Abstract:
This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discued; for the last two types, development trends are discued.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society; with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be poible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要：
本文介绍了物联网的服务和发展和分析这种发展背后的推动力和障碍。寻找在应用程序类型和不同发展阶段的物联网，这篇文章总结为四种类型的服务：身份相关服务，信息聚合服务，协作感知的服务和无处不在服务。对于前两种类型的服务，对应用程序和系统框架进行了讨论，对于最后两个类型，对发展趋势进行了讨论。物联网提供的服务将逐步融入人类的生活和社会；随着互联网的发展，应用程序会从相对简单的身份到有关的信息聚合到协作感知相关的应用发展，并最终成为无处不在的应用。然后，它将充分结合互联网和电信网络。
1 Development of the Internet of Things
The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Maachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to achieve intelligent
identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.
In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and
South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept
of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.
1、互联网发展的因素
由凯文·阿什顿的美国麻省理工学院（MIT）于1999年提出的“物联网”的概念，定义如下：所有的东西都连接到互联网，如射频识别（RFID）传感装置，以实现智能化识别和管理。早在1995年，这本书的动力预测首先介绍了物联网的应用场景。
在最近几年，随着物联网和全球化的迅速发展，越来越多的政府和企业在美国，欧洲，日本，韩国等地区进行项目的投资。IBM的智慧地球倡议，将在智能电网和数字医疗保健项目中得到3亿美元的投资。欧盟已经提出了一个2010年的政策框架，其目的是提高经济效率和促进通过这些技术的广泛使用使信息和通信技术（ICT）得到发展。在日本，他的战略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韩国也提出了关于物联网的新项目。2009年8月，中国总理温家宝提出的“体验中国”的概念。在中国政府的推动下，物联网产业在中国发展迅速。
1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things
First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that
information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.
Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many
governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.
Third, with its businees reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物联网的发展动力
首先，物联网的发展，符合在使用信息技术下可以更好地为社会服务的趋势。一方面，现代社会发展遭受瓶颈，包括能源，运输，物流和融资等领域。另一方面，人有直接的需求在卫生，医疗和服务方面。智慧型终端将更广泛的应用于网络，与其他技术相比，可以更好的服务于信息技术，可以用来解决在社会和经济发展中遇到的问题和提高人民生活水平。第二，物联网被许多国家的政府视为一个新的经济增长源。克林顿政府实施的“信息高速公路计划购买美国10年来经济快速发展。现在，奥巴马政府已提出“智慧地球”，这可能与信息高速公路计划的关系。在中国，物联网被视为利用信息技术推动工业化的方法。在欧洲，日本和韩国等地区，政府在物联网规划中起着重要的作用。
第三，互联网业务达到饱和点，电信业也被视为物联网发展的一个新的突破点。在欧洲许多国家，移动电话普及率已达100％。因此，人对事物和事物对事物通信已被提上议事日程。因此，物联网的发展代表电信业发展的一个新阶段。
2 Services of the Internet of Things
There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be claified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information
aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].
It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its
development from information aggregation to collaborative awarene and ubiquitous
convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.
2联网服务
物联网服务包括了大量的应用，而这些应用可以根据不同的标准分类。根据技术特点，就互联网服务可分为4种类型：[1]身份相关的服务[2]，聚合信息服务，[3]协同感知的服务，和[4]无处不在的服务。
人们普遍认为，一个必然的趋势物联网将是其发展的信息聚合协作意识和无处不在的收敛，并非所有的联网服务将无处不在的融洽。很多应用和服务的发展阶段，只需要信息聚合，不用于无处不在收敛的信息是封闭的，保密和适用只有一小群。
2.1 Identity-Related Services
Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.
According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and paive.They can also be claified by served objects (enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.
The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as
follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accees the information in the RFID tag (including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.
2.1身份有关的服务
身份有关的服务采用身份的技术，如RFID，二维码和条码。图1列出了一些身份有关的服务。
根据终端识别模式，身份有关的服务可分为两个类别：主动和被动。它们也可以被列为服务对象（企业或个人）：个人申请或企业不同的应用服务。
实施可能会有所不同。图2显示了基于标签的信息获取服务的基本原则。一般程序这样的服务如下：首先，RFID标签连接到一件事。然后，读取设备的访问，在RFID标签的信息（包括身份信息的事情），使得联网名称解析服务器的请求。在这种方式，它可以得到的东西的统一资源标识符（URI）。最后，读取装置从URI取得进一步的信息。
3 Key Technologies for the Internet of Things
The above discuion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.
The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things; it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors (there are temperature, preure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for ma production of Internet of Things terminals.
Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Aociation (IrDA), Wirele
Fidelity (Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band (UWB), Near Filed Communication (NFC), and WireleHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks (e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.
Communication networks provide the data transmiion channel for the Internet of Things.
Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things (e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cro-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name addre, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.
3.物联网的关键技术
上述讨论表明，在实施物联网服务时将主要涉及传感器、传感器网络，基于传感器的沟通交流、网络沟通、物联网平台和综合技术等关键技术。
该传感器是用来收集在物联网中的信息，它是实现感知现实世界这一功能的基本组成部分并提供服务和应用。然而，由于传感器的多样性（比如温度，压力，速度，湿度，高度，视频，图像，位置传感器），这些传感器的信息接口的千差万别。这也成为了众多物联网终端最大的挑战。
许多研究已经针对传感器网络展开，并完成了一整套物理层，链路层和网络层的规格规范。但传感器网络仍尚未投入大规模的应用。典型传感器网络相关通讯技术包括蓝牙、红外通讯（IrDA）、无线保真（Wi-Fi的）、ZigBee、RFID、超宽带（UWB）、近场通信技术（NFC）和WireleHART的。传感器网络将发展为下一代IP网络（例如IPv6网络），传感器终端将会变得更加聪明。传感器网络的智能主要体现在它的IP技术、低功耗、体积小、信息双向传输和自动维护上。
通信网络为物联网提供了数据的传输通道。目前关于通信网络的研究集中在如何增强现有的网络以满足物联网的服务需求（例如低数据率，低流动性）。
物联网平台和终端相兼容，也拥有在脱离网络和系统的情况下提供的各种应用的能力。在网络体系架构中，一个统一的适合多个行业应用的服务平台将需要跨部门，统一的信息服务的支持。特别是当物联网发展成为协同感知，甚至变成无处不在的服务的阶段，将需要制定更有效的网络框架、姓名、地址、路由。
