提示:这些是上课用的材料,每次课前完成大约两讲的翻译练习。独立完成，严禁抄袭！
英汉对比与翻译
一， 形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis）
英汉语法最基本的差别是形合（hypotaxis）和意合（parataxis）对比。重形合的语言注重以形显意，句子成分（包括单词、短语、分句）之间的逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接手段来直接标示，句子结构比较严谨但缺少弹性；重意合的语言注意以意役形，句子各成分之间靠隐性连贯、逻辑关系和叙述的事理顺序来间接显示，不用或少用关联词，句子结构比较松散但富有弹性。
英译汉的主要过程是句法结构的转换，包括拆散、重组和间接手段由显变隐等步骤。首先将英文句子的叠床架屋的空间搭架拆散成若干意群，然后将每个意群转换成汉语的一个短语、小句甚至句子，组合成汉语的节节推进的时间和逻辑序列。值得注意的是，这种意群可以是英文句中的任何一个成分（分句、短语、单词）或若干个成分的综合，翻译中势必有所增删、调整。在此过程中英文句中的关联词大部分不译，而转换成汉语句中隐含的关系即语气连贯。
汉译英的过程则相反，将汉语句子的时间和逻辑序列转换成英语句子的空间搭架，期间同样不可斤斤于字比句次。具体说来，一是按1 照英语行文的需要重新分句，二是分析和确定每个句子中的不同成分间的逻辑关系，三是按照个陈分间的关系重新安排各个句子，使汉语句子的线性序列变成英语句子的空间构架。同时，汉语中靠语序间接表示的隐性连接转换成用关联词标示的显性连接。（蒋坚松 2000：14） 现代庄重文体、科技文体和论述文体较多采用形合句，以表达清晰的逻辑关系和复杂的思想内容。（连淑能 1993：60）
Practice:
1, His children were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.(W.Irving) 2，Startled, he jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.3，跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
4, Hard preed, he told the truth in spite of his wife’s warnings.5，When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.(A.Smedley) 6，I put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon just setting, where rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib.(调序) 7，进了医学院，她住女生宿舍，在食堂吃大锅饭，天不亮，她就起床背外语单词。铃声响，她夹着书本去上课，大课小课，密密麻麻2 的笔记。（湛容）
二，物称（impersonal）与人称（personal）
英语常用物称表达法，不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来，汉语则常从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。当人称可以不言而喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。（连淑能 1993：76-77） Practice: 1, Bitterne fed on the man who had made the world laugh.2，Her good work and obedience have pleased her teachers.3，It was a beautiful night, mild, starry.4，But there were differences between Emily’s orphanhood and mine, it appeared.5，The little cares, fears, tears, doubts, sleeple fancies of I don’t know many days and nights, were forgotten under one moment’s influence of George’s irresistible smile.6，His wearine and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.7，他取得了完全的成功。
3 8, 热心的读者纷纷致函当地报纸，对城市的规划和建设提出建议。 简单；
9, The pair of legs that carried him were rickety, and there was a bias in his gait which inclined him somewhat to the left of a straight line.10，Much more is expected of me than is poible to perform.
三，被动(paive)与主动(active) 英语和汉语的句子都存在主被动形式，但二者在使用频率和使用形式上都有所不同。在很多情况下英语习惯于用被动表达的句子译成汉语实则不用被动表达。调查发现，英语被动句广泛使用于科技文体（scientific and technical writing）、报刊文体、官方或公文之中。 Practice: 1，The book sells well.2，The door won’t lock.3，The meal is cooking.4，The cow was milking.5,
通常六点半开灯。
6,
大家知道电子是极微小的负电荷。
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她把孩子打发走了。 8,
不要为假象所迷惑。
9,
He was slightly disturbed by the cashier, a young and giggling Wisconsin school teacher with ankles…
10，Our former differences were forgotten.（B.Franklin）
11，Mrs.Norris, having asked one or two questions about the dinner, which were not immediately attended to, seemed almost determined to say no more.(J.Austen) 12，Kiinger was alarmed by china’s first atomic blast in October, 1964.13，My father was scared .He needed a job, he had a family.14，My country is bleed with unsurpaed natural resources.15，不一会，北风小了，路上的浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道，车夫跑得更快了。
16, 那时，周瑜是个“青年团员”，当东吴的统帅，程普等老将不服，后来说服了，还是由他当，结果打了胜仗。（毛泽东）
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四，静态(stative)与动态(dynamic) 英语与汉语的另一重要区别在于英语是静态语言，而汉语是动态语言，英语中多名词多介词，而汉语中多动词，这样英汉互译中就要进行词性的转变。 Practice: 1, Starvation was a remote threat.2, Without knowing how, Captain Dobbin found himself the great promoter, arranger, and manager of the match between George Osborne and Amelia.3，She said this with a provocative glance and a gleam of teeth.4，This failure was the making of him.5，老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺檐子，蹩进去，靠门立住了。
6，His appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.7，穿花小步，闻树头苏苏有声，仰视，则婴宁在上，见生来，狂笑欲坠。
6 五，收缩(condensation)与展开(division) 语言学中，句子一级单位下还有分句、短语、词、语素等单位。在英汉互译中存在着单位间的转换，汉语中的高一级的单位在译成英语是经常降级使用，英译汉则相反。这就是收缩与展开现象。 Practice: 1, He said the meeting was in formative.2，She played the piano with skill and paion.3，He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.4，She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.5, The parental laugh was echoed by Joseph, who thought the joke capital.6，他若是拒绝邀请，在礼貌上也说不过去。
7, 年满18 周岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。依照法律剥夺选举权和被选举权的人除外。
六，主语(subjective)与主题(thematic) 英语是主语性语言，主谓结构是英语句子的核心，其主语通常是名词性短语，谓语常是动词性短语。汉语是主体性语言，呈现“话题—7 —说明”的结构，属该结构的汉语句子约占50%。话题具有以下特点：从语序上看，它是句子的起词，居主位，其他成分居述位；从语境看，它是已知信息，居主位，新信息居述位；从讲话的心理主项看，它是陈述的对象，是主题，陈述的内容是述题；从信息的能动性看，它是交际能动性最低的部分，处于述位的是交际能动性较高的部分。 主语——谓语结构着眼的是形式，是句法结构关系；主题——说明结构着眼的是语义，是表达和被表达的关系。 英语的主语有四种，而汉语的多达十种。 Practice: 1, You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear.2，The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.3，He is inexperienced in driving.4，I’ll make my decision in marriage.5，And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 6，Whatever the priest tells you to do, do it; what you see him do, do not.8，苹果、橘子买了一大堆。 9, 施恩别记，受惠莫忘。
10, 身劳而心安，为之；利少而义多，为之。
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