明治维新
Hello everyone, today I will introduce the Meiji Restoration.Imperialism[ɪm\'pɪərɪəlɪz(ə)m] From eighteen sixty eight to nineteen hundred I will introduce the Meiji Restoration from the following three parts The Contrast of the Meiji Restoration and Hundred days reform From 1192 to 1867, the history of Japan in the military feudal[\'fjudl] rule of the \"shogunate[\'ʃoɡʊnet] politics\" period, experienced three generations of shogunate rule.公园1192年到1867年,日本历史处在军事封建统治的”幕府政治”时期,经历三代幕府的统治.Kamakura[,kɑ:mə\'kurə]
Since1600, Tokugawa Shogunate(德川幕府) had followed a policy of isolationism [\'aɪsə\'leʃə\'nɪzəm].Shoguns had closed Japan off to foreign traders and miionaries and did not allow Japanese to travel overseas.or even prohibit the manufacture of ships suitable for ocean-going navigation.1600年开始,德川幕府实行孤立主义.幕府首领禁止日本向外通商,禁止基督教徒传教,禁止日本人出国旅游,甚至禁止制造适合远洋航行的船舶
Many Japanesefelt this was the best way to preserve Japanese culture and independence 许多日本人认为这是保护日本文化和独立的最好方法
But as European colonialism spread throughout Asia, it became obvious that Japanese isolation could not last forever 但是当欧洲殖民主义传播到亚洲时,日本的孤立不可能永远存在已经显而易见.黑船事件
However, The nation\'s policy of isolationismwas abruptly [ə\'brʌptli] challenged in 1853 when Commodore [\'kɒmədɔː]Perry[\'perɪ] sailed into Tokyo [ˈtəʊkjəʊ] Bay with four veels [\'ves(ə)lz] known as \"black ships.\" 然而，国家的孤立主义政策，封闭的国家,在1853年收到了挑战，当马修·佩里乘四艘令人惊叹的铁船被称为“黑船”进入东京湾。
In 1853, a fleet of American ships commanded by Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Tokyo demanding the Japanese open their ports for trade Japan and the United States signed the “Kanagawa Treaty”(神奈川条约), open two ports, and give the most favored nation treatment 日本和美国签订了神奈川条约并且开放了下田和函馆两个港口
Faced with superior military technology, Japan were compelled to sign trade treaties with the United States and other Western countries.
Many of the treaties were unequal, which betrayed the national interests of Japan,making the civilians’ life more difficult.All of these had provoked the Japanese people’s opposition against the shogun.面对优良的军事技术，日本被迫与美国和其他西方国家签署贸易条约。
许多条约是不平等的，它背叛了日本的国家利益，使平民的生活更加困难。所有这些都激起了日本人民反对幕府的反对。
In the shogunate emperor[\'emp(ə)rə] is only a puppet [\'pʌpɪt], not in charge of power.解释前两条傀儡和实权 在幕府时期天皇只是傀儡，没有执掌大权
General control of political rights, is the true sense of the \"Emperor\" 将军掌握政权,是真正意义上的天皇 有些大名从事工商业
日本经济状况恶化，武士产生负面情绪 农民和平民越来越穷，有反抗的势头 商人和地主拥有大量财富但没有权力
In 1868, the southwest of the princes [prɪns] led soldiers surrounded the palace [\'pælɪs], to disarmed the Tokugawa shogunate in the palace guard armed.As a result, the shogun was overthrown and replaced with the Japanese Emperor 1868年，西南各诸侯率领士兵包围皇宫，解除德川幕府驻后宫警卫队的武装。终于幕府政府被日本君主推翻替代.People surrounded the young Meiji Emperor, held a meeting, declared [dɪ\'kleəd] the power to the emperor.Emperor Meiji immediately iued an edict, decided to establish a new central government led by him, and appointed the 西乡隆盛 and Okubo大久保利通 pa these reform in charge of government affairs.他们簇拥着年少的明治天皇，召开会议，宣布大权全归天皇掌握。明治天皇随即颁布诏书，决定建立由他领导的新的中央政府，并委派西乡隆盛和大久保利通这些改革派主管政事。
This ”restoration” of the Emperor is perhaps the most important turning point in Japanese history 君主制的复辟也许是日本历史上最重要的转折
For the next manyyears, Meiji reformers succefully transformed Japan from a “backward” country into one of the richest and most powerful nations in the world 在今后44年内,明治维新改革成功使得日本从落后国家转变为发达国家和世界上最有影响力的名族
Rather than reject the west as most Asian nations had done, the Japanese sought to learn from Westerners and eventually beat them at their own game 与大多数亚洲国家选择不同,日本没有拒绝西方,日本试图向西方人学习,最终在他们自己的游戏中击败他们.Members of the Japanese government were sent abroad to study the government, economies, technologies, militaries, and customs of the west 日本政府的成员被派到国外研究政府经济,科技,军事,西方的习俗 第二部分明治维新内容
Under the leadership of the Meiji Emperor, Japan implemented a series of reform measures to gradually abolish the old feudal system, establish a new system to promote the development of capitalism, the history known as the \"Meiji Restoration\" 在明治天皇的带领下,日本推行了一系列改革措施,逐步废除旧的封建体制,建立新的制度,促进了资本主义的发展,历史上称为\"明治维新\" 政府改革
On the political sector, The new government aimed to make Japan a democratic [demə\'krætɪk] state with equality among all its people.The boundaries between the social claes were gradually broken down.In 1889, a new constitution modeled after Germany was set up 在政治领域，新政府的目的是使日本成为一个民主国家，人人平等。社会阶层之间的界限逐渐被打破。1889年, 仿照德国的新宪法成立
Consequently, the samurai[\'sæm(j)ʊraɪ] (武士阶级) were the big losers of those social reforms since they lost all their privileges.The reforms also included the establishment of human rights such as religious freedom in 1873.因此，武士阶级是那些社会改革的主要失败者，因为他们失去了所有的特权。改革还包括在1873年建立诸如宗教自由等人权。
经济改革
Following the lead of Britain and the United States, the Japanese built thousands of railroads, mines, and factories in the late nineteen century 继英国和美国的领导之后，日本在1800年末建成了数千条铁路，矿山和工厂 This is the Trend of GDP after the Meiji Restoration in Japan Japan\'s economy has maintained a high growth rate of more than 6% after the Meiji Restoration Reform 日本经济一直保持6%以上的高速增长在明治维新改革以后 This is the world GPD in 1975
Japan after the Meiji Restoration of the total economy beyond Germany to become the world\'s second 日本经过明治维新后经济总量超越德国成为世界第二
The following are the changes in Japan before and after the Meiji Restoration 下面是维新前后日本变化
After the Meiji Restoration, people\'s daily travel has been greatly changed 维新后人们出行有了很大变化 军事改革
A new military system was set up as well to replace the oldsamurai[\'sæm(j)ʊraɪ] system.All able men were required to serve and the newest weaponry was adopted 成立了一个新的军事系统来取代旧的武士系统 所有能力的人都被要求从军,最新的武器被采纳
In 1869, Japan built the first modern ship .By 1890, Japan had a powerful army and navy capable of expelling foreigners 1869年，日本建造的第一艘轮船“孝明丸”从筑地驶往横滨。 1890年,日本已经有了足够强的军队和能够驱逐外国人的海军力量
第三部分维新对比-next is the contrast between Meiji restoration and hundred days reform The Meiji Restoration had a favorable international environment.It occurred in the mid-19th century, when the capitalist countries are busy colonizing [\'kɑlənaɪz] in China and America They have no time for Japan.明治维新具有良好的国际环境。它发生在19世纪中叶，当时资本主义国家忙于在中国和美国殖民。他们没有时间去管日本。
The Hundred Days Reform occurred in the late 19th century, when the capitalist countries had gone through the second industrial revolution and developed into theEmpire[\'empaɪə] period.They were preparing to carve [kɑːv] up China.戊戌变法发生在19世纪后期，当时资本主义国家已通过第二次工业革命走了,发展到帝国时期。他们准备瓜分中国。
The Japanese feudal[\'fjudl] forces were relatively weak but china feudal forces were powerful.It prevented the succe of the Chinese revolution 日本封建力量较弱,但中国封建力量很强,阻止了中国改革.The policies of the Meiji Restoration were well implemented in Japan.明治恢复的政策在日本得到了很好的实施。
Most of the policies had not been implemented in China for the reform only continued for 100 days.大多数政策在中国没有实施，改革只持续了100天。
China\'s Hundred Days Reform learn Japan\'s Meiji Restoration, but unfortunately, due to many negative factors it did not succeed, China ultimately failed on the capitalist[\'kæpɪtəlɪst] road 中国的百日维新学习了日本的明治维新,但是很遗憾,由于诸多不利因素它没能成功,中国最终也没能走上资本主义道路
