英汉对比与翻译
被动与主动
英语多用被动句，而汉语少用被动句，多采用主动的表达方式。
英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因：
1.施事的原因。
A 施事未知而难以言明。
B 施事从上下文中可以不言自明。
C 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调。
D 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通，得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪。
Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
2.句法的要求。
A 为了使句子承上启下，前后连贯，便于衔接。
Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin things, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth.
B 为了保持句子平衡。
I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job
3.修辞的考虑。
英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。
4.文体的需要。
某些文体较多使用被动句，以迎合其表达的需要。 例如科技文体，新闻文体，公文文体等，以显客观，正式。
It‟s traditional among technical writers to keep themselves in the background, to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.
由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起的，所以，在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝。
原译: Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, we can never find it.
Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, it is never found free.
我们将理论设想与模拟实验结果进行比较，发现该理论设想完全可以应用于电力系统。
The theoretical prediction was compared to the results from simulated tests and was found to be applicable to power system.
汉语少用被动句
汉语的被动语态有较明显的消极情态色彩，历史上曾经被称为 “不幸语态”(the Inflictive-Voice)。
汉语中实际存在两种被动句：
一是有形态标志的被动句。
形态标志主要指的是“被，受，遭”等词语，又称为结构被动句。
The aged should be respected everywhere.
老人应到处受到尊敬。
She was caught in the downpour.
她叫大雨淋着了。
The dictionaries have been affected with damp.
字典受潮了。
Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.
面积的三分之二由广阔的松林,云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。
If this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent.
如果此建议被接受,以后不得引以为例。
We were received with great honor and kindne in your great country.
我们在贵国受到过隆重和盛情的接待。
另一种被动句是无形态标志的被动句，又称为意义被动句。
杯子打了。
这个座位占了。
新产品总是好卖。
那个技术性难题很难解决。
Only objects struck by the light are visible.
只有被光照到的东西才能被看见。
光照到的物体是可见的。
汉译英
A 汉语的“意义被动句”译为英语的被动语态。
军备竞赛必须制止。
The arms race must be stopped.
我们的团结进一步加强了。
Our unity has been further strengthened.
B.汉语的无主句往往转换成英语被动句。
必须保证8小时睡眠。
Eight hours‟ sleep must be guaranteed.
发现了错误，一定要改正。
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
C. 有时将主动句转移为英语被动句是为了上下文的连贯，使句子之间的衔接紧密自然。
那个孩子在街上玩，一辆摩托车把他撞伤了。
The boy playing in the street was injured by a motorcycle.
他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
英译汉中的一个普遍而又可理解的现象:不适当的乱用”被”。
Unle something is moved, no work is done.
除非某种东西被移动，否则功就不会被完成。
除非某种东西发生了移动，否则就没有功。
英译汉
A
转换成汉语的意义被动句。
Solution to the problem was ultimately found.
这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。
On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismied briefly.
在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。
B 变状语或其他成分为主语，把原主语转换成宾语。
Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.
润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。
C 如原句无表施动者的状语，考虑到汉语的表达习惯，可适当填词，如 “人, 人们,大家,我们”。
The lecture is considered very important for beginners.
大家认为这个讲座对初学者来说很重要。
Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.
虽然首批合成材料仅在一百多年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎都到处能见到它们。
D 转换成汉语无主句。
A force is needed to stop a moving body.
要使运动的物体停下来，就需要施加力。
E 有些英语被动句被动意义很弱，侧重强调或肯定某一事实或行为的存在，可按原句语序译成汉语“是„.的”判断句。
History is made by the people.
历史是人民创造的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
F 用“加以”，“予以”等字眼。
These problems should be resolved at an appropriate time with an appropriate means.
这些问题应当在适当的时候，以适当的方式加以解决。
Our prisoners of war must be repaired without further delay.
我们的战俘必须毫不延迟地予以遣返。
英语被动语态有其独到的修辞功能.
比较:
The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.
Beijing has been awarded the games of the 29th Olympiad.
在翻译被动语态时,句尾信息核心原则(the Principle of Endfocus)不可遗忘。
应用文翻译
应用文就体裁而言，几乎涵盖当今政治，经济，社会，文化生活的各个领域，包括政府文件，告示，科技论文，新闻报道，法律文书，商贸信函，产品说明书，使用手册，广告，技术文本，科普读物，旅游指南（tourist guidebook）等各类文本。
应用文翻译有别于文学翻译。
按照功能翻译学派的理论：翻译是一种有目的的交际活动。在这一过程中，译者应该根据客户或委托人的要求，结合翻译的目的和译语读者的具体情况，来决定原语文本信息的选择，翻译策略的运用及译文的表现形式，以满足不同文本的功能。
文本类型分类
按照文本功能，文本可分为三种：
表达型文本(expreive texts)
信息型文本(informative texts)
呼唤型文本(vocative texts)
表达型文本的核心是作者的思想，其在文本中的地位是神圣的，因而作者的个性成分构成了表达型文本的表达要素，包括他所要传递的思想，信息以及表达思想的方式。
Question: 哪些体裁属于表达型文本？
文学作品，私人书信等
信息型文本中，信息传达的“真实性”是这类文本的“核心”，而作者在文本中只是处于一种“匿名”的地位，作者的个人写作手法，风格或者个人成分不再重要。
Question: 哪些体裁属于信息型文本？
科技报告，法律文书，合同，商品说明书等。
对于信息型文本（科技，法律，新闻）的翻译来说，其侧重点在于信息的准确传递。在这些文体当中，引起读者的晦涩，曲解是大忌。因此，与一般的翻译文本不同，在形式与内容的关系上，它往往注重内容而轻形式，为突出信息传递的效果不惜改变原文形式。它不像文学作品那样追求对文学形象的审美体验。
The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.
主管部门宣布合同无效。
We are looking forward with interest to your reply.
盼复。
Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.
恐怖分子劫持客机撞向世贸双塔，美国国防部五角大楼也遭突袭。
呼唤型文本中，由于文本的“核心”是“读者层”，是需要呼唤读者去感受，反应，行动，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，包括他在文本中体现的个人成分：思想，风格。
Question: 哪些体裁属于呼唤型文本？
广告，包括商品，旅游广告等
对于呼唤型文本的翻译来说，其目的在于诱导。非常注重读者的反应。意在唤起读者去体验去行动，它更看重的是译文的效果而不是原文。
在翻译策略上，基本以“归化”为主流。
以目的语读者为中心，顺从译文读者的欣赏习惯和心理感受，尽量使用他们所熟悉的语言表达形式，减少信息交流与文化交流的障碍，去获取译文预期的效果。甚至原文的信息都可以考虑增删，改动，以配合读者的需要。这是它大大不同于文学翻译的地方。
M＆M’ melts in your mouth, not in your hands. 只溶于口,不溶于手。
Where there is a way for car, there is a Toyota. 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。
Not all cars are created equal.
古有千里马,今有三菱车。
总而言之，在具体的操作中，很少有文本是只有单纯一种功能的，大部分文本都是以一种功能为主而其他二者兼而有之。因此，译者必须首先确定一种文本的主要功能，或在同一文本不同部分确定每一部分的语言功能，从而有针对性地采用相应的翻译策略和手法，或忠实传递原文信息，或顾及译文读者，注重译文效果。
英汉旅游文本对比与翻译
旅游文本包括旅游景点介绍，旅游宣传广告，旅游告示标牌，民俗风情画册等。
旅游资料是一种大众化的，喜闻乐见的通俗读物，它的目的就是要让普通游客读懂看懂并能从中获取相关的自然，地理，文化，风俗等方面的知识，并有到此一游的愿望。
旅游资料主要有两个功能：一是传递信息；二是诱导行动。其功能更像商品广告，目的是要吸引游客，最大限度地取得旅游产品的预期功能。
英汉旅游文本的差异
满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竟相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂花公园，阵阵桂花花香扑鼻而来。
The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus.Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blooms.
Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace: hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.
座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串珍珠缀成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。岛上椰树成片，沙滩如银，四周满是红色的珊瑚礁，景色如诗如画。
英文旅游文体大多简洁，明了，客观力求忠实再现自然。最忌罗嗦堆砌，失其自然流畅之美。
汉语讲究四言八句，言辞华美，声情并茂，诗情画意盎然，情景相融，虚实相生，充满了意境美，色彩美，音韵美，情感美，极大地迎合了中华民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯。
英汉互译
汉译英------修辞性减译
英译汉------修辞性增译
Venice invites idlene and strolling.Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours).
威尼斯是人们休闲解闷，闲庭信步的好去处，她宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城中的日就上都刻着这样的铭文：“只记幸福时光”。
阿坝州风光秀丽，山河壮美。座座雪峰耸入云霄，原始森林遮天盖地，莽莽草原花团锦簇，叠溪遗迹神秘奥妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊灿若明珠，藏羌村寨别具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飘乡。
The beautiful landscapes of Aba Prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains, cricroing rivers, and boundle forests and graland.On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins, fantastic streams and waterfalls, alpine lakes, and Tibetan and Qiang villages.
注释性增译或改译
The earliest recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 A.D.and destroyed Pompeii.
有记录记载的最早的维苏威火山喷发是在公元79年，摧毁了庞贝古城。
归化
As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping Paradise.
作为亚洲四小龙之一的香港，同样被誉为“东方之珠”和“购物天堂”。
Singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, occupies a 225 square mile expanse of swamping, tropical islands---an area about the size of Trenton, New Jersay.
亚洲最小的国家新加坡是一个热带国家，原是一片洼地，面积为225平方英里，远不如香港的一半大。
英汉企业推介文本的差异与翻译
企业推介文本是对外宣传企事业单位形象的一个主要途径，用最直接有效的方式让国外读者或消费者了解自己，以促成购买的欲望与行为。
企业推介文本属于呼唤型文本，其翻译的核心是传递信息，感染受众。
英汉企业推介文本的差异
内容
语言
内容
我国企业在推介自己时，多在炫耀自己是成功者，竭力为读者树立一个强大而可靠的形象，以博取消费者的信赖。
我国的简介在内容上常常千篇1律，一般都是包括企业的经营性质，注册资金，从业人员，厂房占地面积，产品介绍，获奖情况等。
英文的推介显得灵活轻松，以人为本，客观具体，突出信息功能，把功夫放在给读者留下切实可行的印象上。
语言
汉语修辞讲究词句整齐对仗，声韵和谐。重视凝练概括，辞藻华丽。大量渲染烘托，夸大煽情。常常用响亮的口号作为结尾。
英语
不示人以其艺术性的艺术是最高的艺术。
这一修辞传统造成西方话语推崇质朴自然，在平实中显生动，重客观表述事实，不提倡文字表达重过分张扬，空洞无物，重复堆砌。因此，英语企业推介文本行文简洁直接，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，一目了然。
精制老北京二锅头”为北京特产。已具百年历史，因具独特风格而蜚声华夏。该酒以红高粱为原料，采用传统工艺精制而成。本品清香纯正，醇甜绵柔，爽净协调，余味悠长，实为宴朋赠友之上品---精制老北京二锅头。
西凤酒是久负盛誉的名酒之一，远在唐代就被列为珍品，北宋末年，苏东坡任职凤翔，酷爱此酒，随之盛名益彰。1910年西凤酒参加南洋赛酒会获奖，随获世界声誉。
西凤酒清澈透明，香气浓郁，醇厚圆润，回味悠长，别具一格。饮后令人神声清爽，有通胃祛劳之功，历为广大群众所喜爱。---西凤酒
绵竹“剑南春”酒，久负盛名，曾多次荣获各种奖励，1989年荣获国家优质金奖，为中外人士赞赏。
“剑南春”历史悠久，唐人李肇《国史补》一书已有记载。
它是用高粱，大米，糯米，小麦，玉米酿造，具有芳香浓郁，醇和甘甜，清冽净爽，余味悠长的特点，是宴席馈赠之佳品。---剑南春
中铁XXX局集团有限公司是一支修建铁路，公路，承担市政建设，工业与民用建筑，设备安装，火电，水利水电，机场，港口，矿山建筑与安装的大型专业施工队伍。现有员工XXX名，拥有各类专业技术干部XXX名。
企业资产总值XXX亿多元，年施工能力XXX亿元以上，拥有各类大中型施工机械设备XXX台（套），拥有世界先进，国内一流的隧道，桥梁，铺架高等级公路和大型图示方机械化施工生产线，在全国500家最大经营规模建筑企业排序中名列第XXX位。
1999年通过ISO9002质量体系认证，获得英国UKAS证书，并取得国家对外开展经济合作业务的资格。2002年取得“铁路工程施工总承包特级”主项资质，进入全国99家特级企业行列。2003年通过GB/T28001职业安全健康管理体系和ISO14001环境管理体系认可。
公司先后被授予“全国工程建设管理先进单位”，“全国先进建筑施工企业”，“全国思想政治工作优秀企业”荣誉称号，连年被辽宁省信誉评级委员会评定为特级（AAA）信誉企业。
China Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder comprehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment installations.The corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are profeional technicians.
Well equipped with xxx large-and-medium-sized construction equipment and a world-advanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expreways and large-scale earthworks, it poees a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in China.
Entitled to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in China.
处在世纪之交的XXX 铁路车辆（集团）有限责任公司，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风，再造新世纪辉煌，再为社会主义增光”的宏伟愿望，朝着“发展规模集团化，产品品种系列化，市场营销国际化，经营格局多元化，企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一，用户至上”的宗旨，不仅以更多的高质量，高品位，高档次的新产品满足市场，而且以良好的作风，为广大用户提供一流的全过程的服务。
At the turn of the century, XXX Railway Rolling Stock(Group)Co.Ltd, is now striving hard in confidence and well on the way towards a global-market-oriented enterprise group to be well developed in management, marketing and product series.Focusing on our clients, we will continue with our credit to provide our customers with high quality and advanced products as well as our cover-all services.
天津师范大学是一所综合性的重点高等师范院校，诞生于1958年，随着共和国的成长，她也历经磨砺，走过了三十多年的风风雨雨。三十多年来，一批批德才兼备的教学，科研和管理人员汇集在这里，怀着振兴天津，振兴教育的希冀，在这块土地上默默地耕耘。春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。他们献身教育，殚思竭虑，为撑起教育的脊梁，托起明天的太阳。
Founded in 1958,the University has entered its fourth decade with a remarkable record of both hardship and achievements.It is now ranked as one of the key institutions of teacher training in China.In the past thirty years, hundreds of talented teachers, researchers and administrators have gathered and worked here in a continuous endeavor to meet the ever-increasing demands for educators both in Tianjin and the rest of the country.
More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the University and are now teaching nationwide.They have dedicated their wisdom and energy to the educational needs of the country in the firm conviction that future of China lies in the education of the younger generation.
国内外受众的思维共性，心理习惯，信息需求和言语表现方式等都有相当大的差异。
因此，在翻译企业推介文本时，应充分考虑译本受众的接受倾向，采取恰当的翻译策略。
文化差异与翻译
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文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。
语言，文化与翻译
如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开来处理。
------Susan Banett
To do translation, you have to be both a bilingual and a bicultural.
（1）ecological culture
（2）material culture
（3）social culture
（4）religious culture
（5）linguistic culture
ecological culture
挥金如土 ；瑞雪兆丰年；
揠苗助长；解甲归田；瓜熟蒂落；
俯首甘为孺子牛 ；
黔驴技穷；人心齐，泰山移；
不到黄河心不死，不到长城非好汉。
福如东海，寿比南山。
all at sea
burn one‟s boats
sail before the wind
keep one‟s head above water
to sink or swim
to go with the stream
to clear the decks
all at sea
plain sailing
to rest on one‟s oars
to spend money like water
How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind.
Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
力大如牛---------as strong as a horse
老黄牛--------work like a horse
狐朋狗党
狗急跳墙 狼心狗肺 狗腿子
狗嘴里吐不出象牙
lucky dog
Every dog has his day.
Love me, love my dog.
Barking dogs never bite.
2.物质文化对比
巧媳妇做不出没米的饭，叫我怎么样呢？
Even the cleverest housewife can‟t cook a meal without rice.What do you expect me to do?
I don‟t see what I am supposed to do without any capital.Even the cleverest housewife can‟t make bread without flour.
3.社会文化对比
天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！
4.宗教文化对比
谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes, Heaven disposes.
Man proposes, God disposes.
周瑞家的听了笑道：“阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢。”
Gracious Buddha!” Mrs.Zhou chuckled.“How terrible chancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.”
God ble my soul!” Zhou Rui‟s wife exclaimed.“You would certainly need some patience! Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.”
5.语言文化对比
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！
难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。
文化的差异给翻译带来的困难
词汇空缺
词义冲突
联想意义不同
词汇空缺
我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
文化空缺不仅体现在词汇层面，还体现在语言层面。
表现在：语言韵律，修辞格，句子的长短，句子结构的紧凑或松散，篇章的层次，段落的排列组合，衔接等。
嘴上无毛,说话不牢。
Downy lips make thoughtle slips.
哼! 你别看我耳朵聋---可我的心并不聋啊!
Hem! Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.
长相思
白居易
汴水流，泗水流，
流到瓜洲古渡头，
吴山点点愁。
思悠悠，
恨悠悠，
恨到归时方始休，
月明人倚楼。
Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow! By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my woe. My thought stretches endlely, My grief wretches endlely, So thus my husband comes to me,
Alone on moon---lit balcony.
鲁大海：放开我，你们这群强盗！
周 萍： 把他拉下去！
鲁侍萍：这真是一群强盗！
（走到周萍面前）你是萍，„„凭---凭什么打我儿子？
Hai:
Let go of me, you hooligans!
Ping: Hustle him outside!
Ma:
You are hooligans, too! (going acro to Zhou Ping) You‟re my---mighty free with your fists! What right have you to hit my son?
词义冲突
联想意义不同
等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！
“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）
语言的融合
鳄鱼的眼泪------crocodile tears
橄榄枝------olive branch
特洛伊木马------Trojan horse
酸葡萄------sour grapes
白色污染------ white pollution
语言的融合
绿色食品------green food
网上购物------on-line shopping
快餐------fast food
网址------website
民主；科学；逻辑；雷达；维他命；超市
翻译方法
1.直译法
直译指在一定程度上保留原文的语言表现形式，但前提条件是译文必须为译语读者所理解与接受------通顺易解。
奈达：最好的翻译应该读起来不像翻译。
又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。
You want the horse to run fast and you don‟t let it graze.
叫一声请，一起举箸，却如风卷残云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生时，一箸也不曾下。
At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of cloud.And half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.
2.套用法
在保留原有意义的前提下，套用或借用译语表达方式来代替原语的表达。
壮得像头牛--- as strong as a horse
聪明无比 --- as wise as an owl
胆小如鼠 --- as timid as a hare
急得像热锅上的蚂蚁 --- as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof
海底捞针 --- to look for a needle in a haystack
想是翟家这奴才，走下乡狐假虎威着实恐吓了他一场。
It‟s all the fault of this rascal Chai.He goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lion‟s hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits.
宝玉忙道：“只是这姑娘可好，你们大爷怎么就中意了？”香菱笑道：“一则是天缘，二来是‘情人眼里出西施’。
--- What‟s the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her?
--- It‟s partly fate, and partly a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”
不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！
“Don‟t be a fool!” he roared.“Just paing one examination has turned your head completely---you‟re like a toad trying to swallow a swan!”
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
Bao-chai laughed.“You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟.I advise you to take things more gently.”
需注意：尽量避免使用译语中的具有典型民族文化特征的词语------不要给洋 人穿上长袍马褂。
as wise as Solomon 智如诸葛
to teach one‟s grandmother to suck eggs.
夫子庙前卖文章，关公面前耍大刀。
Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮。
3.直译加注法
这种方法既保留了原文的文化与语言色彩，又能为译语读者所理解。
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！
They call jealous people “vinegar bottles”, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar; she‟s a storage jar --- a whole cistern --- full of it!
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）
After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。”
Can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he wondered.He was reminded of Zhuang-zi‟s story of the beautiful Xi-shi‟s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in terror.The recollection of it made him smile.“This is „imitating the Frowner‟ with a vengeance,‟” he thought, “---if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!
“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。
“Ah Q, may you die sonle!” sounded the little nun‟s voice tearfully in the distance.(--- a curse intolerable to hear in China)
我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
I was born in the Year of the Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.
Note: Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born.Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster.People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.
钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things.Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu(=book lover).
意译法
由于英汉两种语言存在巨大差异，意译是不可避免的。 意译的好处是译文易懂，但失去了原文的文化与语言色彩。
Free translation is the last resort.
等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！
Y:
“One of these days when I really lose my temper, I‟m going to give that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her who‟s master here.”
H: One of these days when I get my temper up I‟m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her body.Then perhaps she‟ll know who‟s master round here.
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
Bao-chai laughed.“You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟.I advise you to take things more gently.”
“The more you get, the more you want!” Chuckled Pao-Chai.
天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！
This is the first time I‟ve set eyes on such a ravishing beauty.Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn‟t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old-Ancestre, but looks more like a Jia.No wonder our Old Ancestre couldn‟t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you.But poor ill-fated little cousin, losing your mother so young!
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！
They call jealous people „vinegar bottles‟, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar; she‟s a storage jar --- a whole cistern --- full of it!
If other women are jealous, she‟s a hundred times.
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down and the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.
Her beauty is beyond description.
除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗?”透着和气。
Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound.How many families live there, only God knows.Those who occupy two rooms are very few.Besides, they are always on the go， moving in today and moving out tomorrow.I haven‟t got such a good memory as to remember all that.When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.
