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3 .1 •Ŕ:g‹NN„v‚i‡s 3 .1 .1
3 .1 .2 •Ŕ:g‹NN„v‚i‡sÊS‚i‡s„vaIN( ,{ N0ŒNŪ‹e) N0Yef[îvhÿ 1 0wÆ‹N€bŨ€ÿÿ1 ÿN‰•Ŕ:g‹NN0_6q‹NN0NSŨ€‹NN„v‚i_ÿÿ2
ÿcknxt‰‹NNA Q s„vŘ˜‡s„vaINÿÿ3 ÿcknxt‰‚i‡s„v‚i_ŒTaINÿ ÑSu„vŘ˜‡sf n ÿA ÿN‹NNA ÑSu„v‚i‡sP ÿA ÿ„v:S+RNT€|ÿÿ3 ÿ)R(u‚i‡swÆ‹cknxt‰ sţ[u;m-N„vţ[EŔ¤˜˜ÿ 2 0Ç• zN¹eÕlÿÿ1 ÿÑS°sÕlYef[ÿ(W›blx^0›b šP[„vÕ‹Œš-N·ƒSpencÿR_³~;`Ñ~Õ‹ŒšÑ~œgNťcØšÿÿ2 ÿ•Ç•ù[°sţ[u;m-N„v ·c^ ÿ 8nb„vlQs^\'` 0 i_hy-NVY I{¤˜˜„v¡cvzÿawŗ^(upef[wÆ‹‰³Qpef[¤˜˜„v¹eÕlÿt‰;Ř«ct„vpef[¹eÕlÿ 3 0Å`a`¦^NŚN
:N‹NNA Q s„v‚i‡sÿ[ŢNÖ~š[„v•Ŕ:g‹NNA ÿ‚Yœg•Ŕ@wÕ‹Œš!kpe„vţX Rÿ‹NNA ÑSu„vŘ˜‡sf n ( A ) 3zš[(Wťg*N8^pe NÿŠbÖ*N8^pe ‹\\OP ÿA ÿÿŦy:N‹NNA „v‚i‡s0 ÿ6 ÿŘ˜‡sN‚i‡s„v:S+R•Ŕ:g‹NN„vŘ˜‡sÿcdk‹NNSu„v!kpen A NÕ‹Œš;`!kpen „vÒk
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ÿ2 ÿ (WhÆQ\'Yl‹S NN)nŤ^NOŢN0 !öeÿ°Q‡S ÿ ÿ3 ÿ ÐgºNu00fbQ N!kÿ-Nvŕ ÿ ÿ4 ÿ ‚Yœga -ÿb , £•HNa ÿb -ÿ0 ; ÿ5 ÿ ·c Nšglx^ÿúQ°sckbŕ ÿ ÿ6 ÿ ü[SO•5uT ÿ ÿ7 ÿ ÎNR+Rh g÷Spe1 ÿ2 „v5 _h~{-NûNÖS N _ÿŕ_0R4 ÷S~{ ÿ ÿ8 ÿ ťg5uŧ‹:g(W1 RŸŗ…Q6e0R2 !k|TëS ÿ ÿ9 ÿ ¡l g4lýNÿÍyP[Ũ€S´‚ ÿ ÿ1 0 ÿ (W8^)n Nÿ q!¤ŗqS ÿ T{ÿ9hncš[INÿ‹NNÿ1 ÿ0ÿ4 ÿ0ÿ6 ÿ/f_6q‹NNÿ‹NNÿ2 ÿ0ÿ9 ÿ0ÿ1 0 ÿ/fNSŨ€‹NNÿ‹NNÿ3 ÿ0ÿ5 ÿ0ÿ7 ÿ0ÿ8 ÿ/f•Ŕ:g‹NNÿ ‹O2 Ðg\\Kb(WT NagöN NÛLˆu00fbQÿÑ~œg‚Y
Nhˆ@b:yÿ u00fbQ!kpen 1 0 2 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 ûQ-NvŕÃ_!kpem 8 1 9 4 4 9 2 1 7 8 4 5 5 ûQ-NvŕÃ_„vŘ˜‡s E M B E D E q u a t i o n .3
ÿ1 ÿkX©Qhˆ-NûQ-NvŕÃ_„vŘ˜‡sÿ ÿ2 ÿÙ•*N\\Kbu00fbQ N!kÿûQ-NvŕÃ_„v‚i‡sŤ~/fÀNHNÿ Rgÿ‹NNA Q s„vŘ˜pen A NÕ‹Œš!kpen „vÒk
ÿ1 ÿkX©Qhˆ-N7utZúQ-u„vŘ˜‡sÿÑ~œgŧOYu0R\\pe¹pT,{3 MO ÿÿ ÿ2 ÿÙ• N0W:S7utZúQu„v‚i‡sŤ~/fYu00ff T{Hhÿÿ1 ÿhˆ-NO!kkXeQ„vpenc:Nÿ0 .5 2 0 ÿ0 .5 1 7 ÿ2 ÿ1uhˆ-N„v]wpencÊSlQ_f n ÿA ÿ= E q u a t i o n .3
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E M B E D ÿ .5 1 8 Nÿ@båNÙ• N0W:S7utZúQu„v‚i‡sŤ~/f0 .5 1 8 ÿ ‹O3 ÐgºNÛLˆSbvŕÃ~`NÿqQu00fbQ1 0 !kÿvQ-N g2 !k-N1 0 ¯sÿ g3 !k¯s-N9 ¯sÿ g4 !k-N8 ¯sÿ g1 !k*g-NvŕÿÕ‹¡‹ŕ{dkºN-Nvŕ„v‚i‡sÿGP¶‹dkºNu00fbQ1 !kÿÕ‹¤-Nvŕ„v‚i‡sŤ~:NY\'Yÿ-N1 0 ¯s„v‚i‡sŤ~:NY\'Yÿ R•gÿ-Nvŕ„vŘ˜pe:N9 ÿÕ‹Œš!kpe:N1 0 ÿ@båNvŕ„vŘ˜‡s:N E M B E D E q u a t i o n .3
= 0 .9 ÿ@båN-Nvŕ„v‚i‡sŤ~:N0 .9 ÿ ‰ÿdkºN-Nvŕ„v‚i‡sŤ~:N0 .9 ÿdkºNu00fbQ1 !kÿ-Nvŕ„v‚i‡s:N0 .9 ÿ-N1 0 ¯s„v‚i‡sŤ~:N0 .2 ÿ ‹O4 ‚YœgťgÍyi_hy-NVY„v‚i‡s:N E M B E D E q u a t i o n .3
ÿ£•HNpN1 0 0 0 _i_hy Nš[Ũ€-NVYTÿŚ‹(u‚i‡s„vaIN‰ÊŘ0 R•gÿpN1 0 0 0 _i_hyÿøvS_ŢN1 0 0 0 !kÕ‹ŒšÿV:NÏk!kÕ‹Œš„vÑ~œgŨ•/f•Ŕ:g„vÿ@båNZP1 0 0 0 !kÕ‹Œš„vÑ~œg_N/f•Ŕ:g„vÿ_N1/f‹ÿpN1 0 0 0 _i_hy gSŨ€¡l g N _-NVY0 ‰ÿN Nš[Ũ€-NVYÿàV:N_i_hyøvS_ŢNZP1 0 0 0 !kÕ‹ŒšÿV:NÏk!kÕ‹Œš„vÑ~œgŨ•/f•Ŕ:g„vÿsSÏk _i_hySŨ€-NVY_NSŨ€N-NVYÿàVdkNSŨ€¡l g N _-NVYÿ_NSŨ€ g N _0$N _CNó•Y _-NVY0 ‹O5 (W N:WRNSNtÔk[•MRÿÁˆ$RXT)R(u´b~{hVeg³Qš[1uŒHQSt
RgÿÖ*N‰R/flQs^„vÿàV:NÏk*NЫRXTHQSt„v‚i‡s:N0 .5 ÿsSÏk*NЕ¨RXTÖSŕ_HQStCg„v‚i‡s/f0 .5 0 ‰ÿÖ*N‰R/flQs^„vÿàV:N½b~{ N›bTWg NNÿ~Wg N„v‚i‡sGW/f0 .5 ÿàVdkûNUO NTЕ¨RXTs-N„v‚i‡sŨ•/f0 .5 ÿ_N1/fÏk*NЕ¨RXTÖSŕ_HQStCg„v‚i‡sŨ•/f0 .5 0 \\Ñ~ÿ‹Nţ[ NÿSŨ€•O$N*NЕ¨RXTÖSŕ_HQStCg„v‚i‡sŨ•/f0 .5 „v‰RŨ/flQs^„v0 4 0Ū‹X\\Ñ~ÿ‚i‡s/f N¤xvz sţ[NLu-N•^ÕlX[(W„v•Ŕ:g saŒ„vyf[ÿcknxt‰‚i‡s„vaIN/f¤‹Æ‹0t‰ sţ[u;m-N gsQ‚i‡s„vţ[‹O„vsQ.¤ÿf[`NÇ• z-Nŗ^ gaÆ‹b_b‚i‡saÆ‹ÿv^(uÙÍyaÆ‹egt‰ sţ[NLuÿ;N¨RÂS
5 0êb‹ŚNNŪ‹XÃ~`Nÿ 1 ÿ\\ Nšglx^T N›b·c1 0 !kÿvQ-NckbŕT Np` g5 !k/fÿ ÿ A ÿ_6q‹NN
B ÿ•Ŕ:g‹NN C ÿNSŨ€‹NN
D ÿeÕlnxš[ 2 ÿ NR‹Õlcknx„v/fÿ ÿ A ÿûN N‹NN„v‚i‡s;`(Wÿ0 .1 ÿ…Q
B ÿNSŨ€‹NN„v‚i‡sN Nš[:N0 C ÿ_6q‹NN„v‚i‡s Nš[:N1
D ÿåN NGWNù[ 3 ÿ Nhˆ/fťgÍy¹lƒP[(WøvTagöN N„vS´‚Õ‹ŒšÑ~œghˆÿŚ‹Œ[bhˆ
S´‚„vř|pe 2 4 9 6 0 1 1 6 2 8 2 6 3 9 1 3 3 9 2 7 1 5
S´‚„vŘ˜‡s
ÿ1 ÿŒ[b Nbŕhˆ
Nhˆ‚Y:y0 ¤b{!kpe
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ÛtŘ˜‡s E M B E D E q u a t i o n .3
ÿ1 ÿ¡‹ŕ{hˆ-NÛt„vŘ˜‡sÿ ÿ2 ÿÙMOť«RXT¤b{ N!kÿÛt„v‚i‡sŤ~:NYu00ff 5 ÿu;m-NbìNÏ~8^,T0RÙ7h„v§‹º‹ÿ )Yl„˜¥b‹(f)YMŔ4l‚i‡s:N9 0 % ÿÑ~œg9h,g N¹pèŔý•¡l Nÿ)Yl„˜¥b_N*YNÆQnxN0 f[N‚i‡sTÿ 6 0‹ŚNhÆQÿ 1 ÿB [ Ðc:yÿckbŕT Np` g5 !k„v‹NNSŨ€Suÿ_NSŨ€NÑSuÿsS‹‹NN:N•Ŕ:g‹NN0] 2 ÿC [ Ðc:yÿûN N‹NN„v‚i‡s;`(W[ 0 , 1 ] …QÿNSŨ€‹NN„v‚i‡s:N0 ÿ_6q‹NN„v‚i‡s:N1 .] 3 ÿ‰ÿÿ1
ÿkXeQhˆ-N„vpenc•O!k:N1 , 0 .8 , 0 .9 , 0 .8 5 7 , 0 .8 9 2 , 0 .9 1 0 , 0 .9 1 3 , 0 .8 9 3 , 0 .9 0 3 , 0 .9 0 5 .ÿ2 ÿ‹¹lƒP[S´‚„v‚i‡sŤ~:N0 .8 9 7 0 4 ÿ‰ÿÿ1
ÿkXeQhˆ-N„vpenc•O!k:N0 .7 5 , 0 .8 , 0 .8 , 0 .8 5 , 0 .8 3 , 0 .8 , 0 .7 6 .ÿ2 ÿ1uŢN NðŘ˜‡s¥c0 .8 0 ÿàVdkt„v‚i‡sŤ~:N0 .8 0 0 5 ÿ‰ÿ)Yl„˜¥b„v MŔ4l /f N*N•Ŕ:g‹NNÿ‚i‡s:N9 0 % cfN MŔ4l Ù•*N•Ŕ:g‹NNSu„v‚i‡sÿbìNåwS•ÿ(W N!kÕ‹Œš-Nÿ‚i‡s:N9 0 % „v‹NN_NSŨ€NúQ°sÿàVdk (f)Y¡l g NèŔ
v^N‹f (f)Y„vMŔ4l‚i‡s:N9 0 % „v)Yl„˜¥b/f¤‹„v0 7 0\\ONÿ9hnc`µQ‰[řc
3 .1 .3 ‚i‡s„vW,g\'`(•ÿ,{ NŪ‹e ÿ N0Yef[îvhÿ 1 0wÆ‹N€bŨ€ÿÿ1 ÿcknxt‰‹NN„vS+T0v^‹NN0¤N‹NN0øvI{‹NNÿNÊSřN¥e‹NN0[Ëz‹NN„v‚i_ÿ ÿ2 ÿ_6q‹NN‚i‡s:N1
ÿ‚i‡s„vQ*NW,g\'`(•ÿ1 ÿNSŨ€‹NN‚i‡s:N0 ÿàVdk0 d\"P ( A ) d\"1 ÿ2 ÿS_‹NNA NB řN¥eeÿán³• RÕllQ_ÿP ( A *\"B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ÿ3 ÿ‚‹NNA NB :N[Ëz‹NNÿRA *\"B :N_6q‹NNÿ@båNP ( A *\"B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) = 1 gP ( A ) = 1 P ( B ) ÿ3 ÿcknxt‰ŒT‹NNNy‹NN 2 0Ç• zN¹eÕlÿ‹NN„vsQ|0ťŕ{NÆŔT„vsQ|0ť•ŕ{ÛLˆ{|Òkf[`NÿùW{Qf[u„v{|SNR_³~„vpef[``0 3 0Å`a`¦^NŚN
pef[„v`¢•0 ŒN0ÍŘ¹pN¾Ŕ¹pÿ‚i‡s„v RÕllQ_ÊSvQŗ^(uÿ‹NN„vsQ|ŕ{0 N0f[ÕlNYef[(uwQÿ1 0«‹º‹Õlÿ^uqQT«‹º‹•O Rñmf[-u[‚i‡sW,g\'`(„vt‰ŒT¤‹Æ‹ÿ2 0Yef[(uwQÿ¤bopGr ÕV0Yef[¶‹¡‹ÿ R¶‹`ƒXÿÿ1 ÿÆŔT gøvI{0S+TsQû|ÿ‚Y{ 1 ÿ3 } = { 3 { 2 ÿ3 ÿ ÿ2 ÿ(W·c šP[Õ‹Œš-NÿSNš[IN¸‹Y‹NN‚YÿC 1 = { úQ°s1 ¹p} ÿC 2 = { úQ°s2 ¹p} b2 ¹p} ÿC 4 = { Q s„v¹ppe:NvPpe} & & ^uqQT«‹º‹ÿ‰¦[ N‹Oÿ{|ÔkÆŔTNÆŔT„vsQ|0ť•ŕ{ÿ`OŨ€S s‹NN„vsQ|ŕ{Tÿ W,g‚i_ÿÿ1
ÿ‹NN„vS+T0v^‹NN0¤N‹NN0øvI{‹NNÁ‰Ū‹,gP 1 1 5 ÿ ÿ2 ÿ‚A )\"B :NNSŨ€‹NNÿsSA )\"B = DHNŦy‹NNA N‹NNB řN¥eÿ ÿ3 ÿ‚A )\"B :NNSŨ€‹NNÿA *\"B :N_6q‹NNÿ£HNŦy‹NNA N‹NNB řN:N[Ëz‹NNÿ ÿ4 ÿS_‹NNA NB řN¥eeÿán³• RÕllQ_ÿP ( A *\"B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) ÿ‚‹NNA NB :N[Ëz‹NNÿRA *\"B :N_6q‹NNÿ@båNP ( A *\"B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) = 1 gP ( A ) = 1 P ( B ) ÿ ‹O˜˜R•gÿ ‹O1 N*N\\KbÛLˆ N!ku00fbQ, Õ‹$R-e NR‹NNT›N/fřN¥e‹NN? T›N/f[Ëz‹NN?
‹NNA ÿ}T-N¯spe\'YŢN7 ¯sÿ ‹NNB ÿ}T-N¯spe:N1 0 ¯sÿ ‹NNC ÿ}T-N¯spe\\ŢN6 ¯sÿ ‹NND ÿ}T-N¯spe:N6 07 08 09 01 0 ¯s. Rgÿ‰$R-e@bÖ~‹NN/f[ËzØ/fřN¥eÿŔ©HQ\\$N*N‚i_„vT€|N:S+R_nZiÿřN¥e‹NN/fcNSŨ€
