blocking the open-sided porch， framed by the enveloping fog， stands a tall grave-faced policeman. Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees. Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair， there has been improvement in the facili 2.主语带有（together/along）with， such as， accompanied by， as well as， no le than， except， besides， with， combined with， in addition to ， including， together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致
Profeor Taylor ， with six of his students ，is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations. The president of the college， together with the deans， is planning a conference for the
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purpose of laying down certain regulations.（1981年考研题）
3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：
Despite much research， there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood. （1996年考研题）
There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for， but which do not bring a return in money to the community. （1990年考研题）
4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of /lots of； plenty of/heaps of； half of； two-third （three-fourth…） of； eighty（ten， twenty…） percent； part of； rest of ； none of 等等
Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5.集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army， audience， band ，government ，group ，flock， police， public ，staff ，team ，troop.Crowd， firm， family 等等
The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数：
第一组：
a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数
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a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数
the majority of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数
第二组；
the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数
each/every + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数
neither/either of + 可数名词复数 one and a half + 可数名词复数 第三组；
more than one + 可数名词单数
many a + 可数名词单数 第四组；
the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致 第五组；
（n）either…（n）or…。
not only……… but also ……
谓语用单数 谓语用单数 谓语用单数 谓语用单数 7
not ………but ……
谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即（n）or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分）一致。
注意比较：
More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm./ To study English well is not easy./ What he said is very important for us all./ The children were in the claroom two hours ago./ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books./ What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins./ She and I are clamates./ The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news./ Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room../ No boy and no girl likes it.
3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no le than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China./ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground./ She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book./ Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting.② 若none of后面的名词
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是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard./ He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, cla, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Cla Four is on the third floor./ Cla Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the claroom./ The rest of the lecture is wonderful./ 50% of the students in our cla are girls. 注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。
8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures./ Such is the result./ Such are the facts.
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well./ All have gone to Beijing.
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.
4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty./ Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990./ I think physics isn’t easy to study.7、trousers, glaes, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glaes are broken./ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一
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致。
1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends./ Neither they nor he is wholly right./ Is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.. 注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。 练习：主谓一致
1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English. A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be 2.The rich ____ not always happy.A.are
B.is
C.has
D.have 3.Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.A.are
B.am
C.is
D.was 4.Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.A.are studying
B.have studied
C.studies
D.study 5.Neither my father nor I ____ at home.A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be 6.Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting.Both of us ____ good painters., A.are;are
B.am;am
C.ani;are
D.is;is 7.Every\' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party. A.wish
B.wishes
C.is like
D.like 8.Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.A.was
B.is
C.would be
D.are 9.The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world. A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have 10.Every means ____ tried but without any result.A.have been
B.is to be
C.are to be
D.has been 11.Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.A.was punished
B.punished
C.were punished
D.being punished 12.The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon. A.is
B.was
C.are
D.is being 13.The great writer and profeor____.A.is an old man
B.are both old men C.is an old man and a young man
D.were two Chinese 14.There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are
B.is
C.has
D.have 15.A large number of students in our cla____ girls.A.are
B.was
C.is
D.be
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16.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are. A.doesn\' t change
B.don\'t change
C.change
D.changed 17.The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were 18.Chairman Mao\' s works ____ published.A.has been
B.have been
C.was
D.is 19.A chemical works____ built there.A.is to being
B.have been
C.were to
D.has been 20.The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.A.is;four
B.are;four
C.is;five
D.are;five 21 .The United States of America
one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were 22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.A.are
B.have
C.has
D.is 23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked. A.have
B.has
C.have been
D.has been 24.Many a man ____ come to help us.A.have
B.has
C.is
D.are 25.\"All____ present and all____ going on well,\" our monitor said. A.is;is
B.are;are
C.are;is
D.is;are 26.The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A.is searching for
B.were searching for C.are searching for
D.were searching 27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed. A.is;il
B.are;it
C.are;them
D.is;them 28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.A.is
B.be
C.are
D.were 29.One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have 30.Eight times eight ____ sixty - four. A.is
B.are
C.get
D.equal 31 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.A.seems
B.seem
C.seemed
D.seemes 32.____of the money____ nm out.A.Three-fifth; has
B.Three-fifth; has been C.Three-fifths; has
D.Three-fifths; have 33.The whole cla ____ the teacher attentively.A.are listening to
B.is listening to
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C.are listening
D.is listening 34.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.were 35.Between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building.A.stand
B.stands
C.standing
D.are 36.Large quantities of water ____ for irrigation.A.is needed
B.has -needed
C.are needed
D.need 37.That they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all. A.is
B.was
C.are
D.all 38.What we need____ good textbooks.A.is
B.are
C.have
D.has 39.What you said just now____ the matter we are discuing.A.have something to at
B.has something to do with C.had something to do with
D.has been something to do with 40.More than one member ____ against the plan.A.is
B.are
C.has
D.have 41.When and where to build the new factory ____ yet.A.has not decided
B.is not decided C.are not decided
D.have not decided 42.Half of the fruit ____ bad.A.are
B.has
C.is
D.have 43.____ either of your parents come to see you recently? A.Have
B.Had
C.Has
D.Is 44.Mathematics ____ the language of science.
A.are
B.are going to be C.is
D.is to be 45.My family ____ small.
A.is
B.were
C.are
D.makes 46.The following ____ some other examples.
A.are
B.is
C.was
D.were 47.They both have some friends; but his ____ more active. A.is
B.will be
C.was
D.are 48.Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country.
A.is
B.are
C.was
D.has 49.Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit.
A.are
B.is
C.were
D.was 50.To play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training. A.was
B.is
C.are
D.were 51.Either he or I ____ to attend the ma meeting this evening.
A.is
B.am
C.are
D.be
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52.____ either he or I to attend the ma meeting this evening.
A.is
B.am
C.are
D.be 53.An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here. A.are
B.were
C.is
D.will 54.She as well as her brother ____ a League member.
A.are
B.were
C.will
D.is 55.His family ____ a big one.Now the family ____ watching TV. A.is, are
B.are, is
C.is, is
D.are, are 56.It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow.
A.is
B.am
C.are
D.be 57.More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside.
A.is
B.are
C.is from D.are from 58.Many a man ____ the novel.
A.has read B.have read C.is read D.are read 59.Tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon. A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were 60.Here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you. A.are
B.is
C.was
D.were 13
