1.Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive.Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.
The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed.This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences.We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.
与其说戒烟是一种个人选择不如说是意志力的问题，因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的。虽然通过咨询和药物治疗可以郑家永久戒烟的几率，但是避免这种进退两难的最好办法就是一开始就不吸烟。吸烟所带来的不可逆转的影响程度不同，和吸烟时间和吸烟数量有关，还和最找接触香烟的年龄有关。这篇报告将挑战一种观点，即几年的吸烟史将不会产生长期的不良后果。我们希望遏制这种常见并且致命的习惯，并提出随着戒烟时间的增加，烟草对人们健康产生的影响会逐步减少。
2.This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools acro the country.It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, acceible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone.Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not.The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise.What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.
这本书是几十年在全国各色的学校的教学经验的集合。它基于以下观点：哲学是一门让人兴奋地学科，不仅有天赋的本科生可以用哲学，每个人都可以用哲学。无论上没上过哲学课，每个人都是一个哲学家。上没上过哲学课的区别在于系统学过哲学的人他们的优势在于他们遇到的论点比以其他方式遇到的论点更具说服力，种类更多。本书的特色之处在于提供给初学者直接接触大量选自重要著作并有实质内容的读物的机会，而不是强迫学生通读这些很嫩读懂的书籍。
3.Social progre has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development.With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-cla family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or le, himself.This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impoible.Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other.Besides, the neceity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.
社会的发展是人们摆脱了繁重的工作，并为人们个性的发展提供了闲暇时间。随着社会的发展，也由于社会的发展，今天的中产阶级期望其每一个成员都发展独特的个性，每一个人也或多或少的希望自己发展独立的个性。家庭担负的为每一位成员提供发展独特个性的环境的新责任使得家人很难达成共识，甚至不可能达成共识。对于一个由个性迥异的人组成的小团体来说，要想住在一个屋檐下并能和谐相处是会遇到很多棘手的问题的。此外，青少年的德育教育更增加了父母的困难。
4.One of the unintended consequences of the globalization is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another.It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves.Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes poible.Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else.All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today – terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.
全球化所产生的意外的后果，其一就是不同的社会和文化可以更多的直接接触。人与人之间连接的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。一些文化在与全球亲密接触的所带来的合作的机会下兴旺发达，另一些文化却在这种亲密接触下灰心丧气，甚至感到蒙受屈辱，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一是使人们轻易地发现彼此在世界中的位置。所有这一切有助于说明为什么现在会出现最具杀伤力的力量----那些不顾人们的死活，消灭他们最符合我们的利益的恐怖组织。
5.In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration.But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply.The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another.In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation.
在这本书中，我们提出了一些建议，我们希望这些建议合理并且值得认真考虑。但有经验的读者都知道有事做好的建议也可能不适用。写书是这对不同的读者，有不同的目的，关于不同的主题，就连语言的正是程度也不相同。所有这些提出的要求本书是无法遇见的。我们也意识到对某一作品合适的内容而对另一作品来说可能不适合。大多数情况下，你只好不惜一切代价避免含义模糊，以防止人们曲解你使用的文字。
6.When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around different leaders responding differently to a particular situation.These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks.Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustivene, consistency, economy are basic principles.The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines.
